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一、语基必备知识(一)重点词汇——分类记忆Ⅰ.阅读词汇——知其意1．tipv．给小费n.小费2．toastn.烤面包；祝酒，干杯3．chequen.支票4．wandervi.漫游，闲逛5．laughte
rn.笑；笑声6．anyhowadv.总之，反正；不管怎样7．modestadj.谦虚的；适度的8．easternadj.东方国家的；东部的9．liftn.搭车10．blanketn.毛毡，毯子11．parcel
n.邮包，包裹12．aspectn.方面13．broadadj.各种各样的；广阔的14．appetiten.食欲，胃口15．detectiven.侦探Ⅱ.核心词汇——写其形1．bookvt.预约，预订2．mannersn.礼貌3．indicatevt.表明；表示4．familia
radj.熟悉的，常见的5．absorbvt.理解，掌握；吸收6．whispervi.低语，耳语7．owevt.欠(情、债等)8．conductvt.指挥(歌唱或音乐演奏)；实施9．exportvt.出口，输出10．contraryadj.
相反的11．exchangevt.兑换，交换12．requestn.请求13．attachvt.喜欢，依恋；系，固定14．bearvt.携带；容忍15．forgivevt.宽恕，饶恕Ⅲ.拓展词汇——通其变1．briefadj.短暂的，简短的→brieflyadv.简要地2．expect
ationn.期待的事物，预期→expectvt.期待，预料→expectedadj.预期的，预料之中的→expectantadj.期待的；预期的；期望的3．majorityn.大半，大多数→majoradj.主要的vi.主修4．reasonableadj.合理的，正当的→re
asonn.理由v.推论；劝说→reasonablyadv.合理地；相当地5．curiouslyadv.奇怪地；好奇地→curiousadj.好奇的→curiosityn.好奇心6．movementn.动作；活动→movev.移动；感动→movableadj.可移动的7．cautiousadj
.小心翼翼的，谨慎的→cautionn.小心，谨慎8．injurevt.伤害→injuryn.伤害，损害→injuredadj.受伤的9．eruptvi.爆发；喷发→eruptionn．爆发10．belongvi.适应；属于→belongings
n.所有物；财产11．additionn.相加，增加物→addvt.增加，加，增添；补充说→additionaladj.补充的，额外的，附加的1.单复数含义不同的名词①manner方式manners礼貌②
force武力forces军队③custom风俗习惯customs海关④brain头brains头脑⑤good好处goods货物⑥time时间times时代2.“-
able”后缀形容词荟萃①reliable可信赖的；可靠的②adjustable可调节的③fashionable时尚的；时髦的④reasonable合理的，正当的⑤adaptable适合的；能适应的⑥sociable随和的，好交际的⑦acceptable可接受的(二)重点短语——记牢用活1
．give...a__lift让……搭车2．see...off给(某人)送行3．belong__to属于4．insist__on__doing__sth.坚决要求做某事5．stare__at盯着看6．be__
attached__to依附于……7．take...seriously严肃地看待……8．in__poor__condition状况不好9．be__sensitive__to对……敏感10．get__used__to习惯于11．at__least至少12．contrar
y__to与……相反13．put/bring...to__an__end结束……1.“v.＋on”短语大集合①dependon依赖，依靠②insiston坚持③keepon继续④carryon继续；进行⑤turn/switchon打开⑥counton依靠2
.to为介词的短语荟萃①leadto引起；导致②objectto反对③devoteto献身于④be/getusedto习惯于⑤beaccustomedto习惯于⑥payattentionto注意3.least相关短语集合①at
least至少②attheveryleast至少，不少于③intheleast丝毫，极少④notintheleast一点也不⑤leastofall最不；尤其不⑥lastbutnotleast最后但同等重要的是(三)重点句式——背熟巧用句型公式教材原句句型1：特殊
疑问词＋不定式结构，在句中作宾语Decidewhere__to__goonholidaywithafriend.决定在假期和一个朋友去哪里。句型2：haveadifficulttime(in)doingsth.做某事有困难WhenIfirsta
rrivedinSanFrancisco,Ihad__a__difficult__time__understandingcertainaspectsoftheAmericanwayofdoingthings.刚到旧金山时，有段时间我感到很难理解美国人在某些方面的处事方式。句型3：thelastt
ime引导时间状语从句Ihadasimilarexperiencethe__last__timeIvisitedChina.上次我到中国参观时也有同样的经历。二、语境强化训练Ⅰ.语境填词——根据提示写出该词的适当形式1．Ifwerea
lizetheyarejustaveragepeoplewithordinaryfailings,itbecomeseasiertoforgive(原谅，宽恕)．2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)Whilethedecline
overthepastdecadeissteepforteenreaders,somedatainthereportshowsthatreadingremainsabigpartofmanychildren’slives,a
ndindicates(表明)howparentsmighthelpencouragemorereading.3．Afterbooking(预订)atickettoNewYork,hewentonpreparingwhatheneededtotake.
4．Ishookhandsandexchanged(交换)afewwordswiththemanagerafterthemeeting.5．Thepainwasalmostmorethanhecouldbear(忍受)．6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Afterthefilm,each
classissupposedtohaveadiscussionandallthestudentsarerequested(request)tomakecommentsandexpresstheirviewsaboutthefilm.7．Onet
hirdofthecountryiscoveredwithtreesandthemajority(major)ofthecitizensareblackpeople.8．Soabsorbed(absorb)werethechildrenintheirgamethattheydidn’t
feelhungryatall.9．Thetaxidriveroftenremindsthepassengerstotaketheirbelongings(belong)whentheyleavethecar.10．Owing(owe)
toLucy’stimelyhelp,wefinishedalltheworkontime.Ⅱ.派生词练习——用所给词的适当形式填空1．Myparentshadexpectedmetoperformwell.Whenthemat
chwasover,Isawtheirexpectantfaces.Ifeltashamed,forIfailedtoliveuptotheirexpectations．(expect)2．Iwasalwayscuriousaboutsome
newthings.Tosatisfymycuriosity,__Iopenedtheparcel.WhenIwasopeningit,mysonwaswatchingmecuriously．(curious)3．Thesoldierwasi
njuredinthefireandwewereallworriedabouthisinjury．Thenwordcamethattheinjuredsoldierhadbeensenttothebesthospital.(injure)4．Thecarisinreas
onablygoodconditionandthepriceisalsoreasonable,__soIdon’tknowthereasonwhythemandidn’tbuyit.(reason)5．Themayorexpressedhissatisfactionwiththem
eeting.Inaddition,__headdedthatthelocalgovernmentwouldcreateanadditional200jobs.(add)Ⅲ.选词成篇soundlike;befondof;getusedto;inp
oorcondition;beattachedto;insistonOurschool1.is__attached__toacollege.Allmyteachers2.are__fond__ofth
eirstudents,andmostofthemhave3.got__used__tolivingwithusstudents.JusttakemyEnglishteacherforexample,heis4.
