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2023届高三英语名校新题快递--10月月考专辑专题03阅读理解之说明文解析版【01】2023届广东省六校高三上学期第二次联考【02】安徽省皖豫名校联盟2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考【03

】广东省广州市第五中学2022-2023学年高三上学期10月月【04】浙江省强基联盟2022-2023学年高三上学期10月联考【05】湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学高三上学期月考卷（二）【06】河南省实验

中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次月考【07】湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学高三上学期月考卷（二）【08】浙江省C8名校协作体2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考【09】甘肃省张掖市2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次诊断考试【10】浙江省C8名校协作体202

2-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考【11】江苏省南京师范大学附属中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月考【12】江苏省苏州市2022〜2023学年高三上学期八校联考【13】2023届广东省六校高三上学期第二次联考【14】湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2022-2023学年高三上学期月考二【1

5】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检【16】河北省邢台市六校联考2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月考【17】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检【18】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检【19】江西省名校高中

2022-2023学年高三上学期联合测评【20】湖北省荆州荆门宜昌三校2022-2023学年高三上学期联考试题【21】广东省深圳市重点高中2023届高三上学期第二次月考【22】江苏省南京市2023届高三上学期10月学情调查考试【23】湖北省襄阳市重点高中2022-2023学年高三上学期第二

次月考【24】山东省潍坊市五县市2022-2023学年高三10月统考【01】2023届广东省六校高三上学期第二次联考Theworld’sbiggestelectricvehicle—a45-tonminingdumptrucknamedtheeDumper—mayhave

togiveupitsthrone.Thenewcomer,poweredwithbothelectricityandareserveofhydrogenfuel,isgoingtostealthatt

itleasthelargestelectricminingtruck.London-basedAngloAmericanisdevelopingthebeastofamachine—itweighs290tons—aspartofitssustainable

miningvision.Theconceptualworkisdone,butU.K-basedWilliamsAdvancedEngineeringwillbringthetrucktolife.Theideaistoreplacethevehi

cle’sdieselengine(柴油机)withahigh-powermodularlithium-ionbattery(锂电池).“Wearedelightedtobeinvolvedinthisinnovativeandexcitingprojectwhichshowsthepotent

ialofbatterytechnologythatcanadapttoincreaseddemands,fromautomotiveandmotorsportto‘heavyduty’industrialapplications,

”CraigWilson,managingdirectorofWilliamsAdvancedEngineering,said.WhiletheeDumper—aminingtruckusedtomovestonesfromthesideso

fmountainsinSwitzerland—reliesentirelyonpureelectricityandpurephysicsforpower,theAngloAmericantruckwillu

sebothalithium-ionbatteryandahydrogenfuelcell(电池)module.Altogether,thenewtruckwillhaveover1,000Kilowatthoursofenergystorage.Hydrogenfuel

isaclearfuelthatproducesonlywaterasaby-productwhenconsumedinafuelcell.It’stypicallyproducedfromnaturalgas,nuclearpower,orrenewab

lewindandsolarpower.Addinghydrogenfuelcellstothevehicle’sbatterywillallowthetrucktorunforlongerperiodsoftimewithou

trecharging.There’salsoathirdtypeofpowerthatcomesintoplaywiththeAngloAmericantruck:kinetic(动力的)energycreatedthroughtheprocessofregenerativebra

king(再生制动系统).Whenanelectricvehicle—beittheAngloAmericantruck,ortheeDumper—rollsdownahill,thatmovementcreat

eselectricalenergyforthebatteryasyoubrake.Theelectricmotorspowerthecarthroughthebattery’sstoredenergy,butcanalsobecomeminigeneratorsthatreturns

omeenergybacktothebattery.AfterAngloAmericanfinishestesttrialswiththetruck,thefirmwillconductstudiestounderstandhowthetruck’spowerunitscanbeused

toprovideenergystorageinotherapplications.8.Whatcanbeknownabout“theeDumper”?A.Itweighsmorethan290tons.B.Itispowered

byhydrogenfuel.C.Itwillnolongerbethelargestelectrictruck.D.Itwilldiscouragebuyersforbeingexpensive.9.Wh

atcanbeinferredfromCraigWilson’swords?A.Batterytechnologyisthekeytoupdatingvehicles.B.Batterytechnologyisthebasisofmanufacturingtrucks.C.Thedevelopm

entofthelithium-ionbatteryislimited.D.Thefutureofthelithium-ionbatteryispromising.10.Whatisthebenefitofadoptinghydrogenfuelcells?A.Itcansavealoto

fmoney.B.Vehiclesbecomemoreeco-friendly.C.Ithasnoenvironmentalimpactatall.D.Vehiclesnolongerneedtoberecharged.11.Accordingtoparagraph5,which

ofthefollowingcanbeafeatureofregenerativebraking?A.Autonomousbraking.B.Energytransformation.C.Simpleoperati

on.D.zero-carbonemission.【答案】8.C9.D10.B11.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了位于伦敦的英美资源集团（AngloAmerican）正在开发一种重达290吨的卡车，这将成为世界上最大的电动卡车。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Thew

orld’sbiggestelectricvehicle—a45-tonminingdumptrucknamedtheeDumper—mayhavetogiveupitsthrone.Thenewcomer,poweredwithb

othelectricityandareserveofhydrogenfuel,isgoingtostealthattitleasthelargestelectricminingtruck.(世界上最大的

电动汽车——一辆45吨重的矿山自卸车，名叫eDumper——可能不得不放弃它的宝座。这个同时使用电力和氢燃料储备新建造的车，将会夺得最大电力采矿卡车的称号。)”可知，eDumper将不再是最大的电动卡车

。故选C。【9题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中“Theideaistoreplacethevehicle’sdieselengine(柴油机)withahigh-powermodularlithium-ionbattery(锂电池).“Wearedelightedtobe

involvedinthisinnovativeandexcitingprojectwhichshowsthepotentialofbatterytechnologythatcanadapttoincreaseddemands,fromautomotiveandmotorsportto‘

heavyduty’industrialapplications,”CraigWilson,managingdirectorofWilliamsAdvancedEngineering,said.(这个想法是用一个大功率的模

块化锂离子电池来代替汽车的柴油发动机。“我们很高兴参与这个创新和令人兴奋的项目，它展示了电池技术的潜力，可以适应从汽车和赛车到‘重型’工业应用等不断增长的需求。”)”可知，从CraigWilson的话可以看出，锂离子电池的未来充满

希望。故选D。【10题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段“Hydrogenfuelisaclearfuelthatproducesonlywaterasaby-productwhenconsumedinafuelcell.It’stypicall

yproducedfromnaturalgas,nuclearpower,orrenewablewindandsolarpower.Addinghydrogenfuelcellstothevehicle’sbatterywillallowthetruckto

runforlongerperiodsoftimewithoutrecharging.(氢燃料是一种清洁的燃料，在燃料电池中消耗时只产生副产品水。它通常由天然气、核能或可再生风能和太阳能发电产生。将氢燃料电池添加到

汽车的电池将允许卡车运行更长的时间不用充电。)”可知，氢燃料电池是一种更加环保的电池，由此可知，采用氢燃料电池的好处是汽车变得更加环保。故选B。【11题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段中“Whenanelectricvehicle—beit

theAngloAmericantruck,ortheeDumper—rollsdownahill,thatmovementcreateselectricalenergyforthebatteryasyoubrake.Theelectricmotorspowerthecarthrought

hebattery’sstoredenergy,butcanalsobecomeminigeneratorsthatreturnsomeenergybacktothebattery.(当一辆电动汽车——无论是英美卡车还是eDumper——从山上滚下来时，这种运动会在刹车时为电池

产生电能。电动马达通过电池储存的能量为汽车提供动力，但也可以成为迷你发电机，将一些能量返回给电池。)”可知，能量转换是再生制动的一个特性，故选B。【02】安徽省皖豫名校联盟2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考TheAlps’glaciers(冰川)are

ontrackfortheirhighestmasslossesinatleast60yearsofrecordkeeping,datasharedwithReutersshows.Bylookingatthedifferenceinhowm

uchsnowfellinwinter,andhowmuchicemeltsinsummer,scientistscanmeasurehowmuchaglacierhasshrunkinanygivenyear.Sincelastw

inter,whichbroughtrelativelylittlesnowfall,theAlpshavegonethroughtwobigearlysummerheatwaves—includingoneinJulymarke

dbytemperaturesnear30ºCintheSwissmountainvillageofZermatt.Duringthisheatwave,theelevation(海拔)atwhichwaterfrozewasmeasure

datarecordhighof5,184meters—atanaltitudehigherthanMontBlanc’s—comparedwiththenormalsummerlevelofbetwee

n3,000-3,500meters.Mostoftheworld’smountainglaciersareshrinkingduetoclimatechange.ButthoseintheEuropeanAl

psareespeciallyvulnerable(脆弱的)becausetheyaresmallerwithrelativelylittleicecover.Meanwhile,temperaturesinthe

Alpsarewarmingataround0.3ºCperdecade—aroundtwiceasfastastheglobalaverage.Ifgreenhousegasemissionscontinuetorise,theAlps’glaciersareexpectedt

olosemorethan80%oftheircurrentmassby2100.Manywilldisappearregardlessofwhateveractionistakennow,thankstoglobalwarmingbakedinbypastem

issions,accordingtoa2019reportbytheUNIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.Swissresidentsworrythattheglacierlos

seswillhurttheireconomy.SomeskiresortsoftheAlps,whichrelyontheseglaciers,nowcoverthemselveswithwhitesheetstoreflectsunlightandreducemelting.Swis

sglaciersfeatureinmanyofthecountry’sfairytales,andtheAletschGlacierisconsideredaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite.“Losingtheglaciersmeanslosingournational

heritageandouridentity,”saidhikerBernardinChavaillaz.12.WhathappenedtotheelevationatwhichwaterfrozeintheAlps?A.Itrema

inedunchanged.B.Itincreasedsharply.C.Itreachedanewlow.D.Itdroppednoticeably.13.What’sthemainpurposeofparagraph3?A.Tos

howtemperaturesarerisingintheAlps.B.Toproveclimatechangeleadstoheatwaves.C.ToexplainwhytheAlps’glaciersareindanger.D.Topre

dictwhatwillhappentotheAlps’glaciers.14.WhatdidBernardinChavaillazexpressinthelastparagraph?A.Hisadviceonprotectingg

laciers.B.Hisconfusioninfindinghisidentity.C.Hisconcernoverthelossofglaciers.D.Hisinterestinimprovingtheeconomy.15.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthet

ext?A.GlaciersintheAlpsAreDisappearingRapidlyB.ClimateChangeIsPresentingaThreattotheAlpsC.SummerHeatwavesHittheAlpsM

oreFrequentlyD.MeasuresAreNeededtoProtecttheAlps’Glaciers【答案】12.B13.C14.C15.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲的是由于气候变化，世界上大多数山地冰川正在消融，其中欧洲阿尔卑斯山的冰川尤其脆弱。数据显示，阿

尔卑斯山冰川的融化面积可能会创下近60年来的新高。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Duringthisheatwave,theelevation(海拔)atwhichwaterfrozewasmeasuredatarecordhighof5,184met

ers—atanaltitudehigherthanMontBlanc’s—comparedwiththenormalsummerlevelofbetween3,000-3,500meters.(在这次热浪中，水结冰的海拔达到了创纪录的5184米——比勃朗峰还要高——相比之下，正常的夏季海拔在

3000-3500米之间。)”可知，在这次热浪中，阿尔卑斯山脉的冰点海拔高度达到创纪录的5184米，而正常夏天的冰点高度一般介于3000米至3500米之间，因此它是急速升高。故选B。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Mostoftheworl

d’smountainglaciersareshrinkingduetoclimatechange.ButthoseintheEuropeanAlpsareespeciallyvulnerable(脆弱的)becausetheyaresmallerwithrelativelylit

tleicecover.Meanwhile,temperaturesintheAlpsarewarmingataround0.3ºCperdecade—aroundtwiceasfastastheglobalaverage.(由于气候变化，世界上大部分山地冰川都在缩小。但欧洲阿尔卑

斯山脉的山脉尤其脆弱，因为它们面积较小，冰覆盖相对较少。与此同时，阿尔卑斯山的气温正以每十年0.3摄氏度的速度上升——大约是全球平均速度的两倍。)”可知，第三段的主要目的是解释阿尔卑斯山的冰川为何处于危险之中。故选C。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一

段““Losingtheglaciersmeanslosingournationalheritageandouridentity,”saidhikerBernardinChavaillaz.(登山者BernardinChavaillaz说:“失去冰川意味着失去

我们的民族遗产和身份。”)”可知，BernardinChavaillaz在最后一段表达了他对冰川消失的担忧。故选C。【15题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“TheAlps’glaciers(冰川)areontrackfor

theirhighestmasslossesinatleast60yearsofrecordkeeping,datasharedwithReutersshows.(路透社分享的数据显示，阿尔卑斯山的冰川正在经历至少60年来最大的大规模损失。)”和第三段的“Mostoftheworld’smo

untainglaciersareshrinkingduetoclimatechange.ButthoseintheEuropeanAlpsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausetheyaresmallerwithrelati

velylittleicecover.(由于气候变化，世界上大部分山地冰川都在缩小。但欧洲阿尔卑斯山脉的山脉尤其脆弱，因为它们面积较小，冰覆盖相对较少。)”可知，本文主要讲的是由于气候变化，世界上大多数山地冰川正在消融，其中欧洲阿尔卑斯

山的冰川尤其脆弱。数据显示，阿尔卑斯山冰川的融化面积可能会创下近60年来的新高，因此最好的题目是A选项“GlaciersintheAlpsAreDisappearingRapidly(阿尔卑斯山的冰川正在迅速消失)

”，故选A。【03】广东省广州市第五中学2022-2023学年高三上学期10月月Parentingtechniquesmayhavelonglastingconsequencesforbehavior—evenwhenitcomesto

dogs.ResearchersattheUniversityofPennsylvaniastudiedtheearlydevelopment,parentingandthefollowingperformanceof98

puppieswhounderwentguidedogtraining.Dogswhoreceivedmoreindependenceandlesssupportfromtheirmothersweremorelikelytobesuccessfulinbecoming

aguidedog.ThestudywaspublishedMondayinthejournalProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.Mom-pupinteractionswereuse

dtodefinehowhighlyinvolvedthepuppy’smotherswere.Puppiesraisedwithhighlyinvolvedmothersweremorelikelytobereleased—ordropp

edoutfromtheguidedogprogram—comparedtothosewithlessattentivemothers.“Toomuchofagoodthingcanbeabadthing,”saidleadstudyresearcher

