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2023届高三英语名校新题快递--10月月考专辑专题03阅读理解之说明文解析版【01】2023届广东省六校高三上学期第二次联考【02】安徽省皖豫名校联盟2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考【03】广东

省广州市第五中学2022-2023学年高三上学期10月月【04】浙江省强基联盟2022-2023学年高三上学期10月联考【05】湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学高三上学期月考卷（二）【06】河南省实验中学2022-2023学年高三

上学期第二次月考【07】湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学高三上学期月考卷（二）【08】浙江省C8名校协作体2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考【09】甘肃省张掖市2022-2023学年高

三上学期第一次诊断考试【10】浙江省C8名校协作体2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考【11】江苏省南京师范大学附属中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月考【12】江苏省苏州市2022〜2023学年高三上学期八校联考【13】2023届广东省六校高三上学期第二次联考【14】湖南省长

沙市雅礼中学2022-2023学年高三上学期月考二【15】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检【16】河北省邢台市六校联考2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月考【17】江苏省泰州中学

2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检【18】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检【19】江西省名校高中2022-2023学年高三上学期联合测评【20】湖北省荆州荆门宜昌三校2022-2023学年高三上学期联考试题【21】广东省深圳市重点高中2023届高三上学期第二次月

考【22】江苏省南京市2023届高三上学期10月学情调查考试【23】湖北省襄阳市重点高中2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次月考【24】山东省潍坊市五县市2022-2023学年高三10月统考【01】2023届广东省六校高三

上学期第二次联考Theworld’sbiggestelectricvehicle—a45-tonminingdumptrucknamedtheeDumper—mayhavetogiveupitsthron

e.Thenewcomer,poweredwithbothelectricityandareserveofhydrogenfuel,isgoingtostealthattitleasthelargestelectricmin

ingtruck.London-basedAngloAmericanisdevelopingthebeastofamachine—itweighs290tons—aspartofitssustainableminingvision.Theconceptualwor

kisdone,butU.K-basedWilliamsAdvancedEngineeringwillbringthetrucktolife.Theideaistoreplacethevehicle’sdieselengine(柴油机)withahigh-powerm

odularlithium-ionbattery(锂电池).“Wearedelightedtobeinvolvedinthisinnovativeandexcitingprojectwhichshowsthepotentialofbatterytechnologythat

canadapttoincreaseddemands,fromautomotiveandmotorsportto‘heavyduty’industrialapplications,”CraigWilson,managingdirectorofWilliamsAdva

ncedEngineering,said.WhiletheeDumper—aminingtruckusedtomovestonesfromthesidesofmountainsinSwitzerland—reliesentirelyonpureelectricity

andpurephysicsforpower,theAngloAmericantruckwillusebothalithium-ionbatteryandahydrogenfuelcell(电池)module.Altogether,thenewtruckwillhaveover1

,000Kilowatthoursofenergystorage.Hydrogenfuelisaclearfuelthatproducesonlywaterasaby-productwhenconsumedinafuelcell.It’stypicall

yproducedfromnaturalgas,nuclearpower,orrenewablewindandsolarpower.Addinghydrogenfuelcellstothevehicle’sbatterywillallowthetrucktorunforlongerper

iodsoftimewithoutrecharging.There’salsoathirdtypeofpowerthatcomesintoplaywiththeAngloAmericantruck:kinetic(动力的)energyc

reatedthroughtheprocessofregenerativebraking(再生制动系统).Whenanelectricvehicle—beittheAngloAmericantruck,ortheeDumper—roll

sdownahill,thatmovementcreateselectricalenergyforthebatteryasyoubrake.Theelectricmotorspowerthecarth

roughthebattery’sstoredenergy,butcanalsobecomeminigeneratorsthatreturnsomeenergybacktothebattery.AfterAngloAmer

icanfinishestesttrialswiththetruck,thefirmwillconductstudiestounderstandhowthetruck’spowerunitscanbeu

sedtoprovideenergystorageinotherapplications.8.Whatcanbeknownabout“theeDumper”?A.Itweighsmorethan290t

ons.B.Itispoweredbyhydrogenfuel.C.Itwillnolongerbethelargestelectrictruck.D.Itwilldiscouragebuyersforbeingexpen

sive.9.WhatcanbeinferredfromCraigWilson’swords?A.Batterytechnologyisthekeytoupdatingvehicles.B.Batterytechnologyisthebasi

sofmanufacturingtrucks.C.Thedevelopmentofthelithium-ionbatteryislimited.D.Thefutureofthelithium-ionbatteryispromising.10.Whatisthe

benefitofadoptinghydrogenfuelcells?A.Itcansavealotofmoney.B.Vehiclesbecomemoreeco-friendly.C.Ithasnoenvironmentalimpactatall.D

.Vehiclesnolongerneedtoberecharged.11.Accordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingcanbeafeatureofregenerativebraking?A.Au

tonomousbraking.B.Energytransformation.C.Simpleoperation.D.zero-carbonemission.【答案】8.C9.D10.B11.B【解析】【导语

】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了位于伦敦的英美资源集团（AngloAmerican）正在开发一种重达290吨的卡车，这将成为世界上最大的电动卡车。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Theworld’sbiggestelec

tricvehicle—a45-tonminingdumptrucknamedtheeDumper—mayhavetogiveupitsthrone.Thenewcomer,poweredwithbothelectricityandareserveofhydrogenfuel,

isgoingtostealthattitleasthelargestelectricminingtruck.(世界上最大的电动汽车——一辆45吨重的矿山自卸车，名叫eDumper——可能不得不放弃它的宝座。

这个同时使用电力和氢燃料储备新建造的车，将会夺得最大电力采矿卡车的称号。)”可知，eDumper将不再是最大的电动卡车。故选C。【9题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中“Theideaistoreplace

thevehicle’sdieselengine(柴油机)withahigh-powermodularlithium-ionbattery(锂电池).“Wearedelightedtobeinvolvedinthisinnovativea

ndexcitingprojectwhichshowsthepotentialofbatterytechnologythatcanadapttoincreaseddemands,fromautomotiveandmot

orsportto‘heavyduty’industrialapplications,”CraigWilson,managingdirectorofWilliamsAdvancedEngineering,said.(这个想法是用一个大功率的模块化锂离子电池来代替汽车的柴

油发动机。“我们很高兴参与这个创新和令人兴奋的项目，它展示了电池技术的潜力，可以适应从汽车和赛车到‘重型’工业应用等不断增长的需求。”)”可知，从CraigWilson的话可以看出，锂离子电池的未来充满希望。故选D。【1

0题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段“Hydrogenfuelisaclearfuelthatproducesonlywaterasaby-productwhenconsumedinafuelcell.It’stypicallyproducedfromnaturalgas,n

uclearpower,orrenewablewindandsolarpower.Addinghydrogenfuelcellstothevehicle’sbatterywillallowthetruckto

runforlongerperiodsoftimewithoutrecharging.(氢燃料是一种清洁的燃料，在燃料电池中消耗时只产生副产品水。它通常由天然气、核能或可再生风能和太阳能发电产生。将氢燃料电池添加到汽车的电池将允许卡车运行更长

的时间不用充电。)”可知，氢燃料电池是一种更加环保的电池，由此可知，采用氢燃料电池的好处是汽车变得更加环保。故选B。【11题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段中“Whenanelectricvehicle—beittheAnglo

Americantruck,ortheeDumper—rollsdownahill,thatmovementcreateselectricalenergyforthebatteryasyoubrake.Theelectricmotorspow

erthecarthroughthebattery’sstoredenergy,butcanalsobecomeminigeneratorsthatreturnsomeenergybacktothebattery.(当一辆电动汽车——无论是英美卡车还是eDumpe

r——从山上滚下来时，这种运动会在刹车时为电池产生电能。电动马达通过电池储存的能量为汽车提供动力，但也可以成为迷你发电机，将一些能量返回给电池。)”可知，能量转换是再生制动的一个特性，故选B。【02】安徽省皖豫名校联盟2022-2023学年高三上学期第一

次联考TheAlps’glaciers(冰川)areontrackfortheirhighestmasslossesinatleast60yearsofrecordkeeping,datasharedwit

hReutersshows.Bylookingatthedifferenceinhowmuchsnowfellinwinter,andhowmuchicemeltsinsummer,scientistscanmeasurehowmuchaglacierhasshrunkinanyg

ivenyear.Sincelastwinter,whichbroughtrelativelylittlesnowfall,theAlpshavegonethroughtwobigearlysummerheatwaves—includingoneinJulymarkedbytemperatures

near30ºCintheSwissmountainvillageofZermatt.Duringthisheatwave,theelevation(海拔)atwhichwaterfrozewasmeasuredatarecordhighof5,184meters—atanalt

itudehigherthanMontBlanc’s—comparedwiththenormalsummerlevelofbetween3,000-3,500meters.Mostoftheworld’smountainglaciersareshrinkingdu

etoclimatechange.ButthoseintheEuropeanAlpsareespeciallyvulnerable(脆弱的)becausetheyaresmallerwithrelativelylit

tleicecover.Meanwhile,temperaturesintheAlpsarewarmingataround0.3ºCperdecade—aroundtwiceasfastasthegloba

laverage.Ifgreenhousegasemissionscontinuetorise,theAlps’glaciersareexpectedtolosemorethan80%oftheircurrentmassby2100.Manywilldisappearre

gardlessofwhateveractionistakennow,thankstoglobalwarmingbakedinbypastemissions,accordingtoa2019reportbytheUNIntergovernmentalPanelonCli

mateChange.Swissresidentsworrythattheglacierlosseswillhurttheireconomy.SomeskiresortsoftheAlps,whichrelyontheseglaciers,nowcoverthemselve

swithwhitesheetstoreflectsunlightandreducemelting.Swissglaciersfeatureinmanyofthecountry’sfairytales,andtheAletschGlacie

risconsideredaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite.“Losingtheglaciersmeanslosingournationalheritageandouridentity,”saidhikerBernardinChavail

laz.12.WhathappenedtotheelevationatwhichwaterfrozeintheAlps?A.Itremainedunchanged.B.Itincreasedsharply.C.Itreachedanew

low.D.Itdroppednoticeably.13.What’sthemainpurposeofparagraph3?A.ToshowtemperaturesarerisingintheAlps.B.Toproveclimatechang

eleadstoheatwaves.C.ToexplainwhytheAlps’glaciersareindanger.D.TopredictwhatwillhappentotheAlps’glaciers.14.WhatdidBernardinChav

aillazexpressinthelastparagraph?A.Hisadviceonprotectingglaciers.B.Hisconfusioninfindinghisidentity.C.Hisc

oncernoverthelossofglaciers.D.Hisinterestinimprovingtheeconomy.15.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Glacie

rsintheAlpsAreDisappearingRapidlyB.ClimateChangeIsPresentingaThreattotheAlpsC.SummerHeatwavesHittheAlpsMoreFrequentlyD.

MeasuresAreNeededtoProtecttheAlps’Glaciers【答案】12.B13.C14.C15.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲的是由于气候变化，世界上大多数山地冰川正在消融，其中欧洲阿尔卑斯山的冰川尤其脆弱。数据显

示，阿尔卑斯山冰川的融化面积可能会创下近60年来的新高。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Duringthisheatwave,theelevation(海拔)atwhichwaterfrozewasmeasuredatarecordhighof5,18

4meters—atanaltitudehigherthanMontBlanc’s—comparedwiththenormalsummerlevelofbetween3,000-3,500meters.(

在这次热浪中，水结冰的海拔达到了创纪录的5184米——比勃朗峰还要高——相比之下，正常的夏季海拔在3000-3500米之间。)”可知，在这次热浪中，阿尔卑斯山脉的冰点海拔高度达到创纪录的5184米，而正常夏天的冰点高度一般介于3000米至35

00米之间，因此它是急速升高。故选B。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Mostoftheworld’smountainglaciersareshrinkingduetoclimatechange.B

utthoseintheEuropeanAlpsareespeciallyvulnerable(脆弱的)becausetheyaresmallerwithrelativelylittleicecover.Meanwhile,temperaturesintheAl

psarewarmingataround0.3ºCperdecade—aroundtwiceasfastastheglobalaverage.(由于气候变化，世界上大部分山地冰川都在缩小。但欧洲阿尔卑斯山脉的山脉尤其脆

弱，因为它们面积较小，冰覆盖相对较少。与此同时，阿尔卑斯山的气温正以每十年0.3摄氏度的速度上升——大约是全球平均速度的两倍。)”可知，第三段的主要目的是解释阿尔卑斯山的冰川为何处于危险之中。故选C。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一

段““Losingtheglaciersmeanslosingournationalheritageandouridentity,”saidhikerBernardinChavaillaz.(登山者BernardinChavaillaz说:“失去冰川意味着失去我们的民族遗产和

身份。”)”可知，BernardinChavaillaz在最后一段表达了他对冰川消失的担忧。故选C。【15题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“TheAlps’glaciers(冰川)areontrackfortheirhighestmasslossesinatleast60ye

arsofrecordkeeping,datasharedwithReutersshows.(路透社分享的数据显示，阿尔卑斯山的冰川正在经历至少60年来最大的大规模损失。)”和第三段的“Mostoftheworld’smountainglaciersareshrinkingdue

toclimatechange.ButthoseintheEuropeanAlpsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausetheyaresmallerwithrelativelylittleicecover.(由于气候变化，世界上大部分山地冰川都在缩

小。但欧洲阿尔卑斯山脉的山脉尤其脆弱，因为它们面积较小，冰覆盖相对较少。)”可知，本文主要讲的是由于气候变化，世界上大多数山地冰川正在消融，其中欧洲阿尔卑斯山的冰川尤其脆弱。数据显示，阿尔卑斯山冰川的融化面积可能会创下近60年来的新高，因此最好

的题目是A选项“GlaciersintheAlpsAreDisappearingRapidly(阿尔卑斯山的冰川正在迅速消失)”，故选A。【03】广东省广州市第五中学2022-2023学年高三上学期10月月Pa

rentingtechniquesmayhavelonglastingconsequencesforbehavior—evenwhenitcomestodogs.ResearchersattheUniversityofPennsylva

niastudiedtheearlydevelopment,parentingandthefollowingperformanceof98puppieswhounderwentguidedogtraining.Do

gswhoreceivedmoreindependenceandlesssupportfromtheirmothersweremorelikelytobesuccessfulinbecomingaguidedog.ThestudywaspublishedMondayinthe

journalProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.Mom-pupinteractionswereusedtodefinehowhighlyinvolvedthepuppy’smotherswere.Puppiesraisedwithhighl

yinvolvedmothersweremorelikelytobereleased—ordroppedoutfromtheguidedogprogram—comparedtothosewithlessattentivemothers

.“Toomuchofagoodthingcanbeabadthing,”saidleadstudyresearcherEmilyBray.Althoughthestudycouldn’tdefinitelypointto

whatwasdrivingthiseffect,“onepossibilityisthatthedogsthatarehavingoverbearing(专横的)mothersarenevergiventhechancetodealwithsmallchallengesontheirown,a

ndisharmfultotheirlaterbehaviorandoutcomeintheirproblemsolving.Anotherpossibilityisthatthepuppiesforwhomthe

mothersarealwaysaroundarealsothemostanxiousorstressed,”sheexplained.“WhatIwashappyaboutwasthatthereisastudybeingdon

eaboutearlylifeexperiencesindogs,”anotherresearcherDoloresHolesaid.“Ifthemomistryingtoprotectherpupsagainstsma

llchallenges,thentheywillnotbesuitedforthebigchallenges.”Thestudyincludedthreebreeds(品种):Germanshepherds,LabradorretrieversandGoldenret

rievers.Thepuppieswerefollowedfromthefirstweeksoflifeforseveralyears.Interestingly,Labradorretrieverstendedtowashoutfromthep

rogram,whileGoldenretrieverstendedtosucceed.Asforwhetherthefindingscanbeappliedtohumanbabiesofso-called“helicopterparents,”Braywashesitant.“Ithinkpeo

plecandrawparallels(相似之处),butIthinkyoualsohavetobecarefulbecausetheyaredifferentspecies,”shesaid.Sheadded,