in__poor__condition,__buthe5.insists__onworking.That6.sounds__likeatouchingstory.contraryto;dependon;belongto;besensitiveto;loadsof7．Contrar
y__tootherlearningactivities,readingcanbeasocialactivity.Thepeoplewho8.belong__tobookgroupsinsistonreadingeverydayandthenmeett
odiscuss9.depending__onthebookstheyhaveread,whichwillbeofbenefittothem.Peopleareencouragedtoread10.loads__ofbooks.Th
eyshould11.be__sensitive__toreadingmaterialsandreadeveryday.Ⅳ.完成句子1．(2018·北京卷)然后我教他们如何沏茶。Ithenbegantoteach_
_them__how__to__make__tea．2．如果你变得富有，你将很难了解谁是你的真正的朋友。Ifyoubecomerich,you’llhave__a__difficult__time__(in)__knowingwhoyourfriendsare.3．最后一次看到
他时，他在纽约。The__last__time__I__saw__him,__hewasinNewYork.owevi.欠钱vt.应给予；欠(债等)；归功于；应感谢[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Owing(owe)toyourhelp,Ihavemadegreatprogress.Inotherw
ords,Iowemyprogresstoyou.②IowedittothedoctorsthatIsurvivedsuchasevereaccident.[能力提升]——完成句子③谢谢你支持我，我欠你一个人情。Thanksforstickingupforme,Iowe__you__a__fav
our．④我必须说我的这些成就都应归功于我的同事和朋友们的鼓励和帮助。ImustsayIowe__all__my__achievements__to__the__encouragement__and__helpfrommycolleaguesandfriends.(1)owesb.st
h.＝owesth.tosb.欠某人某物owesth.to把某事归功于；为某事而感谢oweittosb.that...多亏了某人……(2)owingto因为，由于[佳句背诵]Whenaskedofhissuc
cess,hesaidheowedmuchofhissuccesstohisfamily.当问及他的成功时，他说他把他的成功多半归功于他的家庭。[名师点津]如果owe的宾语是名词性从句，可使用it作形式宾语，将充当真正宾语的名词性从句放在后面。absorbv．吸收；理解；掌握；吸引(兴趣)；使专
心[基础练习]——单句语法填空①a.TheSmithsweresoabsorbed(absorb)inwatchingTVthattheydidn’theartheknockonthedoor.b．Thenovelwassoabsorbing(absorb)th
atshereadonwithoutabreakevenforgettingfoodandsleep.②(北京卷)Whendeeplyabsorbed(absorb)inwork,whichheoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingo
rsleeping.[能力提升]——完成句子/句式升级③(普通表达)Tomwas__absorbed__in(专心致志于)watchingthebasketballmatchandhedidn’tnoticehisclassmatecominguptohim.
④(高级表达)Absorbed__in__watching__the__basketball__match,__Tomdidn’tnoticehisclassmatecominguptohim.(分词短语作状语)(1)absorbone’sattention吸引
某人的注意力(2)absorbedadj.精神集中的beabsorbedin专心致志于；全神贯注于(3)absorbingadj.十分吸引人的；引人入胜的[名师点津]beabsorbedin(doing)sth.结构在句中作状语、定语时，
常用其过去分词形式absorbedin...。类似的结构还有：belostin...陷入……，专心致志于……；becaughtin...被困在……；beburiedin...埋头于……；bedevotedto...致力于……，
专心于……；beoccupiedin/with...忙于……；beinvolvedin...专注于……。exchangevi.&n．交换；交流；兑换[基础练习]——单句语法填空①a.(2019·天津卷)I’veneverexchangedword
swiththosemomsbeyondsmalltalk,buttheywantedtohelp.b．Iamgoingtotravelabroad,soIgotoexchangesomeRMBfordol
larsinthebank.②(牛津词典)He’sgivingherFrenchlessonsinexchangeforherteachinghimEnglish.[能力提升]——完成句子③(重庆卷)他们彼此交流思想和情感，通过这
些他们能获得更多的知识。Theyexchange__ideas__and__feelings__with__each__other,__throughwhichtheyprobablyacquiremoreknow
ledge.(1)exchangesth.forsth.以某物换取某物exchangesth.withsb.和某人交换某物(2)inexchangefor...作为……的交换(3)anexchangestudent交换生[佳句背诵]Itbotherstheexchan
gestudentthathehasn’tfoundtheapproachtolearningChinese.使这位交换生苦恼的是他还没有找到学习中文的方法。[词块助记]foreignexchange外
汇anexchangerate汇率NewYorkStockExchange纽约证券交易所majorityn．大多数；大半[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Withthepricesgoingup,themajorityofpeoplefind(find)ithardtoliveontheamoun
tofmoneytheyget.②Themajoritywere/was(be)ontheEngland’steam,whichgreatlydisappointedthem.③(北京卷)Infact,heinspiresmetomajorinEn
glishincollege,tobeabridgebetweenChinaandtheworld.④ThefactisthatpeoplewhocanspeakEnglishareinthemajorityinthiscountry.[能力提升]——词汇升级⑤(
普通表达)Whenitcomestoeducation,mostpeoplebelievethatitisalifetimestudy.(高级表达)Whenitcomestoeducation,the__majority_
_ofpeoplebelievethatitisalifetimestudy.(1)a/themajorityof...大多数……beinthemajority占大多数(2)majorn．&v.专业；主修majorin...主修…
…(3)minorityn.少数beintheminority占少数[佳句背诵]WhenIhaveadifferentopinion,Imaychoosetogiveitupandrespecttheopinionsofthemajority
.当我有不同的意见时，我可能选择放弃，尊重大多数人的意见。[名师点津](1)a/themajorityof＋名词，谓语动词的数与of后面的名词相一致；(2)themajority单独作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可。in
dicatevt.指出；标示；表明；暗示[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Thereisagreatdealofevidenceindicating(indicate)thatmusicactivitiesengagedifferentpartsofthe
brain.②Thewayapersonisdressedinisagoodindication(indicate)ofhis/hercharacterorpersonality.[能力提升]——完成句子③正如图画中显示，一个男孩坐在桌边专心读书。As__is
__indicated__in__the__picture,__aboyissittingatthetable,absorbedinreading.(1)indicatesth.(tosb.)(向某人)指出/暗示某事indicatethat/w
hclause表示……；示意……(2)indicationn．迹象；标示；预兆；暗示[佳句背诵]Previousstudieshavealsoindicatedthatmilkcanbeexcellentforhelpingsleep.先前的研究也表明，牛奶有助于睡眠。requestn．请
求；要求v．请求；要求[基础练习]——单句语法填空①(天津卷)Don’trespondtoanyemailsrequesting(request)personalinformation,nomatterhowofficialth
eylook.②a.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Allthestudentsarerequestedto__get(get)involvedintheactivity.b．(重庆卷)Weshouldconsiderthestudents’requ
estthattheschoollibrary(should)__provide(provide)morebooksonpopularscience.③(湖北卷)You’dsoundalotmorepoliteifyoumakearequestintheformofaquestion
.[能力提升]——一句多译李老师要求我们每天早晨大声朗读英语半个小时。④Mr.Lirequests__that__we__should__spend__half__an__hour__reading__English__aloudeverymorn
ing.(复合句)⑤Mr.Lirequests__us__to__spend__half__an__hour__reading__English__aloudeverymorning.(简单句)(1)requ
estsb.todosth.要求/请求某人做某事requestthatsb.(should)dosth.要求/请求某人做某事It’srequestedthatsb.(should)dosth.要求某人做某事。(2)makearequest(for...)请求；要求(……)atone’sreques
t＝attherequestofsb.应某人的要求[佳句背诵]Itisrequestedthatteachersshouldvarytheirlessonstomakethemmoreinteresting.为了增加趣味，教师被要求使自己的课多样化