EmilyBray.Althoughthestudycouldn’tdefinitelypointtowhatwasdrivingthiseffect,“onepossibilityisthatthedogsthatarehavingoverbearin

g(专横的)mothersarenevergiventhechancetodealwithsmallchallengesontheirown,andisharmfultotheirlaterbehaviorandoutcomei

ntheirproblemsolving.Anotherpossibilityisthatthepuppiesforwhomthemothersarealwaysaroundarealsothemos

tanxiousorstressed,”sheexplained.“WhatIwashappyaboutwasthatthereisastudybeingdoneaboutearlylifeexperiencesindogs,”anotherresearcherDoloresHo

lesaid.“Ifthemomistryingtoprotectherpupsagainstsmallchallenges,thentheywillnotbesuitedforthebigchallenges.”Thestudyinclud

edthreebreeds(品种):Germanshepherds,LabradorretrieversandGoldenretrievers.Thepuppieswerefollowedfromthefirstweeksoflifeforseveralyears.Interestingly,L

abradorretrieverstendedtowashoutfromtheprogram,whileGoldenretrieverstendedtosucceed.Asforwhetherthefinding

scanbeappliedtohumanbabiesofso-called“helicopterparents,”Braywashesitant.“Ithinkpeoplecandrawparallels(相似之处),butIthinkyoualsohavetobecar

efulbecausetheyaredifferentspecies,”shesaid.Sheadded,“Thenicethingaboutdogsisthattheyarealotlesscomplicat

edthanhumans.”8.Whatmakessuccessfulguidedogsaccordingtothestudy?A.Lessattentiveowners.B.Morepracticaltraining.C.Lesssupporti

vemothers.D.Moretenseenvironment.9.WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytalkabout?A.Thenecessityofmom-pupinteractions.B.Somecharacteristicsof

goodguidedogs.C.Thesignificanceofhighparentalinvolvement.D.Potentialcausesofsomepuppies’poorperformance.10.WhatcanweknowaboutLabradorretrieversinth

estudy?A.Theychoosetostay.B.Theyfailtobequalified.C.Theyrisetochallenges.D.Theyareeasytonotice.11.Whichcanbeasuitabletitlefort

hetext?A.ParentingtechniquescanapplytoguidedogsB.GuidedogsarelesscomplicatedthanhumansC.ResearchershelpraisepublicawarenessofblindpeopleD.Astudy

isdoneaboutearlylifeexperiencesofhumanbabies【答案】8.C9.D10.B11.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章向读者分析了犬类早期家庭教育对于其后天能力形成及个体发展的影响

。通过实验结果进行阐述，并探讨了这一结论是否能被应用于人类身上这一点。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“Dogswhoreceivedmoreindependenceandlesssupportfromtheir

mothersweremorelikelytobesuccessfulinbecomingaguidedog.(从母亲那里获得更多独立性和较少支持的狗更有可能成功成为导盲犬。)”可知，来自母亲的支持更少的狗狗更可能成为一条成功的导盲犬。故选C。【9题详解】主旨大意题。根据第四段中“onep

ossibilityisthatthedogsthatarehavingoverbearing（专横的）mothersarenevergiventhechancetodealwithsmallchallengesontheirown,andisharmfult

otheirlaterbehaviorandoutcomeintheirproblemsolving.Anotherpossibilityisthatthepuppiesforwhomthemothers

arealwaysaroundarealsothemostanxiousorstressed.(一种可能是，那些有专横的母亲的狗从来没有机会自己处理小挑战，这对它们以后的行为和解决问题的结果是有害的。另一种可能是，总是有妈妈在身边的小狗也

是最焦虑或压力最大的。)”可知，本段主要说明了有一些狗狗不能成为导盲犬的原因，即第四段主要分析了使得狗宝宝表现不佳的原因。故选D。【10题详解】细节理解题。根据第六段中“Thestudyincludedthreebreeds（品种）:Germanshepherds,Labr

adorretrieversandGoldenretrievers.Thepuppieswerefollowedfromthefirstweeksoflifeforseveralyears.Interestingly,

Labradorretrieverstendedtowashoutfromtheprogram,whileGoldenretrieverstendedtosucceed.(该研究的研究对象包括三个品种：德牧、拉布拉多和金毛。这些幼犬从出生后几周就被跟踪观察了数年

。有趣的是，拉布拉多猎犬往往会被淘汰，而金毛往往会成功。)”可知，拉布拉多猎犬往往会被淘汰，而金毛往往会成功。故选B。【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据本文通过实验举例分析了父母早期教育对于犬类日后成长发展的影响，并探讨了不同教育对于犬类的不同影响。

A选项“Parentingtechniquescanapplytoguidedogs.(育儿技巧也适用于导盲犬)”最能概括文章内容。故选A。【04】浙江省强基联盟2022-2023学年高三上学期10月联考InJapan,youarewhatyourb

loodtypeis.Aperson’sbloodtypeispopularlybelievedtodecidehis/hercharacterandpersonality.Type-Apeoplearegenerallyconsideredsensitiveperfe

ctionistsandgoodteamplayers,butover-anxious.TypeOsarecuriousandgenerousbutstubborn.TypeABsareartisticbutmysteriousandunpredic

table,andtypeBsarecheerfulbuteccentric,individualistic,andselfish.Thoughlackingscientificevidence,thisbeliefiswidelyseeninbooks,magazines,andtele

visionshows.Lastyear,fourofJapan’stop10bestsellerswereabouthowbloodtypedeterminespersonality,throughwhichreadersseemedtobeabletod

iscoverthedefinitionoftheirbloodtypeorhavetheirself-imageconfirmed.Theblood-typebeliefhasbeenusedinunusualways.Thewomens

oftballteamthatwongoldforJapanattheBeijingOlympicsisreportedtohaveusedblood-typetheoriestocustomizetrainingforeac

hplayer.Somekindergartenshaveadoptedteachingmethodsalongbloodgrouplines,andevenmajorcompaniesreportedlymakedecisionsaboutassi

gnmentsbasedonanemployee’sbloodtype.In1990,MitsubishiElectronicswasreportedtohaveannouncedtheformationofateamcomposedentirelyofABworkers,tha

nksto“theirabilitytomakeplans”.Thebeliefevenaffectspolitics.Oneformerprimeministerconsidereditimportantenoughtoreveali

nhisofficialprofilethathewasatypeA,whilehisoppositionrivalwastypeB.In2011,aminister,RyuMatsumoto,wasforced

toresignafteronlyaweekinoffice,whenabad-temperedencounterwithlocalofficialswastelevised.Inhisresignationspeech,heblamedhisfailingsonthefa

ctthathewasbloodtypeB.Theblood-typecraze,consideredsimplyharmlessfunbysomeJapanese,mayrevealitselfaspre

judiceanddiscrimination.Infact,thisseemssocommonthattheJapanesenowhaveatermforit:bura-hara,meaningblood-typeharassment(骚扰).Therearerep

ortsofdiscriminationleadingtochildrenbeingbullied,endingofhappyrelationships,andlossofjobopportunitiesduetobloodtype.8.What’sthemaini

deaofparagraph1?A.TheJapaneseattachgreatimportancetobloodtype.B.ThebooksaboutbloodtypearepopularinJapan.C.TheJapaneseconfirmtheirpersonalityto

tallythroughbloodtype.D.TheJapanesethinkbloodtypebestsellersareimportanttotheirself-image.9.Accordingtothepassage,whi

chbloodtypecanweinferistheLEASTfavoredinJapan?A.TypeA.B.TypeB.C.TypeO.D.TypeAB.10.PrimeMinisterRyuMatsumotoresignedfromofficebecause________.A

.herevealedhisrival’sbloodtypeB.hewasseenbehavingrudelyonTVC.heblamedhisfailingsonlocalofficialsD.hewasdiscriminate

dagainstbecauseofbloodtype11.Whatisthespeaker’sattitudetowardtheblood-typebeliefinJapan?A.Negative.B.Defensive.C

.Objective.D.Encouraging.【答案】8.A9.B10.B11.A【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。本文主要介绍血型在日本非常重要，以日本人在血型上的态度。【8题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一

段“InJapan,youarewhatyourbloodtypeis.Aperson’sbloodtypeispopularlybelievedtodecidehis/hercharacterandpe

rsonality.Type-Apeoplearegenerallyconsideredsensitiveperfectionistsandgoodteamplayers,butover-anxious.TypeOsarecuriou

sandgenerousbutstubborn.TypeABsareartisticbutmysteriousandunpredictable,andtypeBsarecheerfulbuteccentric,individualistic,andselfish.Thoughl

ackingscientificevidence,thisbeliefiswidelyseeninbooks,magazines,andtelevisionshows.Lastyear,fourofJap

an’stop10bestsellerswereabouthowbloodtypedeterminespersonality,throughwhichreadersseemedtobeabletodisco

verthedefinitionoftheirbloodtypeorhavetheirself-imageconfirmed.”（在日本，你就是你的血型。人们普遍认为，一个人的血型决定了他/她的性格和个性。A类人通常被认为是敏感的完美主义者和优秀的团队合作者，但过于焦虑

。O型性格好奇心强，慷慨大方，但很固执。AB型是艺术型，但神秘莫测；B型是快乐型，但古怪，个人主义，自私。尽管缺乏科学证据，但这一信念在书籍、杂志和电视节目中广泛存在。去年，日本十大畅销书中有四本是关于血型如何决定个性的，通过这

些书，读者似乎能够发现血型的定义，或者确认他们的自我形象）可知，第一段主要讲述日本人认为他们的血型很重要。故选A。【9题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Thebeliefevenaffectspolitics.Oneformerprimeministerconsideredit

importantenoughtorevealinhisofficialprofilethathewasatypeA,whilehisoppositionrivalwastypeBIn2011,aminister,RyuMatsumoto,wasforce

dtoresignafteronlyaweekinoffice,whenabad-temperedencounterwithlocalofficialswastelevised.Inhisresignationspeech,heblamedhisfa

ilingsonthefactthathewasbloodtypeB.”（这种信仰甚至影响政治。一位前首相认为，在其官方简介中透露自己是A型血人足够重要，而他的反对对手是B型血人。2011年，部长松本龙一在任职仅一周后就被迫辞职，当时电视转播了他与地方官员的一次脾气暴躁的遭遇。

在辞职演说中，他将自己的失败归咎于自己是B型血）可知，前首相让民众相信自己的对手是B型血，以及松本龙一把自己的失败归咎于是B型血。由此推知，B型血应该是最不被大家喜欢的血型。故选B。【10题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“In2011,aminister

,RyuMatsumoto,wasforcedtoresignafteronlyaweekinoffice,whenabad-temperedencounterwithlocalofficialswa

stelevised.”（2011年，一位部长松本龙一在任职仅一周后就被迫辞职，当时电视转播了他与地方官员的一次脾气暴躁的遭遇）可知，松本龙一在任职仅一周后就被迫辞职是因为转播了他的不当行为。故选B。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Theblood-typecraze,c

onsideredsimplyharmlessfunbysomeJapanese,mayrevealitselfasprejudiceanddiscrimination.Infact,thisseemssocommonthattheJapanesenowhav

eatermforit:bura-hara,meaningblood-typeharassment(骚扰).Therearereportsofdiscriminationleadingtochildre

nbeingbullied,endingofhappyrelationships,andlossofjobopportunitiesduetobloodtype.”（血型热，被一些日本人认为是无害的玩笑，可能会暴露出偏见和歧视。事实上，这似乎很常见，日本人现在有了一个术语：buraha

ra，意思是血型骚扰。有报道称，歧视导致儿童受到欺负，结束了幸福的关系，并因血型而失去了工作机会）推知，作者对血型是消极的态度。故选A。【05】湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学高三上学期月考卷（二）Hundredso

fnativeNorthAmericanplants,oftendismissedasweeds,deservealotmorerespect,accordingtoanewstudy.Theseplants,distantcousinsoffoodslikesunflow

ersandlettuce(莴苣),actuallyrepresentabotanicaltreasurenowfacingincreasedthreatsfromclimatechangeandhabitatloss

.Thecropsthatthehumanracenowdependson,includinggrainslikewheatandtreefruitlikepeaches,originallywereselectedorbred(培育)fro

mplantsthatgrewwildhundredsorthousandsofyearsago.IntheU.S.,therearewildancestorsofblueberries,sweetpotatoes,onions,potatoes,andma

nyotherfoodcrops.“Someofthemarequitecommon,”saysColinKhoury,aresearchscientistattheInternationalCenterforTropicalAgriculture

.“Wildlettuceplantsgrowalongsidewalks,orinbackyards,butgounrecognized.”Othercroprelativesarerareandthreatened.OneofKhoury’sfavoritesistheparadoxical

sunflower.”ItgrowsjustinwetlandsofthedesertsofNewMexicoandTexas.Littlesaltyareaswherethere’salittlebitofwaterbeneaththesoil,”hesays.Sopl

antgrowerscrossbreditwithcommercialsunflowersandcreatednewvarietiesthatcangrowinplaceswherethesoilcontainsmoresalt.Otherwildrelativesmaybehid

ingsimilarlyremarkablegifts,Khourysays,suchasgenesthatcouldhelptheirdomesticatedrelativessurvivediseases,ordea

lwithpests.Khouryandsomeofhiscolleaguesjustfinishedasurveyofabout600wildcroprelativesthatgrowinNorthAmerica,andtheyfoundtha

tmostoftheseplantsarethreatenedbythingslikefires,farminganddevelopment.Thescientistsarguethattheydeservemoreprotection.Foronething,“genebanks”sho

uldcollectandpreservethem.Inaddition,theseplantsneedmoreprotectionintheirnaturalhabitat.AccordingtoKho

ury,thatdoesn’tnecessarilymeansettingasidelandforthem.Inmanycases,theplantsalreadyaregrowingonpubliclandthat’smanagedbytheU.S.ForestService(USFS)ort

heBureauofLandManagement(BLM).“It’smoreaboutjustbeingawarethattheseplantsactuallyexist,”hesays.28.Whatdidthenews

tudymainlyfocuson?A.Endangeredplantspecies.B.Wildrelativesoffoodcrops.C.Theimpactsofclimatechange.D.Thethreatsfromplanthabitatloss

.29.Whatdoweknowabouttheparadoxicalsunflower?A.Itneedsmuchwatertogrowwell.B.Itgrowsalongsidewalksorinbackyards.C.Itseemscapableofsurvivingvariousdise

ases.D.Ithelpscommercialsunflowersadapttosaltysoil.30.Howmightthescientistsfeelabouttheirsurveyresults?A.Relieved.B.Concerned.C.Annoyed.D.C

ritical.31.WhatmightKhourysuggesttheBLMdo?A.JoinhandswiththeUSFS.B.Setasidelandforwildplants.C.Collec

tgenesofthreatenedcropspecies.D.Learnaboutplantsonitsmanagedland.【答案】28.B29.D30.B31.D【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。我们现在所食用的多种植物都是从远古时期就存在的野生植物嫁接或育种而

来。然而，这些植物的“野生远亲”现在却被人们弃之如草芥，没有得到应有的保护和尊重。研究人员认为，这些野生植物在帮助我们现存的植物应对气候变化、病虫害及栖息地丧失方面可以发挥巨大的作用，我们应该对其加大保护力度。【

28题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段的“HundredsofnativeNorthAmericanplants,oftendismissedasweeds,deservealotmorerespect,acc

ordingtoanewstudy.Theseplants,distantcousinsoffoodslikesunflowersandlettuce,actuallyrepresentabotanicaltreasurenowfacingincre

asedthreatsfromclimatechangeandhabitatloss.(根据一项新的研究，数百种北美本土植物，通常被认为是杂草，应该得到更多的尊重。这些植物是向日葵和生菜等食物的远亲，实际上是一种面临气候变化和栖息地丧失日益严重威胁的植物瑰宝。)”可知，这项新研究主要关注

的是粮食作物的野生亲缘。故选B。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Soplantgrowerscrossbreditwithcommercialsunflowersandcreatednewvarietiesthatc

angrowinplaceswherethesoilcontainsmoresalt.(因此，植物种植者将它与商业向日葵杂交，创造出可以在土壤含盐更多的地方生长的新品种。)”可知，“theparadoxicalsunflower”与商用向日葵杂