“Thenicethingaboutdogsisthattheyarealotlesscomplicatedthanhumans.”8.Whatmakessuccessfulguidedogsacco

rdingtothestudy?A.Lessattentiveowners.B.Morepracticaltraining.C.Lesssupportivemothers.D.Moretenseenvironment.9.W

hatdoesParagraph4mainlytalkabout?A.Thenecessityofmom-pupinteractions.B.Somecharacteristicsofgoodguidedogs.C.Thesign

ificanceofhighparentalinvolvement.D.Potentialcausesofsomepuppies’poorperformance.10.WhatcanweknowaboutLabradorretriev

ersinthestudy?A.Theychoosetostay.B.Theyfailtobequalified.C.Theyrisetochallenges.D.Theyareeasytonotice.11.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Parenti

ngtechniquescanapplytoguidedogsB.GuidedogsarelesscomplicatedthanhumansC.Researchershelpraisepublicawarene

ssofblindpeopleD.Astudyisdoneaboutearlylifeexperiencesofhumanbabies【答案】8.C9.D10.B11.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章向读者分析了犬

类早期家庭教育对于其后天能力形成及个体发展的影响。通过实验结果进行阐述，并探讨了这一结论是否能被应用于人类身上这一点。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“Dogswhoreceivedmoreindependenceandlesssupportfromtheirmothe

rsweremorelikelytobesuccessfulinbecomingaguidedog.(从母亲那里获得更多独立性和较少支持的狗更有可能成功成为导盲犬。)”可知，来自母亲的支持更少的狗狗更可能成为一条成功的导盲犬。故选C。【9题详解】主旨大意题。根据第四段中“o

nepossibilityisthatthedogsthatarehavingoverbearing（专横的）mothersarenevergiventhechancetodealwithsmallchallengesontheirown,andishar

mfultotheirlaterbehaviorandoutcomeintheirproblemsolving.Anotherpossibilityisthatthepuppiesforwhomthemothersarealwaysaroundarea

lsothemostanxiousorstressed.(一种可能是，那些有专横的母亲的狗从来没有机会自己处理小挑战，这对它们以后的行为和解决问题的结果是有害的。另一种可能是，总是有妈妈在身边的小狗也是最焦虑或压力最大的。)”可知，本段主要说明了有一些狗狗不能成为导盲犬的原因，即第四段主要分析

了使得狗宝宝表现不佳的原因。故选D。【10题详解】细节理解题。根据第六段中“Thestudyincludedthreebreeds（品种）:Germanshepherds,LabradorretrieversandGoldenretriever

s.Thepuppieswerefollowedfromthefirstweeksoflifeforseveralyears.Interestingly,Labradorretrieverstendedt

owashoutfromtheprogram,whileGoldenretrieverstendedtosucceed.(该研究的研究对象包括三个品种：德牧、拉布拉多和金毛。这些幼犬从出生后几周就被跟踪观察了数年。

有趣的是，拉布拉多猎犬往往会被淘汰，而金毛往往会成功。)”可知，拉布拉多猎犬往往会被淘汰，而金毛往往会成功。故选B。【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据本文通过实验举例分析了父母早期教育对于犬类日后成长发展的影响，并探讨了不同教育对于犬类的不同影响。

A选项“Parentingtechniquescanapplytoguidedogs.(育儿技巧也适用于导盲犬)”最能概括文章内容。故选A。【04】浙江省强基联盟2022-2023学年高三上学期10月联考InJapan

,youarewhatyourbloodtypeis.Aperson’sbloodtypeispopularlybelievedtodecidehis/hercharacterandpersonality.Type-Ap

eoplearegenerallyconsideredsensitiveperfectionistsandgoodteamplayers,butover-anxious.TypeOsarecuriousandgenerousbutstubborn.TypeABsareartisticbutm

ysteriousandunpredictable,andtypeBsarecheerfulbuteccentric,individualistic,andselfish.Thoughlackingscientificevidence

,thisbeliefiswidelyseeninbooks,magazines,andtelevisionshows.Lastyear,fourofJapan’stop10bestsellerswerea

bouthowbloodtypedeterminespersonality,throughwhichreadersseemedtobeabletodiscoverthedefinitionoftheirbloodtypeorhavetheirself-imag

econfirmed.Theblood-typebeliefhasbeenusedinunusualways.ThewomensoftballteamthatwongoldforJapanattheBeijingOlympicsisreportedt

ohaveusedblood-typetheoriestocustomizetrainingforeachplayer.Somekindergartenshaveadoptedteachingmethodsalongbloodgro

uplines,andevenmajorcompaniesreportedlymakedecisionsaboutassignmentsbasedonanemployee’sbloodtype.In19

90,MitsubishiElectronicswasreportedtohaveannouncedtheformationofateamcomposedentirelyofABworkers,thanksto“theirabilitytomakeplans”.Thebeliefevenaff

ectspolitics.OneformerprimeministerconsidereditimportantenoughtorevealinhisofficialprofilethathewasatypeA,whilehisoppositionrivalw

astypeB.In2011,aminister,RyuMatsumoto,wasforcedtoresignafteronlyaweekinoffice,whenabad-temperedencounterwithlocalofficialswastelevised.In

hisresignationspeech,heblamedhisfailingsonthefactthathewasbloodtypeB.Theblood-typecraze,consideredsimplyharmlessfunbysomeJapanese,mayrevealit

selfasprejudiceanddiscrimination.Infact,thisseemssocommonthattheJapanesenowhaveatermforit:bura-hara,meaningblood

-typeharassment(骚扰).Therearereportsofdiscriminationleadingtochildrenbeingbullied,endingofhappyrelationships,andlossofjobopportu

nitiesduetobloodtype.8.What’sthemainideaofparagraph1?A.TheJapaneseattachgreatimportancetobloodtype.B.ThebooksaboutbloodtypearepopularinJapan.C.TheJap

aneseconfirmtheirpersonalitytotallythroughbloodtype.D.TheJapanesethinkbloodtypebestsellersareimportanttotheirself-image.9.Accordingtoth

epassage,whichbloodtypecanweinferistheLEASTfavoredinJapan?A.TypeA.B.TypeB.C.TypeO.D.TypeAB.10.PrimeMinisterRyuMatsumotoresignedfromofficebe

cause________.A.herevealedhisrival’sbloodtypeB.hewasseenbehavingrudelyonTVC.heblamedhisfailingsonlocalofficialsD.hewasdiscriminatedagainstbeca

useofbloodtype11.Whatisthespeaker’sattitudetowardtheblood-typebeliefinJapan?A.Negative.B.Defensive.C.Ob

jective.D.Encouraging.【答案】8.A9.B10.B11.A【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。本文主要介绍血型在日本非常重要，以日本人在血型上的态度。【8题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“InJapan,youarewhatyourbloodtypeis.Aperson’sb

loodtypeispopularlybelievedtodecidehis/hercharacterandpersonality.Type-Apeoplearegenerallyconsideredsensitiveperfectionistsandgoodt

eamplayers,butover-anxious.TypeOsarecuriousandgenerousbutstubborn.TypeABsareartisticbutmysteriousandunpre

dictable,andtypeBsarecheerfulbuteccentric,individualistic,andselfish.Thoughlackingscientificevidence,thisbeliefiswidelyseeninbooks,magaz

ines,andtelevisionshows.Lastyear,fourofJapan’stop10bestsellerswereabouthowbloodtypedeterminespersonality,throughwhichreadersseemedt

obeabletodiscoverthedefinitionoftheirbloodtypeorhavetheirself-imageconfirmed.”（在日本，你就是你的血型。人们普遍认为，一个人的血型决定了他/她的性格和个性。A类

人通常被认为是敏感的完美主义者和优秀的团队合作者，但过于焦虑。O型性格好奇心强，慷慨大方，但很固执。AB型是艺术型，但神秘莫测；B型是快乐型，但古怪，个人主义，自私。尽管缺乏科学证据，但这一信念在书籍、杂志和电视节目中广泛存在。去年，日本十大畅销书中有四本是关于

血型如何决定个性的，通过这些书，读者似乎能够发现血型的定义，或者确认他们的自我形象）可知，第一段主要讲述日本人认为他们的血型很重要。故选A。【9题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Thebeliefevenaffectspolitics.Oneformerprimeministerco

nsidereditimportantenoughtorevealinhisofficialprofilethathewasatypeA,whilehisoppositionrivalwastypeBIn2011,aminister,RyuMatsumoto,wasforcedtoresigna

fteronlyaweekinoffice,whenabad-temperedencounterwithlocalofficialswastelevised.Inhisresignationspeech,heblam

edhisfailingsonthefactthathewasbloodtypeB.”（这种信仰甚至影响政治。一位前首相认为，在其官方简介中透露自己是A型血人足够重要，而他的反对对手是B型血人。2011年，部长松本龙一在任职仅一周后就被迫辞

职，当时电视转播了他与地方官员的一次脾气暴躁的遭遇。在辞职演说中，他将自己的失败归咎于自己是B型血）可知，前首相让民众相信自己的对手是B型血，以及松本龙一把自己的失败归咎于是B型血。由此推知，B型血应该是最不被大家喜欢的血型。故选B。【10题详解】细节理解题。

根据第三段“In2011,aminister,RyuMatsumoto,wasforcedtoresignafteronlyaweekinoffice,whenabad-temperedencounterwithl

ocalofficialswastelevised.”（2011年，一位部长松本龙一在任职仅一周后就被迫辞职，当时电视转播了他与地方官员的一次脾气暴躁的遭遇）可知，松本龙一在任职仅一周后就被迫辞职是因为转播了他的不当行为。故选B。【11题详解】推

理判断题。根据最后一段“Theblood-typecraze,consideredsimplyharmlessfunbysomeJapanese,mayrevealitselfasprejudiceanddi

scrimination.Infact,thisseemssocommonthattheJapanesenowhaveatermforit:bura-hara,meaningblood-typeharassment(骚扰).Therearereportsofdiscrimi

nationleadingtochildrenbeingbullied,endingofhappyrelationships,andlossofjobopportunitiesduetobloodtype.”（血型热，被一些日本人认为是无害的玩笑

，可能会暴露出偏见和歧视。事实上，这似乎很常见，日本人现在有了一个术语：burahara，意思是血型骚扰。有报道称，歧视导致儿童受到欺负，结束了幸福的关系，并因血型而失去了工作机会）推知，作者对血型是消极的态度

。故选A。【05】湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学高三上学期月考卷（二）HundredsofnativeNorthAmericanplants,oftendismissedasweeds,deservealotmorerespect,accord

ingtoanewstudy.Theseplants,distantcousinsoffoodslikesunflowersandlettuce(莴苣),actuallyrepresentabotanicaltreasurenowfacingincreasedthrea

tsfromclimatechangeandhabitatloss.Thecropsthatthehumanracenowdependson,includinggrainslikewheatandtree

fruitlikepeaches,originallywereselectedorbred(培育)fromplantsthatgrewwildhundredsorthousandsofyearsago.IntheU.S.,thereare

wildancestorsofblueberries,sweetpotatoes,onions,potatoes,andmanyotherfoodcrops.“Someofthemarequitecommon,”saysColinKhoury,aresearchscientistatt

heInternationalCenterforTropicalAgriculture.“Wildlettuceplantsgrowalongsidewalks,orinbackyards,butgounrecognized.”Othercroprelativesarerareandthrea

tened.OneofKhoury’sfavoritesistheparadoxicalsunflower.”ItgrowsjustinwetlandsofthedesertsofNewMexicoandTexas.Littlesaltyareaswher

ethere’salittlebitofwaterbeneaththesoil,”hesays.Soplantgrowerscrossbreditwithcommercialsunflowersandcreatednewvarietiest

hatcangrowinplaceswherethesoilcontainsmoresalt.Otherwildrelativesmaybehidingsimilarlyremarkablegifts,Khourysays,suchasgenesthatcouldhelptheirdomest

icatedrelativessurvivediseases,ordealwithpests.Khouryandsomeofhiscolleaguesjustfinishedasurveyofabout600wildcroprelativesthatgro

winNorthAmerica,andtheyfoundthatmostoftheseplantsarethreatenedbythingslikefires,farminganddevelopment.Thescientistsar

guethattheydeservemoreprotection.Foronething,“genebanks”shouldcollectandpreservethem.Inaddition,theseplantsneedmoreprotectionintheirn

aturalhabitat.AccordingtoKhoury,thatdoesn’tnecessarilymeansettingasidelandforthem.Inmanycases,theplantsalreadyaregro

wingonpubliclandthat’smanagedbytheU.S.ForestService(USFS)ortheBureauofLandManagement(BLM).“It’smoreaboutjustbeingawarethatthesepl

antsactuallyexist,”hesays.28.Whatdidthenewstudymainlyfocuson?A.Endangeredplantspecies.B.Wildrelativesoffoodcrops.C.Theimpactsofcli

matechange.D.Thethreatsfromplanthabitatloss.29.Whatdoweknowabouttheparadoxicalsunflower?A.Itneedsmuchwatertogrowwell.B.

Itgrowsalongsidewalksorinbackyards.C.Itseemscapableofsurvivingvariousdiseases.D.Ithelpscommercialsunflowersadapttosaltysoil.30.Howmightt

hescientistsfeelabouttheirsurveyresults?A.Relieved.B.Concerned.C.Annoyed.D.Critical.31.WhatmightKhourysuggestthe

BLMdo?A.JoinhandswiththeUSFS.B.Setasidelandforwildplants.C.Collectgenesofthreatenedcropspecies.D.Lea

rnaboutplantsonitsmanagedland.【答案】28.B29.D30.B31.D【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。我们现在所食用的多种植物都是从远古时期就存在的野生植物嫁接或育种而来。然而，这些植物的

“野生远亲”现在却被人们弃之如草芥，没有得到应有的保护和尊重。研究人员认为，这些野生植物在帮助我们现存的植物应对气候变化、病虫害及栖息地丧失方面可以发挥巨大的作用，我们应该对其加大保护力度。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段的“Hundred

sofnativeNorthAmericanplants,oftendismissedasweeds,deservealotmorerespect,accordingtoanewstudy.Theseplants,di

stantcousinsoffoodslikesunflowersandlettuce,actuallyrepresentabotanicaltreasurenowfacingincreasedthrea

tsfromclimatechangeandhabitatloss.(根据一项新的研究，数百种北美本土植物，通常被认为是杂草，应该得到更多的尊重。这些植物是向日葵和生菜等食物的远亲，实际上是一种面临气候变化和栖息地丧失日益严重威胁的植物瑰宝。)”可知，这项新研究主要关注的

是粮食作物的野生亲缘。故选B。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Soplantgrowerscrossbreditwithcommercialsunflowersandcreatednewvarietiesthatcangrowinplaceswheret

hesoilcontainsmoresalt.(因此，植物种植者将它与商业向日葵杂交，创造出可以在土壤含盐更多的地方生长的新品种。)”可知，“theparadoxicalsunflower”与商用向日葵杂交产生的向日葵可适应含盐高的土壤。故选D。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段中的

“Khouryandsomeofhiscolleaguesjustfinishedasurveyofabout600wildcroprelativesthatgrowinNorthAmerica,andt

heyfoundthatmostoftheseplantsarethreatenedbythingslikefires,farminganddevelopment.(库里和他的一些同事刚刚完成了一项对大约600种生长在北美的野生作物亲属的调查，他们发现这

些植物中的大多数都受到火灾、农业和开发等因素的威胁。)”可知，科学家们对约600种野生植物进行了调研后发现，其中绝大多数的生存状况不容乐观，受到了诸如火灾、农耕及社会发展的威胁。由此可推知，科学家们对其发现会感到担忧。故选B。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Inmanycases,the

plantsalreadyaregrowingonpubliclandthat’smanagedbytheU.S.ForestService(USFS)ortheBureauofLandManagement(BLM).(在许多情况下，这些植物已经

生长在由美国林务局(USFS)或土地管理局(BLM)管理的公共土地上。)”和“It’smoreaboutjustbeingawarethattheseplantsactuallyexist(更重要的是

要意识到这些植物确实存在)”可推知，Khoury可能会建议美国内政部土地管理局去了解其管辖范围内的植物，从而保护这些野生植物。故选D。【06】河南省实验中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次月考TheWorldHealthOrga

nizationwarnsthatmillionsofpeoplearedyingeveryyearfromindoorairpollution.Nearlythreebillionpeopleareunabletousecleanfuels

andtechnologiesforcooking,heatingaswellaslighting.Thesefindingsshowthattheuseofdeadlyfuelsininefficientstoves,spaceheatersorli

ghtsistoblameformanyofthesedeaths.WHOofficialssayindoorpollutionleadstoearlydeathsfromstroke,heartandlungdisease,childhoodpneu

moniaandlungcancer.Womenandgirlsarethemainvictims.Thesediseasescanoftenresultfromtheburningofsolidfuels.Thesefuelsincludewood,coal,animalwaste,cropwa

steandcharcoal.TheUnitedNationsfoundthatmorethan95percentofhouseholdsinsub-SaharanAfricadependonsolidfuelsfor

cooking.ItsayshugepopulationsinIndia,ChinaandLatinAmericancountries,suchasGuatermalaandPeru,arealsoatrisk.NigelB

raceisaprofessorofPublicHealthattheUniversityofLiverpool.Hesaysresearchersaredevelopinggoodcook-stov

esandotherequipmenttoburnfuelsinamoreefficientway.Therearealreadymultipletechnologiesavailableforuseincleanfuels.Thereisreallyquitean

effectiveandreasonablylow-costalcoholstovemadebyDometic(aSweden-basedcompany)thatisnowbeingtestedout.LPG(LiquefieldPetroleumGas)c

ookisobviouslywidelyavailableandeffortsareunderwaytomakethoseefficient.Anotherinterestingdevelopmentiselectricinduc

tionstoves.WHOexpertsnotethatsomenew,safeandlow-costtechnologiesthatcouldhelparealreadyavailable.InIndia

,youcanbuyaninductionstoveforabout$8.00.AndinAfricayoucanbuyasolarlampforlessthan$1.00.Butthis,theagencysays,isjusta

start.Itisurgingdevelopingcountriestousecleanerfuelsandincreaseaccesstocleanerandmoremoderncookingandheatingappliances/devices

.12.Whatdoestheindoorpollutionmainlyresultfrom?A.Poisonousfuels.B.Hightechnology.C.Spaceheaters.D.Solarenergy.1

3.HowisParagraph3mainlydeveloped?A.Byshowingdifferences.B.Bydescribingaprocess.C.Bymakingalist.D.Byanalyzingdata.14.Whatcanweinferf

romthepassage?A.Indoorpollutionresultsinsomedeaths.B.Mostofthedeathsareindevelopingcountries.C.Thesolidfuelsareusedinmoreeffectiveways.D.