。[名师点津]request后的宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及Itisrequestedthat...从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气，即“(should＋)do”形式。familiaradj.熟悉的；常见的；亲近的[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Asaresult,youcanmas
tertheChineselanguageandbefamiliarwiththeChineseculture.②Charitywork,whichisstillatanearlystageinChina,isunfamiliartothem.[能
力提升]——一句多译(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)一方面，我很熟悉中国画，因为我的父亲是一位中国画家。③Foronething,Iam__quite__familiar__with__Chinese__painting,__formyfatherisaChinesepainter.④Fo
ronething,Chinesepaintingis__quite__familiar__to__me,__formyfatherisaChinesepainter.(1)be/getfamiliarwith熟悉……befamiliarto为……所熟悉(2)unfamiliaradj.不
熟悉的beunfamiliarto对……不熟悉[佳句背诵]Visitingtheexhibitionwillhelpyougetfamiliarwiththeartofpaper-cutting.参观这个展览将有助于你熟悉剪纸艺术。(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)[名师点津
](1)befamiliarto的主语可以是人，也可以是物，宾语通常是人；(2)befamiliarwith的主语只能是人，宾语是所熟悉的内容或物。belongvi.适应；属于[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Nothingcanchangethefactthatth
eDiaoyuIslandsbelongtoChina.②Asisknowntous,Chinaisacountrybelonging(belong)totheThirdWorld.③(浙江卷)Wehadtokeeptrackof
ourbelongings(belong),andifsomethingwaslost,itwasnotreplaced.[能力提升]——完成句子④(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)剪纸有1500多年的历史，属于中国传统艺术。Papercuttinghasahistoryofover1，
500years,which__belongs__to__traditional__Chinese__art．(定语从句)(1)belongto表示“属于”，不能用于进行时态和被动语态(2)belongingsn.财产
；所有物[佳句背诵]Firstofall,uniformshelptheschoollooksmart.Thestudentsfeelthattheybelongtoaparticulargroup.首先，校服使学校看起来更漂亮。学生们觉得他们属于一个特定的群体。(2019·江苏卷)[名师
点津]belongto中to为介词，作后置定语时常用现在分词形式。attachvt.系；贴；连接；把……固定；使附属；重视[基础练习]——单句语法填空①(全国卷Ⅰ)SoIhavenochoicebuttobotheryoutocorrectmymistakesinthemateria
lIattachtotheletter.②a.(2019·浙江卷6月)ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth,aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattached(attach)t
oitwithpinsandasignthatread，“GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed.”b．Thisresearchcentreattached(attach)totheuniversityisinthecharge
ofMr.Smith.[能力提升]——完成句子③很明显人们更加重视经常锻炼。It’sevidentthatpeopleattach__greater__significance__to__taking__regular__exercise．(1)attach.
..to...把……附在……上；把……固定到……上attachimportance/significanceto重视，认为……重要/有意义(2)attachedadj.(作表语)附属于；依恋的beattachedto依恋；爱慕；留恋；附属于[佳句背诵]Greatimpor
tancehasbeenattachedtoqualifiedpersonnelinournationsinceancienttimes.自古以来，我国就十分重视人才。[名师点津]attach...to...中的to为介词，其后接名词、代词或动名词。bearvt.(bore，bor
ne/born)忍受；忍耐；负担；承担；生育；结(果实)n．强烈的欲望；冲动[一词多义]——写出下列句中bear的含义①Everyoneshouldbeartheresponsibilityofprotectingtheenvironment.负担；承担②(2019·天津卷)Wel
earntobearwiththethingswecan’tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.忍受③Shedidbearahealthybabyinhospitalyesterday.生育[
能力提升]——词汇升级④(普通表达)Mymotheroftenremindsmetorememberthatfailureisthemotherofsuccess.(高级表达)Mymotheroftenremindsmetobear/keep__i
n__mindthatfailureisthemotherofsuccess.(1)beardoing/todosth.忍受做某事bearsb.doingsth.忍受某人做某事(2)bear/keepsth.inmind记住某事bear/keepin
mindthat...记住……[佳句背诵]①However,aplancanbearnofruitwithoutbeingactuallycarriedoutandpractical.然而，一项计划如果没有被实际执行和没有实用性，就不会有任何成果。(浙江卷)②
Weshouldbearinmindthatteamworkisofgreatsignificancetobothoursocietyandourselves.我们应该牢记合作对社会和我们自己都很重要。fo
rgivevt.(forgave,forgiven)原谅；饶恕；免除(债务)[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Being__forgiven(forgive)forthepastisthemostpreciousgiftwecanreceive.②Asisknowntous,it’savi
rtueto__forgive(forgive)andforget,especiallyinsuchacompetitiveandstressfulsociety.[能力提升]——完成句子③(全国卷Ⅲ)请原谅我没能
陪伴你去书店。Please__forgive__me__formybeingunabletokeepyoucompanytothebookstore.(1)forgiveme请原谅；对不起forgives
b.for(doing)sth.原谅某人(做了)某事(2)forgiveandforget摒弃前嫌[佳句背诵]Forgivemeforhavingtakenupsomuchofyourtimeandacceptmybestwishesforyourhealthandhappin
ess.请原谅我占用了你这么多时间，请接受我最美好的祝愿，祝你健康和幸福。getusedto习惯于[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Hemovedtothiscity.Afewmonthslater,hegotusedtoliving(live)he
re.②Theengineerusedtodo(do)somewalkingneartheriver,butnowhehasquitit.[能力提升]——完成句子③网络可以被用来获取大量的信息。TheInternetcanbe__used__to__getlargeam
ountsofinformation.④我们过去常常每天晚上坐在院子里，听我爷爷讲故事。Weused__to__sit__in__the__yardeveryeveningandlistentomygrandpa
tellstories.be/grow/getused/accustomedto(doing)sth.习惯于(做)某事beusedtodosth.被用来做某事usedtodosth.过去常常做某事(暗示现在已经不做了)[佳句背诵]Yougetuse
dtodoingyourownbusinessonyourowntime.你们必须学会用自己的时间做自己的事。contraryto与……相反[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Contrarytohisparents’advice,hedroppedh
isstudy.②Itdoesn’tseemuglytome;onthecontrary,Ithinkit’sratherbeautiful.[能力提升]——完成句子③和人们通常的看法相反，动物并不会经常攻击人类。Contrary_
_to__popular__belief,__theanimalsdonotoftenattackhumans.④这不是件好事情，正相反，是个巨大的错误。Itwasn’tagoodthing;on__the__contrary,__itwasahugemistake.onth
econtrary(与……所说的)正相反；相反，反之tothecontrary相反的；相反地[佳句背诵]①Mysister’stasteindressesiscontrarytomyown.在服装方面，我妹妹的爱好和我完全不同。②Iwish
someonewouldtellyoungpeoplethatthesethingsarenot,despiteindicationstothecontrary,compulsory.我希望有人会告诉年轻人们，尽管与表面相反，这些
事情并不是义务。bringanendto...结束；制止[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Smelltheflowersbeforeyougotosleep,andyoumayjustendupwithsweetdreams.②Ifyoudon’tknowwhatyo
uwant,youmightendupgetting(get)somethingyoudon’twant.③Hehasdecidedtoputanendtohisquarrelwithhiswife.④The
meetingwasnearlyatanendwhenIgottothemeetingroom.[能力提升]——完成句子⑤一切美好事物终有结束之时，所以你不必消沉。Allgoodthingswillcome__to__an__end,__soyouneedn’tfeeld
epressed.⑥自从约翰失业以来，我们简直难以维持生计了。SinceJohnlosthisjob,wecanhardlymake__ends__meet．(1)cometoanend结束bring/putsth.toanend＝bring/putanendtosth.结束……make(bo
