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考点分类练(四)推理判断题——观点态度类A(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhi

chillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedsho

wedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeop

lemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theyca

nceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tca

nceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,peo

ple’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(

转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupst

hatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinsta

nce,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverage

obtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersens

eofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthosel

eastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“shar

edargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.Althoughth

estudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-maki

ngareenormous.1.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thec

ausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.2.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif.A.thecrowds

wererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent3.Whatdidthefollo

w-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.4.Whatistheaut

hor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.B(2021·山东菏泽一模)CharviGoyal

isahighschoolstudentfromDallas,Texas,whohelpsoutotherclassmatesbytutoringthembetweenclasses.Atutorissomeonewhoteachesonepersonoraverysmallgr

oupofstudents.WhenGoyal’shighschoolmovedonlinebecauseofthepandemic,shedecidedtotakeherteachingonline.Thejuniorandthree

ofherfellowstudentscreatedTutorScope,aprogrammethatoffersfreetutoringservicestootherchildren,includingyoungero

nes.Itstartedwithasmallnumberoftutorswhohelpedyoungpeopleintheircity.Butithasgrownintoagroupof22tutorsfromTexa

s,ArizonaandOhio.Theyhavehelpedmorethan300students.TutorScopeaimstogivetheone-on-onehelpthatteachershavetraditionallygivenwhilewalkingaroundt

heirclassrooms.Butnow,manyteacherscannotprovidethatone-on-onesupportbecausetheylacktimeorhaveissueswithtechnology.SarahNewman

saidherchildren,7-year-oldtwins,hadhelpfulTutorScopeexperiences.“Withthesetutors,Irealisetheyhavetime,

”shesaid,“Ithinktheyareverypatientwiththeseyoungerkids,whichIdonotevenhaveasamother.Ihavepatienceforotherthings,butIdon’t

havepatienceforteaching.”WhatmakestheTutorScopeeffortspecialistheconnectionbetweentheteenagevolunteersandtheotherstudentstheyarehelping

.Althoughthepandemichasforcedmanystudentstolookinward,Goyalsaidthatworkingwithothersonabigprojecthadpermittedhertolookoutwar

d.“Myconfidencelevelhasincreased,”Goyalsaid.Sheaddedthatshehasmadefriendswithotherstudentsfromherschool.Shesaidoneofthebestthingsaboutrunningag

rowingnon-profitprogrammeisthatitdoeshelpwiththeboredomofbeingstuckathome.5.WhatdidGoyaldobecauseofthepandemic?A.Shehelpedherclassmatesatschool.B.

Shegotactiveinfightingadisease.C.Sheofferedonlineclassestostudents.D.Shewenttoanothercountryforhelp.6.What’sthepurposeofTuto

rScope?A.Togiveonlinehelp.B.Tomakeprofits.C.Tomakefriends.D.Tochoosevolunteers.7.What’sSarahNewman’sattitudetowardsthep

rogramme?A.Favourable.B.Tolerant.C.Skeptical.D.Critical.8.WhatcanwelearnfromGoyal’ssuccess?A.Puttingthecartbeforethehorse.B.Afriendinnee

disafriendindeed.C.Nomancandotwothingsatonce.D.Helpingotherswillbenefitoneself.COnlineeducationhasgrownfas

toverthepasttenyears.Theexplosionoftechnologyhasmadeteachingoutsidethetraditionalclassroompossibleforteachersandhasprovidedlearnerswi

theasyaccesstocoursematerials.InApril,2005,Iwasapproachedbyastudentwhowasinterestedinourdoctoralprogramme.However,thefirstquestionoutofhermouthw

as,“Doyouofferanyonlinecourses?”Laterthatday,asIwasreadingtheconferenceprogrammeguideandtryingforinterestingpresentations,Inoticedmanyworkshopsonw

eb-basedlearningandonlineeducation.Ilaterattendedtwoofthoseworkshopsandmetseveralprofessorsfromdifferentuniversitieswhohadeithertaughtonl