Thereisnoindoorpollutionindevelopedcountries.15.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.LPGcooksarebeingtestedou

t.B.Alcoholstovesarewidelyusednow.C.Electricinductionstovesareexpensive.D.SolarlampsareverycheapinAf

rica.【答案】12.A13.C14.B15.D【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。世界卫生组织警告称，每年有数百万人死于室内空气污染。近30亿人无法使用清洁燃料和技术来做饭、取暖和照明。文章说明了室内污染导致死亡的主要原因、引发疾病以及应对措施等。【12

题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Thesefindingsshowthattheuseofdeadlyfuelsininefficientstoves,spaceheatersorlightsistoblameformanyofthesedeaths.

(这些发现表明，在低效的炉子、空间加热器或照明中使用致命燃料是造成许多死亡的原因)”可知，室内污染的主要原因是有毒燃料。故选A。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“WHOofficialssayindoorpollutionleadstoearlydeathsfromstroke,hearta

ndlungdisease,childhoodpneumoniaandlungcancer.Womenandgirlsarethemainvictims.Thesediseasescanoftenresultfromtheburningofsolidfuels.T

hesefuelsincludewood,coal,animalwaste,cropwasteandcharcoal.(世卫组织官员说，室内污染会导致中风、心脏病和肺病、儿童肺炎和肺癌等疾病的过早死亡。妇女和女童是主要受害者。这些疾病往往是由燃烧固体燃料引起的。这些燃料包括木

材、煤炭、动物粪便、作物粪便和木炭)”可推知，第三段主要是通过列举来展开的。故选C。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“TheUnitedNationsfoundthatmorethan95percentofhouseholdsinsub-SaharanAfricadependon

solidfuelsforcooking.ItsayshugepopulationsinIndia,ChinaandLatinAmericancountries,suchasGuatermalaandPe

ru,arealsoatrisk.(联合国发现，撒哈拉以南非洲地区超过95%的家庭依靠固体燃料做饭。该组织说，印度、中国以及危地马拉和秘鲁等拉美国家的大量人口也面临风险)”可推知，大多数死亡发生在发展中国家。故选B。【15题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“AndinAf

ricayoucanbuyasolarlampforlessthan$1.00.(在非洲，你花不到1美元就能买到一盏太阳能灯)”可知，D选项“太阳能灯在非洲很便宜”正确。故选D。【07】湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学高三上学期月考卷（二）Itisn’tjusttheb

eautyofvastnaturalwondersliketheGrandCanyonthatcantakeyourbreathaway.Youcanfindaweineverydaythings.Anewresearch,publishedinthejournalEmotion,f

oundthatolderadultswhotook“awewalks”feltmorepositiveemotionsintheirdailylives.Inthestudy,52olderadultsaged60to90weredivi

dedrandomlyintotwogroups.Theyweretoldtotakeatleastone15-minutewalkeachweekforeightweeks.Volunteersinthe“awegroup”wereinstru

ctedinhowtoinspireaweastheywalked.“Weaskedthemtotrytoseetheworldwithfresheyes—totakeinnewdetailsofaleaforflower,f

orexample,”Sturmsays.Forexample,oneparticipantfromtheawegroupwroteabout“thebeautifulfallcolorsandhowtheleaveswerenolongercrunchy(嘎吱响)

underfootbecauseoftherain”—thewonderthatsmallchildrenfeelastheyembracetheirexpandingworld.However,peopleintheothergroupwerelessfocusedonth

eworldaroundthem.Oneparticipantwrote,“IthoughtaboutourvacationinHawaiinextThursday.”Inaddition,participantswereaskedtota

keselfies(自拍)inthebeginning,middle,andendofeachwalk.Researchersfoundthatparticipantswhotookawewalksshoweda“smallself”,inthattheyfilledlessofthei

rphotographswiththeirownimageandmorewiththebackgroundscenery.“Whenwefeelawe,ourattentionshiftsfromfocusingonourselvestofocusingontheworldaroundus,”S

turmsays.“Aweaffectsoursocialrelationshipsbecauseithelpsustofeelmoreconnectedwiththeworld,universe,andotherpeople.”Theirsmilesalsogr

ewbroaderbytheendofthestudy.“Weanalyzedtheintensityoftheirsmilesintheselfies,andparticipantswhotookawewalksdisplayedgreatersmil

esovertimethanthosewhotookcontrolwalks.Theformerreportedgreaterpositiveemotionsingeneral,includingmorejoyandgratitude.”Participantsintheco

ntrolgrouptookmorefrequentwalksthanthosepeopleintheawegroup,theresearchersdiscovered.Butwalkingmoredidn’tresultinpositivechangesinemotionalhealtho

rinthewaytheirselfiesweretaken.Thissuggeststhattheresultsweremainlyduetoexperiencingawe,andnotjustinspendingtimeexercising.32.Wha

twereparticipantsinthe“awegroup”requiredtodoinParagraph2?A.Totakeawalkeachweek.B.Tofocusontheirinnerworld.C.Tocollectleavesaftertherain

.D.Toexplorewithchildlikecuriosity.33.Whatcanweseeintheselfiesfromtheawewalks?A.Close-upimageswithwidesmiles.B.Moreatten

tiononthemselves.C.Simplythebackgroundscenery.D.Smallfigureswithbiggersmiles.34.Whatcanweknowfromthelastparagraph?A.Experiencingawecounts.B.Mor

ewalks,morejoy.C.Exercisescanbenefitus.D.Awecomeswithwalking.35.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitle?A.AweWalksPromoteYourPhysi

calFitnessB.ExperiencingAweDoesWondersforEveryoneC.AweWalksImproveYourPositiveEmotionsD.FrequentWalksContributetoEmotionalHealth【答案】32

.D33.D34.A35.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文,介绍一项有关awewalk(敬畏步行)的研究，研究表明怀敬畏之心行路有利于产生积极的情绪。【32题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的第五句“Forexample,oneparticipantfromthea

wegroupwroteabout“thebeautifulfallcolorsandhowtheleaveswerenolongercrunchy(嘎吱响)underfootbecauseoftherain”—thewonderthatsmallchildrenfeelastheyembrac

etheirexpandingworld.(比如，敬畏步行组的一名参与者描写了“秋天美丽的颜色，下雨后,脚下的树叶不再被踩得嘎吱响。”——这种惊奇像孩子们拥抱他们不断延伸的世界时所感受到的那样。)”可知，研究人员要求敬畏步行组怀着孩子般的好奇心探索路程。故选D项。【33题详解】细节理解

题。根据第三段的第二句“Researchersfoundthatparticipantswhotookawewalksshoweda‘smallself,inthattheyfilledlessoftheirphotographswiththeirownimageandmorewiththe

backgroundscenery.(研究人员发现，敬畏地散步的参与者表现出一种“小我”，因为他们用自己的图像填充的照片较少，而更多地用背景风景填充。)”和倒数第三句“Theirsmilesalsogrewbroaderbytheendofthestudy.

(研究结束时，他们的笑容也变得更加灿烂。)”可知，敬畏步行组的自拍照中，自己的身体只占一小部分，而且面带灿烂的微笑。所以他们的自拍照中，可能显示的是小身形，但是面带灿烂微笑。故选D项。【34题详解】推理判断题。最后一段的最后两句“Butwalkingmor

edidn’tresultinpositivechangesinemotionalhealthorinthewaytheirselfiesweretaken.Thissuggeststhattheresultsweremainlyduetoexperiencingawe,andnotjustin

spendingtimeexercising.(但是多走路并不会对情绪健康或者自拍方式产生积极的影响。这表明，结果主要是由于体验敬畏，而不只是在花时间锻炼。)”提到积极健康情绪产生于心怀敬畏，而非只是简单地花时间锻炼。由此可知，作者在最后一段想传达的是，心怀敬畏才是真正产生影响的。故

选A项。【35题详解】主旨大意题。结合全文，文章主要介绍一项有关awewalk(敬畏步行)的研究，尤其是根据第一段的“AnewresearchpublishedinthejournalEmotion,foundthatolderadultswhotook‘awewalks

’feltmorepositiveemotionsintheirdailylives.(发表在《情感》杂志上的一项新研究发现，那些“敬畏步行”的老年人在日常生活中感受到更多的积极情绪。)”和最后一段“Participantsinthec

ontrolgrouptookmorefrequentwalksthanthosepeopleintheawegroup,theresearchersdiscovered.Butwalkingmoredidn’tresultinpositivechange:

inemotionalhealthorinthewaytheirselfiesweretaken.Thissuggeststhattheresultsweremainlyduetoexperiencingawe,andnotjustinspendingtimeexerci

sing.(研究人员发现，控制组的参与者比敬畏组的参与者更频繁地散步。但是多走路并不会对情绪健康或者自拍方式产生积极的影响。这表明，结果主要是由于体验敬畏，而不只是在花时间锻炼。)”可知，敬畏步行有利于促进积极健康情绪。所以C项“敬畏步行能促进积极的情绪”最适合作为本文标题。故选C项。【08】

浙江省C8名校协作体2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考IliveinthelandofDisney,Hollywoodandyear-roundsun.Youmaythinkpeopleinsuch

aglamorous,fun-filledplacearehappierthanothers.Ifso,youhavesomemistakenideasaboutthenatureofhappiness.Manyintell

igentpeoplestillequatehappinesswithfun.Thetruthisthatfunandhappinesshavelittleornothingincommon.Funiswhatweexperienceduringa

nact.Happinessiswhatweexperienceafteranact.Itisadeeper,moreabidingemotion.Goingtoanamusementparkorballgame,watchingamovieortelevision,arefunactiv

itiesthathelpusrelax,temporarilyforgetourproblemsandmaybeevenlaugh.Buttheydonotbringhappiness,becausetheirpo

sitiveeffectsendwhenthefunends.IhaveoftenthoughtthatifHollywoodstarshavearoletoplay,itistoteachusthatha

ppinesshasnothingtodowithfun.Theserich,beautifulindividualshaveconstantaccesstoglamorousparties,fancycars,expensivehomes,everythingthatsp

ells“happiness”.Butinmemoiraftermemoir,celebritiesrevealtheunhappinesshiddenbeneathalltheirfun:depre

ssion,alcoholism,drugaddiction,brokenmarriages,troubledchildrenandprofoundloneliness.Askabachelorwhyheresistsmar

riageeventhoughhefindsdatingtobelessandlesssatisfying.Ifhe’shonest,hewilltellyouthatheisafraidofmakingacommi

tment.Forcommitmentisinfactquitepainful.Thesinglelifeisfilledwithfun,adventureandexcitement.Marriagehassuchmoments,butt

heyarenotitsmostdistinguishingfeatures.Similarly,couplesthatchoosenottohavechildrenaredecidinginfavorof

painlessfunoverpainfulhappiness.Theycandineoutwhenevertheywantandsleepaslateastheywant.Coupleswithinfantchildrenareluckytogetawholenight’ssle

eporathree-dayvacation.Idon’tknowanyparentwhowouldchoosethewordfuntodescriberaisingchildren.Understandingandacceptingthattruehappinesshasnothingto

dowithfunisoneofthemostliberatingrealizationswecanevercometo.Itliberatestime:nowwecandevotemorehourstoactivitiesthatcangenuine

lyincreaseourhappiness.Itliberatesmoney:buyingthatnewcarorthosefancyclothesthatwilldonothingtoincreas

eourhappinessnowseemspointless.Anditliberatesusfromenvy:wenowunderstandthatallthoserichandglamorouspeopleweweresosureareh

appybecausetheyarealwayshavingsomuchfunactuallymaynotbehappyatall.8.Whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Funcreateslong-lastingsatisfaction.B.

Happinessisenduringwhereasfunisshort-lived.C.Funprovidesenjoymentwhilepainleadstohappiness.D.Funthatislong-standingmayleadtohappi

ness.9.Totheauthor,Hollywoodstarsallhaveanimportantroletoplaythatisto________.A.writememoiraftermemoiraboutt

heirhappinessB.teachpeoplehowtoenjoytheirlivesC.tellthepublicthathappinesshasnothingtodowithfunD.bringhappinesstothepub

licinsteadofgoingtoglamorousparties10.Havinginfantchildren,thecouplescan________.A.gainhappinessfromtheircommitmentB.findfuningettin

gthemintobedatnightC.findmoretimetoplayandjokewiththemD.beluckysincetheycanhaveawholenight’ssleep11.If

onegetsthemeaningofthetruesenseofhappiness,hewill________.A.stopplayinggamesandjokingwithothersB.keephimselfwithhisfamilyC.giveafreehandtomoney

D.makethebestuseofhistimetoincreasehappiness【答案】8.B9.C10.A11.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章议论了短暂的乐趣和长久的幸福之间的不同之处。同时揭示了幸福的真谛是奉献。

当明白幸福的真谛，就可以放下当下的妒忌以及金钱追求，充分利用自己的时间来增加幸福。【8题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中“Thetruthisthatfunandhappinesshavelittleornothingincommon.Funisw

hatweexperienceduringanact.Happinessiswhatweexperienceafteranact.Itisadeeper,moreabidingemotion.(事实上，乐趣和幸福几乎没有共同

之处。乐趣是我们在表演过程中所体验到的。幸福是我们在行动之后所体验到的。它是一种更深刻、更持久的情感。)”可知，幸福是持久的，而乐趣是短暂的。故选B。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中“IhaveoftenthoughtthatifHollyw

oodstarshavearoletoplay,itistoteachusthathappinesshasnothingtodowithfun.(我常想，如果说好莱坞明星有什么作用的话，那就是教会我们，幸福与乐趣无关。)”可知，好莱坞明星们重要的作用，那就是告诉公众，幸

福与快乐无关。故选C。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“Forcommitmentisinfactquitepainful.(因为承诺实际上是相当痛苦的。)”以及倒数第二段中“Coupleswithinfantchildrenareluckytoge

tawholenight’ssleeporathree-dayvacation.(有婴儿的夫妇能睡上一整夜或放三天假就很幸运了。)”可知，有婴儿的夫妇即使带孩子很辛苦，但是从他们的承诺中可以获得快乐。故选A

。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Understandingandacceptingthattruehappinesshasnothingtodowithfunisoneofthemostliberatin

grealizationswecanevercometo.(理解并接受真正的幸福与乐趣无关，这是我们能达到的最自由的认识之一。)”以及“Itliberatestime;Itliberatesmoney;itliberatesusfromenvy(