th)endsmeet使收支相抵，量入为出beatanend结束(2)endupwith以……结束endupdoingsth.最终/最后做某事[佳句背诵]①Let’sbringanendtothemeet
ingateighto’clock！让我们八点结束会议吧！②Ifyoutakethetimeandefforttodothis,you’llendupwithmorefriends.如果你花点时间和精力去做到这一点，你
就会有更多的朋友。haveadifficulttime(in)doingsth.做某事有困难(教材P40)WhenIfirstarrivedinSanFrancisco，Ihadadifficulttimeunderstandingcertain
aspectsoftheAmericanwayofdoingthings.刚到旧金山时，有段时间我感到很难理解美国人在某些方面的处事方式。[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Ihaveneverknownthatmysonhadmuchdifficultydeal
ing(deal)withhisstudies.②Hewouldtalkaboutthegreatdifficultyhehadsettling(settle)inthenewcountry.③Thereis
muchdifficultyto__overcome(overcome)ifhewantstosucceed.[能力提升]——句式升级④(普通表达)Youcanhardlyimaginethedifficulty.Ihadgreatdiff
icultyinlookingafterthesenoisychildren.(高级表达)Youcanhardlyimaginethe__great__difficulty__I__had__in__look
ing__afterthesenoisychildren.(定语从句)haveadifficulttime(in)doingsth.意为“做某事有困难”。表示“做某事有困难”的表达还有：(1)havedif
ficulty/trouble(in)doingsth.做某事有困难(2)havedifficulty/troublewithsth.在某方面有困难[佳句背诵]Canyoupleasewriteyournameinbigle
tters?YouknowIhavedifficultywithmyeyesight.你能把名字写大点吗？我的视力不太好。[名师点津]havedifficulty(in)doingsth.中的difficulty为不可数名词，difficulty前可用some,any,no,little,grea
t,much等词来修饰。thelasttime引导时间状语从句(教材P40)IhadasimilarexperiencethelasttimeIvisitedChina.上次我到中国参观时也有同样的经历。[基础
练习]——单句语法填空①(浙江卷)“Every/Eachtimeyoueatasweet,drinkgreentea.”Thisiswhatmymotherusedtotellme.②Onarriving(arrive)home
,hesetouttodohishomework.[能力提升]——完成句子③(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)但是下次当你发现自己和陌生人在一起的时候，应考虑到闲聊是值得的。Butthe__next__time__y
ou__find__yourself__among__strangers,__considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.④我第一次在课堂上见到简时，就知道她是一个安静但意志坚定的女孩。IknewthatJanewasaquietbutdeterminedgir
lthe__first__time__I__saw__her__in__class．⑤你什么时候想回来，我们都欢迎。Youarewelcometocomebackany__time__you__want__to．(1)thelasttime是名词词组作连词，引导时间状语从句
，意为“上次……”，从句谓语常用一般现在时或一般过去时。(2)名词词组作连词用而且能引导时间状语从句的还有：anytime任何时候，nexttime下次……时，everytime每次，the＋序数词＋time第……次。(3)th
e＋moment/minute/instant/second一……就……(4)on/upondoingsth.一……就……[名师点津]every/eachtime,thefirsttime,thelast/nexttime,themoment/minute/instant等
引导状语从句时，这些短语后面不需要加when/while。维度一在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式1．OurEnglishteachermadearequestthatwe(should)__finish(finish)ourprojectbeforeFriday.2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)D
ennisgotagrouptextinforminghimthatacouplehedidn’tknowwereatthehospital,waitingforthearrival(arrive)ofababy.3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Duringmysecondye
aratthecitycollege，Iwastoldthattheeducation(educate)departmentwasofferinga“free”course,calledThinkingChess,forthreecr
edits.4．Itisreasonable(reason)toassumethatthesemeasureswillprovesuccessful.5．(2017·天津卷)Inthisinstance，thebestsolutionistosend
aquick,lightheartedapology(apologize)toexplainyourawkwardness.维度二在空白处填入1个适当的单词1．Thephotoattachedtotheapplicationwassometi
mesthatofaverygood－lookingperson.2．Theprogressofnegotiationbetweenthetwosideshassloweddownowingtotheir
absence.3．Wesimplycannotsacrificetheenvironmentinexchangefortemporaryeconomicgain.4．Thecourthaspassedsentenceandthematterisnowatane
nd.5．Themajorityofnewbusinessesfaileventhoughtheyhaveaproductorservicethatfillsagapinthemarket.维度三语境品词(写出加黑词汇在语境
中的意义)1．Whenhecamebackthreehourslater,theywerestillsittingonthesofa,absorbedinconversation.精神集中的2．Anagreeme
ntseemstobeimpossiblebecausethemajorityofthecommitteemembersareagainstit.大多数；大半3．IthinkWeChatoffersusopportunitiestomakemoref
riendsandexchangelearningexperiencewithothers.交流4．Nowadaysmanyoldpeoplehavetobearmiserablelonelinessaftertheirsonsordaughtersleavehomeforwork.忍受
提能一语段填空(短文中黑体部分为本单元核心知识点，请补全短文，并背诵体会黑体部分用法)DearPeter，I’mwritingtomakeanapologytoyouformybad1.manners(manner)theotherday.I2.was__a
bsorbed(absorb)inplayinggameswhenyourequestedme3.to__exchange(exchange)seatswithyou.Thoughyouwerecautious,Istared4.atyouangrilyandrefused,sayinglou
dlythattheseat5.belonged(belong)tome.You6.bore(bear)myrudeness.Inaddition,youshowedme7.howtoplaythegamebetter.After
wardsyoutriedtohelpmeoutwhenyouknewIhadadifficulttime8.putting(put)anendtothegames.NowIknowthatthough9.attached(attach)toplayinggames,Ishouldf
ocusonmystudy.10．Inbrief,pleaseforgivemeforwhatIdid.Iamreallysorrytosayanddoso.Bestwishesforyou.Yours，Tom提能二话题写作(用本单元词汇、句式和语
法知识写满分作文)1．补全要点句(黑体部分请用本单元所学词汇)①国家之间存在许多文化差异。我们大部分人对这些差异并不是很熟悉。Therearemanyculturaldifferencesbetweencountriesandmostofusar
e__not__familiar__withthem.②当你与外国人交谈时，盯着对方看是不礼貌的。Whenyouareexchanging__words__with__a__foreigner,__tostare__at__him/h
erisbadmanners.③在海外旅行时，适应不同国家的风俗与传统是很重要的。Whenyouaretravellingoverseas,it__is__important__to__get__used__tothecustomsandtraditionsofdifferent
countries.④如果你撞到别人身上，你应该向对方道歉。If__you__knock__into__someone,__youshouldmake__an__apology__tohim/her.2．升级平淡句⑤用it作形式主语升级句②When__you__are__exchangin
g__words__with__a__foreigner,__it__is__bad__manners__to__stare__at__him/her.3．衔接成美文(注意使用适当的过渡衔接词汇：asweknow)__________________
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_________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：Asweknow,therearemany
culturaldifferencesbetweencountriesandmostofusarenotfamiliarwiththem.Whenyouareexchangingwordswithaforeigner,itisbadmannerstostareathim/her.Whenyou
aretravellingoverseas，itisimportanttogetusedtothecustomsandtraditionsofdifferentcountries.Ifyouknockintosomeone,youshouldmakeanapologytohim/her.
