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考点分类练(四)推理判断题——观点态度类A(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhi

chillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthat

insomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthe

factthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whene

noughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendto

makethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequirestha

tpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoft

heestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowd

swerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindep

endentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverag

eobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetab

ettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheiresti

mates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantrespo

nse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreaso

ningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforg

roupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.1.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestima

tion.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.2.Navajas’studyfou

ndthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestim

atesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent3.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegrou

ps.B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Uncle

ar.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.B(2021·山东菏泽一模)CharviGoyalisahighschoolstudentfromDallas,Texas,whohelpsoutotherclassmate

sbytutoringthembetweenclasses.Atutorissomeonewhoteachesonepersonoraverysmallgroupofstudents.WhenGoyal’shighschoolmovedonl

inebecauseofthepandemic,shedecidedtotakeherteachingonline.ThejuniorandthreeofherfellowstudentscreatedTutorScope,aprogrammetha

toffersfreetutoringservicestootherchildren,includingyoungerones.Itstartedwithasmallnumberoftutorswhoh

elpedyoungpeopleintheircity.Butithasgrownintoagroupof22tutorsfromTexas,ArizonaandOhio.Theyhavehelpedmorethan300stu

dents.TutorScopeaimstogivetheone-on-onehelpthatteachershavetraditionallygivenwhilewalkingaroundtheirclassrooms.Butnow,manyteacherscannotprovidet

hatone-on-onesupportbecausetheylacktimeorhaveissueswithtechnology.SarahNewmansaidherchildren,7-year-oldtwins,hadhelpfulTutorScopeexperiences.“Witht

hesetutors,Irealisetheyhavetime,”shesaid,“Ithinktheyareverypatientwiththeseyoungerkids,whichIdonotevenhaveasamother.Ihavepa

tienceforotherthings,butIdon’thavepatienceforteaching.”WhatmakestheTutorScopeeffortspecialistheconnection

betweentheteenagevolunteersandtheotherstudentstheyarehelping.Althoughthepandemichasforcedmanystudentstolookinward,Goyalsaidthatworkingwithothersona

bigprojecthadpermittedhertolookoutward.“Myconfidencelevelhasincreased,”Goyalsaid.Sheaddedthatshehasmadefriendswithotherstudentsfrom

herschool.Shesaidoneofthebestthingsaboutrunningagrowingnon-profitprogrammeisthatitdoeshelpwiththeboredomo

fbeingstuckathome.5.WhatdidGoyaldobecauseofthepandemic?A.Shehelpedherclassmatesatschool.B.Shegotactiveinfightingadisease.C.Sh

eofferedonlineclassestostudents.D.Shewenttoanothercountryforhelp.6.What’sthepurposeofTutorScope?A.Togi

veonlinehelp.B.Tomakeprofits.C.Tomakefriends.D.Tochoosevolunteers.7.What’sSarahNewman’sattitudetowardstheprogramme?A.Favourable.B.Tolerant.C.Ske

ptical.D.Critical.8.WhatcanwelearnfromGoyal’ssuccess?A.Puttingthecartbeforethehorse.B.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.C.Nomancando

twothingsatonce.D.Helpingotherswillbenefitoneself.COnlineeducationhasgrownfastoverthepasttenyears.Theexplosionoftechnologyha

smadeteachingoutsidethetraditionalclassroompossibleforteachersandhasprovidedlearnerswitheasyaccesstocoursematerials.InApril,2005,Iwasapproa

chedbyastudentwhowasinterestedinourdoctoralprogramme.However,thefirstquestionoutofhermouthwas,“Doyouofferanyonlinecourse

s?”Laterthatday,asIwasreadingtheconferenceprogrammeguideandtryingforinterestingpresentations,Inoticedmanyworkshopsonweb-based

learningandonlineeducation.Ilaterattendedtwoofthoseworkshopsandmetseveralprofessorsfromdifferentuniversitieswhohadeit

hertaughtonlinecoursesforquitesometimeorwhowerediscoveringthebestpracticeforteachingonline.Theseexperienceshelpedmerealiseatle