它解放了时间，它解放了金钱，它把我们从嫉妒中解放出来)”可知，当理解了幸福的真谛，人们就可以从时间上，金钱上以及嫉妒上解放出来，充分利用自己的时间来增加幸福。故选D。【09】甘肃省张掖市2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次诊断考试E

lderlypeoplehaveahigherchanceofsufferingfromillnessessuchasdiabetes,cancer,andheartdisease.Onecommonhealthproblemthataffectsth

emisAlzheimer’sdisease,whichaffectsaperson’smemory,behavior,andthinking.Becauseofmemorylossandbehaviora

lchanges,peoplewithAlzheimer’smayslowlybecomeunabletotakecareofthemselves,eventuallyrequiringconstantcarefromfamilymembersorcaregivers.Ther

eisnocureforAlzheimer’satthemoment—drugscanonlytreatitssymptoms.Buttechnologycanimprovethelivesofthoselivingwiththeconditionbyma

kingiteasierforthemtogoabouttheirdailyactivities.Forexample,trackingdevicesplacedinwatchesorjewelrycanmonitorwhereapersonis.Automat

edreminderscanalsobestoredinmotionsensorsandplacedaroundthehouse.Whenasensordetectsmovement,itcanplaya

recordedvoicemessagetoremindthepersontolockthedoororturnoffthestove.Alzheimer’sdiseaseisahugechallenge,butwemaybegettingclosetofindingasoluti

on.Inthefuture,itmightbepossibletotreatAlzheimer’swithoutusingdrugs.AteamofresearchersinAustraliahascreatedaformoftechnologythatcans

endsoundwavesintothebrain.ThesesoundwaveshelptoclearwasteinthebrainthatcontributestoAlzheimer’s.Theteamhastestedtheirtechnologyandfoundthatit

helpedtorestorememoryin75percentofmice.Workonthetechnologyisn’tcomplete,but,ifsuccessful,itcouldpreventmemorylossinpeoplewithAlzhei

mer’s.Thisreallydoesfundamentallychangetheunderstandingofhowtotreatthisdiseaseandresearchersforeseeagrea

tfutureforthisapproach.12.Alzheimer’sisadiseasethatmainlyaffectsthe____.A.musclesB.bloodC.brainD.heart13.Uptonow,whichcanhelpAlzheimer’spatientswhog

etlosteasily?A.Trackingdevices.B.Automatedreminders.C.Sendingsoundwavesintothebrain.D.Restoringmemory.14.Whichofthefollowingcanreplace“con

tributesto”inthelastparagraph?A.Helpstocure.B.Helpstocause.C.Helpstoworsen.D.Helpstoprevent.15.What’sthemai

nideaofthetext?A.Elderlypeoplewillbegintofacemanychallenges.B.Societyshouldprovideenoughhealthcaretoelderlypeople.C.There’saneed

tobetterunderstandthecauseofAlzheimer’s.D.TechnologymightsolvesomeproblemsofpeoplewithAlzheimer’s.【答案】12.C13.A14.B15.D【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明

文。文章主要介绍了阿兹海默症会影响一个人的记忆、行为和思维，目前还没有治愈阿尔茨海默病的方法——药物只能治疗其症状，但科技可以改善这些人的生活，让他们更容易进行日常活动。文章列举了一些有助于解决老年痴呆症患者问题的科

技。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“OnecommonhealthproblemthataffectsthemisAlzheimer’sdisease,whichaffectsaperson’smemory,behavior,a

ndthinking.Becauseofmemorylossandbehavioralchanges,peoplewithAlzheimer’smayslowlybecomeunabletotakecareofthemselves,eventuallyrequiringconstantcaref

romfamilymembersorcaregivers.(影响他们的一个常见健康问题是阿尔茨海默病，它会影响一个人的记忆、行为和思维。由于记忆丧失和行为变化，阿尔茨海默氏症患者可能会慢慢变得无法照顾自己，最终需要家人或

照顾者的持续照顾)”可知，阿尔茨海默病是一种主要影响大脑的疾病。故选C。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中“Buttechnologycanimprovethelivesofthoselivingwiththe

conditionbymakingiteasierforthemtogoabouttheirdailyactivities.Forexample,trackingdevicesplacedinwatchesorjewelrycanmonitorwher

eapersonis.(但科技可以改善这些人的生活，让他们更容易进行日常活动。例如，放置在手表或珠宝上的跟踪设备可以监控一个人的位置)”可知，到目前为止，跟踪装置可以帮助容易迷路的老年痴呆症患者。故选A。【14题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“Thet

eamhastestedtheirtechnologyandfoundthatithelpedtorestorememoryin75percentofmice.(该团队测试了他们的技术，发现它有助于恢复75%的老鼠的记忆)”以及上文“Thesesoundwaveshelptoclearwas

teinthebrainthat”可知，这些声波有助于清除大脑中导致老年痴呆症的废物，故画线词意思是“导致”，A.Helpstocure.治愈；B.Helpstocause.造成，导致；C.Helps

toworsen.恶化；D.Helpstoprevent.阻止。故选B。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Buttechnologycanimprovethelivesofthoselivingwit

htheconditionbymakingiteasierforthemtogoabouttheirdailyactivities.Forexample,trackingdevicesplacedinwatchesorjewelrycan

monitorwhereapersonis.Automatedreminderscanalsobestoredinmotionsensorsandplacedaroundthehouse.Whenasensordetectsmovemen

t,itcanplayarecordedvoicemessagetoremindthepersontolockthedoororturnoffthestove.(但科技可以改善这些人的生活，让他们更容易进行日常活动。例如，放置在手表或珠宝上的跟踪设备可以监控一个人的位置。自动提醒器也可以存储在运

动传感器中，并放置在房子周围。当传感器检测到移动时，它可以播放录制的语音信息，提醒人们锁上门或关掉炉子)”结合文章主要介绍了阿兹海默症会影响一个人的记忆、行为和思维，目前还没有治愈阿尔茨海默病的方法——药物只能治疗其症状，但科技可以改善这些人的生活，让他们更容易进行日常活动。文

章列举了一些有助于解决老年痴呆症患者问题的科技。可知，文章的主旨是科技可能会解决老年痴呆症患者的一些问题。故选D。【10】浙江省C8名校协作体2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考AlbertEinstein’s1915masterpiece“TheFoundationofth

eGeneralTheoryofRelativity”isthefirstandstillthebestintroductiontothesubject,andIrecommenditassuchtostudents.Butitprobablyw

ouldn’tbepublishableinascientificjournaltoday.Whynot?Afterall,itwouldpasswithflyingcoloursthetestsofcorrectnessandsignificance

.Andwhilepopularbeliefholdsthatthepaperwasincomprehensibletoitsfirstreaders,infactmanypapersintheoreticalphy

sicsaremuchmoredifficult.AsthephysicistRichardFeynmanwrote,“Therewasatimewhenthenewspaperssaidthatonly12menunderstoodthetheory

ofrelativity.Idobelievetheremighthavebeenatimewhenonlyonemandid,becausehewastheonlyguywhocaughton,beforehewroteh

ispaper.Butafterpeoplereadthepaperalotunderstoodthetheoryofrelativityinsomewayorother,certainlymorethan12.”No,theproblemisitsstyle.It

startswithaleisurelyphilosophicaldiscussionofspaceandtimeandthencontinueswithanexpositionofknownmathematic

s.Thosetwosections,whichwouldbeconsideredextraneoustoday,takeuphalfthepaper.Worse,therearezerocitationsofpreviousscientists’work,no

rarethereanygraphics.Thosefeaturesmightmakeapapernotevengetpastthefirsteditors.Asimilarprocessofprofessionalizationhastransformedoth

erpartsofthescientificlandscape.Requestsforresearchtimeatmajorobservatoriesornationallaboratoriesaremorerigidlystructured.A

ndanythinginvolvingworkwithhumansubjects,orputtinginstrumentsinspace,involvespilesofpaperwork.WeseeitalsointheRegeneron

ScienceTalentSearch,theNobelPrizeofhighschoolsciencecompetitions.Intheearlydecadesofits78-yearhistory,thewinningprojectswereusuall

ythesortofcleverbutnaive,amateurisheffortsonemightexpectoftalentedbeginnersworkingontheirown.Today,polishedworkcomingoutofinternships(实习)atestab

lishedlaboratoriesisthenorm.Theseprofessionalizingtendenciesareanaturalconsequenceoftheexplosivegrowthofmodernscience.Standardizationandsystemmakei

teasiertomanagetherapidflowofpapers,applicationsandpeople.Butthereareseriousdownsides.Alotofunproductiveeffo

rtgoesintojumpingthroughbureaucratichoops(繁文缛节),andoutsidersfaceentrybarriersateveryturn.Ofcourse,Einsteinwouldhavefoundhis

waytomeetingmodernstandardsandpublishinghisresults.Itsscientificcorewouldn’thavechanged,butthepapermightnotbethesamet

astetoread.12.AccordingtoRichardFeynman,Einstein’s1915paper________.A.wasaclassicintheoreticalphysicsB.turnedouttobecomprehensibleC.neededfurth

erimprovementD.attractedfewprofessionals13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“extraneous”inParagraph4mean?A.Unrealistic.B.Irrelevant.C.Unattr

active.D.Imprecise.14.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisaffectedasmodernsciencedevelops?A.Theapplicationofresearchfindings.B.Theprinci

pleofscientificresearch.C.Theselectionofyoungtalents.D.Theevaluationoflaboratories.15.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.Wh

atmakesEinsteingreat?B.Willsciencebeprofessionalized?C.CouldEinsteingetpublishedtoday?D.Howwillmodernsciencemakeadvances?【

答案】12.B13.B14.C15.C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过引用物理学家的话以及现代科学爆炸式发展带来的专业化趋势来介绍爱因斯坦1915年的名著《广义相对论的基础》，这篇论文读起来不一样的地方以及它可能不会在今天

的科学期刊上发表的原因。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“AsthephysicistRichardFeynmanwrote,“Therewasatimewhenthenewspaperssaidthatonly12menundersto

odthetheoryofrelativity.Idobelievetheremighthavebeenatimewhenonlyonemandid,becausehewastheonlyguywhocaughton,beforehewrotehispaper.Butafterpeo

plereadthepaperalotunderstoodthetheoryofrelativityinsomewayorother,certainlymorethan12.（正如物理学家理查德·费曼所写：“曾经有一段时间，报纸上说

只有12个人理解相对论。我相信或许确实有过只有一个人懂相对论的时候——因为在这篇论文之前，只有爱因斯坦理解这个问题。但当人们读了这篇论文，有很多人，绝对超过12个，或多或少都对相对论有了一定理解）”可知，爱因斯坦1915年的论文证明是可以理解的。故选B。【13题详解】词义猜测题。根据

第四段划线词后句“Worse,therearezerocitationsofpreviousscientists’work,norarethereanygraphics.Thosefeaturesmightm

akeapapernotevengetpastthefirsteditors.”可知，更糟的是，文章没有对前人科学研究进行任何引用，也没有任何图。这些缺失对如今的科学论文来说是致命的。这样的文章甚至都不会被编辑送审，

这说明爱因斯坦的论文在如今看来是很糟糕的，因此此处是说他在论文中花大量篇幅进行的哲学讨论和张量微积分的阐述在今天被认为是无关紧要的，所以画线词词义为“无关紧要的”。故选B。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第七段“Alotofunproductiveeffortgoesintojumpingt

hroughbureaucratichoops(繁文缛节),andoutsidersfaceentrybarriersateveryturn.（它从一个关于空间和时间的轻松的大量无用功都耗费在了突破官僚形式的层层桎梏上，也抬高了新人的准入门槛。）”可推断，在作者看来，现代科学的发展影响了年轻人才的

选拔。故选C。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Butitprobablywouldn’tbepublishableinascientificjournaltoday.（但它可能不会在今天的科学期刊上发表。）”可知，第一段是总起句，文章围绕着这个问题展开论述，所以这篇文章最好的题目是——“Co

uldEinsteingetpublishedtoday?(爱因斯坦的《相对论》今天能出版吗？)”故选C。【11】江苏省南京师范大学附属中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月考Modernzoosaimtopromoteanim

alconservation,educatepeople,andsupportfurtherwildliferesearch.Staffaredevotedtoprovidingspeciesspecifichous

ingandappropriatedietstoensurethattheanimals’livesareasnaturalaspossiblewithincaptivity(圈养).Infact,mostzooanimalsha

vebeenbornandbredincaptivity.Theyhaveneverexperienced“thewild”,whichmanypeopleassumeisawonderfulandsafepl

ace,despitedestructionofnaturalhabitsforpalmoilthreatsfromclimatechangeortheincreaseinpoaching.Therearetwowayscapturinganimal

shelpsconservethem.Zooconservationworkcanbein-situ(在原处)wheremoney:expertiseandsometimesstaffareprovidedtoprotectanimalsandtheirhabitats

inthewild.Large,charminganimalssuchaspandas,tigersorelephantsdrawthecrowds.Theseflagshipspecieshelptoraisetheimagea

ndfundsforin-situconservationeffortsforthenotsowellknownspecies“Ex-situ”conservation,meanwhile,takesplaceoutsideoftheanimals’

naturalhabitats,usuallybackatthezooandofteninvolvinginternationalcaptivebreedingprograms.Thesestudbooks(良种登记册)canoutlinesuitablegeneticmatchesforbr

eeding,tokeepasustainablecaptivepopulationofacertainspeciesandensuregeneticvariation.IntheUKaleast,zoosmusthaveawritteneduca

tionstrategyandanactiveeducationprogramme.Ifyouhavebeentoanaccredited(官方认可的)zoorecentlyyouwillhavenoticedtheyusegamesandtechnol

ogytogowaybeyondthesebasicrequirements.Researchwithinzoosoftenlooksatanimalbehaviourorwelfarehelpingt

oensuretheanimalsarewellhousedandfed.Otherresearchinvestigatestheimpacthumanshaveonthezooanimalsfromthevisitoreffecttotherelationship

swhichcanbeformedbetweentheanimalsandtheirkeepers.Researchalsofocusesonbiologicalfunctioningofanimals.Muchofthisisworkthatcannotbeconductedinthewil

diftheanimalsliveinremoteorinhospitableareas.Overall,zoosprovideopportunitiestoobserveandengagewithexotic(外国的)animal

s,manyofwhichmaybethreatenedwithextinctioninthewild.Seeingthemupclosecancauseapassionforbiology,conservationandtheenvironment.12

.Whatdopeoplethinkof“thewild”?A.Itposesadangertohumans.B.ItisperfectforlargeanimalsC.Itisanidealhabitatforanimals.D.Itguarante

esthesafetyofanimals.13.Whathighlights“ex-situ”conservation?A.Savingtheconservationcost.B.Attractingmorevisitorstozoos.C.Keep

ingaspecies’populationstable.D.Changingthegenesofacertainspecies.14.WhatisParagraph6mainlyabout?A.How

zookeepersgetalongwithanimals.B.Howzooscancontributetoresearchwork.C.Whatresearchersareexpectedtodoinzoos.D.Whyitisdif

ficulttocarryoutresearchinthewild.15.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwringthetext?A.Toshowzooswaystoraiseanimals.B.Tostressmodernzoosresearchvalue.C.Todef

endzoosroleinprotectinganimals.D.Toadvisezoostoreleaseanimalsintothewild.【答案】12.C13.C14.B15.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了动物园的主旨。动物园提供了观察和接触异国动

物的机会，其中许多可能面临着野外灭绝的威胁。在动物园近距离观察它们会引起对生物学、保护和环境的热情。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Theyhaveneverexperienced“thewild”,whichmanypeopleassumeisawonderf

ulandsafeplace,despitedestructionofnaturalhabitsforpalmoilthreatsfromclimatechangeortheincreaseinpoaching.(他们从未经历过“

荒野”，尽管气候变化或偷猎的增加，威胁到了棕榈油，进而自然习惯遭到破坏，但许多人认为那里是一个美妙而安全的地方)”可知，人们认为荒野是个对于动物来说美妙且安全的地方。故选C项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Ex-situ”conservation,meanwhile,t

akesplaceoutsideoftheanimals’naturalhabitats,usuallybackatthezooandofteninvolvinginternationalcaptivebreedingprograms.Thes

estudbooks(良种登记册)canoutlinesuitablegeneticmatchesforbreeding,tokeepasustainablecaptivepopulationofacertains

peciesandensuregeneticvariation.(与此同时，“迁地”保护发生在动物的自然栖息地之外，通常是在动物园内，并且经常涉及国际圈养繁殖计划。这些良种登记册可以勾勒出适合繁殖的遗传匹配，以保持特定物种的可持续圈养种群并确保遗传变异)”可知，迁地保护涉及