课时练12篇阅读＋1篇完形Ⅰ.阅读理解A(2020·洛阳第二次统考)Thereismoreofaconnectionbetweenfoodandculturethanyoumaythink.Onanindividuallevel,wegrowupeatingthefoodofourculture
.Itbecomesapartofwhoweare.Manyassociatefoodfromourchildhoodwithwarmfeelingsandgoodmemoriesandittiesustoourfamilies
,holdingaspecialandpersonalvalueforus.Foodfromourfamilyoftenbecomesthecomfortfoodweseekasadultsintimesoffrustra
tionandstress.Onalargescale,traditionalfoodisanimportantpartofculture.Italsooperatesasanexpressionofcultureidentity.Immigrantsbringitwherevert
heygo,anditisasymbolofpridefortheircultureandmeansofcopingwithhomesickness.Manyimmigrantsopentheirownrestaurantsandserv
etraditionaldishes.However,thefooddoesnotremainexactlythesame.Somematerialsneededtomaketraditionaldishesmaynotbereadilyavailable,sothetasteandfla
vorcanbedifferentfromwhattheywouldprepareintheirhomecountries.Additionally,immigrantsdonotonlyselldishestopeoplefromthesamecoun
triesasthem,buttopeoplefromdifferentcountries.Therefore,theyhavetomakesmallchangesabouttheoriginaldishestocatertoawiderra
ngeofcustomers.Thosechangescancreatenewflavorsthatstillkeeptheculturalsignificanceofthedishes.Weshouldembraceou
rheritage(传统)throughourculture’sfoodbutalsobecomemoreinformedaboutotherculturesbytryingtheirfood.Itisimportanttorememberthat
eachdishhasaspecialplaceintheculturetowhichitbelongs,andisspecialtothosewhoprepareit.Foodisawindowintoculture,anditshouldbetreatedassuch.【解
题导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要探讨了食物和文化之间的联系。1．What’sthefunctionoffoodmentionedinthetext?A．Tohelpmotivatehomesickness.B．Toshownationalidentity.C．Toreflectacountry’sh
istory.D．Toshowacommunity’ssuperiority.B解析：细节理解题。根据第一段的内容，尤其是第二、三句“Onanindividuallevel,wegrowupeatingthefoodofour
culture.Itbecomesapartofwhoweare.”，再根据第二段的内容，尤其是第二句“Italsooperatesasanexpressionofcultureidentity.”可知，文
章中提到的食物的作用是显示国家身份。2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph2referto?A．Thespecifictraditionalfood.B．Thenationalculture.C．Atradition
alexpressionoffood.D．Theoldfashionedtaste.A解析：代词指代题。通读第二段可知，传统食物是文化的一个重要部分，它显示了文化身份，移民不管去哪儿都带着它，它象征着对自己文化的骄傲，也是处理乡愁的方法。由此可推知，it指代传统食物。3．Whydo
someimmigrantshavetochangetheoriginaldishesintheirrestaurant?A．Toattachculturalimportancetotheirdishes.B．Toannouncethebeginningoftheirlifeonforeig
nsoil.C．Tomakethedishespopularamongcustomers.D．Topresenttheirownfoodcultureinanewway.C解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的内容，尤其是第四、五句“Additionally,immigrantsdo
notonlyselldishestopeoplefromthesamecountriesasthem,buttopeoplefromdifferentcountries.Therefore,theyhavetomakesmallchangesabouttheorigi
naldishestocatertoawiderrangeofcustomers.”可知，移民不仅把菜肴卖给来自相同国家的人，还卖给不同国家的人。为了使菜肴受到顾客的欢迎，一些移民不得不对传统的菜肴做
一些小小的改变。4．What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsdifferentfoodcultures?A．Negative.B．Balanced.C．Unfair.D．Unchangeable.B解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段的内容，尤其是第一句“Weshouldembr
aceourheritage(传统)throughourculture’sfoodbutalsobecomemoreinformedaboutotherculturesbytryingtheirfood.”可知，我们应该通过我们文化的食物来接受我们
的传统，但也应该通过尝试其他文化的食物来了解更多文化。由此可推知，作者对不同的食物文化持客观公正的态度。B(2020·河南六市高三联考)Travelingtoaforeigncountrycanmakeyouf
rightenedifyoudon’tknowthelocallanguage.Mr.Thibaulthasanumberoftipstohelptravelersmanageinadestinationwhentheydon’tspeakthe
nativetongue,basedonhisownexperience.Hereareafewofthem.•DownloadaLanguageTranslationAppMr.Thibaultten
dstorelyonGoogleTranslateandsuggeststhattravelersfindanappthatworksforthem.Ideally,findonethatspecializesinthelanguage
youneedtotranslateespeciallyifthelanguageusesacharactersetyou’renotfamiliarwith,orhavedifficultypronouncing.•SpeakwithYourHand
sandHeadPointingwithyourhandsandnoddingorshakingyourhead,Mr.Thibaultsaid,areeasywaystocommunicatewithloc
alsinthecountryyou’rein.“Gesturesarealluniversallyunderstood，”hesaid.•LearnaFewKeyWordsKnowingbasicwordsandphraseslike“hello”，“thankyou”
and“I’msorry.Idon’tspeakyourlanguage.DoyouspeakEnglish？”isamust,Mr.Thibaultsaid.Showingthatyoucareenoughtolearnsomeofthelanguagebeforeyougo,andat
leastenoughtoacknowledgethatyoudon’tknowmore,isaformofrespectandwillgoalongwaytobelikedbylocals.•WorkwithaLocalTravelAgentIfyo
ufeelparticularlyuncomfortableinthecountryyou’reheadedto,andyouhavetogoanyway,relyingonalocaltravelagentwhoknowsbothyourandyourdestin
ation’slanguagescanbeincrediblyuseful.•HireaLocalTourGuideAtourguidecanhelpyougetabettergraspofthelocallanguageandisagoodperson
topracticewordsandphraseswith.WheneverMr.Thibaultvisitsanewcountry,hebooksasightseeingtourwithaguideonthefirstdayofhistrip.“Ius
ethisdaytolearnaboutmydestinationandgetfamiliarwiththelanguage，”hesaid.【解题导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章针对不会说外语的旅行者到国外旅游提出了几条建议，包括下载翻译软件、使用肢体语言、出发前学习
关键词、利用当地旅行社的帮助以及雇用当地导游。5．Inwhatsituationshouldalanguagetranslationappbeappliedwhiletravelingabroad?A．Whenyouhavet
roublepronouncingthewords.B．Whenyouwanttoacknowledgeyourignorance.C．Whenyouwanttopracticethelocallanguage.D．Whenyoufeeluncomfortableint