交产生的向日葵可适应含盐高的土壤。故选D。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Khouryandsomeofhiscolleaguesjustfinishedasurveyofabout600wildcroprelativesthatgrowinNorthAm

erica,andtheyfoundthatmostoftheseplantsarethreatenedbythingslikefires,farminganddevelopment.(库里和他的一些同事刚刚完成了一项对大约600种生长在北美的野生作物亲属的调查，他们发现这些植物中的大多数都

受到火灾、农业和开发等因素的威胁。)”可知，科学家们对约600种野生植物进行了调研后发现，其中绝大多数的生存状况不容乐观，受到了诸如火灾、农耕及社会发展的威胁。由此可推知，科学家们对其发现会感到担忧。故选B。【31题详解】推理判断题。根

据最后一段的“Inmanycases,theplantsalreadyaregrowingonpubliclandthat’smanagedbytheU.S.ForestService(USFS)ortheBureauofLandManagement(B

LM).(在许多情况下，这些植物已经生长在由美国林务局(USFS)或土地管理局(BLM)管理的公共土地上。)”和“It’smoreaboutjustbeingawarethattheseplantsactually

exist(更重要的是要意识到这些植物确实存在)”可推知，Khoury可能会建议美国内政部土地管理局去了解其管辖范围内的植物，从而保护这些野生植物。故选D。【06】河南省实验中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次月考TheWorldHealthOrganizationwarnsthat

millionsofpeoplearedyingeveryyearfromindoorairpollution.Nearlythreebillionpeopleareunabletousecleanfuelsandtechnologiesforcooking,heatingasw

ellaslighting.Thesefindingsshowthattheuseofdeadlyfuelsininefficientstoves,spaceheatersorlightsistoblameformanyofthesedeaths.WHOofficialssayindoorpol

lutionleadstoearlydeathsfromstroke,heartandlungdisease,childhoodpneumoniaandlungcancer.Womenandgirlsaret

hemainvictims.Thesediseasescanoftenresultfromtheburningofsolidfuels.Thesefuelsincludewood,coal,animalwaste,cropwasteandc

harcoal.TheUnitedNationsfoundthatmorethan95percentofhouseholdsinsub-SaharanAfricadependonsolidfuelsforcooking.ItsayshugepopulationsinI

ndia,ChinaandLatinAmericancountries,suchasGuatermalaandPeru,arealsoatrisk.NigelBraceisaprofessorofPublicHealthattheU

niversityofLiverpool.Hesaysresearchersaredevelopinggoodcook-stovesandotherequipmenttoburnfuelsinamoreefficientway.Therearealreadymulti

pletechnologiesavailableforuseincleanfuels.Thereisreallyquiteaneffectiveandreasonablylow-costalcoholstovemadebyDometic(aSweden-basedcompany)that

isnowbeingtestedout.LPG(LiquefieldPetroleumGas)cookisobviouslywidelyavailableandeffortsareunderwaytomak

ethoseefficient.Anotherinterestingdevelopmentiselectricinductionstoves.WHOexpertsnotethatsomenew,safeandlow-costtechnolog

iesthatcouldhelparealreadyavailable.InIndia,youcanbuyaninductionstoveforabout$8.00.AndinAfricayoucanbuyasolarlampf

orlessthan$1.00.Butthis,theagencysays,isjustastart.Itisurgingdevelopingcountriestousecleanerfuelsandincreaseaccesstocl

eanerandmoremoderncookingandheatingappliances/devices.12.Whatdoestheindoorpollutionmainlyresultfrom?A.Poisonousfuel

s.B.Hightechnology.C.Spaceheaters.D.Solarenergy.13.HowisParagraph3mainlydeveloped?A.Byshowingdifferences.B.B

ydescribingaprocess.C.Bymakingalist.D.Byanalyzingdata.14.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Indoorpollutionresultsinsomedeaths.B.Mostofthedeathsarein

developingcountries.C.Thesolidfuelsareusedinmoreeffectiveways.D.Thereisnoindoorpollutionindevelopedco

untries.15.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.LPGcooksarebeingtestedout.B.Alcoholstovesarewidelyusednow.C.Electricinductionstov

esareexpensive.D.SolarlampsareverycheapinAfrica.【答案】12.A13.C14.B15.D【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。世界卫生组织警告称，每年有数百万人死于室内空气污染。近30亿人无法使用清洁燃

料和技术来做饭、取暖和照明。文章说明了室内污染导致死亡的主要原因、引发疾病以及应对措施等。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Thesefindingsshowthattheuseofdeadlyfuelsininefficientstoves,spaceheatersorligh

tsistoblameformanyofthesedeaths.(这些发现表明，在低效的炉子、空间加热器或照明中使用致命燃料是造成许多死亡的原因)”可知，室内污染的主要原因是有毒燃料。故选A。【13题详解】推理判断题

。根据第三段“WHOofficialssayindoorpollutionleadstoearlydeathsfromstroke,heartandlungdisease,childhoodpneumoniaandlungcancer.Wo

menandgirlsarethemainvictims.Thesediseasescanoftenresultfromtheburningofsolidfuels.Thesefuelsincludewood,coal,animalwaste,cro

pwasteandcharcoal.(世卫组织官员说，室内污染会导致中风、心脏病和肺病、儿童肺炎和肺癌等疾病的过早死亡。妇女和女童是主要受害者。这些疾病往往是由燃烧固体燃料引起的。这些燃料包括木材、煤炭、动物粪便、作物粪便和

木炭)”可推知，第三段主要是通过列举来展开的。故选C。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“TheUnitedNationsfoundthatmorethan95percentofhouseholdsinsub-Sah

aranAfricadependonsolidfuelsforcooking.ItsayshugepopulationsinIndia,ChinaandLatinAmericancountries,suchasGuatermalaa

ndPeru,arealsoatrisk.(联合国发现，撒哈拉以南非洲地区超过95%的家庭依靠固体燃料做饭。该组织说，印度、中国以及危地马拉和秘鲁等拉美国家的大量人口也面临风险)”可推知，大多数死亡发生在发展中国

家。故选B。【15题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“AndinAfricayoucanbuyasolarlampforlessthan$1.00.(在非洲，你花不到1美元就能买到一盏太阳能灯)”可知，D选项“

太阳能灯在非洲很便宜”正确。故选D。【07】湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学高三上学期月考卷（二）Itisn’tjustthebeautyofvastnaturalwondersliketheGrandCanyonthatcantakeyourbre

athaway.Youcanfindaweineverydaythings.Anewresearch,publishedinthejournalEmotion,foundthatolderadultswhotook“awewalks”feltmorepositiveem

otionsintheirdailylives.Inthestudy,52olderadultsaged60to90weredividedrandomlyintotwogroups.Theyweretoldtotakeatleastone15-minutewalke

achweekforeightweeks.Volunteersinthe“awegroup”wereinstructedinhowtoinspireaweastheywalked.“Weaskedthemtotrytoseetheworldwithfresheyes

—totakeinnewdetailsofaleaforflower,forexample,”Sturmsays.Forexample,oneparticipantfromtheawegroupwroteabout“thebe

autifulfallcolorsandhowtheleaveswerenolongercrunchy(嘎吱响)underfootbecauseoftherain”—thewonderthatsmallchildrenfeelastheyembracetheirexpan

dingworld.However,peopleintheothergroupwerelessfocusedontheworldaroundthem.Oneparticipantwrote,“Ithoughtabouto

urvacationinHawaiinextThursday.”Inaddition,participantswereaskedtotakeselfies(自拍)inthebeginning,middle,andendofeachwalk.R

esearchersfoundthatparticipantswhotookawewalksshoweda“smallself”,inthattheyfilledlessoftheirphotographswiththeirownimageandmorewitht

hebackgroundscenery.“Whenwefeelawe,ourattentionshiftsfromfocusingonourselvestofocusingontheworldaroundus,”Sturmsa

ys.“Aweaffectsoursocialrelationshipsbecauseithelpsustofeelmoreconnectedwiththeworld,universe,andotherpeople.”Theirsmilesalsogrewbroaderbythe

endofthestudy.“Weanalyzedtheintensityoftheirsmilesintheselfies,andparticipantswhotookawewalksdisplayedgreatersmile

sovertimethanthosewhotookcontrolwalks.Theformerreportedgreaterpositiveemotionsingeneral,includingmorejoyandgratit

ude.”Participantsinthecontrolgrouptookmorefrequentwalksthanthosepeopleintheawegroup,theresearchersdiscovered.But

walkingmoredidn’tresultinpositivechangesinemotionalhealthorinthewaytheirselfiesweretaken.Thissuggeststhattheresultsweremainlyduetoexperie

ncingawe,andnotjustinspendingtimeexercising.32.Whatwereparticipantsinthe“awegroup”requiredtodoinParagraph2?A.To

takeawalkeachweek.B.Tofocusontheirinnerworld.C.Tocollectleavesaftertherain.D.Toexplorewithchildlikecuriosity.33.Whatcanweseei

ntheselfiesfromtheawewalks?A.Close-upimageswithwidesmiles.B.Moreattentiononthemselves.C.Simplythebackgroundscenery.D.Smallfigureswithbiggersmiles

.34.Whatcanweknowfromthelastparagraph?A.Experiencingawecounts.B.Morewalks,morejoy.C.Exercisescanbenefitus.D.Awecomeswithwalking.35.W

hichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitle?A.AweWalksPromoteYourPhysicalFitnessB.ExperiencingAweDoesWondersforEveryoneC.AweWalksImproveYourP

ositiveEmotionsD.FrequentWalksContributetoEmotionalHealth【答案】32.D33.D34.A35.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文,介绍一项有关awewalk(敬畏步行)的研究，研究表明怀敬畏之心行路有利于产生积极的情绪。【3

2题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的第五句“Forexample,oneparticipantfromtheawegroupwroteabout“thebeautifulfallcolorsandhowtheleaveswerenolongercrunchy(嘎吱响

)underfootbecauseoftherain”—thewonderthatsmallchildrenfeelastheyembracetheirexpandingworld.(比如，敬畏步行组的一名参与者描

写了“秋天美丽的颜色，下雨后,脚下的树叶不再被踩得嘎吱响。”——这种惊奇像孩子们拥抱他们不断延伸的世界时所感受到的那样。)”可知，研究人员要求敬畏步行组怀着孩子般的好奇心探索路程。故选D项。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段的第二句“Researche

rsfoundthatparticipantswhotookawewalksshoweda‘smallself,inthattheyfilledlessoftheirphotographswiththeirownimageandmorewiththebackgroundscenery.(研究人员

发现，敬畏地散步的参与者表现出一种“小我”，因为他们用自己的图像填充的照片较少，而更多地用背景风景填充。)”和倒数第三句“Theirsmilesalsogrewbroaderbytheendofthestudy.(研究结束时，他们的笑

容也变得更加灿烂。)”可知，敬畏步行组的自拍照中，自己的身体只占一小部分，而且面带灿烂的微笑。所以他们的自拍照中，可能显示的是小身形，但是面带灿烂微笑。故选D项。【34题详解】推理判断题。最后一段的最后两句“Butwalkingmoredidn’tres

ultinpositivechangesinemotionalhealthorinthewaytheirselfiesweretaken.Thissuggeststhattheresultsweremainlyduetoexperiencing

awe,andnotjustinspendingtimeexercising.(但是多走路并不会对情绪健康或者自拍方式产生积极的影响。这表明，结果主要是由于体验敬畏，而不只是在花时间锻炼。)”提到积极健康情绪产生于心

怀敬畏，而非只是简单地花时间锻炼。由此可知，作者在最后一段想传达的是，心怀敬畏才是真正产生影响的。故选A项。【35题详解】主旨大意题。结合全文，文章主要介绍一项有关awewalk(敬畏步行)的研究，尤其是根据第一段的“Anewresearchpublishedi

nthejournalEmotion,foundthatolderadultswhotook‘awewalks’feltmorepositiveemotionsintheirdailylives.(发表在《情感》杂志上的一项新研究发现，那些“敬畏步行”的老年人在日常生活中感受到更多的积极情绪

。)”和最后一段“Participantsinthecontrolgrouptookmorefrequentwalksthanthosepeopleintheawegroup,theresearchersdiscovered.Butwalk

ingmoredidn’tresultinpositivechange:inemotionalhealthorinthewaytheirselfiesweretaken.Thissuggeststhattheresultsweremainly

duetoexperiencingawe,andnotjustinspendingtimeexercising.(研究人员发现，控制组的参与者比敬畏组的参与者更频繁地散步。但是多走路并不会对情绪健康或者自拍方式产生积极的影响。这表明，结果主要是由于体验敬畏，而不只是在花时间锻炼。)”可知，敬畏步行

有利于促进积极健康情绪。所以C项“敬畏步行能促进积极的情绪”最适合作为本文标题。故选C项。【08】浙江省C8名校协作体2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次联考IliveinthelandofDisney,Hollywoodandyear

-roundsun.Youmaythinkpeopleinsuchaglamorous,fun-filledplacearehappierthanothers.Ifso,youhavesomemistakenideasaboutthenatureofhappiness.Manyinte

lligentpeoplestillequatehappinesswithfun.Thetruthisthatfunandhappinesshavelittleornothingincommon.Funiswhatweexperienc

eduringanact.Happinessiswhatweexperienceafteranact.Itisadeeper,moreabidingemotion.Goingtoanamusementparkorballgame,watchingamovieortel

evision,arefunactivitiesthathelpusrelax,temporarilyforgetourproblemsandmaybeevenlaugh.Buttheydonotbringha

ppiness,becausetheirpositiveeffectsendwhenthefunends.IhaveoftenthoughtthatifHollywoodstarshavearoletoplay,itistoteachusth

athappinesshasnothingtodowithfun.Theserich,beautifulindividualshaveconstantaccesstoglamorousparties,fancycars,expensivehomes,everythingtha

tspells“happiness”.Butinmemoiraftermemoir,celebritiesrevealtheunhappinesshiddenbeneathalltheirfun:depression,alcoholi

sm,drugaddiction,brokenmarriages,troubledchildrenandprofoundloneliness.Askabachelorwhyheresistsmarriageeven

thoughhefindsdatingtobelessandlesssatisfying.Ifhe’shonest,hewilltellyouthatheisafraidofmakingacommitment.Forcommitmentisinf

actquitepainful.Thesinglelifeisfilledwithfun,adventureandexcitement.Marriagehassuchmoments,buttheyarenotitsmostdistinguishingfeatures.Simila

rly,couplesthatchoosenottohavechildrenaredecidinginfavorofpainlessfunoverpainfulhappiness.Theycandineoutwhenevertheywantandsleepaslateastheywant.Coup

leswithinfantchildrenareluckytogetawholenight’ssleeporathree-dayvacation.Idon’tknowanyparentwhowouldchoosethewordfuntodescri

beraisingchildren.Understandingandacceptingthattruehappinesshasnothingtodowithfunisoneofthemostliberatingrealizationswecanevercometo.Itliberate

stime:nowwecandevotemorehourstoactivitiesthatcangenuinelyincreaseourhappiness.Itliberatesmoney:buyingthatnewcarorthosefancyclothestha

twilldonothingtoincreaseourhappinessnowseemspointless.Anditliberatesusfromenvy:wenowunderstandthatallthoserichand

glamorouspeopleweweresosurearehappybecausetheyarealwayshavingsomuchfunactuallymaynotbehappyatall.8.Whichofthefollowingistr

ue?A.Funcreateslong-lastingsatisfaction.B.Happinessisenduringwhereasfunisshort-lived.C.Funprovidesenjoymentwhilepainleadstohapp

iness.D.Funthatislong-standingmayleadtohappiness.9.Totheauthor,Hollywoodstarsallhaveanimportantroletoplay

thatisto________.A.writememoiraftermemoirabouttheirhappinessB.teachpeoplehowtoenjoytheirlivesC.tellthepublicthathappin

esshasnothingtodowithfunD.bringhappinesstothepublicinsteadofgoingtoglamorousparties10.Havinginfantchildren,thecou

plescan________.A.gainhappinessfromtheircommitmentB.findfuningettingthemintobedatnightC.findmoretimetoplayandjokewiththemD.beluckysincetheycanhaveawh

olenight’ssleep11.Ifonegetsthemeaningofthetruesenseofhappiness,hewill________.A.stopplayinggamesandjokingwithothersB.keephimselfwithhis

familyC.giveafreehandtomoneyD.makethebestuseofhistimetoincreasehappiness【答案】8.B9.C10.A11.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章议论了短暂的乐趣和长久的幸福之

