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考点分类练(十一)词句猜测题——代词指代类A(2021·山东淄博一模)Severalyearsago,whensomeoneusedcameracoverstoprotectagainstpossiblemonitoring,itwasnotpopulartotalkabo

utit.Today,peopleusevarioustypesoftapestocoverthewebcamerasandmicrophones.Therearemanytypesofspywarethatcandiveintoourdevicesandsec

retlyspyonthem,recordingeverythingtheydo.Suchprogrammesmayinfectnotonlycomputersbutalsosmartphones.Yourdatamaybe

usedbyhackerswhowilltrytorequestmoneyfornotexposingyourprivateinformationorbycompanieslikeNSOGroupwhocreatedakindofspywareto“p

rovideauthorisedgovernmentswithtechnologythathelpsstruggleagainstterrorandcrime”.Inmyopinion,theprotectiontechniqueishi

ghlyoverestimated.Userstapethecamerasandmicrophonesthroughlackofunderstandingofhowtheirdevicesworkandhowthemalware(恶意软件)works.Hackers

andevensecretservicesdonothaveenoughresourcestomonitorallvictimsusingthecamerasormicrophones.Iftheyn

eedtogetanyinformation,theygetitbysendingatargetedvirustoyourdevice,whichwillnotbestoppedbythetapes.Suchaviruswill

findwhattosteal—frompersonalphotosandvideostopasswordsfromsocialnetworks,browserhistory,bankaccountsandsoon.Itisunwisetobelievethatatt

ackerswillnotbeabletofindawaytospyonyou,evenifthedevice,dischargedtozero,canstilldeliverdataaboutyourlocation,usingthesmartphonesofthesu

rroundingpeopleassignalrepeaters.Letusfaceit:weliveinanerawhenitisextremelydifficulttohidesomethingandapieceoftapeisclearlynotthemostuse

fultoolinthestruggleforyourprivacy.Again,tobeabletospyonyou,attackersneedtoplantthemalwareinyourdevice.Topreventthemal

warefromenteringyourdevice,donotclicksuspectedlinksandemailattachments.Usestrongpasswordsforemail,socialmediaandonl

inebankaccounts.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inparagraph2referto?A.Cameras.B.Types.C.Programmes.D.Devices.2.What

isNSOGroup?A.Agroupofhackers.B.Acompanydevelopingspyware.C.Agroupofterroristsandcriminals.D.Acompanyfightingagai

nstcrime.3.Whydoestheauthorthink“theprotectiontechniqueishighlyoverestimated”?A.Peopleknowlittleabouttheirdevices.B.Hackershavenoaccesstoothers.C.It

hardlypreventsthemalwarefromgettingprivacy.D.Itcan’tcoverthecamerascompletely.BEversinceshereceivedalittletoy

airlinerasabirthdaygift,Katehasbeenattractedbyflight.Fromflyingremote-controlledairplanestobuildingherownmodelones,Katehasalwaysconsideredflyingapl

aneoneofherpassions,butonlyuntilrecentlyhasshebeenabletotakethattonewheights.WhenKateheardabouttheUpwindScholarshipfromhersc

hoolcounselor,sheknewitwasanextraordinaryopportunitytorealiseherdream.Theprogramme’smissionistoprovideallthetrai

ningnecessarytoobtainaprivatepilot’slicense(PPL)forstudentsinbetweentheirjuniorandsenioryearofhighschoolfreeofcharge.Aftercompletingalengthyappl

icationandhersubsequentacceptanceintotheprogramme,Katebeganhertraininglastspring.Normally,recipientsofthescholarshipwouldattendgroundschoolinpersonw

heretheylearnthefundamentalsofflying.Duetothepandemic,however,Katespenthourseachweekendstudyingonlinelessonsinherroomwhenevershegotabreakfro

mhomework.Oncesummercamearound,Kateandthreepeersputintwostraightweeksofgroundschool,reviewingflighttrainingfromninetofiveevery