国际圈养繁殖计划，保持特定物种的可持续圈养种群，也就是保持某一种类的数量的稳定。故选C项。【14题详解】段落大意题。根据第六段“Researchwithinzoosoftenlooksatanimalbe

haviourorwelfarehelpingtoensuretheanimalsarewellhousedandfed.Otherresearchinvestigatestheimpacthumanshaveont

hezooanimalsfromthevisitoreffecttotherelationshipswhichcanbeformedbetweentheanimalsandtheirkeepers.Researchalsof

ocusesonbiologicalfunctioningofanimals.(动物园内的研究通常着眼于动物行为或福利，以帮助确保动物得到良好的安置和喂养。其他研究调查了人类对动物园动物的影响，从游客效应到动物

与其饲养员之间可以形成的关系。研究还侧重于动物的生物学功能)”可知，这段主要讲述了关于动物园的一些研究工作。故选B项。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Overall,zoosprovideopportunitiestoobserveandengagewi

thexotic(外国的)animals,manyofwhichmaybethreatenedwithextinctioninthewild.Seeingthemupclosecancauseapassionf

orbiology,conservationandtheenvironment.(总体而言，动物园提供了观察和接触异国动物的机会，其中许多可能在野外面临灭绝的威胁。近距离观察它们会引起对生物学、保护和环境的热情)”可知，作者通篇介绍了动物园，最后一段做总结，动

物园提供观察动物的机会，以及在动物园近距离观察它们会引起对生物学、保护和环境的热情。推知，作者是认可动物园在保护动物方面的作用。故选C项。【12】江苏省苏州市2022〜2023学年高三上学期八校联考Astheeffectsofclimatechangebe

comemoredisastrous,well-knownresearchinstitutionsandgovernmentagenciesarefocusingnewmoneyandattentiononanidea:artificiallycoolingthepl

anet,inthehopesofbuyinghumanitymoretimetocutgreenhousegasemissions.Thatstrategy,calledsolarclimateint

ervention(干预)orsolargeoengineering,involvesreflectingmoreofthesun’senergybackintospace—abruptlyreducingglobaltemperaturesinawaythatimitat

estheeffectsofashcloudsflowingoutfromthevolcaniceruptions.Theideahasbeenconsideredasadangerousandfanciedsolution,onethatwouldencouragepeopletokee

pburningfossilfuelswhileexposingtheplanettounexpectedandpotentiallythreateningsideeffects,producingmoredestructivehurricanes,wildfiresfloodsandoth

erdisasters.But.asglobalwarmingcontinues,producingmoredestructivehurricanes,wildfiresfloodsandotherdi

sasters,someresearchersandpolicyexpertssaythatconcernsaboutgeoengineeringshouldbeoutweighedbytheimperativetobetterunderstandit,incasetheco

nsequenceofclimatechangebecomesoterriblethattheworldcan’twaitforbettersolutions.Onewaytocooltheearthisbyinjectingaerosols(气溶胶)

intotheupperlayeroftheatmosphere.wherethoseparticlesreflectsunlightawayfromtheearth.Thatprocessworks,accordingtoDouglasMacMartin,aresearcheratC

ornellUniversity.“Weknowwith100%certaintythatwecancooltheplanet,”hesaidinaninterview.What’sstillunclear,headded,iswhathappensnext.Temperature,

MacMartinsaid,isanindicatorforalotofclimateeffects.“Whatdoesitdotothestrengthofhurricanes?”heasked,“Whatdoesi

tdotoagricultureproduction?Whatdoesitdototheriskofforestfires?”AnotherinstitutionfundedbytheNationalScienceFoundationwillanalyzehundredsofsi

mulationsofaerosolinjection,testingtheeffectsonweatherextremesaroundtheworld.Onegoaloftheresearchistolookforasweetspot:thea

mountofartificialcoolingthatcanreduceextremeweathereventswithoutcausingbroaderchangesinregionalrainfallpatt

ernsorsimilarimpacts.12.Whydoresearchersandgovernmentagenciesworkoncoolingtheearth?A.Topreventnaturaldisasters.B.Towi

nmoretimetoreducegasemissions.C.Toimitatevolcaniceruptions.D.Toencouragemorepeopletoburfossilfuels.13.Whatareresearchersworr

iedaboutintermsofglobalwarming?A.Morevolcanoeswillthrowout.B.Moresolarenergywillgointospace.C.Moredisasterswillendangerthefutureoftheworld.D.P

eoplewillkeepburningfossilfuelstokeepwarm.14.WhatcanbeinferredfromDouglas’wordsinaninterview?A.Hethinksmoreresearchremainstobedon

e.B.Heisoptimisticabouttheeffectofcoolingtheearth.C.Heisconcernedaboutthereductioninagricultureproduction.D.Hedisapprove

softhepracticeofsolarclimateintervention.15.Whatdoestheunderlinedwords“sweetspot”inthelastparagraphmean?A.Therainfallpatternofaregion.B.Themodestdr

opintemperature.C.Thenumberofextremeweatherevents.D.Theinjectionamountofaerosol.【答案】12.B13.C14.A15.B【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述全球气候变化带来各种

灾难性的天气，政府和相关研究机构提出的各种可能的应对办法。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Astheeffectsofclimatechangebecomemoredisastrous,well-knownresearchinstitutions

andgovernmentagenciesarefocusingnewmoneyandattentiononanidea:artificiallycoolingtheplanet,inthehopesofbuyinghumanitymoretimetocutg

reenhousegasemissions.(随着气候变化的影响变得更加严重，知名研究机构和政府机构正把新的资金和注意力集中在一个想法上：人为地让地球降温，希望为人类赢得更多时间来减少温室气体排放)”可知，研究者和政府机构给地球降温是为了赢得更多的时间来减少温室气体的排放。故选B

项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“someresearchersandpolicyexpertssaythatconcernsaboutgeoengineeringshouldbeoutweighedbytheimperative

tobetterunderstandit,incasetheconsequenceofclimatechangebecomesoterriblethattheworldcan’twaitforbettersoluti

ons.(一些研究人员和政策专家表示，当务之急是更好地了解地球工程，这比对地球工程的担忧更重要，以防气候变化的后果变得如此可怕，以至于世界不能等待更好的解决方案)”可知，研究者担心全球变暖造成的各种灾难可能会让未来的世界处于危险中。故选C项。【14题详解】推

理判断题。根据第五段““Whatdoesitdotothestrengthofhurricanes?”heasked,“Whatdoesitdotoagricultureproduction?Whatdoesitdototheriskofforestf

ires?”(他问：“它对飓风的强度有什么影响？这对农业生产有什么影响？它对森林火灾的风险有什么影响？”)”可知，Douglas认为还有很多疑问没有解开，所以还有很多研究有待去做。故选A项。【15题详解】词句猜测

题。根据划线词所在句“Onegoaloftheresearchistolookforasweetspot:theamountofartificialcoolingthatcanreduceextremeweathereventswithoutcausingb

roaderchangesinregionalrainfallpatternsorsimilarimpacts.(这项研究的目标之一是寻找一个“最佳点”：人工降温的数量，既可以减少极端天气事件，又不会

造成区域降雨模式的广泛变化或类似影响)”可知，这里的“最佳点”指的是，人工降温要适度，既可以解决气候变暖带来的极端天气，又不会给气候造成太大的影响，因此“asweetspot”指的是适度的降温。故选B项。【13】2023届广东省六校高三上学期第二次联考Drea

ms,accordingtoCarlJung,revealacertainamountofrealityhiddenduringwakingconsciousness.InJungianphilosophy,theconflictandchaosexperiencedindreamsfinal

lybringordertoourlives.WhileJung’smysticaltheoriesaredebatable,hewasnotmistakenabouttheimportanceofdreaming.Agrowingnumberofreportsshowtha

tacontinuouslackofdreamingisdamagingourwakinghoursinmanyways.Thistrendiscausingdamagetoourimmuneandmetabolic(新陈代谢的)systems,letalonetheelectro

nicproductsthatkeepusuplateatnightareruiningoursleeppatterns,whichhaslong-termconsequencesonourmemorysystem.Onestudyshowedthatnotallowin

gmicetohaveadequateamountsofREM(RapidEyeMovement)sleep,thestageinwhichwedream,themicecouldn’tstrengthenmemories.Youmightthinkthisisjust

asleepproblem,butdreamingisinseparablefromournighttimerest.Wesleepincycles(周期),eachlastingabout90minutes;in

asleepcycle,wegothroughnon-REMsleepbeforehittingREM.Asthenightprogresses,REMsleepperiodsincreaseinlengthwhiledeepsleep(one

ofthestagesofnon-REMsleep)decreases.Thelongerwesleep,themoretimewespendinREM,whichiswhyweareoftendreamingwhenwakingupinthemo

rning.Ifwesleeplessthansevenhours,however,itbecomeshardertoachievethislevelofREM.Thecombinationofsleepinganddreami

ngactsasanemotionalstabilizer.Werecoverfromemotionalhurtfasterwhenwesleepanddreamproperly.However,we’renotgettingenoughsleeptocyclethrou

ghthestagestotakeadvantageofthisnaturalcircadiananti-depressant(抗抑郁剂)—dreams.Instead,wegetdepressedandturntoalcoholormedicinestogettosleep,which

onlymakesthingsworsebecauseevenonedrinkleadstolateREMwhileanti-depressantspromotedeepsleepattheexpenseofREM.We’repayingforthislackofd

reaminginmanyways.Forexample,a2021studystatedthatcomparedwithquietrestandnon-REMsleep,REMpromotedtheformationofassociativenetworksandtheinte

gration(整合)ofunassociatedinformation.VolunteersthatexperiencedmoreREMsleepwerebetterequippedforsolvingproblemsrequi

ringcreativesolutions.RowanHooper,themanagingeditoratNewScientist,writesthatdreamsthatincludean“emotionalcore”appeartobeamainfuncti

onofREMsleepandthatweshouldlookatsleeppatternsasseriouslyaswedodietandexercisehabits.12.What’sCarlJung’sviewaboutdreams?A.Th

eycausechaos.B.Theydamageimmunity.C.Theyrevealsecrets.D.Theymirrorreality.13.Whyisthesleepprocessexpla

inedinparagraph3?A.ToshowadreammainlyoccursduringREMsleep.B.Toprovetheminimumsleeptimeshouldbesevenhours.C.Toprovedreamproblemsandsleepproblem

sareattached.D.Toshowpeopleoftendreamwhenwakingupinthemorning.14.Whatconclusioncanbeinferredfromparagraph5?A.Dreamingpromotescreativity.B.

Dreaminghelpsfightdepression.C.ThebrainstillreceivesnewinformationduringREMsleep.D.Thebrainispayingthepriceforhavingmorenon-REMsleep.15.What’

sthemainideaofthepassage?A.Theimportanceofsleepliesindreams.B.Theabsenceofdreamsisterribleforus.C.Dreamingpa

tternsaremoreimportantthanwerealize.D.Dreaminghasmysticalpowerofstrengtheningmemories.【答案】12.D13.C14.A15.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了做梦和睡眠之间的关系

，以及不做梦给我们带来的损害，告诉我们要重视睡眠模式。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Dreams,accordingtoCarlJung,revealacertainamountofrealityhiddenduringw

akingconsciousness.InJungianphilosophy,theconflictandchaosexperiencedindreamsfinallybringordertoourlives.”(根据卡尔·荣格的说法，梦揭示了在清醒意识中隐藏的一定数量的现实。在荣格哲学中，梦中经

历的冲突和混乱最终给我们的生活带来了秩序)可知，卡尔·荣格认为梦反映事实。故选D。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Youmightthinkthisisjustasleepproblem,butdreamin

gisinseparablefromournighttimerest.”(你可能认为这只是睡眠问题，但做梦与夜间休息是分不开的)以及“Thelongerwesleep,themoretimewespendinREM,whichiswhyweareoftendreaming

whenwakingupinthemorning.Ifwesleeplessthansevenhours,however,itbecomeshardertoachievethislevelofREM.”(我们睡得越久，在快速眼

动阶段（做梦）的时间就越多，这就是为什么我们早上醒来时经常做梦。然而，如果我们的睡眠时间少于7小时，就很难达到这种程度的快速眼动)可知，我们是否做梦，与睡眠时长及睡眠过程中的快速眼动时间是有直接关系的，所以第三段解释睡眠过程，是为了证明做梦问题和睡眠问题是联系在一起的。故选C。【14题详解】推理判

断题。根据第五段最后一句“VolunteersthatexperiencedmoreREMsleepwerebetterequippedforsolvingproblemsrequiringcreativesolutions.”(经历了更多快速眼动睡眠的志愿

者更善于解决需要创造性解决方案的问题)可知，经历更多快速眼动睡眠的志愿者更有创造力。上题提到做梦发生在快速眼动时间，进而可以推断出做梦让人更具有创造力。故选A。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“WhileJung’smysticaltheoriesaredebatable,hewas

notmistakenabouttheimportanceofdreaming.Agrowingnumberofreportsshowthatacontinuouslackofdreamingisdamagingourwakinghoursinmanyways.”(虽然

荣格的神秘主义理论是有争议的，但他对做梦的重要性的认识并没有错。越来越多的报告显示，持续缺乏做梦正在从很多方面损害我们清醒的时间)可知，文章在第一段就指出了做梦很重要，缺乏做梦会给我们带来损害。第二段介绍了缺少做梦会对我们的免疫系统、新陈代谢和记忆造成损害，第四段说睡眠和做梦结合起来可以起

到稳定情绪的作用，第五段说我们正以许多方式为缺乏做梦付出代价。所以，本文章主要讲了不做梦对于我们来说是可怕的。故选B。【14】湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2022-2023学年高三上学期月考二Thedeep-seaoilandgasindustryhasva

standcostlyfacilitiestomaintain.Wells,otherequipment,andthousandsofkilometersofpipelinesmustbeinspectedandrepaired.Now,cutting-edgeunde

rwaterdrones(无人机)androbotsarebeingdevelopedthatcouldmaketheworksaferandcheaper.AmongthemisEelume,asix-meter-long,snake-likerobotequipp

edwithsensorsandacameraateachend.Itcanbekeptatastationatdepthsofuptohalfakilometerforsixmonths,withoutbeingbroughtb

acktothesurface.Therobotcantravelupto20kilometersbeforeneedingtoreturntoitsstationtorecharge.Maintenanceworkatmanydeep-waterwellsa

ndpipelinesystemsisalreadycarriedoutbyunmannedvehicles.Butthesevehiclestypicallyneedtobetransportedtotheoffshoresiteonafullycrewedsh

ipandthenremotelyoperatedfromonboardthesurfaceship.Thatcancostupto$100,000perday,accordingtoPålLiljebäck,chieftechnologyofficerwithEelumeSubseaInt

ervention,whichdevelopedtherobot.Liljebäcksaysthatby“enablingtherobottobecomeasubsearesidentlivingatastat

ion,itcanbemobilizedatanytimetodoinspections,therebyreducingtheneedforcostlysurfaceships”.Eelumecanworkautonomouslyontasksassignedfr

omacontrolroomonshore,andsendbackvideoanddata.Itssnake-likedesignallowsittoworkinsmallspacesandwriggle(扭动)itsbodytostayi

nplaceinstrongcurrents.Bystayingunderthesea,itcancarryouttaskswhatevertheconditionsonthesurfaceoftheocean.Theglob

alunderwaterroboticsmarketisexpectedtobewortharound$7billionin2025,accordingtoanalysts,andothercompaniesareinthep

rocessofcommercializingnewdeep-seadroneandrobottechnology.EelumeSubseaInterventionwillcarryoutfinaltestingontheseabedlate

rthisyearattheÅsgardoilandgasfield.Itexpectstoputitsfirstsnakerobotsintousenextyearandhopestohaveupto50inocea

nsaroundtheworldby2027.12.WhatisonefeatureofEelume?A.Itcantravelnearly40kilometersbeforerecharging.B.Itcandiveasdeepas500meters.C.Itw

orksmainlyaroundthestation.D.Itworksfor6monthsononecharge.13.Whatistheproblemwithunmannedvehicles?A.Theyaretoocost

lytomaintain.B.Theyarehardtooperateremotely.C.Theyrequiretransportationtoandfromwork.D.Theyhavetoworkonafullycrewedshipallthetime.14.Whatcanbeexpec

tedofEelumeinthefuture?A.Itwillrequirenofurthertests.B.Itwillbewortharound$7billion.C.Itwillbeputonthemarketin2027.D.Itwillfacealotofc

ompetitors.15.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Asnakerobotisonitswayforunderwatertasks.B.Eelumeisthenewchoiceforconstructingpipelines.C.Mai

ntenanceworkontheoceanfloorisariskyjob.D.Unmannedvehiclesmarketinghasseenstronggrowth.【答案】12.A13.C14.D15.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇

