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考点分类练(十一)词句猜测题——代词指代类A(2021·山东淄博一模)Severalyearsago,whensomeoneusedcameracoverstoprotectagainstpossiblemonitoring,itwasnotpop

ulartotalkaboutit.Today,peopleusevarioustypesoftapestocoverthewebcamerasandmicrophones.Therearemanytypesofspywarethatcandiveintoourdevicesan

dsecretlyspyonthem,recordingeverythingtheydo.Suchprogrammesmayinfectnotonlycomputersbutalsosmartphon

es.YourdatamaybeusedbyhackerswhowilltrytorequestmoneyfornotexposingyourprivateinformationorbycompanieslikeNSOGroupwhocreatedakindofspywareto“provi

deauthorisedgovernmentswithtechnologythathelpsstruggleagainstterrorandcrime”.Inmyopinion,theprotectiontechniqueishighlyo

verestimated.Userstapethecamerasandmicrophonesthroughlackofunderstandingofhowtheirdevicesworkandhowthemalware(恶意软件)works.H

ackersandevensecretservicesdonothaveenoughresourcestomonitorallvictimsusingthecamerasormicrophones.Iftheyneedtogetanyinformation,theygetitbys

endingatargetedvirustoyourdevice,whichwillnotbestoppedbythetapes.Suchaviruswillfindwhattosteal—frompersonalphotosa

ndvideostopasswordsfromsocialnetworks,browserhistory,bankaccountsandsoon.Itisunwisetobelievethatattackerswillnotbeable

tofindawaytospyonyou,evenifthedevice,dischargedtozero,canstilldeliverdataaboutyourlocation,usingthesmartphonesofthesurrounding

peopleassignalrepeaters.Letusfaceit:weliveinanerawhenitisextremelydifficulttohidesomethingandapieceoftapeisclearlynotthemostusefultoolinth

estruggleforyourprivacy.Again,tobeabletospyonyou,attackersneedtoplantthemalwareinyourdevice.Topreventthemalwarefromentering

yourdevice,donotclicksuspectedlinksandemailattachments.Usestrongpasswordsforemail,socialmediaandonlinebankaccounts.1.Whatdoestheunderl

inedword“them”inparagraph2referto?A.Cameras.B.Types.C.Programmes.D.Devices.2.WhatisNSOGroup?A.Agroupofhackers.B.Acompanyde

velopingspyware.C.Agroupofterroristsandcriminals.D.Acompanyfightingagainstcrime.3.Whydoestheauthorthink“theprotectiontechniqueishighlyoverestimated”

?A.Peopleknowlittleabouttheirdevices.B.Hackershavenoaccesstoothers.C.Ithardlypreventsthemalwarefromgettingpriv

acy.D.Itcan’tcoverthecamerascompletely.BEversinceshereceivedalittletoyairlinerasabirthdaygift,Katehasbeena

ttractedbyflight.Fromflyingremote-controlledairplanestobuildingherownmodelones,Katehasalwaysconsideredflyingaplaneoneofherpassions,buto

nlyuntilrecentlyhasshebeenabletotakethattonewheights.WhenKateheardabouttheUpwindScholarshipfromherschoolcounselor,shekne

witwasanextraordinaryopportunitytorealiseherdream.Theprogramme’smissionistoprovideallthetrainingnecessarytoobtainaprivatepilot’slicense(P

PL)forstudentsinbetweentheirjuniorandsenioryearofhighschoolfreeofcharge.Aftercompletingalengthyapplicatio

nandhersubsequentacceptanceintotheprogramme,Katebeganhertraininglastspring.Normally,recipientsofthescholarshipwo

uldattendgroundschoolinpersonwheretheylearnthefundamentalsofflying.Duetothepandemic,however,Katespenthourseachweekendstudyingon

linelessonsinherroomwhenevershegotabreakfromhomework.Oncesummercamearound,Kateandthreepeersputintwostraightweeksofgroundschool,reviewingflighttrainin

gfromninetofiveeveryday.“Itwasthetoughestpartoftheprogramme,”Katesaid.Aftercompletingthatportionofgrou

ndschool,KatewasfinallyabletobeginflyingattheSanCarlosAirportwiththeotherscholarshiprecipientsfromaroundtheBay