day.“Itwasthetoughestpartoftheprogramme,”Katesaid.Aftercompletingthatportionofgroundschool,KatewasfinallyabletobeginflyingattheSa

nCarlosAirportwiththeotherscholarshiprecipientsfromaroundtheBayArea.Flying,especiallyforfirst-timerslikeKate,isa

hands-onprocessinvolvinglotsofcheckliststomakesuretheimportanttasksarebeingtakencareof.Now,havingfinishedtheprogrammeandearnedherPPL,Kateplansontra

iningasaflightinstructorandhopestobecomeanairlinepilotinherfuture.ShecreditstheUpwindScholarshiptoallshe’sbeenabletoaccomplishsofarandhopesthatanyon

ewhosharesherpassionwilllookintoit.“Itisaveryhardscholarshiptowin,andyouhavetobetrulyinterestedinflight,”Katesaid.“Itcan’tb

esomethinglike‘Oh,whydon’tItryflyingthissummer?’Youhavetobereadytodoalotofworkandputeffortintosucceedingintheprogramme.”4.Whatdoestheunderline

dword“that”inparagraph1referto?A.Herskillofbuildingmodelairplanes.B.Herwishtotravelaroundtheworld.C.Herchildhooddreamofb

ecomingapilot.D.Herdesiretoflyremote-controlledairplanes.5.WhatisthegoaloftheUpwindScholarship?A.Tohelpstudentsinneedtoachievetheirdreams.B.To

providenecessarytrainingforprivatepilotsforfree.C.Togivestudentsexpertadviceonearningascholarship.D.Topreparehighschoolstudentstobecomea

privatepilot.6.WhatdidKatedoingroundschool?A.Shetookonlinelessonsonflying.B.Shewentoverthefundamentalsofflying.C.Shedidsomeresearchintothepand

emic.D.Shefinishedapplyingfortheprogramme.7.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesKate?A.Confidentandaggressive.B.Strong-willedandp

atient.C.Demandingandcourageous.D.Ambitiousandhard-working.C(2021·河北秦皇岛二模)Everyfourorfiveyears,vastquantitiesofwarmwaterbuildupalo

ngthewestcoastofSouthAmerica.Thisphenomenon,ElNiño,createsstormsthatcausedestructivefloods.Theresultiscostly.Modernfarmerscometoterm

swithElNiño.Theyusemoneysavedingoodyearstorebuildinbadones.Buthistorysuggestsitneednotbelikethat.Inapaperpublishedrecently,AriCaramanica,anarchaeolog

istinLima,showshowitusedtobedone.Andtheanswerseemstobe“better”.DrCaramanicaandhercolleagueshavebeenstudyingthePampadeMocan,acoastaldes

ertplaininnorthernPeru.Itisnotsuitableforfarming.Itssoilcontainslittleorganicmatterandtheannualrainfallinnon-Niñoyearsisusuallylesstha

ntwocentimetres.Today’sfarmersthereforedependoncanalstocarrywaterfromlocalriverstotheirfields.Ithadbeenassumedth

atancientfarmershadasimilararrangement—andsotheydid.ButDrCaramanicaalsofoundeightcanalsthatcouldcarrywaterfarbeyondtherangeofmode

rnfarms.ShethoughtthattheywereintendedtoguidethefloodwatersarrivingduringNiñoyears.Aroundaquarteroftheancientagri

culturalinfrastructureofthisareaseemedtohavebeenbuiltonlyformanagingNiño-generatedfloodwaters.Evidencefr

ompollensupportsthistheory,revealingthatthePampadeMocanproducedlotsofcropsinsomeyears,whileremainingnearlybarre

ninothers.Theteamalsouncoveredtwocisterns(蓄水箱)intheareaservicedbytheextendedcanals.These,probably,wereusedtostoreextrafloodwaters.Thesefinding

ssuggestthat,ratherthanresistingElNiño,earlyfarmersinthePampadeMocanwerereadytomakeuseofitwhenitarrived.Modernfarmersmightdowelltolearn