说明文。本文介绍研究人员正在研发一款蛇形机器人，用于深海石油和天然气开采设备的维护。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Itcanbekeptatastationatdepthsofuptohal

fakilometerforsixmonths,withoutbeingbroughtbacktothesurface.Therobotcantravelupto20kilometersbeforeneedingtoreturntoitsstationtor

echarge.(它可以在深度达半公里的站点保留六个月，而不用被带回地面。该机器人可以行驶20公里，然后需要返回站点充电)”可知，它在再次充电前可以运行大约40公里。故选A。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中

的“Butthesevehiclestypicallyneedtobetransportedtotheoffshoresiteonafullycrewedshipandthenremotelyoperatedfromonboardthesurf

aceship.(但这些工具通常需要用一艘满载船员的船运输到海上现场，然后在海面舰艇上远程操作)”可知，这些无人设备需要被运送到作业现场。故选C。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“andothercompaniesareintheprocessofcommer

cializingnewdeep-seadroneandrobottechnology.(其他公司正在将新的深海无人机和机器人技术商业化)”推知，Eelume将面临很多的竞争对手。故选D。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其第二段的“Now,cutting-edgeunderwat

erdrones(无人机)androbotsarebeingdevelopedthatcouldmaketheworksaferandcheaper.AmongthemisEelume,asix-meter

-long,snake-likerobotequippedwithsensorsandacameraateachend.(现在，尖端的水下无人机和机器人的开发可以使工作更安全、更便宜。其中包括六米长的蛇形机器人Eelu

me，它的两端都装有传感器和摄像头)”可知，本文介绍研究人员正在研发一款蛇形机器人，用于深海石油和天然气开采设备的维护，即一款在水下执行任务的蛇形机器人。故选A。【15】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第

一次月检MitsuhiroIwamotoisablindpersonwhosailednon-stopacrossthePacificOcean.OneofMr.Iwamoto’sfriendssays,“Hefeelsthewavesandhecansensethe

speedandangleofthewindstoadjustthesailsproperly.”TheonlythingMr.Iwamotocan’tdoissee.SoheteamedupwithDougSm

ith.In2013,Mr.IwamototriedtosailacrossthePacific.Butafteronlyfivedaysatsea,hisboatwashitbyawhale.Theboatsank,andhespent11hoursfloatingin

theseainaliferaftbeforehewasrescued.WhenMr.SmithlearnedthestoryofMr.Iwamoto’sdefeatduringhisfirstattemptatcrossingthePacific,ithadabigeffectonhim

.Hedecidedtojointhetripnotjusttoprovethattheycoulddoit,butalsotocollectfundsforapublicwelfarefoundationthatboughtmedicalinsuranceforpoorchildren.H

egotintouchwithMr.Iwamoto.Thetworealizedthattheywouldmakeagoodteam.Ittookalotofcouragetomakeasecondattemptafterthefailure.ButMr

.Iwamotowasdetermined.Hebegantotrainforthetrip.Heskied,ranhalf-marathonsandmarathons,andtookpartintriathlons(ra

ceswithswimming,biking,andrunning).Mr.Smithboughta12-metersailboatfromlocalpeople.Theytookdrinkingwaterandenoughfoodfor60days.Thesailboathadsol

arpanelstokeeptheGPSandthesatellitephonecharged.OnFebruary24,Mr.IwamotosetoutfromSanDiego,Californiaontheir14,000-kilome

tertrip.Finally,around9a.m.onApril20—aftersailingnon-stopfor55days,thetwoarrivedinIwaka,FukushimaPrefecture,Japan,“Peopleoftensaythattheph

ysicalillnesscan’tstopapersonfrommakingadifference,butIhavetowalkthewalktoproveit,”Mr.Iwamotosaid.4.Whatcanbeinferre

daboutDougSmith?A.Hespentalotoftimeintheocean.B.Hehadgreatskillsinsailingtheboat.C.Heworkedasaguideduringthetrip.D.H

eboughttheinsurancebeforethetrip.5.WhydidDougSmithjointhetrip?A.Tohuntwhales.B.Toraisemoneyforcharity.C.Torescuepeoplelostintheocean.D.Tobeinse

archoffameandfortune.6.Whatisthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?A.Thepreparationstheymadeforthetrip.B.Thesupporttheyreceive

dfromlocalpeople.C.Theequipmenttheyboughtfortheirtraining.D.Thedifficultytheyencounteredduringthetrip.7.Whatcanwelearnfromthisstory?A.Neverlookd

ownonunderdogs.B.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.C.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.D.Bethechangeyouwanttoseeintheworld.【答案】4.C5.B6.A7.B【解析】【导语】这是一

篇记叙文。本文主要讲述了岩本光弘这位盲人，他与DougSmith合作，克服了重重的困难，通过自己的努力，横穿了太平洋。他想告诉人们，只要去做，身体的疾病不能阻止一个人的取得自己想要的成就。【4题详解】推理判断题。由文章第一段“MitsuhiroIwam

otoisablindpersonwhosailednon-stopacrossthePacificOcean.OneofMr.Iwamoto’sfriendssays,“Hefeelsthewavesandhecansensethespeedand

angleofthewindstoadjustthesailsproperly.”TheonlythingMr.Iwamotocan’tdoissee.SoheteamedupwithDougSmith.(岩本光弘是一位盲人，他不停地横渡太平洋

。岩本先生的一个朋友说，“他能感觉到海浪，他能感觉风的速度和角度，从而正确地调整帆。”岩本先生唯一不能做的就是看。因此，他与DougSmith合作。)”可知，岩本光弘是一位盲人，所以在和DougSmith组队航行中，DougSmith应指导方向。故选C项。【5题详解】细节理解题。由文章第二段

“Hedecidedtojointhetripnotjusttoprovethattheycoulddoit,butalsotocollectfundsforapublicwelfarefoundationthatboughtmedicalinsuranceforpo

orchildren.(他决定参加这次旅行，不仅是为了证明他们能够做到，而且也是为了为一个为贫困儿童购买医疗保险的公益基金会筹集资金。)”可知，这次航行是为了证明自己以及给公益基金会筹集资金。故选B项。【6题详解】主旨大意题。由文章第三段“Ittookalotofcouraget

omakeasecondattemptafterthefailure.ButMr.Iwamotowasdetermined.Hebegantotrainforthetrip.Heskied,ranhalf-marathonsan

dmarathons,andtookpartintriathlons(raceswithswimming,biking,andrunning).Mr.Smithboughta12-metersailboa

tfromlocalpeople.Theytookdrinkingwaterandenoughfoodfor60days.ThesailboathadsolarpanelstokeeptheGPSandthesatellitephonecharged.(失败后再次尝试需要很大的勇气。但岩本

先生决心坚定。他开始为旅行进行训练。他滑雪，跑半程马拉松和马拉松，参加铁人三项（游泳、自行车和跑步比赛）。Smith先生从当地人那里买了一艘12米长的帆船。他们带了60天的饮用水和足够的食物。帆船上有太阳能电池板来保

持GPS和卫星电话的充电。)”可知，这段主要讲岩本光弘和DougSmith为航行做的准备。故选A项。【7题详解】推理判断题。由文章最后一段“OnFebruary24,Mr.IwamotosetoutfromSanDiego,Californiaontheir14,000-kilometer

trip.Finally,around9a.m.onApril20—aftersailingnon-stopfor55days,thetwoarrivedinIwaka,FukushimaPrefecture,Japan,“People

oftensaythatthephysicalillnesscan’tstopapersonfrommakingadifference,butIhavetowalkthewalktoproveit,”Mr.Iwamoto

said.(2月24日，岩本先生从加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥出发，开始了14000公里的旅程。最后，在4月20日上午9点左右，经过55天的不间断航行，两人抵达了日本福岛县磐冈。岩本一郎说：“人们常说，身体疾病不能阻止一个人的改变，但我必须步行才能证明这一点。”。)”以及前文可知，本

文主要讲述了岩本光弘这位盲人，他与Smith合作，克服了重重的困难，通过自己的努力，横穿了太平洋。他想告诉人们，只要去做，身体的疾病不能阻止一个人的取得自己想要的成就。结合选项，B项Actionsspeaklouderthanwords(行动比言语更响亮/事实胜于雄辩)符合文意。故选B项

。【16】河北省邢台市六校联考2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月考Sincethebeginningofthesummerin2022,Chinahasbeenswelteringundertheworstheatwaveindec

ades.AnumberofpeopleinZhejiang,Henan,JiangsuandSichuanprovinceswerediagnosedwiththermoplegia(热射病),themostsevereformofheatstroke,andsomeeve

ndiedofthisdisease.Inawarmingworld,thehazardsofheatwavesareincreasing.Accordingtoastudy,thenumberofdeathscausedbyheatwavesinChinahas

increasedrapidlysince1979,from3,679personsperyearinthe1980sto15,500personsperyearinthe2010s.Hightemperatureswouldaccelerate

thelossinsoilmoisture(水分)andhurtthegrowthofcorn,cotton,treesandfruits.What’smore,eachadditionaldegreeofwarmingwillincreas

ecroplossestoinsectsby10-25percent,threateningfoodsecurityforbillionsofpeople.Chinahaswitnessedarangeofextremeweatherevents,includingheavyrainfall

,flooding,tornadoesandrecordheatwavesthisyear.Meteorologicalofficialssaidthecountryhadanaveragetemperatureof21.3degreesCelsiusinJune,0.9degreesCels

iushigherthanthesameperiodonaverage,andthehighestrecordforthesameperiodsince1961.Expertssaythatwhileextremesummerheatisnotentir

elynew,thesesortsofoccurrencescouldbesomethingthatbecomesastandardpartoflife,requiringpeopletostartlearninghowtocopewithhea

twavesthatmaycontinuefortherestofsummerandwellintothefuture.Rememberthatevenhealthy,youngathletescanbeharmedbyextremeheat,soeveryactivity,indoor

soroutdoors,shouldbeevaluatedwhenextremeheathits.Therearesomewaystostaysafeduringextremeheatevents,such

asdrinkingplentyofwater,lookingforshadeorremaininginshadewhenoutside,andavoidingcookinglargemealsthatcanaddheattoyour

indoorenvironment.8.WhydoesthewritermentionthefourprovincesinChina?A.Tointroducethetopic.B.Toshowtherisinggrowthofpopulation.

C.Toidentifytheimpactoftheworstheatwave.D.Tooffertheaccuratedataforthethermoplegia.9.Whatdostheunderlinedword“hazards”inparagraphsproba

blymean?A.Panics.B.Dangers.C.Outcomes.D.Expenses.10.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph3?A.Ruralareassuffermo

refromheatwavesthancities.B.Chinahaswitnessedtheworstclimateeverin2022.C.Climatechangeresultsinthedeclineininsectspecies.D.Hightemperatureshav

enegativeeffectsonagriculture.11.Whatdoesthewriterwanttoconveyinthelastparagraph?A.Waystodealwithextr

emeheat.B.Thetendencyofheatwavesinthefuture.C.Effectsofglobalwarmingontheenvironment.D.Thesignificanceofkeepinghealthyinsummer

.【答案】8.C9.B10.D11.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了自2022年夏初以来，中国一直处于几十年最严重的热浪之下。同时文章介绍了热浪所造成的的危害以及应对措施。【8题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中“Anumberof

peopleinZhejiang,Henan,JiangsuandSichuanprovinceswerediagnosedwiththermoplegia(热射病),themostsevereformofheatstroke,andsomeevendiedofthisdi

sease.(浙江、河南、江苏和四川等省的一些人被确诊为热射病，这是中暑最严重的一种形式，一些人甚至死于这种疾病。)”可知，为了确定最严重热浪的影响，作者罗列了四个省份。故选C。【9题详解】词义猜测题。根据第二段中“Accordingtoastudy,thenumb

erofdeathscausedbyheatwavesinChinahasincreasedrapidlysince1979,from3,679personsperyearinthe1980sto15,500per

sonsperyearinthe2010s.(根据一项研究，自1979年以来，中国由热浪造成的死亡人数迅速增加，从20世纪80年代的每年3679人增加到2010年代的每年15500人。)”可知，本段主要介绍的是热浪造成的危害。故划线词hazards与dangers为同义词，即热

浪造成的危险。故选B。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段中“Hightemperatureswouldacceleratethelossinsoilmoisture(水分)andhurtthegrowthof

corn,cotton,treesandfruits.What’smore,eachadditionaldegreeofwarmingwillincreasecroplossestoinsectsby10-25percent,threat

eningfoodsecurityforbillionsofpeople.(高温会加速土壤水分的流失，损害玉米、棉花、树木和水果的生长。更重要的是，气温每升高一度，昆虫对农作物造成的损失就会增加10%至25%，威胁数十亿人的粮食安全。)”可知，高温对农业有负面影响。故选D。【11

题详解】主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Therearesomewaystostaysafeduringextremeheatevents,suchasdrinkingplentyofwater,lookingforshadeorremaininginsh

adewhenoutside,andavoidingcookinglargemealsthatcanaddheattoyourindoorenvironment.(在极端高温的情况下，有一些方法可以保证安全，比如喝大量的水，在户外找阴凉的地方或呆在阴凉处，避免做会增加室内温度的大餐。)”可

知，在最后一段中介绍的是在极端高温天气中，应对极端高温的方法。故选A。【17】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检Manyexceptionalhumanskills,suchasread

ingandmasteringamusicalinstrument,requirethousandsofhoursofpracticeandconsistentcognitiveeffort.Popularscientifictheorie

sholdthatcognitiveeffortisexperiencedasunpleasantandpeopletrytoavoiditwheneverpossible.However,therearemanysitu

ationsineverydaylifeinwhichpeopleseemtoexertthemselves(努力)voluntarily,evenifthereisnoobviousexternalreward.Forexample,manypeopleenjoysolvingSudo

kupuzzles,studentsareoftenmotivatedbychallengingintellectualtasks,andamateurpianistscanspendhoursstrivin

gforperfectionwithoutanyexternalreward.ItisbasedonthesefactsthatresearchersfromtheUniversityofViennaandtheTechnischeUniversitatDresdencrit

icallyquestionedwhethercognitiveeffortisalwaysaversive(令人嫌恶的)andsoughttoaddressthisquestioninacurrentprojectofthe

CollaborativeResearchCenter(SFB)940.Inthefirstexperimentwith121participants,theresearchersusedcardiovascularmeasurements(activityoftheheart)

todeterminehowhardpeopleexertedthemselvesincognitivetasksofvaryingdifficultylevels.Inonegroup,rewardwasdi

rectlydeterminedbyeffort:ifapersonexertedmoreeffortondifficultlevelsofthetask,theyreceivedahigherrewardthanone

asierlevelsinwhichtheyexertedlittleeffort.Inthecontrolgroup,therewardwasrandomlyassignedandwasindepende

ntofhowmucheffortsomeoneinvested.Thetotalrewardonofferwaskeptconstantbetweengroups,withonlythecontingency(可能性)betweeneffortandr

ewardbeingmanipulated.Subsequently,allsubjectsworkedonmathtaskswheretheycouldchoosethedifficultylevelof

thetaskstheywantedtoworkon.“Subjectswhohadpreviouslybeenrewardedforeffortsubsequentlychosemoredifficulttasksthansubjectsinthecontrolgro

up,eventhoughtheywereawarethattheywouldnolongerreceiveanexternalreward,”explainsProf.VeronikaJobfromtheFac

ultyofPsychologyattheUniversityofVienna.“Theresultsshowedtheassumptionthatpeoplewanttotakethepathofleastresistancemaynotbeani

nherent(固有的)characteristicofhumanmotivation.Thetendencytoavoidchallengingtaskscouldratherbetheresultofi

ndividuallearninghistoriesthatdifferdependingontherewardpattern:wasitmainlyperformanceoreffortthatwasrewarded?”conc

ludesThomasGoschke,ProfessorofGeneralPsychologyatTUDresdenandspokespersonofSFB940.8.WiththeexamplesinParagraph2,theauthoraimsto________