间的不同之处。同时揭示了幸福的真谛是奉献。当明白幸福的真谛，就可以放下当下的妒忌以及金钱追求，充分利用自己的时间来增加幸福。【8题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中“Thetruthisthatfunandhappinesshavelittleor

nothingincommon.Funiswhatweexperienceduringanact.Happinessiswhatweexperienceafteranact.Itisadeeper,moreabidingemotion.(事实上，乐趣和幸福几

乎没有共同之处。乐趣是我们在表演过程中所体验到的。幸福是我们在行动之后所体验到的。它是一种更深刻、更持久的情感。)”可知，幸福是持久的，而乐趣是短暂的。故选B。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中“Ihaveoftenthoughtth

atifHollywoodstarshavearoletoplay,itistoteachusthathappinesshasnothingtodowithfun.(我常想，如果说好莱坞明星有什么作用的话，那就是教会我们，幸福与乐趣无关。)”可知，好莱坞明星们

重要的作用，那就是告诉公众，幸福与快乐无关。故选C。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“Forcommitmentisinfactquitepainful.(因为承诺实际上是相当痛苦的。)”以及倒数第二段中“Coupleswithinf

antchildrenareluckytogetawholenight’ssleeporathree-dayvacation.(有婴儿的夫妇能睡上一整夜或放三天假就很幸运了。)”可知，有婴儿的夫妇即使带孩子很辛苦，但是从他们的承诺中可以获得快乐。故选A

。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Understandingandacceptingthattruehappinesshasnothingtodowithfunisoneofthemostliberatingrealizationswecanevercometo.(理解并接

受真正的幸福与乐趣无关，这是我们能达到的最自由的认识之一。)”以及“Itliberatestime;Itliberatesmoney;itliberatesusfromenvy(它解放了时间，它解放了金钱，它把我们从嫉妒中解放出来)”可知，当理解了幸福的真谛，人们就可以从时间上，金

钱上以及嫉妒上解放出来，充分利用自己的时间来增加幸福。故选D。【09】甘肃省张掖市2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次诊断考试Elderlypeoplehaveahigherchanceofsufferingfromillnessessuchasdiabetes,cancer,and

heartdisease.OnecommonhealthproblemthataffectsthemisAlzheimer’sdisease,whichaffectsaperson’smemory,behavior,andthinking.Becauseofmemorylossandbehavi

oralchanges,peoplewithAlzheimer’smayslowlybecomeunabletotakecareofthemselves,eventuallyrequiringconstantcarefromfamilymembersorcaregivers.Th

ereisnocureforAlzheimer’satthemoment—drugscanonlytreatitssymptoms.Buttechnologycanimprovethelivesofthoselivingwi

ththeconditionbymakingiteasierforthemtogoabouttheirdailyactivities.Forexample,trackingdevicesplacedinwatchesorjewelryc

anmonitorwhereapersonis.Automatedreminderscanalsobestoredinmotionsensorsandplacedaroundthehouse.Whenasensordetectsmovement,itcanpla

yarecordedvoicemessagetoremindthepersontolockthedoororturnoffthestove.Alzheimer’sdiseaseisahugechallenge,but

wemaybegettingclosetofindingasolution.Inthefuture,itmightbepossibletotreatAlzheimer’swithoutusingdrugs.AteamofresearchersinAustraliahasc

reatedaformoftechnologythatcansendsoundwavesintothebrain.ThesesoundwaveshelptoclearwasteinthebrainthatcontributestoAlzheim

er’s.Theteamhastestedtheirtechnologyandfoundthatithelpedtorestorememoryin75percentofmice.Workonthetechnologyisn’tcomplete,but,ifsuccessfu

l,itcouldpreventmemorylossinpeoplewithAlzheimer’s.Thisreallydoesfundamentallychangetheunderstandingofhowtotreatthisdiseaseandresearchersforeseeagr

eatfutureforthisapproach.12.Alzheimer’sisadiseasethatmainlyaffectsthe____.A.musclesB.bloodC.brainD.heart13.Uptonow,whichcanhelpAlzheimer’

spatientswhogetlosteasily?A.Trackingdevices.B.Automatedreminders.C.Sendingsoundwavesintothebrain.D.Restoringmemory.14.Whichofthefoll

owingcanreplace“contributesto”inthelastparagraph?A.Helpstocure.B.Helpstocause.C.Helpstoworsen.D.Helpstoprevent

.15.What’sthemainideaofthetext?A.Elderlypeoplewillbegintofacemanychallenges.B.Societyshouldprovideenoughhealthcaretoelderlypeo

ple.C.There’saneedtobetterunderstandthecauseofAlzheimer’s.D.TechnologymightsolvesomeproblemsofpeoplewithAlzheimer’s.【答案】12.C13.A14

.B15.D【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了阿兹海默症会影响一个人的记忆、行为和思维，目前还没有治愈阿尔茨海默病的方法——药物只能治疗其症状，但科技可以改善这些人的生活，让他们更容易进行日常活动。文章列举了

一些有助于解决老年痴呆症患者问题的科技。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“OnecommonhealthproblemthataffectsthemisAlzheimer’sdisease,whichaffectsaperson’smemory,behavior,

andthinking.Becauseofmemorylossandbehavioralchanges,peoplewithAlzheimer’smayslowlybecomeunabletotakecareofthemselv

es,eventuallyrequiringconstantcarefromfamilymembersorcaregivers.(影响他们的一个常见健康问题是阿尔茨海默病，它会影响一个人的记忆、行为和思维。由于记忆丧失和行为变化，阿尔茨海默氏症患者

可能会慢慢变得无法照顾自己，最终需要家人或照顾者的持续照顾)”可知，阿尔茨海默病是一种主要影响大脑的疾病。故选C。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中“Buttechnologycanimprovethelivesofthoselivingwiththeconditionbymakingitea

sierforthemtogoabouttheirdailyactivities.Forexample,trackingdevicesplacedinwatchesorjewelrycanmonitorwh

ereapersonis.(但科技可以改善这些人的生活，让他们更容易进行日常活动。例如，放置在手表或珠宝上的跟踪设备可以监控一个人的位置)”可知，到目前为止，跟踪装置可以帮助容易迷路的老年痴呆症患者。故选A。【14题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“Theteamhaste

stedtheirtechnologyandfoundthatithelpedtorestorememoryin75percentofmice.(该团队测试了他们的技术，发现它有助于恢复75%的老鼠的记忆)”以及上文“Thesesoundwaveshelptoclear

wasteinthebrainthat”可知，这些声波有助于清除大脑中导致老年痴呆症的废物，故画线词意思是“导致”，A.Helpstocure.治愈；B.Helpstocause.造成，导致；C.Helpst

oworsen.恶化；D.Helpstoprevent.阻止。故选B。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Buttechnologycanimprovethelivesofthoselivingwiththeconditionbymakingiteasierforthemtogoabou

ttheirdailyactivities.Forexample,trackingdevicesplacedinwatchesorjewelrycanmonitorwhereapersonis.Automatedreminderscanalsobestoredinmo

tionsensorsandplacedaroundthehouse.Whenasensordetectsmovement,itcanplayarecordedvoicemessagetoremindthepersontolockthedoororturnoffthestove.(但科技可以改善

这些人的生活，让他们更容易进行日常活动。例如，放置在手表或珠宝上的跟踪设备可以监控一个人的位置。自动提醒器也可以存储在运动传感器中，并放置在房子周围。当传感器检测到移动时，它可以播放录制的语音信息，提醒人们锁上门或关掉炉子)”结合文章主要介绍了阿兹海默症会影响一个人的记忆

、行为和思维，目前还没有治愈阿尔茨海默病的方法——药物只能治疗其症状，但科技可以改善这些人的生活，让他们更容易进行日常活动。文章列举了一些有助于解决老年痴呆症患者问题的科技。可知，文章的主旨是科技可能会解决老年痴呆症患者的一些问题。故选D。【10】浙江省C8名校协作体2022-2023学

年高三上学期第一次联考AlbertEinstein’s1915masterpiece“TheFoundationoftheGeneralTheoryofRelativity”isthefirstandstillthebes

tintroductiontothesubject,andIrecommenditassuchtostudents.Butitprobablywouldn’tbepublishableinascientificjournaltoday.Whynot?

Afterall,itwouldpasswithflyingcoloursthetestsofcorrectnessandsignificance.Andwhilepopularbeliefholdsthatthepaperwasincomprehensibleto

itsfirstreaders,infactmanypapersintheoreticalphysicsaremuchmoredifficult.AsthephysicistRichardFeynmanwrote,“Therewasatimewhenthenewspape

rssaidthatonly12menunderstoodthetheoryofrelativity.Idobelievetheremighthavebeenatimewhenonlyonemandid,becausehewastheonlyguywhoc

aughton,beforehewrotehispaper.Butafterpeoplereadthepaperalotunderstoodthetheoryofrelativityinsomewayorother,certainlymo

rethan12.”No,theproblemisitsstyle.Itstartswithaleisurelyphilosophicaldiscussionofspaceandtimeandthencontinueswithanexpositionofkno

wnmathematics.Thosetwosections,whichwouldbeconsideredextraneoustoday,takeuphalfthepaper.Worse,therearezerocitationsofpreviousscientist

s’work,norarethereanygraphics.Thosefeaturesmightmakeapapernotevengetpastthefirsteditors.Asimilarprocessofprofessionalizationhastransformedo

therpartsofthescientificlandscape.Requestsforresearchtimeatmajorobservatoriesornationallaboratoriesaremorerigi

dlystructured.Andanythinginvolvingworkwithhumansubjects,orputtinginstrumentsinspace,involvespilesofpaperwork.

WeseeitalsointheRegeneronScienceTalentSearch,theNobelPrizeofhighschoolsciencecompetitions.Intheearlydecadesofits78-yearhistory,thewinningprojec

tswereusuallythesortofcleverbutnaive,amateurisheffortsonemightexpectoftalentedbeginnersworkingontheirown.Today,polishedw

orkcomingoutofinternships(实习)atestablishedlaboratoriesisthenorm.Theseprofessionalizingtendenciesareanaturalconsequen

ceoftheexplosivegrowthofmodernscience.Standardizationandsystemmakeiteasiertomanagetherapidflowofpapers,applicationsandpeople.Butthereareseri

ousdownsides.Alotofunproductiveeffortgoesintojumpingthroughbureaucratichoops(繁文缛节),andoutsidersfaceentry

barriersateveryturn.Ofcourse,Einsteinwouldhavefoundhiswaytomeetingmodernstandardsandpublishinghisresults.Itssci

entificcorewouldn’thavechanged,butthepapermightnotbethesametastetoread.12.AccordingtoRichardFeynman,Einstein’s1915paper________.A.wasaclas

sicintheoreticalphysicsB.turnedouttobecomprehensibleC.neededfurtherimprovementD.attractedfewprofessionals13.Whatd

oestheunderlinedword“extraneous”inParagraph4mean?A.Unrealistic.B.Irrelevant.C.Unattractive.D.Imprecise.14.Accordingtotheauthor,what

isaffectedasmodernsciencedevelops?A.Theapplicationofresearchfindings.B.Theprincipleofscientificresearch.C.Theselectionofyoun

gtalents.D.Theevaluationoflaboratories.15.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.WhatmakesEinsteingreat?B.Willsciencebeprofessionalized

?C.CouldEinsteingetpublishedtoday?D.Howwillmodernsciencemakeadvances?【答案】12.B13.B14.C15.C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过引

用物理学家的话以及现代科学爆炸式发展带来的专业化趋势来介绍爱因斯坦1915年的名著《广义相对论的基础》，这篇论文读起来不一样的地方以及它可能不会在今天的科学期刊上发表的原因。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第

三段“AsthephysicistRichardFeynmanwrote,“Therewasatimewhenthenewspaperssaidthatonly12menunderstoodthetheoryo

frelativity.Idobelievetheremighthavebeenatimewhenonlyonemandid,becausehewastheonlyguywhocaughton,beforehewro

tehispaper.Butafterpeoplereadthepaperalotunderstoodthetheoryofrelativityinsomewayorother,certainlymorethan12.（正如物理学家理查德·费曼

所写：“曾经有一段时间，报纸上说只有12个人理解相对论。我相信或许确实有过只有一个人懂相对论的时候——因为在这篇论文之前，只有爱因斯坦理解这个问题。但当人们读了这篇论文，有很多人，绝对超过12个，或多或少都对相对论有了一定理解）”可知，爱因斯坦1915年的论文证明是可以

理解的。故选B。【13题详解】词义猜测题。根据第四段划线词后句“Worse,therearezerocitationsofpreviousscientists’work,norarethereanygraphics

.Thosefeaturesmightmakeapapernotevengetpastthefirsteditors.”可知，更糟的是，文章没有对前人科学研究进行任何引用，也没有任何图。这些缺失对如今的科学论文来说是

致命的。这样的文章甚至都不会被编辑送审，这说明爱因斯坦的论文在如今看来是很糟糕的，因此此处是说他在论文中花大量篇幅进行的哲学讨论和张量微积分的阐述在今天被认为是无关紧要的，所以画线词词义为“无关紧要的”。故选B。【1

4题详解】推理判断题。根据第七段“Alotofunproductiveeffortgoesintojumpingthroughbureaucratichoops(繁文缛节),andoutsidersfaceentryb

arriersateveryturn.（它从一个关于空间和时间的轻松的大量无用功都耗费在了突破官僚形式的层层桎梏上，也抬高了新人的准入门槛。）”可推断，在作者看来，现代科学的发展影响了年轻人才的选拔。故选

C。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Butitprobablywouldn’tbepublishableinascientificjournaltoday.（但它可能不会在今天的科学期刊上发表。）”可知，第一段是总起句，文章围绕着这个问题展开论述，所以这篇文章最好的题

目是——“CouldEinsteingetpublishedtoday?(爱因斯坦的《相对论》今天能出版吗？)”故选C。【11】江苏省南京师范大学附属中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月考Modernzoosaimtopromotean

imalconservation,educatepeople,andsupportfurtherwildliferesearch.Staffaredevotedtoprovidingspeciesspecifichousingandappr

opriatedietstoensurethattheanimals’livesareasnaturalaspossiblewithincaptivity(圈养).Infact,mostzooanimalshavebeenbornandbredincaptivity.Theyhavenev

erexperienced“thewild”,whichmanypeopleassumeisawonderfulandsafeplace,despitedestructionofnaturalhabitsforpalmoi

lthreatsfromclimatechangeortheincreaseinpoaching.Therearetwowayscapturinganimalshelpsconservethem.Zooconservationworkcanbein

-situ(在原处)wheremoney:expertiseandsometimesstaffareprovidedtoprotectanimalsandtheirhabitatsinthewild.Large,charminganima

lssuchaspandas,tigersorelephantsdrawthecrowds.Theseflagshipspecieshelptoraisetheimageandfundsforin-situconservationeffortsforthenotsowellknownspe

cies“Ex-situ”conservation,meanwhile,takesplaceoutsideoftheanimals’naturalhabitats,usuallybackatthezooandofteninvolvinginternational

captivebreedingprograms.Thesestudbooks(良种登记册)canoutlinesuitablegeneticmatchesforbreeding,tokeepasustainablecaptivepopulationo

facertainspeciesandensuregeneticvariation.IntheUKaleast,zoosmusthaveawritteneducationstrategyandanactiveeducationprogramme.Ifyouhavebeentoanaccredite

d(官方认可的)zoorecentlyyouwillhavenoticedtheyusegamesandtechnologytogowaybeyondthesebasicrequirements.Researchwithinzoosoftenlook

satanimalbehaviourorwelfarehelpingtoensuretheanimalsarewellhousedandfed.Otherresearchinvestigatesthe

impacthumanshaveonthezooanimalsfromthevisitoreffecttotherelationshipswhichcanbeformedbetweentheanimalsandtheir

keepers.Researchalsofocusesonbiologicalfunctioningofanimals.Muchofthisisworkthatcannotbeconductedinthewildiftheanimalsliveinremoteorinhospi

tableareas.Overall,zoosprovideopportunitiestoobserveandengagewithexotic(外国的)animals,manyofwhichmaybethreatenedwithextinctioninthewild.Seeingthemupcl

osecancauseapassionforbiology,conservationandtheenvironment.12.Whatdopeoplethinkof“thewild”?A.Itposesadangerto

humans.B.ItisperfectforlargeanimalsC.Itisanidealhabitatforanimals.D.Itguaranteesthesafetyofanimals.13.Whathighlights“ex-situ”conservation?A.