Area.Flying,especiallyforfirst-timerslikeKate,isahands-onprocessinvolvinglotsofcheckliststomakesuretheimportanttasksarebeingtakencareof.Now,havin

gfinishedtheprogrammeandearnedherPPL,Kateplansontrainingasaflightinstructorandhopestobecomeanairlinepilotinhe

rfuture.ShecreditstheUpwindScholarshiptoallshe’sbeenabletoaccomplishsofarandhopesthatanyonewhosharesherpassionwilllookintoit.“Itisaveryhardscho

larshiptowin,andyouhavetobetrulyinterestedinflight,”Katesaid.“Itcan’tbesomethinglike‘Oh,whydon’tItryflyingthissummer?’Youhavetobereadytodoaloto

fworkandputeffortintosucceedingintheprogramme.”4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph1referto?A.Herskillofbuildingmodelairplanes.B

.Herwishtotravelaroundtheworld.C.Herchildhooddreamofbecomingapilot.D.Herdesiretoflyremote-controlledairplanes.5.Whatisthegoalo

ftheUpwindScholarship?A.Tohelpstudentsinneedtoachievetheirdreams.B.Toprovidenecessarytrainingforprivatepil

otsforfree.C.Togivestudentsexpertadviceonearningascholarship.D.Topreparehighschoolstudentstobecomeap

rivatepilot.6.WhatdidKatedoingroundschool?A.Shetookonlinelessonsonflying.B.Shewentoverthefundamentals

offlying.C.Shedidsomeresearchintothepandemic.D.Shefinishedapplyingfortheprogramme.7.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesKate?A.Confidentandaggre

ssive.B.Strong-willedandpatient.C.Demandingandcourageous.D.Ambitiousandhard-working.C(2021·河北秦皇岛二模)Everyfour

orfiveyears,vastquantitiesofwarmwaterbuildupalongthewestcoastofSouthAmerica.Thisphenomenon,ElNiño,cre

atesstormsthatcausedestructivefloods.Theresultiscostly.ModernfarmerscometotermswithElNiño.Theyusemoneys

avedingoodyearstorebuildinbadones.Buthistorysuggestsitneednotbelikethat.Inapaperpublishedrecently,AriCaramanica,anarchaeologis

tinLima,showshowitusedtobedone.Andtheanswerseemstobe“better”.DrCaramanicaandhercolleagueshavebeenstudyingthePampadeMocan,acoastaldesertplaininno

rthernPeru.Itisnotsuitableforfarming.Itssoilcontainslittleorganicmatterandtheannualrainfallinnon-Niñoyearsisusuall

ylessthantwocentimetres.Today’sfarmersthereforedependoncanalstocarrywaterfromlocalriverstotheirfields.Ithadbeen

assumedthatancientfarmershadasimilararrangement—andsotheydid.ButDrCaramanicaalsofoundeightcanalsthatcou

ldcarrywaterfarbeyondtherangeofmodernfarms.ShethoughtthattheywereintendedtoguidethefloodwatersarrivingduringNiñoyears

.AroundaquarteroftheancientagriculturalinfrastructureofthisareaseemedtohavebeenbuiltonlyformanagingNiño-generatedfloodwater

s.Evidencefrompollensupportsthistheory,revealingthatthePampadeMocanproducedlotsofcropsinsomeyears,whileremainingnea

rlybarreninothers.Theteamalsouncoveredtwocisterns(蓄水箱)intheareaservicedbytheextendedcanals.These,probably,we

reusedtostoreextrafloodwaters.Thesefindingssuggestthat,ratherthanresistingElNiño,earlyfarmersinthePampadeMocanwereready

tomakeuseofitwhenitarrived.Modernfarmersmightdowelltolearnfromthem.8.Whatdoestherecentstudyfocuson?A.LivingwithElNiño.B.EffectsofElNiño.C.Farmingint

hedesert.D.WatershortageinPeru.9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inparagraph4referto?A.Ancientfarmers.B.Rivers