hecountry.A解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词“alanguagetranslationapp”定位至第二段，根据该段第二句“Ideally,findonethatspecializesinthelanguageyou
needtotranslateespeciallyifthelanguageusesacharactersetyou’renotfamiliarwith,orhavedifficultypronouncing.”可知，在该语
言使用你不熟悉的字符集或者你发音有困难时，你应当下载翻译软件，故A项正确。6．Whatistheeasiestwaytocommunicatewithforeignersaccordingtothetext
?A．Downloadingalanguagetranslationapp.B．Learningafewkeywords.C．Usingbodylanguage.D．Workingwithaguide.C解析：推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Pointingwit
hyourhandsandnoddingorshakingyourhead,Mr.Thibaultsaid,areeasywaystocommunicatewithlocalsinthecountryyou’rein.”可知，使用双手、点头
或摇头，是你和当地人交流的简单的方式；据此可推知，使用肢体语言是与当地人交流最简单的方式，故C项正确。7．Howcanyoubetterunderstandthelocallanguage?A．Byspeakingwithyourhandsandhead.B．Bylearningaf
ewkeywords.C．Bydownloadingalanguagetranslationapp.D．Byhiringalocaltourguide.D解析：细节理解题。根据尾段第一句“Atourguidecanhelpyougetabettergraspofthelocallanguagean
disagoodpersontopracticewordsandphraseswith.”可知，导游可以帮助你更好地掌握当地的语言，而且导游是你与其练习单词和短语的最佳人选，故D项正确。Ⅱ.完形填空(2020·重庆调研)Inaremotevillage,sellingchestn
utswasthemainsourceoflivelihoodforlocalvillagers.Inlateautumn,thehillswerecoveredbythetreesandchestnutswere__1__fromthebranchesofthetrees,whi
ch__2__withthewindattractinglocalvillagersto__3__thematthistimeofyear.Thevillagerstookthechestnuts,carriedthemhomeand__4__themout.Thewholefamilys
ifted(筛)andsortedthemaccordingtotheir__5__，andthentransportedthemtothecityforwholesaleorretail.Everyvillagerknewthatif
theywantedtosellforagoodprice,whatreally__6__wastosendtheselectedchestnutstothemarketfirst.Manyfamilies,whichwereshortof__7__，wouldgotothenea
rbyvillagestohireworkerswithhigh__8__．Still,tomanypeople’s__9__，therewasayoungmaninthevillagewhocouldneverneedhelp,__10__hehadlim
itedhands.Helivedwithhisblindandoldmother.Healwaysarrivedatthemarketonestepaheadoftheotherones__11__hecouldselloutofallthechestnutsandthenhappily
drovebackwithhistruck__12__．Thesecretoftheyoungmanwas:afterpickingchestnuts,heputthem__13__intoasack(麻袋)andcarriedthemtothetruck.Whenhesetout,hechos
etheroad,__14__andbumpy(不平的),togo,__15__thesmalloneswouldjumptothe__16__ofthebagandthelargeroneswouldstay
onthetopofthebag.Itwouldsavetimeforclassificationandselection.Wheninquiredhowhefoundtheway,theyoungman__17__：“Ifyouputyourheartintoit,youw
illfindtherightway.Thisisnotanaccidentbuta(n)__18__result.”Therewillalwaysbepeoplewhoget__19__orcomplainwhentheyhearbadnews.
Asamatteroffact,ifyouuseyourhead,youwillbe__20__tothepeopleandthingsintheenvironment.Whenyouturnyourmindintoactiontomoveforwardstepbystep,you
canalsocreateanewworldforyourself.【解题导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，主要讲述了一个年轻人用便捷的方法筛选栗子的故事，进而启迪读者——世上无难事，只怕有心人。1．A.holdingB．fillingC．plantingD．hanging
D解析：根据语境及常识可知，山丘上遍布树木，栗子从树枝上垂下来(hanging)，故选D。2．A.fellB．shookC．jumpedD．foldedB解析：根据空后的“withthewind”可推知，栗子随风摇动(shook)，吸引当地的村民们
在一年中的这个时候来采摘(pick)，故选B。3．A.enjoyB．viewC．seekD．pickD解析：参见上题解析。4．A.pouredB．tookC．thoughtD．figuredA解析：根据下文中的“Thewholefamilysifted(筛)an
dsortedthem”可推知，村民们把采摘的栗子带回家，倒(poured)出来，然后才能进行筛选和分类，故选A。5．A.shapeB．sizeC．tasteD．colorB解析：根据下文中的“thesmalloneswouldjumptothe______
ofthebagandthelargeroneswouldstayonthetopofthebag”可推知，整个家庭根据栗子的大小(size)进行筛选和分类，故选B。6．A.matteredB．caredC．interestedD．mindedA解析：
根据语境可推知，真正要紧(mattered)的是要把挑选好的栗子先送到市场上去，故选A。7．A.handsB．powerC．experienceD．waysA解析：根据下文中的“hehadlimitedhands”可推知，许多家庭在这个时候就会缺少人手，
会去附近的村子里以高薪(salary)雇人干活，故选A。8．A.qualityB．quantityC．moneyD．salaryD解析：参见上题解析。9．A.puzzlementB．reliefC．astoni
shmentD．delightA解析：根据上文可知，在栗子收获的季节许多家庭往往缺少人手，并结合下文可知，这个年轻人从不需要帮忙，由此可推知，这点让很多人困惑(puzzlement)，故选A。10．A.onlyifB．asifC．evenifD．ifonlyC
解析：根据语境可知，即使(evenif)这个年轻人人手有限，但他从不需要帮助。11．A.whichB．whereC．whomD．whoB解析：分析句子结构可知，本句是一个定语从句，空处在从句中作地点状语，修饰先行词“thema
rket”，故选B。12．A.fullB．filledC．emptyD．loadedC解析：根据空前的“hecouldselloutofallthechestnuts”可知，他能够卖光自己所有的栗子，然后开心地开着空(empty)卡车回家，故选C。13．A.suddenlyB．short
lyC．directlyD．hurriedlyC解析：根据上文可知，人们把采摘的栗子带回家，倒出来，然后进行筛选和分类，最后才运到市场上卖掉，而这个年轻人直接(directly)把采摘的栗子装进麻袋里，将它们搬上卡车，故选C。14．A.toughB．roughC．reg
ularD．smoothB解析：由空后的“bumpy”为并列结构可推知，他选择的路是高低不平的(rough)，故选B。15．A.evenB．orC．butD．soD解析：根据语境可知，空处前后表示逻辑上的因果关系，前因后果，故选D。16．A.holeB．tipC．mid
dleD．bottomD解析：根据下文中的“andthelargeroneswouldstayonthetopofthebag”可推知，小些的栗子会快速移动到袋子的底部(bottom)，而大些的栗子会留在上面，故选D
。17．A.sighedB．excitedC．smiledD．sneezedC解析：根据空后的内容可推知，这个年轻人当时是微笑(smiled)着(说)的。sigh“叹气”；excite“使激动，使兴奋”；sneeze“打喷嚏”。18．A.unexpectedB．necessaryC．acciden
talD．deliberateB解析：根据该句中的“Thisisnotanaccidentbut”可推知，这并非意外，而是必然的(necessary)结果，故选B。19．A.strickenB．satisfiedC．
upsetD．surprisedC解析：根据空后的“orcomplainwhentheyhearbadnews”可知，此处与“complain”并列，故C项符合语境。20．A.sensitiveB．accessibleC．relativeD．flex
ibleA解析：根据上文年轻人的回答“Ifyouputyourheartintoit,youwillfindtherightway.”和本句中的“ifyouuseyourhead”可推知，A项符合语境。se
nsitive“敏感的”；accessible“可进入的”；relative“相对的”；flexible“灵活的”。课时练22篇阅读＋1篇读后续写Ⅰ.阅读理解A(2020·广东清远高三质检)Airpollutionshortenshumanlivesbymorethanayear,ac
cordingtoanewstudyfromateamofleadingenvironmentalengineersandpublichealthresearchers.Betterairqualitycouldleadtoasignificantextensionoflifespans