Savingtheconservationcost.B.Attractingmorevisitorstozoos.C.Keepingaspecies’populationstable.D.Changingthegenesofacertainsp

ecies.14.WhatisParagraph6mainlyabout?A.Howzookeepersgetalongwithanimals.B.Howzooscancontributetoresearchwork.C.Whatresearchersar

eexpectedtodoinzoos.D.Whyitisdifficulttocarryoutresearchinthewild.15.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwringthetext?A.Toshowz

ooswaystoraiseanimals.B.Tostressmodernzoosresearchvalue.C.Todefendzoosroleinprotectinganimals.D.Toadvisezoostoreleaseanimalsint

othewild.【答案】12.C13.C14.B15.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了动物园的主旨。动物园提供了观察和接触异国动物的机会，其中许多可能面临着野外灭绝的威胁。在动物园近距离观察它们会引起对生物学、保护和环境的热情。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“T

heyhaveneverexperienced“thewild”,whichmanypeopleassumeisawonderfulandsafeplace,despitedestructionofnaturalhabitsforpalmo

ilthreatsfromclimatechangeortheincreaseinpoaching.(他们从未经历过“荒野”，尽管气候变化或偷猎的增加，威胁到了棕榈油，进而自然习惯遭到破坏，但许多人认为那里是一个美妙而安全的地方)”可知，人们认为

荒野是个对于动物来说美妙且安全的地方。故选C项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Ex-situ”conservation,meanwhile,takesplaceoutsideoftheanimals’naturalhabitats,usua

llybackatthezooandofteninvolvinginternationalcaptivebreedingprograms.Thesestudbooks(良种登记册)canoutlinesuitablegeneticmatchesfor

breeding,tokeepasustainablecaptivepopulationofacertainspeciesandensuregeneticvariation.(与此同时，“迁地”保护发生在动物的自然栖

息地之外，通常是在动物园内，并且经常涉及国际圈养繁殖计划。这些良种登记册可以勾勒出适合繁殖的遗传匹配，以保持特定物种的可持续圈养种群并确保遗传变异)”可知，迁地保护涉及国际圈养繁殖计划，保持特定物种的可持续圈养种群，也就是保持某一种类的数

量的稳定。故选C项。【14题详解】段落大意题。根据第六段“Researchwithinzoosoftenlooksatanimalbehaviourorwelfarehelpingtoensuretheanimalsarewellhousedandf

ed.Otherresearchinvestigatestheimpacthumanshaveonthezooanimalsfromthevisitoreffecttotherelationshipswhichcanbeformedbetweentheanimal

sandtheirkeepers.Researchalsofocusesonbiologicalfunctioningofanimals.(动物园内的研究通常着眼于动物行为或福利，以帮助确保动物得到良好的安置和喂养。其他研究调查了人类对动

物园动物的影响，从游客效应到动物与其饲养员之间可以形成的关系。研究还侧重于动物的生物学功能)”可知，这段主要讲述了关于动物园的一些研究工作。故选B项。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Overall,zoosprovideopportunitiestoobserveandengage

withexotic(外国的)animals,manyofwhichmaybethreatenedwithextinctioninthewild.Seeingthemupclosecancauseapassion

forbiology,conservationandtheenvironment.(总体而言，动物园提供了观察和接触异国动物的机会，其中许多可能在野外面临灭绝的威胁。近距离观察它们会引起对生物学、保护和环境的热情)”可知，作者通篇介绍了动物园，最后一段做总结，动物园提供观察动物的机会，以及在动

物园近距离观察它们会引起对生物学、保护和环境的热情。推知，作者是认可动物园在保护动物方面的作用。故选C项。【12】江苏省苏州市2022〜2023学年高三上学期八校联考Astheeffectsofclimatechangebecomemoredisastrous,well-knownres

earchinstitutionsandgovernmentagenciesarefocusingnewmoneyandattentiononanidea:artificiallycoolingtheplan

et,inthehopesofbuyinghumanitymoretimetocutgreenhousegasemissions.Thatstrategy,calledsolarclimateinterve

ntion(干预)orsolargeoengineering,involvesreflectingmoreofthesun’senergybackintospace—abruptlyreducingglobaltemperaturesinawaythatimitatesthe

effectsofashcloudsflowingoutfromthevolcaniceruptions.Theideahasbeenconsideredasadangerousandfanciedsolu

tion,onethatwouldencouragepeopletokeepburningfossilfuelswhileexposingtheplanettounexpectedandpotentiallythreateningsideeffects,producin

gmoredestructivehurricanes,wildfiresfloodsandotherdisasters.But.asglobalwarmingcontinues,producingmoredestructivehurricanes,wildfiresfloodsandother

disasters,someresearchersandpolicyexpertssaythatconcernsaboutgeoengineeringshouldbeoutweighedbytheimperati

vetobetterunderstandit,incasetheconsequenceofclimatechangebecomesoterriblethattheworldcan’twaitforbettersolutions.Onewaytocooltheearthi

sbyinjectingaerosols(气溶胶)intotheupperlayeroftheatmosphere.wherethoseparticlesreflectsunlightawayfromtheearth.Thatprocessworks,acco

rdingtoDouglasMacMartin,aresearcheratCornellUniversity.“Weknowwith100%certaintythatwecancooltheplanet,”

hesaidinaninterview.What’sstillunclear,headded,iswhathappensnext.Temperature,MacMartinsaid,isanindicat

orforalotofclimateeffects.“Whatdoesitdotothestrengthofhurricanes?”heasked,“Whatdoesitdotoagricultureproduction?Wh

atdoesitdototheriskofforestfires?”AnotherinstitutionfundedbytheNationalScienceFoundationwillanalyzehundredsofsimulationsofaeros

olinjection,testingtheeffectsonweatherextremesaroundtheworld.Onegoaloftheresearchistolookforasweetspot:theamountofartificialc

oolingthatcanreduceextremeweathereventswithoutcausingbroaderchangesinregionalrainfallpatternsorsimilarimpacts.12.Wh

ydoresearchersandgovernmentagenciesworkoncoolingtheearth?A.Topreventnaturaldisasters.B.Towinmoretimetoreducegasemissions.C

.Toimitatevolcaniceruptions.D.Toencouragemorepeopletoburfossilfuels.13.Whatareresearchersworriedaboutintermso

fglobalwarming?A.Morevolcanoeswillthrowout.B.Moresolarenergywillgointospace.C.Moredisasterswillendangerthefutur

eoftheworld.D.Peoplewillkeepburningfossilfuelstokeepwarm.14.WhatcanbeinferredfromDouglas’wordsinaninterview?A.Hethinksmoreresearchremainstobedo

ne.B.Heisoptimisticabouttheeffectofcoolingtheearth.C.Heisconcernedaboutthereductioninagricultureproduction.D.Hedis

approvesofthepracticeofsolarclimateintervention.15.Whatdoestheunderlinedwords“sweetspot”inthelastparagraphmean?A.T

herainfallpatternofaregion.B.Themodestdropintemperature.C.Thenumberofextremeweatherevents.D.Theinjectionamountofaerosol.【答案】1

2.B13.C14.A15.B【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述全球气候变化带来各种灾难性的天气，政府和相关研究机构提出的各种可能的应对办法。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Astheeffectsofcl

imatechangebecomemoredisastrous,well-knownresearchinstitutionsandgovernmentagenciesarefocusingnewmoneyandattentiononanid

ea:artificiallycoolingtheplanet,inthehopesofbuyinghumanitymoretimetocutgreenhousegasemissions.(随着气候变化的影响变得更加严重，知名研究机构和政府机构正把新的资金和注意力集中在一个想法上：人为地让

地球降温，希望为人类赢得更多时间来减少温室气体排放)”可知，研究者和政府机构给地球降温是为了赢得更多的时间来减少温室气体的排放。故选B项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“someresearchersandpolicyexpertssaythatconcernsa

boutgeoengineeringshouldbeoutweighedbytheimperativetobetterunderstandit,incasetheconsequenceofclimatechangebecomesoterriblethattheworldcan’twaitf

orbettersolutions.(一些研究人员和政策专家表示，当务之急是更好地了解地球工程，这比对地球工程的担忧更重要，以防气候变化的后果变得如此可怕，以至于世界不能等待更好的解决方案)”可知，研究者担心全球变暖造成的各种灾难可能会让未

来的世界处于危险中。故选C项。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第五段““Whatdoesitdotothestrengthofhurricanes?”heasked,“Whatdoesitdotoagric

ultureproduction?Whatdoesitdototheriskofforestfires?”(他问：“它对飓风的强度有什么影响？这对农业生产有什么影响？它对森林火灾的风险有什么影响？”)”可知，Douglas认为还有很多疑问没有解开，

所以还有很多研究有待去做。故选A项。【15题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Onegoaloftheresearchistolookforasweetspot:theamountofartificialcoolingthatcanredu

ceextremeweathereventswithoutcausingbroaderchangesinregionalrainfallpatternsorsimilarimpacts.(这项研究的目标之一是寻找一个“最佳点”：

人工降温的数量，既可以减少极端天气事件，又不会造成区域降雨模式的广泛变化或类似影响)”可知，这里的“最佳点”指的是，人工降温要适度，既可以解决气候变暖带来的极端天气，又不会给气候造成太大的影响，因此“asweetspot”指的是适度的降温。故选B项。【13】2023届广东省六校高三上

学期第二次联考Dreams,accordingtoCarlJung,revealacertainamountofrealityhiddenduringwakingconsciousness.InJungianphilosophy,theconflictandchaosexperiencedin

dreamsfinallybringordertoourlives.WhileJung’smysticaltheoriesaredebatable,hewasnotmistakenabouttheimportanceofdreaming.Agr

owingnumberofreportsshowthatacontinuouslackofdreamingisdamagingourwakinghoursinmanyways.Thistrendiscausingdamagetoourimmuneandmetabolic(新陈代谢的)system

s,letalonetheelectronicproductsthatkeepusuplateatnightareruiningoursleeppatterns,whichhaslong-termconsequencesonourmemorysystem.Onestudys

howedthatnotallowingmicetohaveadequateamountsofREM(RapidEyeMovement)sleep,thestageinwhichwedream,themicecouldn’tstrengt

henmemories.Youmightthinkthisisjustasleepproblem,butdreamingisinseparablefromournighttimerest.Wesleepi

ncycles(周期),eachlastingabout90minutes;inasleepcycle,wegothroughnon-REMsleepbeforehittingREM.Asthenight

progresses,REMsleepperiodsincreaseinlengthwhiledeepsleep(oneofthestagesofnon-REMsleep)decreases.Thelongerwesleep,themoretimewespendinREM,whichiswhyw

eareoftendreamingwhenwakingupinthemorning.Ifwesleeplessthansevenhours,however,itbecomeshardertoachievethislevel

ofREM.Thecombinationofsleepinganddreamingactsasanemotionalstabilizer.Werecoverfromemotionalhurtfasterwhenwesleepanddreamproperly.However,we’ren

otgettingenoughsleeptocyclethroughthestagestotakeadvantageofthisnaturalcircadiananti-depressant(抗抑郁剂)—dreams.Instead,wegetdepressedandturntoalcoholor

medicinestogettosleep,whichonlymakesthingsworsebecauseevenonedrinkleadstolateREMwhileanti-depressantsp

romotedeepsleepattheexpenseofREM.We’repayingforthislackofdreaminginmanyways.Forexample,a2021studystatedthatcomparedwithqui

etrestandnon-REMsleep,REMpromotedtheformationofassociativenetworksandtheintegration(整合)ofunassociatedinform

ation.VolunteersthatexperiencedmoreREMsleepwerebetterequippedforsolvingproblemsrequiringcreativesolutions.RowanHooper,themanagingeditoratNewS

cientist,writesthatdreamsthatincludean“emotionalcore”appeartobeamainfunctionofREMsleepandthatweshouldlookatsleeppatternsasseriouslyaswedo

dietandexercisehabits.12.What’sCarlJung’sviewaboutdreams?A.Theycausechaos.B.Theydamageimmunity.C.The

yrevealsecrets.D.Theymirrorreality.13.Whyisthesleepprocessexplainedinparagraph3?A.Toshowadreammainly

occursduringREMsleep.B.Toprovetheminimumsleeptimeshouldbesevenhours.C.Toprovedreamproblemsandsleepproblems

areattached.D.Toshowpeopleoftendreamwhenwakingupinthemorning.14.Whatconclusioncanbeinferredfromparagr

aph5?A.Dreamingpromotescreativity.B.Dreaminghelpsfightdepression.C.ThebrainstillreceivesnewinformationduringREMsleep.D.Th

ebrainispayingthepriceforhavingmorenon-REMsleep.15.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A.Theimportanceofsle

epliesindreams.B.Theabsenceofdreamsisterribleforus.C.Dreamingpatternsaremoreimportantthanwerealize.D.Dreaminghasmysticalpowerofstrengtheningmemo

ries.【答案】12.D13.C14.A15.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了做梦和睡眠之间的关系，以及不做梦给我们带来的损害，告诉我们要重视睡眠模式。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Dreams,accor

dingtoCarlJung,revealacertainamountofrealityhiddenduringwakingconsciousness.InJungianphilosophy,theconfl

ictandchaosexperiencedindreamsfinallybringordertoourlives.”(根据卡尔·荣格的说法，梦揭示了在清醒意识中隐藏的一定数量的现实。在荣格哲学中，梦中经历的冲突和混乱最终给我们