asttosomeextentthedegreeofgrowthinonlineeducation.Imadeseveralattemptstoenrichmyknowledgeofdistancelearningandonlineteaching.Iconsultedwithmycolle

agueswhowereteachingonlinecourses.Thishelpedmerecognisetheimportanceofgettingmaterialspreparedevenbeforethestartofaterm.Ialsolearnedthatonl

inecoursesmayconsumemoretimethanregularclassroomteaching.AndIattendedseveralworkshopsregardingonlineeducationandestablishedanetworkwiththose

whowereinvolvedinonlineprogrammesatotheruniversities.IwillconsiderthesepeopleasmyconsultantsasIbegintodesignmyownonlinecourse.Also,

Iconductedabriefsurveywith15studentsandtwostaffmemberswhohadtakenortaughtanonlinecoursebeforetounderstandtheirexperience.EventuallyIcompletedaliterat

urereviewwhichgavemethefoundationandthebackgroundofunderstandingtheneedforonlineeducation.9.Whydidtheauthortakeastudentforexample?A.Toshowstuden

ts’loveforthedoctoralprogramme.B.Topersuadelearnersoftraditionaleducation.C.Toexplainthegrowingtrendofonlineeducation.D.Topr

edictthefutureoftheteachingcareer.10.Whatcausedtheauthortoknowmoreaboutonlineeducation?A.Theappetiteforknowledge.B.Theprofessionalresp

onsibilities.C.Therequirementofresearch.D.Thecolleagues’encouragement.11.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetoonlin

eeducation?A.Carefree.B.Doubtful.C.Supportive.D.Unwilling.考点分类练(四)推理判断题——观点态度类【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新研究,

该研究阐述了“群体智慧”效应的基本原理。1.B解析段落大意题。根据第二段中的“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors...resul

tinginamoreaccurateestimate.”可知,当足够多的误差被平均在一起时,它们就会相互抵消,从而得到更准确的估计。由此可知,本段解释了“群体智慧”效应的基础逻辑。故选B项。2.D解析推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthat

...thanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.”可知,Navajas的研究表明,即使在个体估计不是完全独立的情况下,其准确率的提高也是可以做到的。故选D项。3.C解析推理判断题。根

据最后一段中的“...theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.”可知,后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C项。4.D解

析推理判断题。根据文章最后一段内容可知,尽管Navajas的研究有局限性,仍存在许多问题,但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推知,作者对Navajas的研究是持赞成态度的。故选D项。【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了高中生CharviGoyal在疫

情期间通过网络教学帮助了学生,同时也增强了自己的自信心。5.C解析细节理解题。根据第二段的“WhenGoyal’shighschoolmovedonlinebecauseofthepandemic,shede

cidedtotakeherteachingonline.”可知,疫情期间她为学生提供了在线课程。故选C项。6.A解析推理判断题。根据第二段的“Thejuniorandthreeofherfellowstudent

screatedTutorScope,aprogrammethatoffersfreetutoringservicestootherchildren,includingyoungerones.”可知,TutorScope的

目的是提供在线帮助。故选A项。7.A解析推理判断题。根据第四段的“‘Withthesetutors,Irealisetheyhavetime,’shesaid,‘Ithinktheyareverypat

ientwiththeseyoungerkids,whichIdonotevenhaveasamother.Ihavepatienceforotherthings,butIdon’thavepatienceforteac

hing.’”可推断,SarahNewman对这个项目持赞同和支持的态度。故选A项。8.D解析推理判断题。根据最后一段的“‘Myconfidencelevelhasincreased,’Goyalsaid.She

addedthatshehasmadefriendswithotherstudentsfromherschool.Shesaidoneofthebestthingsaboutrunningagrowingnon-profitprogrammeisthatitdoeshelpwiththe

boredomofbeingstuckathome.”可知,她做这个项目既帮助了别人,也帮助了自己。故选D项。【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者接触、研究、学习以及实施在线教育的故事。