fromthem.8.Whatdoestherecentstudyfocuson?A.LivingwithElNiño.B.EffectsofElNiño.C.Farminginthedesert.D.WatershortageinPeru.9.Whatdoestheund

erlinedword“they”inparagraph4referto?A.Ancientfarmers.B.Rivers.C.Farms.D.Canals.10.Whatlessoncanbelearnedfromearlyfar

mers?A.Everyadvantagehasitsdisadvantage.B.Ineverydifficultyliesanopportunity.C.Sharptoolsmakegoodwork.D.It’snevertoolatetomend.11.Inwhichsecti

onofawebsitemaythistextappear?A.Education.B.Travel.C.Business.D.Science.考点分类练(十一)词句猜测题——代词指代类【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是如何保护我们设备上的

隐私。1.D解析代词指代题。根据第二段的“Therearemanytypesofspywarethatcandiveintoourdevicesandsecretlyspyonthem,recordingev

erythingtheydo.”可知,有许多类型的间谍软件可以潜入我们的设备并秘密监视它们,记录它们所做的一切。由此推知,画线词them指代的是前面提到的devices。故选D项。2.B解析推理判断题。根据第二段

的“...bycompanieslikeNSOGroupwhocreatedakindofspywareto‘provideauthorisedgovernmentswithtechnologythathelpsstruggleagainstterrorandcrime’.”可

知,这些公司研发某种间谍软件,为所授权的政府提供有助于打击恐怖行动和犯罪的科技。故选B项。3.C解析推理判断题。由题干信息可定位到文章第三段的首句,且根据第三段的“Iftheyneedtogetanyinformation,theygetitbysendingatargeted

virustoyourdevice,whichwillnotbestoppedbythetapes.Suchaviruswillfindwhattosteal—frompersonalphotosandvideo

stopasswordsfromsocialnetworks,browserhistory,bankaccountsandsoon.”可知,这种保护技术很难阻止恶意软件获取隐私。故选C项。【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了凯特从小就爱好飞行,以及她

为了实现成为一名飞行员的梦想所做出的努力。4.C解析代词指代题。根据画线词前一句提到的Katehasalwaysconsideredflyingaplaneoneofherpassions和第二段开头提到的itwasanextraordinaryopportunitytorealiseh

erdream可知,凯特从小就爱好飞行,驾驶飞机是她的梦想。由此推测,that指代“她想成为一名飞行员的梦想”。故选C项。5.D解析细节理解题。根据第二段的“Theprogramme’smission

istoprovideallthetrainingnecessarytoobtainaprivatepilot’slicense(PPL)forstudentsinbetweentheirjuniorandsenioryearofhighschoolfreeofcharge.”可知,

它的目标是让想成为私人飞行员的高中生做好相应的准备。故选D项。6.B解析细节理解题。根据第三段的“...recipientsofthescholarshipwouldattendgroundschoolinpersonwheretheylearnthefundamen

talsofflying.”和“...Kateandthreepeersputintwostraightweeksofgroundschool,reviewingflighttraining...”可知,凯特在地面

学校回顾飞行的基础知识。故选B项。7.D解析推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的内容可推断,凯特很有志向;再根据最后一段中凯特所说的话“Itisaveryhardscholarshiptowin,andyouhavetobetrulyinterestedinflight..

.Youhavetobereadytodoalotofworkandputeffortintosucceedingintheprogramme.”可知,凯特为了获得奖学金很努力。由此推断,凯特很有雄心壮志,而且为了梦

想非常努力。故选D项。【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。在最近发表的一篇论文中,一位考古学家展示了过去的农民是如何利用厄尔尼诺现象来帮助农业生产的,文章介绍了这一研究开展的过程以及发现。8.A解析细节理解题。根据

第二段的“ModernfarmerscometotermswithElNiño...Inapaperpublishedrecently...showshowitusedtobedone.Andtheanswerseemstobe‘better’.”可知,最

近的研究重点是与厄尔尼诺现象共存。故选A项。