(寿命)aroundtheworld.Itisthefirsttimethatdataonairpollutionandthelifespanhasbeenstudiedtogetherinordertocheckhowa
irpollutionaffectsoveralllifeexpectancy.Theresearcherslookedatoutdoorairpollutionfromparticulatematter(PM)(颗粒物)smallerthan2.5mic
rons.Theseparticulatescanenterdeepintothelungs,andbreathingPM2.5isassociatedwiththeincreasedriskofheartattacks,strokesandcancer.PM2.5pollu
tioncomesfrompowerplants,carsandtrucks,fires,agricultureandindustrialemissions(排放物)．LedbyJoshuaApte,theteamuseddatafromtheGlobalBurdenofDiseaseSt
udytomeasurePM2.5airpollutionexposureanditsconsequencesin185countries.Theythenquantifiedthenationalimpactonlifeexp
ectancyforeachindividualcountryaswellasonaglobalscale.“Thefactthatairpollutionisamajorglobalkillerisalreadywellknown，”saidApte.“Andweallcareabout
howlongwecanlive.Here,wewereabletosystematicallyidentifyhowairpollutionshortenslivesaroundtheworld.Whatwefound
isthatairpollutionhasaverylargeeffectonsurvival—onaverageaboutayearglobally.”Inthecontextofothersignificantphenomen
anegativelyaffectinghumansurvivalrates,Aptesaidthisisabignumber.“Forexample,it’sconsiderablylargerthanthebenefitinsurvivalwemightseeifwefoundcu
resforbothlungandbreastcancercombined，”hesaid.“IncountrieslikeIndiaandChina,thebenefitforelderlypeopleofimprovingairqualitywouldb
eespeciallylarge.FormuchofAsia,ifairpollutionwereremovedasariskfordeath,60yearoldswouldhavea15percentto20percenthigherchanceoflivingtoage85orolder
.”【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，良好的空气质量有益于延长寿命，但是空气污染使得细颗粒物进入人体肺部，导致心脏病、癌症、中风发病率升高，从而影响人的寿命。1．WhatdoweknowaboutPM2.5?A．Ithasa
badeffectonhumanhealth.B．Itwillbecontrolledinthefuture.C．Itmainlycomesfromindustrialemissions.D．ItspreadstotheworldfromAsiancountries.A解析：细节理解题。根据
第三段第二句“Theseparticulatescanenterdeepintothelungs,andbreathingPM2.5isassociatedwiththeincreasedriskofheartattacks,strokesandcancer.”可知，PM2.5影响
人体健康，故A项正确。2．Whatdidtheresearchersdotostudyhowairpollutionaffectsthelifespan?A．TheycollectedaccurateinformationfromalltheAsia
ncountries.B．Theyemployedtheresearchdatatocalculatetheeffect.C．Theystudiedthediseaseandlifespantogethertime
andtimeagain.D．Theymeasuredparticulatemattermuchmorecarefullythanbefore.B解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“Itisthefirsttimethatdataonairpollutionandthelif
espanhasbeenstudiedtogetherinordertocheckhowairpollutionaffectsoveralllifeexpectancy.”可知，这是首次将空气污染和寿命数据结合
起来研究，以查明空气污染如何影响总体预期寿命。故B项正确。3．Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?A．Thekeytopeoplelivinglongerisgoodairquality.B．Peoplethinkairpollutio
nisthemostdangerouskillertothem.C．Aptewillagreethatpeopleshouldtakeactiontodealwithairpollution.D．Factoriesshoulddecreasetheproductio
nofcarstostopairpollution.C解析：推理判断题。根据尾段的内容，尤其是“IncountrieslikeIndiaandChina,thebenefitforelderlypeopleofimprovingairqualitywou
ldbeespeciallylarge.”可知，Apte认为改善空气质量对老年人有好处。据此可推知，他会同意人们采取措施应对空气污染，故C项正确。4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．
TheWayHumanBeingsEnjoyaLongerLifespanB．TheImportanceofGettingRidofAirPollutionC．AsianPeopleAreSufferingfromSerious
AirPollutionD．AirPollutionReducestheLifespanbyMorethanOneYearD解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章第一段第一句“Airpollutionshortenshumanlivesbymorethanayear,acc
ordingtoanewstudyfromateamofleadingenvironmentalengineersandpublichealthresearchers.”为全文的主题句，结合全文内容可知，文章通过介绍科学研究，说明空气污染导致人的寿命减少一年以上。故D项最适合作
本文的标题。B(2020·南昌重点中学段考)LearningNewVocabularyDuringDeepSleepSleepingtimeissometimesconsideredunproductivetime.Thisraisest
hequestionwhetherthetimespentduringsleepingcouldbeusedmoreproductively,e．g.forlearninganewlanguage.Sleepresearchtodatefocusedonthe
stabilizationandstrengtheningofmemoriesthathadbeenformedduringpreviouswakefulness.However,learningduringsleephasrarelybeenexamined.Ther
eisconsiderableevidenceforwakelearnedinformationundergoingrevisionbyareplayinthesleepingbrain.Thereplayduringsleepstrengthensthestillweakmemoryt
racesandembeds(嵌入)thenewlyacquiredinformationinthepre-existingstoreofknowledge.Ifthereplayduringsleepimprovesthestorageofwakelearnedinformation,
thenfirstplay,i.e.theinitialprocessingofnewinformation,shouldalsobepossibleduringsleep.TheresearchgroupofKatharinaHenkeexaminedwhetherasleep
ingpersonisabletoformnewsemanticassociationsbetweenplayedforeignwordsandtranslationwordsduringthebraincells’activest
ates,theso-called“Up-states”.Itturnedouttobethatwhattheythoughtwasreasonable.Whenwereachdeepsleepstages,ourbraincellsprogre
ssivelycoordinatetheiractivity.Duringdeepsleep,thebraincellsarecommonlyactiveforabriefperiodoftimebe
foretheyjointlyenterintoastateofbriefinactivity.Theactivestateiscalled“Up-state”andtheinactivestate“Down-state”.Thetwostatesalter
nate(交替)abouteveryhalfsecond.Newevidenceforsleeplearningchallengescurrenttheoriesofsleepandtheoriesofmemory.Theconceptofsleepasan
encapsulated(被概括的)mentalstate,inwhichweareseparatedfromthephysicalenvironmentisnolongerreasonable.“Wecou
lddisprovethatcomplexlearningbeimpossibleduringdeepsleep，”saysSimonRuch,cofirstauthor.“Inhowfarandwithwha