.C.Farms.D.Canals.10.Whatlessoncanbelearnedfromearlyfarmers?A.Everyadvantagehasitsdisadvantage.B.Ineverydifficultyliesanopportuni

ty.C.Sharptoolsmakegoodwork.D.It’snevertoolatetomend.11.Inwhichsectionofawebsitemaythistextappear?A.Ed

ucation.B.Travel.C.Business.D.Science.考点分类练(十一)词句猜测题——代词指代类【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是如何保护我们设备上的隐私。1.D解析代词指代题。根据第二段的“Therearema

nytypesofspywarethatcandiveintoourdevicesandsecretlyspyonthem,recordingeverythingtheydo.”可知,有许多类型的间谍软件可以潜入我们的设备并秘密监视它们,记录它们所做的一切。由此推知,画线词t

hem指代的是前面提到的devices。故选D项。2.B解析推理判断题。根据第二段的“...bycompanieslikeNSOGroupwhocreatedakindofspywareto‘provideauthorisedgovernmentswithtechnologythathel

psstruggleagainstterrorandcrime’.”可知,这些公司研发某种间谍软件,为所授权的政府提供有助于打击恐怖行动和犯罪的科技。故选B项。3.C解析推理判断题。由题干信息可定位到文章第三段的首句,且根据第三段的

“Iftheyneedtogetanyinformation,theygetitbysendingatargetedvirustoyourdevice,whichwillnotbestoppedbythetapes.Suchaviruswillfindwhattosteal—fromperson

alphotosandvideostopasswordsfromsocialnetworks,browserhistory,bankaccountsandsoon.”可知,这种保护技术很难阻止恶意软件获取隐私。故选

C项。【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了凯特从小就爱好飞行,以及她为了实现成为一名飞行员的梦想所做出的努力。4.C解析代词指代题。根据画线词前一句提到的Katehasalwaysconsideredflyingaplaneoneofherpassions和第二段开头提到的itwa

sanextraordinaryopportunitytorealiseherdream可知,凯特从小就爱好飞行,驾驶飞机是她的梦想。由此推测,that指代“她想成为一名飞行员的梦想”。故选C项。5.D解析细节理解题。根据第二段的“Theprogramme’smissionistoprovi

deallthetrainingnecessarytoobtainaprivatepilot’slicense(PPL)forstudentsinbetweentheirjuniorandsenioryearofhighschoolf

reeofcharge.”可知,它的目标是让想成为私人飞行员的高中生做好相应的准备。故选D项。6.B解析细节理解题。根据第三段的“...recipientsofthescholarshipwouldattendgroundschoolinpersonwheretheylearn

thefundamentalsofflying.”和“...Kateandthreepeersputintwostraightweeksofgroundschool,reviewingflighttraining...”可知,凯特在地面学校回顾飞行的基础知识。故选B项。7.D解析推理判断题。根

据倒数第二段的内容可推断,凯特很有志向;再根据最后一段中凯特所说的话“Itisaveryhardscholarshiptowin,andyouhavetobetrulyinterestedinflight...Youhavetobereadytodoalotofworkandputeffor

tintosucceedingintheprogramme.”可知,凯特为了获得奖学金很努力。由此推断,凯特很有雄心壮志,而且为了梦想非常努力。故选D项。【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。在最近发表的一篇论文中,一位考古学家展示了过去的农

民是如何利用厄尔尼诺现象来帮助农业生产的,文章介绍了这一研究开展的过程以及发现。8.A解析细节理解题。根据第二段的“ModernfarmerscometotermswithElNiño...Inapaperpublishedrecently...showshowitusedtobedone

.Andtheanswerseemstobe‘better’.”可知,最近的研究重点是与厄尔尼诺现象共存。故选A项。