的生活带来了秩序)可知，卡尔·荣格认为梦反映事实。故选D。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Youmightthinkthisisjustasleepproblem,butdreamingisinseparablefromournightti

merest.”(你可能认为这只是睡眠问题，但做梦与夜间休息是分不开的)以及“Thelongerwesleep,themoretimewespendinREM,whichiswhyweareoftendreamingwhenwakingupinthemorning

.Ifwesleeplessthansevenhours,however,itbecomeshardertoachievethislevelofREM.”(我们睡得越久，在快速眼动阶段（做梦）的时间就越多，这就是为

什么我们早上醒来时经常做梦。然而，如果我们的睡眠时间少于7小时，就很难达到这种程度的快速眼动)可知，我们是否做梦，与睡眠时长及睡眠过程中的快速眼动时间是有直接关系的，所以第三段解释睡眠过程，是为了证明做梦问题和睡眠问题是联系在一起的。故选C。【14题详解】推理判

断题。根据第五段最后一句“VolunteersthatexperiencedmoreREMsleepwerebetterequippedforsolvingproblemsrequiringcreativesolutions.”(经历了更多快速眼动睡眠的志愿者更善于解决需要创造性解决方

案的问题)可知，经历更多快速眼动睡眠的志愿者更有创造力。上题提到做梦发生在快速眼动时间，进而可以推断出做梦让人更具有创造力。故选A。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“WhileJung’smysticaltheor

iesaredebatable,hewasnotmistakenabouttheimportanceofdreaming.Agrowingnumberofreportsshowthatacontinuouslackofdreamingisdamagingourwakinghoursinmany

ways.”(虽然荣格的神秘主义理论是有争议的，但他对做梦的重要性的认识并没有错。越来越多的报告显示，持续缺乏做梦正在从很多方面损害我们清醒的时间)可知，文章在第一段就指出了做梦很重要，缺乏做梦会给我们带来损害。第二

段介绍了缺少做梦会对我们的免疫系统、新陈代谢和记忆造成损害，第四段说睡眠和做梦结合起来可以起到稳定情绪的作用，第五段说我们正以许多方式为缺乏做梦付出代价。所以，本文章主要讲了不做梦对于我们来说是可怕的。故选B。【14】湖南省

长沙市雅礼中学2022-2023学年高三上学期月考二Thedeep-seaoilandgasindustryhasvastandcostlyfacilitiestomaintain.Wells,other

equipment,andthousandsofkilometersofpipelinesmustbeinspectedandrepaired.Now,cutting-edgeunderwaterdrones(无人

机)androbotsarebeingdevelopedthatcouldmaketheworksaferandcheaper.AmongthemisEelume,asix-meter-long,sna

ke-likerobotequippedwithsensorsandacameraateachend.Itcanbekeptatastationatdepthsofuptohalfakilometerforsix

months,withoutbeingbroughtbacktothesurface.Therobotcantravelupto20kilometersbeforeneedingtoreturntoitsstationtorecharge.Maintenanceworkatma

nydeep-waterwellsandpipelinesystemsisalreadycarriedoutbyunmannedvehicles.Butthesevehiclestypicallyneedtobetransportedtotheoffshoresiteonafullyc

rewedshipandthenremotelyoperatedfromonboardthesurfaceship.Thatcancostupto$100,000perday,accordingtoPålLiljebäck,chie

ftechnologyofficerwithEelumeSubseaIntervention,whichdevelopedtherobot.Liljebäcksaysthatby“enablingther

obottobecomeasubsearesidentlivingatastation,itcanbemobilizedatanytimetodoinspections,therebyreducingtheneedforcostlysu

rfaceships”.Eelumecanworkautonomouslyontasksassignedfromacontrolroomonshore,andsendbackvideoanddata.Itssnake

-likedesignallowsittoworkinsmallspacesandwriggle(扭动)itsbodytostayinplaceinstrongcurrents.Bystayingunderthesea,itcancarryout

taskswhatevertheconditionsonthesurfaceoftheocean.Theglobalunderwaterroboticsmarketisexpectedtobewort

haround$7billionin2025,accordingtoanalysts,andothercompaniesareintheprocessofcommercializingnewdeep-seadroneandrobottechnology.E

elumeSubseaInterventionwillcarryoutfinaltestingontheseabedlaterthisyearattheÅsgardoilandgasfield.Itexpectstoputitsfirst

snakerobotsintousenextyearandhopestohaveupto50inoceansaroundtheworldby2027.12.WhatisonefeatureofEelume?A.Itcantravelnearly40kilometersbeforerech

arging.B.Itcandiveasdeepas500meters.C.Itworksmainlyaroundthestation.D.Itworksfor6monthsononecharge.13.Whatistheproblemwith

unmannedvehicles?A.Theyaretoocostlytomaintain.B.Theyarehardtooperateremotely.C.Theyrequiretransportationtoandfromwork.D

.Theyhavetoworkonafullycrewedshipallthetime.14.WhatcanbeexpectedofEelumeinthefuture?A.Itwillrequirenofurthertests.B.Itwillbewortharound$7billion.C

.Itwillbeputonthemarketin2027.D.Itwillfacealotofcompetitors.15.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Asnakerobotisonitswayforunderwatertasks.B.Eelumeisth

enewchoiceforconstructingpipelines.C.Maintenanceworkontheoceanfloorisariskyjob.D.Unmannedvehiclesmarketi

nghasseenstronggrowth.【答案】12.A13.C14.D15.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍研究人员正在研发一款蛇形机器人，用于深海石油和天然气开采设备的维护。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第二

段的“Itcanbekeptatastationatdepthsofuptohalfakilometerforsixmonths,withoutbeingbroughtbacktothesurface.Therobotcantravelupto20k

ilometersbeforeneedingtoreturntoitsstationtorecharge.(它可以在深度达半公里的站点保留六个月，而不用被带回地面。该机器人可以行驶20公里，然后需要返回站点充电)”可知，它在再次充电前可以运行大约40公里。故选A。【1

3题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Butthesevehiclestypicallyneedtobetransportedtotheoffshoresiteonafullycrewedshipandthenremote

lyoperatedfromonboardthesurfaceship.(但这些工具通常需要用一艘满载船员的船运输到海上现场，然后在海面舰艇上远程操作)”可知，这些无人设备需要被运送到作业现场。故选C。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“andothercomp

aniesareintheprocessofcommercializingnewdeep-seadroneandrobottechnology.(其他公司正在将新的深海无人机和机器人技术商业化)”推知，Eelume将面临很多

的竞争对手。故选D。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其第二段的“Now,cutting-edgeunderwaterdrones(无人机)androbotsarebeingdevelopedthatcouldmaketheworks

aferandcheaper.AmongthemisEelume,asix-meter-long,snake-likerobotequippedwithsensorsandacameraateachend.(现在，尖端的水下无人机和机器人的开发可以使工作更安全、更

便宜。其中包括六米长的蛇形机器人Eelume，它的两端都装有传感器和摄像头)”可知，本文介绍研究人员正在研发一款蛇形机器人，用于深海石油和天然气开采设备的维护，即一款在水下执行任务的蛇形机器人。故选A。【15】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检MitsuhiroIw

amotoisablindpersonwhosailednon-stopacrossthePacificOcean.OneofMr.Iwamoto’sfriendssays,“Hefeelsthewav

esandhecansensethespeedandangleofthewindstoadjustthesailsproperly.”TheonlythingMr.Iwamotocan’tdoissee.SoheteamedupwithDougSmith.In2013,Mr.Iwamo

totriedtosailacrossthePacific.Butafteronlyfivedaysatsea,hisboatwashitbyawhale.Theboatsank,andhespent11hoursfloatingintheseainaliferaftbeforehe

wasrescued.WhenMr.SmithlearnedthestoryofMr.Iwamoto’sdefeatduringhisfirstattemptatcrossingthePacific,ithada

bigeffectonhim.Hedecidedtojointhetripnotjusttoprovethattheycoulddoit,butalsotocollectfundsforapublicwelfarefoundat

ionthatboughtmedicalinsuranceforpoorchildren.HegotintouchwithMr.Iwamoto.Thetworealizedthattheywouldmakeagoodteam.Ittookalotofcouragetomake

asecondattemptafterthefailure.ButMr.Iwamotowasdetermined.Hebegantotrainforthetrip.Heskied,ranhalf-marathonsandmarathons,andtookpartintriathlon

s(raceswithswimming,biking,andrunning).Mr.Smithboughta12-metersailboatfromlocalpeople.Theytookdrinkingwater

andenoughfoodfor60days.ThesailboathadsolarpanelstokeeptheGPSandthesatellitephonecharged.OnFebruary24,Mr.IwamotosetoutfromSanDiego,Califo

rniaontheir14,000-kilometertrip.Finally,around9a.m.onApril20—aftersailingnon-stopfor55days,thetwoarriv

edinIwaka,FukushimaPrefecture,Japan,“Peopleoftensaythatthephysicalillnesscan’tstopapersonfrommakingadifference

,butIhavetowalkthewalktoproveit,”Mr.Iwamotosaid.4.WhatcanbeinferredaboutDougSmith?A.Hespentalotoftimei

ntheocean.B.Hehadgreatskillsinsailingtheboat.C.Heworkedasaguideduringthetrip.D.Heboughttheinsurancebef

orethetrip.5.WhydidDougSmithjointhetrip?A.Tohuntwhales.B.Toraisemoneyforcharity.C.Torescuepeoplelostintheocean.D.Tobe

insearchoffameandfortune.6.Whatisthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?A.Thepreparationstheymadeforthetrip.B.Thesupporttheyreceivedfromlocalpeople.C.The

equipmenttheyboughtfortheirtraining.D.Thedifficultytheyencounteredduringthetrip.7.Whatcanwelearnfromthisstory?A.Neverlookdownonunderdog

s.B.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.C.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.D.Bethechangeyouwanttoseeintheworld.【答案】4.C5.B6.A7.B【解析】【导语

】这是一篇记叙文。本文主要讲述了岩本光弘这位盲人，他与DougSmith合作，克服了重重的困难，通过自己的努力，横穿了太平洋。他想告诉人们，只要去做，身体的疾病不能阻止一个人的取得自己想要的成就。【4题详解】推理判断题。由文章第一段“MitsuhiroIwamot

oisablindpersonwhosailednon-stopacrossthePacificOcean.OneofMr.Iwamoto’sfriendssays,“Hefeelsthewavesandhecansensethespeedandangleofthewindstoadju

stthesailsproperly.”TheonlythingMr.Iwamotocan’tdoissee.SoheteamedupwithDougSmith.(岩本光弘是一位盲人，他不停地横渡太平洋。岩本先生的一个朋友说，“他能感觉到海浪，他能感觉风的速度和角度，从而正确地调整

帆。”岩本先生唯一不能做的就是看。因此，他与DougSmith合作。)”可知，岩本光弘是一位盲人，所以在和DougSmith组队航行中，DougSmith应指导方向。故选C项。【5题详解】细节理解题。由文章第二段“Hedecidedtojoi

nthetripnotjusttoprovethattheycoulddoit,butalsotocollectfundsforapublicwelfarefoundationthatboughtmedicalinsura

nceforpoorchildren.(他决定参加这次旅行，不仅是为了证明他们能够做到，而且也是为了为一个为贫困儿童购买医疗保险的公益基金会筹集资金。)”可知，这次航行是为了证明自己以及给公益基金会筹集资金。故选B项。【6题详解】主旨

大意题。由文章第三段“Ittookalotofcouragetomakeasecondattemptafterthefailure.ButMr.Iwamotowasdetermined.Hebegantotrainforthetrip.He

skied,ranhalf-marathonsandmarathons,andtookpartintriathlons(raceswithswimming,biking,andrunning).Mr.Smithboughta

12-metersailboatfromlocalpeople.Theytookdrinkingwaterandenoughfoodfor60days.Thesailboathadsolarpanelstokeepthe

GPSandthesatellitephonecharged.(失败后再次尝试需要很大的勇气。但岩本先生决心坚定。他开始为旅行进行训练。他滑雪，跑半程马拉松和马拉松，参加铁人三项（游泳、自行车和跑步比赛）。Smith先生从当地人那里买了一艘12米

长的帆船。他们带了60天的饮用水和足够的食物。帆船上有太阳能电池板来保持GPS和卫星电话的充电。)”可知，这段主要讲岩本光弘和DougSmith为航行做的准备。故选A项。【7题详解】推理判断题。由文章最后一段“OnFebruary24,Mr.Iwam

otosetoutfromSanDiego,Californiaontheir14,000-kilometertrip.Finally,around9a.m.onApril20—aftersailingnon-stopfor55days,thetwoarri

vedinIwaka,FukushimaPrefecture,Japan,“Peopleoftensaythatthephysicalillnesscan’tstopapersonfrommakinga

difference,butIhavetowalkthewalktoproveit,”Mr.Iwamotosaid.(2月24日，岩本先生从加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥出发，开始了14000公里的旅程。最后，在4月20日上午9点左右，经过

55天的不间断航行，两人抵达了日本福岛县磐冈。岩本一郎说：“人们常说，身体疾病不能阻止一个人的改变，但我必须步行才能证明这一点。”。)”以及前文可知，本文主要讲述了岩本光弘这位盲人，他与Smith合作，克服了重重的困难，通过自己的努力，横穿了太平洋。他想告诉人们，只要去做，身体的疾病不能阻止一

个人的取得自己想要的成就。结合选项，B项Actionsspeaklouderthanwords(行动比言语更响亮/事实胜于雄辩)符合文意。故选B项。【16】河北省邢台市六校联考2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月考Sincethebeginningofthes

ummerin2022,Chinahasbeenswelteringundertheworstheatwaveindecades.AnumberofpeopleinZhejiang,Henan,Jiangsuand

Sichuanprovinceswerediagnosedwiththermoplegia(热射病),themostsevereformofheatstroke,andsomeevendiedofthisdisease.Inawarmingworld,thehazardsofheatwavesar

eincreasing.Accordingtoastudy,thenumberofdeathscausedbyheatwavesinChinahasincreasedrapidlysince1979,from3,679personsperyearint

he1980sto15,500personsperyearinthe2010s.Hightemperatureswouldacceleratethelossinsoilmoisture(水分)andhurtthegr

owthofcorn,cotton,treesandfruits.What’smore,eachadditionaldegreeofwarmingwillincreasecroplossestoinsectsby10-25percent,threateningfoodsec

urityforbillionsofpeople.Chinahaswitnessedarangeofextremeweatherevents,includingheavyrainfall,flooding,tornadoesandrecordheatwavesthisyear.Meteoro

logicalofficialssaidthecountryhadanaveragetemperatureof21.3degreesCelsiusinJune,0.9degreesCelsiushigherthanthesameperiodonav

erage,andthehighestrecordforthesameperiodsince1961.Expertssaythatwhileextremesummerheatisnotentirelynew,thesesortsofoccurrencescouldbesome

thingthatbecomesastandardpartoflife,requiringpeopletostartlearninghowtocopewithheatwavesthatmaycontinuefortherestofsummerandwellintothefuture.Reme

mberthatevenhealthy,youngathletescanbeharmedbyextremeheat,soeveryactivity,indoorsoroutdoors,shouldbeevaluatedwhenextremeheathits.Therearesomewa

ystostaysafeduringextremeheatevents,suchasdrinkingplentyofwater,lookingforshadeorremaininginshadewhenoutside,andavo

idingcookinglargemealsthatcanaddheattoyourindoorenvironment.8.WhydoesthewritermentionthefourprovincesinChina?A.Tointroducethetopic.B.Toshowtheri

singgrowthofpopulation.C.Toidentifytheimpactoftheworstheatwave.D.Tooffertheaccuratedataforthethermoplegia.9.Whatdostheunderlinedword“

hazards”inparagraphsprobablymean?A.Panics.B.Dangers.C.Outcomes.D.Expenses.10.Whatcanweinferfromparag

raph3?A.Ruralareassuffermorefromheatwavesthancities.B.Chinahaswitnessedtheworstclimateeverin2022.C.Climatechanger

esultsinthedeclineininsectspecies.D.Hightemperatureshavenegativeeffectsonagriculture.11.Whatdoesthewriterwanttoconveyinthelastparagraph?A.Waystodeal

withextremeheat.B.Thetendencyofheatwavesinthefuture.C.Effectsofglobalwarmingontheenvironment.D.Thesignif

icanceofkeepinghealthyinsummer.【答案】8.C9.B10.D11.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了自2022年夏初以来，中国一直处于几十年最严重的热浪之下。同时文章介绍了热浪所造成的的危害以及应对措施。【8题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中“Anumb

erofpeopleinZhejiang,Henan,JiangsuandSichuanprovinceswerediagnosedwiththermoplegia(热射病),themostsevereformofheatstroke,andsomeevendie

dofthisdisease.(浙江、河南、江苏和四川等省的一些人被确诊为热射病，这是中暑最严重的一种形式，一些人甚至死于这种疾病。)”可知，为了确定最严重热浪的影响，作者罗列了四个省份。故选C。【9题详解】词义猜测题。根据第二段中“Accordingtoastudy,thenumbe

rofdeathscausedbyheatwavesinChinahasincreasedrapidlysince1979,from3,679personsperyearinthe1980sto15,5