A.challengesomescientifictheoriesB.encouragepeopletomakegreateffortsC.inspiresomeresearchonpeople’seffortsD.e

xplainthemotivationbehindpeople’sefforts9.Whatdidtheresearcherswanttofindoutbymeasuringtheparticipants

’heartactivity?A.Theirwillingnesstoperformthetask.B.Theimpactoftasksontheparticipants.C.Theefforttheyput

inthecognitivetask.D.Theirreactiontodifficultcognitivetasks.10.Whatcanwelearnaboutthesubjectswhowererewarded

foreffort?A.Theyweremotivatedtochallengethemselves.B.Theyalwaysexpectedtoreceiveabiggerreward.C.Theyturnedouttobeclevererthan

thecontrolgroup.D.Theywereabletofigureoutbetterwaystosolveproblems.11.Whatwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?A.Workhardtoimproveyour

selfB.LearntoenjoycognitiveeffortC.IttakestimeforyourefforttopayoffD.Itisworthwhiletoperformdifficulttask

s【答案】8.A9.C10.A11.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是：大众科学理论认为，认知努力的体验是不愉快的，人们会避免这种认知努力。然而现实却相反，人们愿意为不愉快的认知努力而努力和花费数小时的精力。

为此文章通过实验研究揭示该现象的原因在于认知努力，会更加激发人们挑战自我的动力。【8题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段的“Popularscientifictheoriesholdthatcognitiveeffortisexperiencedasunpleasantandpeopletr

ytoavoiditwheneverpossible.(大众科学理论认为，认知努力是不愉快的，人们试图尽可能避免它。)”第二段中“However,therearemanysituationsineverydayli

feinwhichpeopleseemtoexertthemselves(努力)voluntarily,evenifthereisnoobviousexternalreward.Forexample,manypeopleenjo

ysolvingSudokupuzzles,studentsareoftenmotivatedbychallengingintellectualtasks,andamateurpianistscanspendhoursstrivingforperfec

tionwithoutanyexternalreward.(然而，在日常生活中有很多情况下，人们似乎是自愿地努力，即使没有明显的外部奖励。例如，许多人喜欢解决数独谜题，学生们经常被具有挑战性的智力任务所激励，业余钢琴家可以花几个小时去追求完美，而没有任何外部奖励)”可知，作者在第二段中列举的例

子是为了挑战以往的一些科学理论即认知努力的体验是不愉快的，人们会努力避免这种认知努力。故选A。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中“Inthefirstexperimentwith121participants,theresearchersusedcar

diovascularmeasurements(activityoftheheart)todeterminehowhardpeopleexertedthemselvesincognitivetasksofvaryingdifficultyl

evels(在第一个有121名参与者的实验中，研究人员使用心血管测量(心脏活动)来确定人们在不同难度的认知任务中的努力程度。)”可知，研究者们通过使用心血管测量方法来确认参与者在认知任务上付出的努力。故选C。

【10题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Subjectswhohadpreviouslybeenrewardedforeffortsubsequentlychosemoredifficulttasksth

ansubjectsinthecontrolgroup,eventhoughtheywereawarethattheywouldnolongerreceiveanexternalreward.(之前因为努力而获得奖励的受试者随后比对照组的受试者选择了更难的任务，即使他们知道自己将不再获

得外部奖励。)”可知，因为努力而获得奖励的测试者们更加有挑战自我的动力。故选A。【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段的“However,therearemanysituationsineverydaylifeinwhi

chpeopleseemtoexertthemselves(努力)voluntarily,evenifthereisnoobviousexternalreward.(然而，在日常生活中有很多情况下，人们似乎自愿努力，即使没有明显的外部奖励。)”以及全文内容可知，文章讲述了人们愿意为不愉快的认知努

力而努力和花费数小时的精力。文章通过实验研究揭示该现象的原因在于认知努力会更加激发人们挑战自我的动力。故文章最好的标题是学会享受认知上的努力，这样才会更加激发人们挑战困难的动力。故选B。【18】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检Dailylifehasit

ssatisfactions.Theperfectreplytoafriend’stextmessage.Thefirstafter-workdrink.Butdoanyreallycomparetothejoyofgoingtosleep?Somehowwehavepushe

dthispleasuretothebackofthequeue.AthirdofAmericanadultsreportsleepinglessthantherecommendedsevenhours.Forsome,theproblemismodernlife:emails,to-

dolistsandscreens.Forotherpeople,it’sthedemandsofworkorfamily.Thentherearethosewhocan’tsleepwhentheytry.Uptoonein10adultscould

meetthecriteria(标准)forinsomnia(失眠).Themixofexperienceshasledustotakesleepingmorescientifically.Acenturyago,weweren’tawarethatthebrain’

selectricalactivitychangesduringsleep.Nowthere’sevidencethatalackofsleepisassociatedwithhigherriskofdepression,

cancer,Alzheimer’sandobesity.ResearchpublishedintheEuropeanHeartJournalrecentlyreportsthatheartdiseasewasloweramongp

eoplewhowenttosleepbetween10pmand11pm,nomatterhowlongtheyslept.Suchresearchisallwellandgood.Butaftertheriseofstepcounters,issleepthenextpartofhum

anexperiencethatwillbecomeincreasinglytracked,countedandcompared?WesighatLinkedInuserswhoclaimtowakeupat5amandl

earnChinese.Butwhatifpeoplearetoocommittedtoagoodsleep?SleepresearcherMatthewWalkeroncesaid,“Ihaveanon-negotiableeight-hoursleepopportunitywindow.

”Butforme,makingone’ssleepsoinflexiblejuststrikesmeasrathercoldlyindividualistic.Stressingourselvesoutaboutalackofsleepcanaggravatetheproblem.I

nhisbookOvercomingInsomniaandSleepProblems,OxfordprofessorColinEspiewritesabout“orthosomnia”,wherepeople’sattentionissofocusedonsleepingwellthattheyb

ecometooanxioustodoso.Espiesaysweeachhaveasleeppatternthat,likeashoesize,wefigureoutthroughtrialanderror.Theresearchonbedtimesbetween

10pmand11pmwillcheerthosewholeavepartiesearlyandgiveuplate-nightfootballhighlights,butitestablishesnocausallink.Genetically,someh

umansarelarks(云雀)andsomeareowls.Foranowltotrytofighttheirnaturalschedule,andsleepearlier,itwouldn’tnecessarilyhelp.Oncewewereurgedt

osleepwhenweweredead.Nowtheenlightenedtellustosleeporwewilldie.Idon’treallybelieveanyofthis.Agoodnight’

ssleepisagreatenjoyment.Asfaraspossible,itshouldalsoremainasimpleone.12.WhatdocsParagraph3mainlytellus?A.Wepaytoomuchattentiontosleep

hoursB.Ourancestorsalwayssufferedfromalackofsleep.C.Ourmentalhealthiscloselyrelatedtoourbrainactivit

yD.Wenowhaveabetterunderstandingofthebenefitsofsleep.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“aggravate”inParagraph5probably

mean?A.Ease.B.Worsen.C.Prevent.D.Address.14.WhichofthefollowingmightColinEspieagreewith?A.Weshouldrespecteveryone’ssleeppattern.B.An

owlshouldtryhardtogoagainsttheirnature.C.Itisnecessarytocomparedifferentsleeppatterns.D.Weshouldchangeoursleeppatternswhennecessary.15.W

hatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A.Toshowtheimportanceofsleep.B.Toanalyzethecauseofinsomnia.C.Topersuadepeopletogotobedearly.D.Toreduc

epeople’sanxietyaboutsleep.【答案】12.D13.B14.A15.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了各种各样的经验使我们更加科学地看待睡眠，从而减少对睡眠所产生的焦虑。【12题详解】主旨大意题。根

据第三段第一句“Themixofexperienceshasledustotakesleepingmorescientifically(各种各样的经验使我们更加科学地看待睡眠)”可知，本段主要介绍了我们对于睡

眠有了更好的认知。故选D。【13题详解】词义猜测题。根据所猜词后“InhisbookOvercomingInsomniaandSleepProblems,OxfordprofessorColinEspiewritesabout“orthosomn

ia”,wherepeople’sattentionissofocusedonsleepingwellthattheybecometooanxioustodoso.(牛津大学教授科林·埃斯皮在他的《克服失眠和睡眠

问题》一书中提到了“正睡眠症”，即人们的注意力过于集中在睡个好觉上，以至于他们变得过于焦虑而无法做到这一点)”可知，人的注意力集中在睡个好觉上，会给人带来更多的焦虑，从而导致问题恶化。由此推知，所猜词的意思为“恶化、加

重”。故选B。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Espiesaysweeachhaveasleeppatternthat,likeashoesize,wefigureoutthroughtrialanderror.(埃斯皮说，我们每个人都有自

己的睡眠模式，就像鞋子的尺码一样，我们通过反复试验来确定)”可知，埃斯皮认为每个人的睡觉的模式都是不同的，每个人有着自己的特点。由此推知，埃斯皮认为应该尊重每个人的睡眠模式。故选A。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第三段第一句“Them

ixofexperienceshasledustotakesleepingmorescientifically(各种各样的经验使我们更加科学地看待睡眠)”以及最后一段“Agoodnight’ssleepisagreatenjoyment.Asfaraspossible,itshouldal

soremainasimpleone(睡个好觉是一种极大的享受。尽可能地，它也应该保持简单)”可知，我们应该更加科学地看待睡眠，减少对于睡眠的焦虑。故选D。【19】江西省名校高中2022-2023学年高三上学期联合测评Musiccanreallyaffectyourwell-bein

g,learning,qualityoflife,andevenhappiness.Thefactthatmusiccanmakeadifficulttaskmoretolerablemaybewhystudentsoftenchoosetol

istentoitwhiledoingtheirhomework.Butislisteningtomusicthesmartchoiceforstudentswhowanttoimprovetheirlearning?Anewstudysuggeststhatforsomestudent

s,listeningtomusicisawisestrategy,butforothers,itisn’t.Theeffectofmusiconcognitive(认知的)functionappearstodependpart

lyonyourpersonality—specifically,onyourneedforexternalstimulation(刺激).Researchersnotonlyassessedlistener

s’personalitybutalsochangedthedifficultyofthetaskandthecomplexityofthemusic.Participantsfirstcompletedapersonalit

ytestusedtodeterminetheneedforexternalstimulation.Then,theyengagedinaneasycognitivetask(searchingfortheletterAinlistsofwords)andamorechallengingo

ne(rememberingwordpairs)inorder.Participantsfinishedbothtasksunderoneoftwosoundconditions:(1)nomusic,(2)withmusic.Thedatasuggestthatforthose

withahighneedofexternalstimulation,onthesimpletaskoffindingA’s,thescoresforthemusicconditionweresignifica

ntlyworsethanthoseforthesilentcondition.Onthecomplextaskoflearningwordpairs,theirperformancewasworsewhenevermusicwasplayed.

Forthosewithalowneedofexternalstimulation,however,onthesimpletask,suchparticipants’scoresforthemusicconditionwere

muchbetterthanthoseforthesilentcondition.Onthecomplextaskoflearningwordpairs,theparticipantsshowedasmallbutreli

ablebenefitwhenlisteningtomusic.Accordingtothestudy,thereareindividualdifferencesintheimpactofmusiconcogn

itivefunction.Studentswhoareeasilyboredandwhoseekoutstimulationshouldbecautiousofaddingmusictothemix.Ontheotherhand,studentswithalowne

edforstimulationmaybenefitsignificantlyfromthepresenceofmusic.Withtherightpersonality,therightmusicandtherighttask,the

presenceofmusicmaysignificantlyimprovecognitivefunctioning.Giventhebenefitsofmusic,subscriptiontoSpotifywillberewarding!12.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestud

yinparagraph2?A.Itonlyinvolvedtheparticipants’responsetomusic.B.Participantscompletedtwotaskswhencomposingsongs.C.Thedifficultyofth

etwotasksdecreasedintheexperiment.D.Participantsweregroupedbytheirneedforexternalstimulation.13.Whatcanweinferfromtheresultoftheresearch?A.Thecomple

xityoftasksmightreducethebenefitofmusic.B.Studentsshouldlistentomusicwhenperformingcomplextasks.C.Studentswithlessexternals

timulationperformbadlywithmusic.D.Thepresenceofmusicbenefitsstudentswhoseekforexternalstimulation.14.Wh

atmighttheunderlinedword“Spotify”be?A.Atravelguide.B.Apsychologyjournal.C.Amusicplatform.D.Apersonalitytest.15.Whatcouldbethebesttitle

forthearticle?A.Whyismusicessentialinyourstudy?B.Ismusicbeneficialtoyourpersonality?C.Howcanmusicaffe

ctyourexternalstimulation?D.Doesmusicpromoteyourcognitiveperformance?【答案】12.D13.A14.C15.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过实验来证明了在恰当的个性、恰当的音乐和恰当的任务的情况下，

音乐的存在可以显著提高认知功能。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Researchersnotonlyassessedlisteners’personalitybutalsochangedthedif

ficultyofthetaskandthecomplexityofthemusic.Participantsfirstcompletedapersonalitytestusedtodeterminethene

edforexternalstimulation.(研究人员不仅评估了听者的性格，还改变了任务的难度和音乐的复杂性。参与者首先完成了一项用来确定外部刺激需求的性格测试)”可知参与者们首先要完成性格测试，根据测试的结果来确定是否需要外部

刺激，那么这两类人就根据他们对外部刺激的需求被分成不同的组别来进行试验。故选D项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Thedatasuggestthatforthosewithahighneedofexternalstimulati

on,onthesimpletaskoffindingA’s,thescoresforthemusicconditionweresignificantlyworsethanthoseforthesilentcondition.Onthecomplextaskoflearningwordpair

s,theirperformancewasworsewhenevermusicwasplayed.Forthosewithalowneedofexternalstimulation,however,onthesimpletask,suchparticipants’scoresf

orthemusicconditionweremuchbetterthanthoseforthesilentcondition.Onthecomplextaskoflearningwordpairs,thepa

rticipantsshowedasmallbutreliablebenefitwhenlisteningtomusic.(数据表明，对于那些需要大量外部刺激的人来说，在寻找A的简单任务中，音乐条件下的分数比安静条件下的明显要差。在复杂的单词配对学习任务中，只要播放音乐

，他们的表现就会变差。然而，对于那些对外部刺激需求较低的人来说，在简单的任务中，音乐条件下的参与者的分数要比安静条件下的参与者好得多。在复杂的单词配对学习任务中，参与者在听音乐时表现出了微小但可靠的益处)”可知通过对两

组参与者实验后，发现在复杂任务中，需要大量外部刺激的人只要播放音乐，表现就会变差，而对于不太需要外部刺激的人来说，音乐只起一点点作用，远不及他们在简单任务中音乐所起的作用大。故推知在复杂任务中会降低音乐的益处；故选A项。【14题详解】

词句猜测题。根据文章最后一段“Withtherightpersonality,therightmusicandtherighttask,thepresenceofmusicmaysignificantlyimprovecognitivefunctioning.Giventheb

enefitsofmusic,subscriptiontoSpotifywillberewarding!(有了恰当的个性、恰当的音乐和恰当的任务的情况下，音乐的存在可以显著提高认知功能。考虑到音乐的好处，订阅Spotify可能

会为自己带来回报)”可知提到了订阅“Spotify”会有回报，而本文意在阐述音乐对提高认知功能的影响，故推知本文是一篇由音乐平台所发布的文章，来给人们揭露并宣传音乐对于认知功能的影响，故推知划线单词“Spotify”指的是一个音乐平台；故选C项。【15题详解】标题

判断题。根据文章第一段“Butislisteningtomusicthesmartchoiceforstudentswhowanttooptimizetheirlearning?(但是，对于想要优化学习的学生来说，听音乐是明智的选择吗)”可知，文章第一段提出了一个音乐到底对学生来说是不是一个明智