tconsequencesdeepsleepcanbeappliedtotheacquisitionofnewinformationwillbeatopicofresearchinupcomingyears，”saysKatharinaHenke.Theresearchgrou
pofKatharinaHenkeispartoftheInterfacultyResearchCooperation(IRC).Thirteenresearchgroupsinmedicine,biology,psychologyandinformationscienceare
partoftheIRC.Theaimoftheseresearchgroupsistogainabetterunderstandingofthemechanismsinvolvedinsleep,consciousnessandcognition.【解题导语】文章通过一项研究论证了在深度睡眠中学
习新词汇的可能性。5．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A．“Upstate”and“Downstate”appearinturnduringdeepsleep.B．“Up
states”isanothernameforthebraincells’activestates.C．Semanticassociationsareimportantforlanguagelearning.D．Thebraincells’a
ctivestatesarecentralforsleeplearning.D解析：推理判断题。根据第三段前两句“TheresearchgroupofKatharinaHenkeexamined...theso-called‘Up-states’.Itturnedouttobet
hatwhattheythoughtwasreasonable”可知，研究小组研究了睡觉的人能否在脑细胞活跃状态下，在被播放的外来词和翻译词之间形成新的语义联系。结果证明他们的想法是合理的。据此可推知，当大脑处于“Up-s
tates”时，可以进行语言学习。在这个过程中，大脑细胞的活跃状态起着主要作用。故选D项。6．Whatwillresearchersdowithinseveralyearsaccordingtothepassage?A．M
akestudyinthefollowingfieldssuchasmedicineandbiology.B．Separateusfromthephysicalenvironment.C．Applydeepsleeptoinformat
ionlearning.D．Discovertheconceptofsleep.C解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词researchers和withinseveralyears定位到文章的第四段。根据该段
中的“Inhowfarandwithwhatconsequences...willbeatopicofresearchinupcomingyears”可知，在未来几年，在新信息的获得方面深度睡眠能运用到何种程度以及会有何种结果将是研究的主题。故选C项。7．Wha
tisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A．Tointroduceanewwayofvocabularylearning.B．Togainabetterunderstandingofthemechanisms.C．Tochallengecurrenttheories
ofsleepandtheoriesofmemory.D．Toexplainthepossibilityofvocabularylearningduringdeepsleep.D解析：写作意图题。第一段提出
问题“Thisraisesthequestionwhetherthetimespentduringsleepingcouldbeusedmoreproductively,e.g.forlearninganewlanguage.”(是否可以更有效地利用睡眠时间，例如用于学习一种新语
言。)；第二段回答该问题“thenfirst-play,i.e.theinitialprocessingofnewinformation,shouldalsobepossibleduringsleep”(对新信息的初始处理，在睡眠期间也应该是可能的)；第三段通过研究提出证据证
明了第二段的猜想。最后两段进行了补充说明。据此可知，本文是为了说明在深度睡眠中，学习新的词汇是可能的。故选D项。8．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A．Anovel.B．Aguidebook.C
．Ascientificresearchwebsite.D．Adiary.C解析：文章出处题。根据第一段中的“Sleepresearchtodatefocusedon”“Thereisconsiderableevidence”第三段中的“Theresearchgroup”最后
一段中的“Theaimoftheseresearchgroups”并结合文章主旨(在深度睡眠中学习新词汇方面的科学研究)可以推断出，本文可能出自一个科研网站，故选C项。Ⅱ.读后续写阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的
短文。续写的词数应为150左右。Severalyearsago,IwaslivinginNewYorkandworkingforanairline,soInevergotbackhomeforChristmas.MyChristmasw
ashappytoowithsomeothercolleaguesaround.ButinmyheartIwassadbecauseIcouldn’tstaywithmyfamily.Sometimesmycolleagueswouldsayou
rChristmaswasfilledwithtears.ButthisChristmaswasdifferent.Iwaslucky.Ihadthewholedayoff,whichmeantIcouldstaywithmyfamilyonChristmasEve.WhenChris
tmasmorningcame,Iawoketoasmallhandrubbingmyface.“Dad,MerryChristmas！”wasallmyyoungersonhadtimetosay.Heseemedtoberaci
ngagainsttime.Iknewhewashuntingforgiftswithhisbrothereagerly.Igotdownstairsjusttoseethetwolittleboys’facesastheylookedatt
hepocketrocketsSantaClaushadleftthem.IrealizedthattherealChristmaswasforthechildrenwhohaddeepbeliefintheamazingpowerofSantaClaus.Atfirst,theirf
ingerswentalmostshylyovertheirtoys.Whentheirinspectionhadbeencompleted,thetwoboysensuredthatthegiftswerereallydeliveredbySantaClausandtheydragge
deverythingintothecenterofthelivingroom.Delightfloodedtheroom.Astheirmotherbegangivingoutgifts,Ismiledtomyself,wonderinghowmyun
expectedgiftsthisyearwouldbereceived.WithsomanyChristmasspentoutside,Ihadpreparedsomanygiftsformychildrenandtogetherwi
thmywifeIhidtheminseveralsecretplaces.Butthechildrenwereexcellentdetectivesandtheyfoundallofthem.Theywerehappily
openingpackagesconstantlythankingconsiderateSantaClausforhiskindnessandabilitytoknowtheirdesires.ButIhadnotreceivedasingle
one.IknewtheyhadforgottenmyexistencewithmyabsencefromtheirChristmastheseyears.Paragraph1：Ihadtoadmitthatmydisappointmentwasgrowings
teadily.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph2：Suddenlymywifewalkeduptome.___________________________
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__________________________Onepossibleversion：Paragraph1：Ihadtoadmitthatmydisappointmentwasgrowingsteadily.IwaswonderingwhetherIcouldgetagiftwhenmyy
oungersonrantome,whowasreallykindenoughtosavemyface.HeaskedmetoadmirehisgiftwhichhedeeplybelievedwascarefullychosenbySantaClaus.Hesaidhappily
thathewouldsharesomeofthegiftsofhisandallowmetochooseonefromthem.Ithankedhimfromthebottomofmyheart,stillfeelingdisappointe
d.Paragraph2：Suddenlymywifewalkeduptome.ItseemedthatshehadguessedhowIfelt.SheaskedmetolookattheChristmastreewhichwasdec
oratedwithsomanyboxes.Ithoughtshewasshowingoffhereffortsonthedecorationbutshetookoffasmallboxandpassedittomesmilingandsayingitwa
sforme.Iopeneditandsawaletterwhichread“Wewillneverforgetyou.MerryChristmas！”Undertheletterwasawatchwhichwasclickingwithdelight.Iwasmovedwithtears.
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