00personsperyearinthe2010s.(根据一项研究，自1979年以来，中国由热浪造成的死亡人数迅速增加，从20世纪80年代的每年3679人增加到2010年代的每年15500人。)”可知，本段主要介绍的是热浪造成的危害。故划

线词hazards与dangers为同义词，即热浪造成的危险。故选B。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段中“Hightemperatureswouldacceleratethelossinsoilmoisture(水分)andhurtt

hegrowthofcorn,cotton,treesandfruits.What’smore,eachadditionaldegreeofwarmingwillincreasecroplossestoinsectsby10-25percent,threatening

foodsecurityforbillionsofpeople.(高温会加速土壤水分的流失，损害玉米、棉花、树木和水果的生长。更重要的是，气温每升高一度，昆虫对农作物造成的损失就会增加10%至25%，威胁数十亿人的粮食安全。)”可知，高温对农业有负面影响。故选D。【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据最

后一段中“Therearesomewaystostaysafeduringextremeheatevents,suchasdrinkingplentyofwater,lookingforshadeorremaininginshadewhenoutside,andavoidingcookinglar

gemealsthatcanaddheattoyourindoorenvironment.(在极端高温的情况下，有一些方法可以保证安全，比如喝大量的水，在户外找阴凉的地方或呆在阴凉处，避免做会增加室内温度的大餐。)”可知，在最后一段中介绍的是在极

端高温天气中，应对极端高温的方法。故选A。【17】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检Manyexceptionalhumanskills,suchasreadingandmasteringamusica

linstrument,requirethousandsofhoursofpracticeandconsistentcognitiveeffort.Popularscientifictheoriesholdthatcognitiv

eeffortisexperiencedasunpleasantandpeopletrytoavoiditwheneverpossible.However,therearemanysituationsineverydaylifeinwhichpeopleseemtoexertthem

selves(努力)voluntarily,evenifthereisnoobviousexternalreward.Forexample,manypeopleenjoysolvingSudokupuzzles,stude

ntsareoftenmotivatedbychallengingintellectualtasks,andamateurpianistscanspendhoursstrivingforperfectionwithoutanyexternalreward.Itisbas

edonthesefactsthatresearchersfromtheUniversityofViennaandtheTechnischeUniversitatDresdencriticallyquestionedwhethercog

nitiveeffortisalwaysaversive(令人嫌恶的)andsoughttoaddressthisquestioninacurrentprojectoftheCollaborativeResearchCenter(SFB)940.Inthefirstexperimentwith12

1participants,theresearchersusedcardiovascularmeasurements(activityoftheheart)todeterminehowhardpeopleexertedthemselvesincognitivetas

ksofvaryingdifficultylevels.Inonegroup,rewardwasdirectlydeterminedbyeffort:ifapersonexertedmoreeffortondifficultlevelsofthetask,t

heyreceivedahigherrewardthanoneasierlevelsinwhichtheyexertedlittleeffort.Inthecontrolgroup,therewardwasr

andomlyassignedandwasindependentofhowmucheffortsomeoneinvested.Thetotalrewardonofferwaskeptconstantbetweengroups,withonlythecontingency(可能性)

betweeneffortandrewardbeingmanipulated.Subsequently,allsubjectsworkedonmathtaskswheretheycouldchoosethedi

fficultylevelofthetaskstheywantedtoworkon.“Subjectswhohadpreviouslybeenrewardedforeffortsubsequentlychosemoredifficulttasksthan

subjectsinthecontrolgroup,eventhoughtheywereawarethattheywouldnolongerreceiveanexternalreward,”explainsProf.VeronikaJobfromtheFacultyofPsychologyat

theUniversityofVienna.“Theresultsshowedtheassumptionthatpeoplewanttotakethepathofleastresistancemaynotbeaninh

erent(固有的)characteristicofhumanmotivation.Thetendencytoavoidchallengingtaskscouldratherbetheresultofindivi

duallearninghistoriesthatdifferdependingontherewardpattern:wasitmainlyperformanceoreffortthatwasrewarded?”concludesThomasGoschke,ProfessorofGe

neralPsychologyatTUDresdenandspokespersonofSFB940.8.WiththeexamplesinParagraph2,theauthoraimsto________A.challengesomesci

entifictheoriesB.encouragepeopletomakegreateffortsC.inspiresomeresearchonpeople’seffortsD.explainthemotivationbehindpeople’sefforts9.Wha

tdidtheresearcherswanttofindoutbymeasuringtheparticipants’heartactivity?A.Theirwillingnesstoperformthetask.B.Theimpactoftasksonthe

participants.C.Theefforttheyputinthecognitivetask.D.Theirreactiontodifficultcognitivetasks.10.Whatcanwelearnaboutthes

ubjectswhowererewardedforeffort?A.Theyweremotivatedtochallengethemselves.B.Theyalwaysexpectedtoreceiveab

iggerreward.C.Theyturnedouttobeclevererthanthecontrolgroup.D.Theywereabletofigureoutbetterwaystosolveproblems.11.Whatwouldb

ethebesttitleofthetext?A.WorkhardtoimproveyourselfB.LearntoenjoycognitiveeffortC.IttakestimeforyourefforttopayoffD.Itisworthwhi

letoperformdifficulttasks【答案】8.A9.C10.A11.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是：大众科学理论认为，认知努力的体验是不愉快的，人们会避免这种认知努力。然而现实却相反，人们愿意为不愉快的认知努力而努力和花费数小时的精力。为此

文章通过实验研究揭示该现象的原因在于认知努力，会更加激发人们挑战自我的动力。【8题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段的“Popularscientifictheoriesholdthatcognitiveeffortisexperiencedasunpleasantandpeopl

etrytoavoiditwheneverpossible.(大众科学理论认为，认知努力是不愉快的，人们试图尽可能避免它。)”第二段中“However,therearemanysituationsineverydaylifeinwhichpeopleseemtoexertthemsel

ves(努力)voluntarily,evenifthereisnoobviousexternalreward.Forexample,manypeopleenjoysolvingSudokupuzzles,studentsareoftenmotivatedb

ychallengingintellectualtasks,andamateurpianistscanspendhoursstrivingforperfectionwithoutanyexternalreward.(然而，在日常生活中有很多情况下，人们似乎是

自愿地努力，即使没有明显的外部奖励。例如，许多人喜欢解决数独谜题，学生们经常被具有挑战性的智力任务所激励，业余钢琴家可以花几个小时去追求完美，而没有任何外部奖励)”可知，作者在第二段中列举的例子是为了挑战以往的一些科学理论即认知努力的体验是不愉快的，人们会努

力避免这种认知努力。故选A。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中“Inthefirstexperimentwith121participants,theresearchersusedcardiovascularmeasureme

nts(activityoftheheart)todeterminehowhardpeopleexertedthemselvesincognitivetasksofvaryingdifficultylevels(在第一个有121名参与者的实

验中，研究人员使用心血管测量(心脏活动)来确定人们在不同难度的认知任务中的努力程度。)”可知，研究者们通过使用心血管测量方法来确认参与者在认知任务上付出的努力。故选C。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Subjectswhohadpreviouslybeenrewardedforeff

ortsubsequentlychosemoredifficulttasksthansubjectsinthecontrolgroup,eventhoughtheywereawarethattheywouldnolonge

rreceiveanexternalreward.(之前因为努力而获得奖励的受试者随后比对照组的受试者选择了更难的任务，即使他们知道自己将不再获得外部奖励。)”可知，因为努力而获得奖励的测试者们更加有挑战自我的动力。故选A。【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据第

二段的“However,therearemanysituationsineverydaylifeinwhichpeopleseemtoexertthemselves(努力)voluntarily,evenifthereisnoobviousexternalreward

.(然而，在日常生活中有很多情况下，人们似乎自愿努力，即使没有明显的外部奖励。)”以及全文内容可知，文章讲述了人们愿意为不愉快的认知努力而努力和花费数小时的精力。文章通过实验研究揭示该现象的原因在于认知努力会更加激发人们挑战自我

的动力。故文章最好的标题是学会享受认知上的努力，这样才会更加激发人们挑战困难的动力。故选B。【18】江苏省泰州中学2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次月检Dailylifehasitssatisfactions.Theperfectreplytoafriend’stextmessage.T

hefirstafter-workdrink.Butdoanyreallycomparetothejoyofgoingtosleep?Somehowwehavepushedthispleasuretothebackofthequeue.AthirdofAmericanadultsrepor

tsleepinglessthantherecommendedsevenhours.Forsome,theproblemismodernlife:emails,to-dolistsandscreens.Forotherpeople

,it’sthedemandsofworkorfamily.Thentherearethosewhocan’tsleepwhentheytry.Uptoonein10adultscouldmeetthecriteria(标准)forinsomnia

(失眠).Themixofexperienceshasledustotakesleepingmorescientifically.Acenturyago,weweren’tawarethatthebrain’sele

ctricalactivitychangesduringsleep.Nowthere’sevidencethatalackofsleepisassociatedwithhigherriskofdepression,cancer,Alzheimer’sandobesity.Researchp

ublishedintheEuropeanHeartJournalrecentlyreportsthatheartdiseasewasloweramongpeoplewhowenttosleepbetween10pmand11pm,nomatterhowl

ongtheyslept.Suchresearchisallwellandgood.Butaftertheriseofstepcounters,issleepthenextpartofhumanexper

iencethatwillbecomeincreasinglytracked,countedandcompared?WesighatLinkedInuserswhoclaimtowakeupat5amandlearnChinese.Butwhatifpeoplearetoocommitted

toagoodsleep?SleepresearcherMatthewWalkeroncesaid,“Ihaveanon-negotiableeight-hoursleepopportunitywindow.”Butforme,makingone’ssleepsoinflexible

juststrikesmeasrathercoldlyindividualistic.Stressingourselvesoutaboutalackofsleepcanaggravatetheprob

lem.InhisbookOvercomingInsomniaandSleepProblems,OxfordprofessorColinEspiewritesabout“orthosomnia”,wherepeople’sattentionissofo

cusedonsleepingwellthattheybecometooanxioustodoso.Espiesaysweeachhaveasleeppatternthat,likeashoesize,wefigureoutthroughtrialanderror.Theresea

rchonbedtimesbetween10pmand11pmwillcheerthosewholeavepartiesearlyandgiveuplate-nightfootballhighlights,butitestablishesnocausallink.Genetically,s

omehumansarelarks(云雀)andsomeareowls.Foranowltotrytofighttheirnaturalschedule,andsleepearlier,itwouldn’tnecessarilyhelp.Oncewewereurgedtosl

eepwhenweweredead.Nowtheenlightenedtellustosleeporwewilldie.Idon’treallybelieveanyofthis.Agoodnight’ssleepi

sagreatenjoyment.Asfaraspossible,itshouldalsoremainasimpleone.12.WhatdocsParagraph3mainlytellus?A.WepaytoomuchattentiontosleephoursB.

Ourancestorsalwayssufferedfromalackofsleep.C.OurmentalhealthiscloselyrelatedtoourbrainactivityD.Wenowhaveabetterunderstandingofthebenefitsof

sleep.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“aggravate”inParagraph5probablymean?A.Ease.B.Worsen.C.Prevent.D.Addres

s.14.WhichofthefollowingmightColinEspieagreewith?A.Weshouldrespecteveryone’ssleeppattern.B.Anowlshouldtryhardtogoagainsttheirna

ture.C.Itisnecessarytocomparedifferentsleeppatterns.D.Weshouldchangeoursleeppatternswhennecessary.15.Whatistheauthor’sp

urposeinwritingthetext?A.Toshowtheimportanceofsleep.B.Toanalyzethecauseofinsomnia.C.Topersuadepeopletogotobedearly.D.Toreducepeople’sanx

ietyaboutsleep.【答案】12.D13.B14.A15.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了各种各样的经验使我们更加科学地看待睡眠，从而减少对睡眠所产生的焦虑。【12题详解】主旨大意题。根据第三段第一句“Themixofexper

ienceshasledustotakesleepingmorescientifically(各种各样的经验使我们更加科学地看待睡眠)”可知，本段主要介绍了我们对于睡眠有了更好的认知。故选D。【13题详解】词义猜测题。根据所猜词后“InhisbookOvercom

ingInsomniaandSleepProblems,OxfordprofessorColinEspiewritesabout“orthosomnia”,wherepeople’sattentionissofocusedonsleepingwellthattheybecom

etooanxioustodoso.(牛津大学教授科林·埃斯皮在他的《克服失眠和睡眠问题》一书中提到了“正睡眠症”，即人们的注意力过于集中在睡个好觉上，以至于他们变得过于焦虑而无法做到这一点)”可知，人的注意力集中在睡个好觉上，会给人带来更多的焦虑，从而导致问题恶化。由

此推知，所猜词的意思为“恶化、加重”。故选B。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Espiesaysweeachhaveasleeppatternthat,likeashoesize,wefigureoutthroughtr

ialanderror.(埃斯皮说，我们每个人都有自己的睡眠模式，就像鞋子的尺码一样，我们通过反复试验来确定)”可知，埃斯皮认为每个人的睡觉的模式都是不同的，每个人有着自己的特点。由此推知，埃斯皮认为应该尊重每个人的睡眠模式。故选A。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第三段第一句“Them

ixofexperienceshasledustotakesleepingmorescientifically(各种各样的经验使我们更加科学地看待睡眠)”以及最后一段“Agoodnight’ssleepisagreatenjoyment.As

faraspossible,itshouldalsoremainasimpleone(睡个好觉是一种极大的享受。尽可能地，它也应该保持简单)”可知，我们应该更加科学地看待睡眠，减少对于睡眠的焦虑。故选D。【19】江西省名校高中2022-2023学年高三上学期联合