的选择这样一个问题，文章接下来的段落通过一个实验来证明音乐到底是否有利于提高认知功能；文章最后一段“thepresenceofmusicmaysignificantlyimprovecognitive

functioning.(有了恰当的个性、恰当的音乐和恰当的任务的情况下，音乐的存在可以显著提高认知功能)”总结出到底音乐是否能提高认知功能这一问题的答案；故本文一直是围绕音乐是否能提高认知能力这一话题来进行阐述的，选项D“Doesmusicpromotey

ourcognitiveperformance(音乐能提高你的认知能力吗)”适合作为本文标题；故选D项。【20】湖北省荆州荆门宜昌三校2022-2023学年高三上学期联考试题Petindustryseemstoresistgravity．Wit

hcontinualgrowthoverthepast50years，itshowsnosignofslowingdown．Withpeopletreatingtheirpetsmoreandmorelikeafamilymember，thepe

tindustrycontinuestoseeariseinrelatedproductsandservices．ThepetindustryintheUSAreachedamilestonein2020，withtotalsalesof$103．6bil

lion，ahistorichigh，accordingtotheAmericanPetProductsAssociationStateoftheIndustryReport，comparedtosalesof$48billionin2010．Thatismorethana1

00%increaseinjusttenyearsinwhatyoumightconsidertobearelativelyboringindustry．Thepetsupplementindustryhasbeengrowingrapidlyaspetownerstreat

theircatslikeamemberofthefamily，almostmirroringhumanbehavior．Payattentiontowhathumantrendsforhealthasitmightcrossovertotheirpets．Andi

fyouthoughtproductinnovationwaslimitedtohumans，youwouldbewrong．Wearestartingtoseesignificantamountsofinnovationinpetproductresearchanddevelopme

nt．Forexample:petwipes．Petwipesareessentiallymoisttowelettes(湿纸巾)usedonpetsaftergoingtothebathroom．Anotherrelativelynewpetproductcategory

ispettoothpaste．Thesametrendgoesinthehigh-endproductaswell．Ifitwillmaketheirpetshappier，there’sagroupofownerswhowillbuyit．Andt

hatincludesrelativelyexpensiveluxuryproducts．Anewbrandofkittylitter(猫砂)changescolorbasedonacat’surinepHlevel

sandthecompanyclaimsthattheproducthelpscatownersdetectillnessintheircats．Itseemsthatanythinghumansneed，pet

sneed．So，perhapsit’snotsurprisingthatpetinsuranceisontherise．Theglobalpetinsurancemarketsizewasestimatedat$3．8billionin2019a

ndisexpectedtoreach$4．4billionin2020accordingtoGrandViewResearch．EvenLemonade，theAI-poweredinsurerrecentlylaunchedit

sownpetinsurancecoverage．32．Whatmakespetindustrycontinuetodevelop？A．ItsresistancetogravityB．People’sgrowthofloveforpetsC．Thesupportofsom

eorganizationsD．Thefashionableproductsandservices33．Inwhatwayisthegrowthofpetindustryreflected？A．ThediversityofpetsB．Thefamilymembers’behaviorC．

TheamountofmoneyspentonitD．Human’sneedsfortheirownlife34．Accordingtothepassage，whatarethetrendsofpetindustrymainlyabout？A．Pets’healthandwellbeingB．

Pets’appearanceandbeautyC．Pets’trainingandbehaviorD．Pets’rescueandprotection35．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitle？A．Whatistheinfluen

ceofpetindustry？B．Whydopetownerstreatpetskindly？C．Doesapetbelongtofamilymembers？D．Howdoespetindustryconti

nuegrowing？本文是说明文。宠物产业迅猛发展，人们将宠物视为家庭成员，愿意为了宠物的健康而花钱，从而推动了宠物产业在这一方面的发展。32．B推理判断题。根据文章第一段Withpeopletreatingtheirpetsmore

andmorelikeafamilymember，thepetindustrycontinuestoseeariseinrelatedproductsandservices．可以推测出人们越来越喜欢宠物。33．C推理判断题。根据文章第二段列出的数字可以推测

出人们投入到宠物上的钱在增加。34．A细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句话Payattentiontowhathumantrendsforhealthasitmightcrossovertotheirpets．和后面三段举的例子，可知答案是A。35．D标题题。全文说明了人们越来越喜

欢宠物，它们的健康状况得到人们的重视，人们也乐意花钱购买相关产品。从而促进宠物业的快速发展，故选D。【21】广东省深圳市重点高中2023届高三上学期第二次月考Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotj

ustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes（基因）,theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyea

rs.PeopleinEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthern

Europehavegainedamutation（突变）thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreported

anewkindofadaptation—nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofsea-dwellingpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobetterdive

rs.TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinthehundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditional

lylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they’vealsobuilthousesonstilts（支柱）incoastalwaters.“Theyaresimplyastrangertotheland,”saidRodneyC.Jubilado,a

UniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudiestheBajau.Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowinguponSamalIslandinthePhilippines.Theymadealiving

asdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish.“Weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders,”Dr.Jubiladosaid,“Icouldseethemac

tuallywalkingunderthesea.”In2015,MelissaIlardo,thenagraduatestudentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,heardabouttheBajau.Shew

onderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem.“Itseemedliketheperfectcha

ncefornaturalselectiontoactonapopulation,”saidDr.Ilardo.ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.22.Whatdoestheauthorwan

ttotellusbytheexamplesinparagraph1?A.Environmentaladaptationofcattleraisers.B.Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.C.Rec

entfindingsofhumanorigin.D.Significanceoffoodselection.23.WheredotheBajaubuildtheirhouses?A.Invalleys.B.

Nearrivers.C.Onthebeach.D.Offthecoast.24.WhywastheyoungJubiladoastonishedattheBajau?A.Theycouldwalkonstiltsallday.B.Theyhadasu

perbwayoffishing.C.Theycouldstaylongunderwater.D.Theylivedonbothlandandwater.25.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Bo

diesRemodeledforaLifeatSeaB.Highlanders’SurvivalSkillsC.BasicMethodsofGeneticResearchD.TheWorld’sBes

tDivers22~25BDCA【22】江苏省南京市2023届高三上学期10月学情调查考试Withnospecialequipment,nofencesandnowatering,twoabandonedagric

ulturalfieldsintheUKhavebeenrewilded(重新野化),inlargepartduetotheeffortsofjays,whichactually“engineered”thesenewwoodlands.Researchersnow

hopethatrewildingprojectscantakeamorenaturalandhands-offapproachandthatjayscanshedsomeoftheirbadreputations.Thetwofields,whichresearchershaveca

lledtheNewWildernessandtheOldWilderness,hadbeenabandonedin1996and1961respectively.Theformerwasabarefield,whilethelatterwasgrassland—bothlaynexttoa

ncientwoodlands.Researchershadsuspectedthatthefieldswouldgraduallyreturntowilderness,butitwasimpressivetoseejusthowquicklyth

ishappened,andhowmuchofitwasowedtobirds.Usingaerialdata,theresearchersmonitoredthetwosites.Afterjust24years,theNewWilderness

hadgrownintoayoung,healthywoodwith132livetreesperhectare,overhalfofwhich(57%)wereoaks.Meanwhile,theOldWildernessresembledamaturew

oodlandafter39years,with390treesperhectare.“Thisnativewoodlandrestorationwasapproachingthestructure(butnotthespeciesco

mposition)oflong-establishedwoodlandswithinsixdecades,”theresearchersexplainedinthestudy.Partofthisreforestationwasdonebythewind,

andresearcherssuspectthatpreviousgrounddisturbancemayhaveaidedthewoodlandestablishment—whichisgoodnews,asitwouldsuggestthatagriculturalare

asmaybereforestedfasterthananticipated.However,animals—Eurasianjays,thrushes,woodmice,andsquirrels—alsoplaye

danimportantroleinhelpingtheforeststakeshape.Thishandfulofspeciesprovidedmuchofthenaturalregenerationneededfortheforesttodevel

op.Jays,inparticular,seemtohavedonealotofheavylifting.32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shed”inParagraph1referto？A.Beopposedto.B.Beashamedof.C

.Getusedto.D.Getridof.33.Whichaspectofthechangesinthetwofieldsimpressedtheresearchers?A.Thescaleofthewoodlands.B.Thediversityof

thefields.C.Therateofthechanges.D.Thefrequencyofthewilderness.34.WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbyprovidingsomedatainParagragh3?A.Thewoodlandrestorat

ionwasapproachingthestructureoflong-establishedones.B.Muchofthewildernessofthefieldswasowedtobirds.C.Previousgrounddisturbanceaidedthewoodl

andestablishment.D.Howquicklythefieldsreturnedtowildernessovertime.35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.T

heessentialroleofhumansinthereforestation.B.Thefactorsthatcontributetothereforestation.C.Theimportanceofwoodl

andestablishment.D.Thethreatsfacedbyahandfulofwildanimals.DCDB【23】湖北省襄阳市重点高中2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次月考Anewstudyfocus

edonbirdsexamineshowthemovementsofriversintheAmazonhavecontributedtothatarea'sexceptionalbiologicaldivers

ity.Theresearchteam,ledbytheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory,foundthatassmallriversystemschangeovertime,theyspurtheevol

utionofnewspecies.ThefindingsalsorevealpreviouslyunknownbirdspeciesintheAmazonthatareonlyfoundinsmallareasnext

tothesedynamicriversystems,puttingthemathighriskofextinction.ThelowlandrainforestsoftheAmazonRiverbasinharbor(藏匿)mor

ediversitythananyotherecosystemontheplanet.Itisalsoagloballyimportantbiome(生物群落)containingabout18percentofalltreesonEarthandcarrying

morefreshwaterthanthenextsevenlargestriverbasinscombined.ResearchershavelongwonderedandhotlydebatedhowtheAmazon'srichbiodiversityaroseandaccumula

ted.“EarlyevolutionarybiologistslikeAlfredRusselWallacenoticedthatmanyspeciesofprimatesandbirdsdifferacrossoppositeriverbanksin

theAmazon,”saidthestudy'sleadauthorLukasMusher.“Moreover,accumulatinggeologicalevidencehassuggestedthattheseriversarehighlyd

ynamic,movingaroundtheSouthAmericanlandscapeoverrelativelyshorttimeperiods,ontheorderofthousandsortensofthousa

ndsofyears.”Toinvestigatehowthemovementofriversacrossthelandscapehasinfluencedtheaccumulationofbirdspeciesint

heAmazon,theresearcherssequencedthegenomes(基因组)ofsixspeciesofAmazonianbirds.Becausetheseriversmovearoundthelandsc

apeatdifferenttimescales,theirmovementscanhavevaryingoutcomesforbirdspecies:whenriverrearrangementsoccurquickly,populationsofbirdsoneachside

cancombinebeforethey'vehadtimetodiffer;whenriverchangeshappenslowly,specieshavealongertimetodivergefromoneanother.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedwor

d“spur”inParagraph1mean?A.Stimulate.B.Renew.C.Pursue.D.Interrupt.29.Whathaveresearchersdebatedon?A.WhattheAm

azon'sbiodiversityindicates.B.HowtheAmazon'sbiodiversitywasformed.C.WhethertheAmazonhastherichestbiodiversity.D.WhyAmazonbirdspeciesareat

riskofdistinction.30.WhatcanweconcludefromLukasMusher'swords?A.TherearesixspeciesofAmericanbirds.B.RiversmoveveryslowlyinSouthAmerica.C.Mostspeciesd

ifferacrossoppositeAmazonriverbanks.D.RivermovementmayleadtotheAmazon'sbiodiversity.31.Whathasinfluencedthechangeofbirdspecie

sintheAmazon?A.Thelocationofrivermovement.B.Thepopulationsofbirds.C.Thespeedofrivermovement.D.Theamountofthegenomes.DC

BC【24】山东省潍坊市五县市2022-2023学年高三10月统考AsanyoneinmainlandBritainwhohaseverattemptedtogrowberriesornutsorindeedfeedthebir

ds–willknow,doingsoisequaltoanopeningmoveinagameofchesswithlocalgreysquirrels,agamethesquirrelstendtowin.Greysquirrelsarealsofondoftheoccasio

nalbird’seggortheyoungbird,andenjoytearingandeatingthebarkofyoungbroadleaftrees,whichcaneitherkillthetreesorleavethemopentoinfection

.This,apartfromaffectingbiodiversityandlandscape,harmsthewoodindustry.Thelossisnotinsignificant:£37ayearinEnglandandwalks.Greysquirr

els,introducedfromNorthAmericain1876,havealmostreplacednativeredsquirrelsbycompetingthemforfoodandhabitat.Theyarelargerand

stronger,andresistanttosquirrelpoxvirus,whileredsarenot.About3milliongreysquirrelsnowliveintheUK;theInternationalUnionforConservatio

nofNatureliststhegreysquirrelamongthetop100mostharmfulinvasive(入侵的)speciesintheworld.InBritain,muche

ffortandinventivenesshasbeenmadeinstoppinggreysquirrelprogress,fromtrappingandshootingthem,toreleasingpinemarte

nsintotheirhabitats.Thelatestmove,aworkablesystemforwhichwasthoughttobeadecadeaway,isforbiddingthebreeding(繁殖)ofgreysquirrels.However,legalchall

engebroughtsomanydelaysthattheinvasivegreysquirrelpopulationexpandedtoanunmanageablelevelandwipingoutwereabandoned.ThemainissueinBritainwasthoughtt

obemoretechnologicalthanlegaldesigningadrugthattargetsonlygreysquirrelstopreventtheirbreeding.Anotherpossibilityintheyearsahead

istouseDNAeditingtoensuregreyfemalearebornunabletogivebirth.Greysquirrelshavenowbeenherefornearly150years.The

ydoactivelythreatenanotherspeciesinBritain.Thereisastrongargumentthatecosystemschange.Infact,thatistheiressentialnat

ure,anditisunrealistictostopit.Theattractionofcontrollingthebreedingmethodsofgreysquirrelsisthattheyarelessinhumane,andaimforbalanceratherthanuproot

ing.28.Whatdoestheauthorfocusoninparagraph1?A.Theharmfromgreysquirrels.B.Theeatinghabitsofgreysquirrels.C.The

effectofgreysquirrelsonindustry.D.ThegamebetweentheBritishandgreysquirrels.29.Whatledtothevictoryofgreysquirrelsoverreds?A.Theirhugenumber

.B.Theiruniqueorigins.C.Theirbreedingability.D.Theirphysicalqualities.30.WhatisthemaindifficultyinremovinggreysquirrelsinBritain?A

.Lesslabour.B.Shortageofmoney.C.Imperfectlaw.D.Lackoftechnology.31.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetoforbiddingthebreedingo

fgreysquirrels?A.Unclear.B.Objective.C.Favorable.D.Doubtful.【答案】28.A29.D30.D31.C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了灰松鼠的危害，和英国本土的红松鼠相比，它们更大更

强壮，能抵抗松鼠痘病毒;清除灰松鼠面临的主要困难是缺乏技术。【28题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Greysquirrelsarealsofondoftheoccasionalbird’seggortheyoungbird,ande

njoytearingandeatingthebarkofyoungbroadleaftrees,whichcaneitherkillthetreesorleavethemopentoinfection.This,apart

fromaffectingbiodiversityandlandscape,harmsthewoodindustry.(灰松鼠也喜欢偶尔的鸟蛋或雏鸟，喜欢撕扯和吃年轻的阔叶树的树皮，这可能会杀死树或使它们容易感染

。这除了影响生物多样性和景观外，还损害了木材工业)”可知文章第一段主要讲解了灰松鼠的危害。故选A。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Theyarelargerandstronger,andresistanttosquirrelpoxvirus,whileredsareno

t.(它们更大更强壮，能抵抗松鼠痘病毒，而红色则不行)”可知它们的身体素质使灰松鼠战胜了红松鼠。故选D。【30题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“ThemainissueinBritainwasthoughttobemoretechnological

thanlegaldesigningadrugthattargetsonlygreysquirrelstopreventtheirbreeding.(在英国，主要的问题被认为是技术而不是法律，设计一种只针对灰松鼠的

药物来阻止它们繁殖)”可知在英国清除灰松鼠的主要困难是缺乏技术。故选D。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Greysquirrelshavenowbeenherefornearly150years.Theydoactivelythrea

tenanotherspeciesinBritain.Thereisastrongargumentthatecosystemschange.(灰松鼠已经在这里生活了近150年。它们确实在积极威胁着英国的另一种物种。生态系统会发生变化，这是一个强有

力的论点)”可知作者对禁止饲养灰松鼠的态度是赞成的。故选C。