inecoursesforquitesometimeorwhowerediscoveringthebestpracticeforteachingonline.Theseexperienceshelpedmerealiseatleasttosomeextentthedeg

reeofgrowthinonlineeducation.Imadeseveralattemptstoenrichmyknowledgeofdistancelearningandonlineteaching.Iconsultedwithmycolleagueswhowereteachingonli

necourses.Thishelpedmerecognisetheimportanceofgettingmaterialspreparedevenbeforethestartofaterm.Ialsolearnedthatonlinecoursesmayconsumemoreti

methanregularclassroomteaching.AndIattendedseveralworkshopsregardingonlineeducationandestablishedanetworkwiththosewhowereinvolvedi

nonlineprogrammesatotheruniversities.IwillconsiderthesepeopleasmyconsultantsasIbegintodesignmyownonlinecourse.Also,Iconductedabriefs

urveywith15studentsandtwostaffmemberswhohadtakenortaughtanonlinecoursebeforetounderstandtheirexperienc

e.EventuallyIcompletedaliteraturereviewwhichgavemethefoundationandthebackgroundofunderstandingtheneedforonlineeducation.9.Whydidthe

authortakeastudentforexample?A.Toshowstudents’loveforthedoctoralprogramme.B.Topersuadelearnersoftraditiona

leducation.C.Toexplainthegrowingtrendofonlineeducation.D.Topredictthefutureoftheteachingcareer.10.Whatcausedtheaut

hortoknowmoreaboutonlineeducation?A.Theappetiteforknowledge.B.Theprofessionalresponsibilities.C.Therequirementofresea

rch.D.Thecolleagues’encouragement.11.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetoonlineeducation?A.Carefree.B.Doubtful.C.Supportive.D.Unwilling.考点分类练(四)推理判断题——观点

态度类【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新研究,该研究阐述了“群体智慧”效应的基本原理。1.B解析段落大意题。根据第二段中的“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors...resultinginamoreaccura

teestimate.”可知,当足够多的误差被平均在一起时,它们就会相互抵消,从而得到更准确的估计。由此可知,本段解释了“群体智慧”效应的基础逻辑。故选B项。2.D解析推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Thekeyfindingofthe

studywasthat...thanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.”可知,Navajas的研究表明,即使在个体估计不是完全独立的情况下,其准确率的提高也是可以做到的。故选D项。3.C解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“...

theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.”可知,后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故

选C项。4.D解析推理判断题。根据文章最后一段内容可知,尽管Navajas的研究有局限性,仍存在许多问题,但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推知,作者对Navajas的研究是持赞成态度的。故选D项。【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了高中生CharviGoyal在疫情期间通过网

络教学帮助了学生,同时也增强了自己的自信心。5.C解析细节理解题。根据第二段的“WhenGoyal’shighschoolmovedonlinebecauseofthepandemic,shedecidedtotakeherteachingonline.”可知,疫情期间她为

学生提供了在线课程。故选C项。6.A解析推理判断题。根据第二段的“ThejuniorandthreeofherfellowstudentscreatedTutorScope,aprogrammethatoffersfreet

utoringservicestootherchildren,includingyoungerones.”可知,TutorScope的目的是提供在线帮助。故选A项。7.A解析推理判断题。根据第四段的“‘Withthesetutors,Irealiset

heyhavetime,’shesaid,‘Ithinktheyareverypatientwiththeseyoungerkids,whichIdonotevenhaveasamother.Ihavepatienceforotherthings,b

utIdon’thavepatienceforteaching.’”可推断,SarahNewman对这个项目持赞同和支持的态度。故选A项。8.D解析推理判断题。根据最后一段的“‘Myconfidencelevelha

sincreased,’Goyalsaid.Sheaddedthatshehasmadefriendswithotherstudentsfromherschool.Shesaidoneofthebestthingsaboutrunningagrowingnon-p

rofitprogrammeisthatitdoeshelpwiththeboredomofbeingstuckathome.”可知,她做这个项目既帮助了别人,也帮助了自己。故选D项。【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作

者接触、研究、学习以及实施在线教育的故事。