测评Musiccanreallyaffectyourwell-being,learning,qualityoflife,andevenhappiness.Thefactthatmusiccanmakeadifficult

taskmoretolerablemaybewhystudentsoftenchoosetolistentoitwhiledoingtheirhomework.Butislisteningtomusicthesmartchoiceforstudent

swhowanttoimprovetheirlearning?Anewstudysuggeststhatforsomestudents,listeningtomusicisawisestrategy,butforothers,itisn’t.Theeffectofm

usiconcognitive(认知的)functionappearstodependpartlyonyourpersonality—specifically,onyourneedforexternalstimulation(刺激).Researchersnotonlyassesse

dlisteners’personalitybutalsochangedthedifficultyofthetaskandthecomplexityofthemusic.Participantsfirstcompletedapersonalitytestusedto

determinetheneedforexternalstimulation.Then,theyengagedinaneasycognitivetask(searchingfortheletterAinlistsofwo

rds)andamorechallengingone(rememberingwordpairs)inorder.Participantsfinishedbothtasksunderoneoftwosoundconditions:(1)nomusic,(2)withmusic.Th

edatasuggestthatforthosewithahighneedofexternalstimulation,onthesimpletaskoffindingA’s,thescoresforthemusicconditionweresignificantlyworsethanth

oseforthesilentcondition.Onthecomplextaskoflearningwordpairs,theirperformancewasworsewhenevermusicwasplayed.Forthosewithalowneedofexternalstimulati

on,however,onthesimpletask,suchparticipants’scoresforthemusicconditionweremuchbetterthanthoseforthesilentco

ndition.Onthecomplextaskoflearningwordpairs,theparticipantsshowedasmallbutreliablebenefitwhenlisteningtomusic.Accordingtothest

udy,thereareindividualdifferencesintheimpactofmusiconcognitivefunction.Studentswhoareeasilyboredandwhoseekoutst

imulationshouldbecautiousofaddingmusictothemix.Ontheotherhand,studentswithalowneedforstimulationmaybenef

itsignificantlyfromthepresenceofmusic.Withtherightpersonality,therightmusicandtherighttask,thepresenceofmusicmaysignific

antlyimprovecognitivefunctioning.Giventhebenefitsofmusic,subscriptiontoSpotifywillberewarding!12.Whatcanwelearnaboutth

estudyinparagraph2?A.Itonlyinvolvedtheparticipants’responsetomusic.B.Participantscompletedtwotaskswhencomposingsongs.C.Thedifficultyoft

hetwotasksdecreasedintheexperiment.D.Participantsweregroupedbytheirneedforexternalstimulation.13.Whatc

anweinferfromtheresultoftheresearch?A.Thecomplexityoftasksmightreducethebenefitofmusic.B.Studentssho

uldlistentomusicwhenperformingcomplextasks.C.Studentswithlessexternalstimulationperformbadlywithmusic.D.Thepr

esenceofmusicbenefitsstudentswhoseekforexternalstimulation.14.Whatmighttheunderlinedword“Spotify”be?A.Atravelguide.B.Apsychology

journal.C.Amusicplatform.D.Apersonalitytest.15.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthearticle?A.Whyismusicessentialinyourstudy?B.Ismusicbeneficialto

yourpersonality?C.Howcanmusicaffectyourexternalstimulation?D.Doesmusicpromoteyourcognitiveperformance?【答案】12.D13.A14.C15.D【解析】【导语】这是一

篇说明文。文章通过实验来证明了在恰当的个性、恰当的音乐和恰当的任务的情况下，音乐的存在可以显著提高认知功能。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Researchersnotonlyassessedlisteners’p

ersonalitybutalsochangedthedifficultyofthetaskandthecomplexityofthemusic.Participantsfirstcompletedapersonalitytestusedt

odeterminetheneedforexternalstimulation.(研究人员不仅评估了听者的性格，还改变了任务的难度和音乐的复杂性。参与者首先完成了一项用来确定外部刺激需求的性格测试)”可知参与者们首先要完成性格测试，根据测试的结果来确定是否需要外部刺激，那么这两类

人就根据他们对外部刺激的需求被分成不同的组别来进行试验。故选D项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Thedatasuggestthatforthosewithahighneedofexterna

lstimulation,onthesimpletaskoffindingA’s,thescoresforthemusicconditionweresignificantlyworsethanthoseforthesilentcondition.Onthecomplextasko

flearningwordpairs,theirperformancewasworsewhenevermusicwasplayed.Forthosewithalowneedofexternalstimulation,howe

ver,onthesimpletask,suchparticipants’scoresforthemusicconditionweremuchbetterthanthoseforthesilentcondition.Onthecomplextaskoflearningwordpairs,thep

articipantsshowedasmallbutreliablebenefitwhenlisteningtomusic.(数据表明，对于那些需要大量外部刺激的人来说，在寻找A的简单任务中，音乐条件下的分数比安静

条件下的明显要差。在复杂的单词配对学习任务中，只要播放音乐，他们的表现就会变差。然而，对于那些对外部刺激需求较低的人来说，在简单的任务中，音乐条件下的参与者的分数要比安静条件下的参与者好得多。在复杂的单词配对

学习任务中，参与者在听音乐时表现出了微小但可靠的益处)”可知通过对两组参与者实验后，发现在复杂任务中，需要大量外部刺激的人只要播放音乐，表现就会变差，而对于不太需要外部刺激的人来说，音乐只起一点点作用，远不及他们在简单任务中音乐所起的作用大。故推知在复杂任务中会降低音乐的益处；故选A项。【1

4题详解】词句猜测题。根据文章最后一段“Withtherightpersonality,therightmusicandtherighttask,thepresenceofmusicmaysignificantly

improvecognitivefunctioning.Giventhebenefitsofmusic,subscriptiontoSpotifywillberewarding!(有了恰当的个性、恰当的音

乐和恰当的任务的情况下，音乐的存在可以显著提高认知功能。考虑到音乐的好处，订阅Spotify可能会为自己带来回报)”可知提到了订阅“Spotify”会有回报，而本文意在阐述音乐对提高认知功能的影响，故推知本文是一篇由音乐平台所发

布的文章，来给人们揭露并宣传音乐对于认知功能的影响，故推知划线单词“Spotify”指的是一个音乐平台；故选C项。【15题详解】标题判断题。根据文章第一段“Butislisteningtomusicthesmartchoiceforstudentswhowanttoop

timizetheirlearning?(但是，对于想要优化学习的学生来说，听音乐是明智的选择吗)”可知，文章第一段提出了一个音乐到底对学生来说是不是一个明智的选择这样一个问题，文章接下来的段落通过一个实验来证明音乐到底是否有利于提高认知功能；文章

最后一段“thepresenceofmusicmaysignificantlyimprovecognitivefunctioning.(有了恰当的个性、恰当的音乐和恰当的任务的情况下，音乐的存在可以显著提高认知功能)”总结出到底音乐是否能提高认知功能这一问题的答案；故本

文一直是围绕音乐是否能提高认知能力这一话题来进行阐述的，选项D“Doesmusicpromoteyourcognitiveperformance(音乐能提高你的认知能力吗)”适合作为本文标题；故选D项。【20】湖

北省荆州荆门宜昌三校2022-2023学年高三上学期联考试题Petindustryseemstoresistgravity．Withcontinualgrowthoverthepast50years，itshowsnosignofsl

owingdown．Withpeopletreatingtheirpetsmoreandmorelikeafamilymember，thepetindustrycontinuestoseeariseinrelatedproductsandservices．Thepetindustryin

theUSAreachedamilestonein2020，withtotalsalesof$103．6billion，ahistorichigh，accordingtotheAmericanPetProductsAssociati

onStateoftheIndustryReport，comparedtosalesof$48billionin2010．Thatismorethana100%increaseinjusttenyearsinwhatyoumightc

onsidertobearelativelyboringindustry．Thepetsupplementindustryhasbeengrowingrapidlyaspetownerstreattheircatslikeamemberofthefamily，almostmir

roringhumanbehavior．Payattentiontowhathumantrendsforhealthasitmightcrossovertotheirpets．Andifyouthoughtproductinnovationwaslimite

dtohumans，youwouldbewrong．Wearestartingtoseesignificantamountsofinnovationinpetproductresearchanddevelopment．Forexample:petwipes．Petwipe

sareessentiallymoisttowelettes(湿纸巾)usedonpetsaftergoingtothebathroom．Anotherrelativelynewpetproductcategory

ispettoothpaste．Thesametrendgoesinthehigh-endproductaswell．Ifitwillmaketheirpetshappier，there’sagroupofownerswhowillbuyit．Andthatincludesrelativelyex

pensiveluxuryproducts．Anewbrandofkittylitter(猫砂)changescolorbasedonacat’surinepHlevelsandthecompanyclaimsthattheproducthelpscatownersdete

ctillnessintheircats．Itseemsthatanythinghumansneed，petsneed．So，perhapsit’snotsurprisingthatpetinsuranceisontherise．Thegl

obalpetinsurancemarketsizewasestimatedat$3．8billionin2019andisexpectedtoreach$4．4billionin2020accordingtoGrandViewResearch．EvenLemonade，theAI-p

oweredinsurerrecentlylauncheditsownpetinsurancecoverage．32．Whatmakespetindustrycontinuetodevelop？A．Itsresistancetogravi

tyB．People’sgrowthofloveforpetsC．ThesupportofsomeorganizationsD．Thefashionableproductsandservices33．Inwhatwayisthegro

wthofpetindustryreflected？A．ThediversityofpetsB．Thefamilymembers’behaviorC．TheamountofmoneyspentonitD．Human’sneedsfortheirownlife34．Accordingtothepa

ssage，whatarethetrendsofpetindustrymainlyabout？A．Pets’healthandwellbeingB．Pets’appearanceandbeautyC．Pets’trainingandb

ehaviorD．Pets’rescueandprotection35．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitle？A．Whatistheinfluenceofpetindustry？B．Whydopetownerstreatpe

tskindly？C．Doesapetbelongtofamilymembers？D．Howdoespetindustrycontinuegrowing？本文是说明文。宠物产业迅猛发展，人们将宠物视为家

庭成员，愿意为了宠物的健康而花钱，从而推动了宠物产业在这一方面的发展。32．B推理判断题。根据文章第一段Withpeopletreatingtheirpetsmoreandmorelikeafamilymember，thepetindustryco

ntinuestoseeariseinrelatedproductsandservices．可以推测出人们越来越喜欢宠物。33．C推理判断题。根据文章第二段列出的数字可以推测出人们投入到宠物上的钱在增加。34．A细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句话Payattentiontowhathumantr

endsforhealthasitmightcrossovertotheirpets．和后面三段举的例子，可知答案是A。35．D标题题。全文说明了人们越来越喜欢宠物，它们的健康状况得到人们的重视，人们也乐意花钱购买相关产品。从而促进宠物业的快速发展，故选D。【

21】广东省深圳市重点高中2023届高三上学期第二次月考Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdee

perintoourgenes（基因）,theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.PeopleinEthiopianhig

hlandshaveadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthernEuropehavegainedamutation（突变）thathelpsthemdigestmilkas

adults.OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaptation—nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofse

a-dwellingpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobetterdivers.TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinthehundredsof

thousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they’vealsobuilthousesonstilts（支柱）incoas

talwaters.“Theyaresimplyastrangertotheland,”saidRodneyC.Jubilado,aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudiestheBajau.Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwh

ilegrowinguponSamalIslandinthePhilippines.Theymadealivingasdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish.“Weweresoamazedthat

theycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders,”Dr.Jubiladosaid,“Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea.”In2015,MelissaIl

ardo,thenagraduatestudentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,heardabouttheBajau.Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhav

eledtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem.“Itseemedliketheperfectchancefornaturalselectiontoactonapopulation,”saidDr.

Ilardo.ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.22.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotell

usbytheexamplesinparagraph1?A.Environmentaladaptationofcattleraisers.B.Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.C.Recentfindingsofhu

manorigin.D.Significanceoffoodselection.23.WheredotheBajaubuildtheirhouses?A.Invalleys.B.Nearrivers.C.Onthebeach.D.Offth

ecoast.24.WhywastheyoungJubiladoastonishedattheBajau?A.Theycouldwalkonstiltsallday.B.Theyhadasuperbwayoffishin

g.C.Theycouldstaylongunderwater.D.Theylivedonbothlandandwater.25.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSeaB.Highl

anders’SurvivalSkillsC.BasicMethodsofGeneticResearchD.TheWorld’sBestDivers22~25BDCA【22】江苏省南京市2023届高三上学期10月学情调查考试Withnospecialequipm

ent,nofencesandnowatering,twoabandonedagriculturalfieldsintheUKhavebeenrewilded(重新野化),inlargepartdueto

theeffortsofjays,whichactually“engineered”thesenewwoodlands.Researchersnowhopethatrewildingprojectscanta

keamorenaturalandhands-offapproachandthatjayscanshedsomeoftheirbadreputations.Thetwofields,whichresearchershavecalledtheNewWildernessandtheOld

Wilderness,hadbeenabandonedin1996and1961respectively.Theformerwasabarefield,whilethelatterwasgrassland—bothlaynexttoancientwoodlands.

Researchershadsuspectedthatthefieldswouldgraduallyreturntowilderness,butitwasimpressivetoseejusthowquicklythishap

pened,andhowmuchofitwasowedtobirds.Usingaerialdata,theresearchersmonitoredthetwosites.Afterjust24year

s,theNewWildernesshadgrownintoayoung,healthywoodwith132livetreesperhectare,overhalfofwhich(57%)wereoaks.M

eanwhile,theOldWildernessresembledamaturewoodlandafter39years,with390treesperhectare.“Thisnativewood

landrestorationwasapproachingthestructure(butnotthespeciescomposition)oflong-establishedwoodlandswithinsixdecades,”theresearchersexpla

inedinthestudy.Partofthisreforestationwasdonebythewind,andresearcherssuspectthatpreviousgrounddisturbancemayha

veaidedthewoodlandestablishment—whichisgoodnews,asitwouldsuggestthatagriculturalareasmaybereforestedfasterthana

nticipated.However,animals—Eurasianjays,thrushes,woodmice,andsquirrels—alsoplayedanimportantroleinhelpingtheforeststa

keshape.Thishandfulofspeciesprovidedmuchofthenaturalregenerationneededfortheforesttodevelop.Jays,inparticular,seemtohavedone

alotofheavylifting.32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shed”inParagraph1referto？A.Beopposedto.B.Beashamedof.C.Getusedto.D.Getridof.33.Whichaspect

ofthechangesinthetwofieldsimpressedtheresearchers?A.Thescaleofthewoodlands.B.Thediversityofthefields.C.Therateofthechanges.D.Thefrequency

ofthewilderness.34.WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbyprovidingsomedatainParagragh3?A.Thewoodlandrestorationwasapproachingthestructureoflong-es

tablishedones.B.Muchofthewildernessofthefieldswasowedtobirds.C.Previousgrounddisturbanceaidedthewoodlandestablishmen

t.D.Howquicklythefieldsreturnedtowildernessovertime.35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.Theessentialroleofhumansinthereforestation.B.Thefa

ctorsthatcontributetothereforestation.C.Theimportanceofwoodlandestablishment.D.Thethreatsfacedbyahandfulofwildan

imals.DCDB【23】湖北省襄阳市重点高中2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次月考AnewstudyfocusedonbirdsexamineshowthemovementsofriversintheAmazonhavecontributedtothatarea'sexcept

ionalbiologicaldiversity.Theresearchteam,ledbytheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory,foundthatassmallriversystemsch

angeovertime,theyspurtheevolutionofnewspecies.ThefindingsalsorevealpreviouslyunknownbirdspeciesintheAmazonthatareonlyfoundinsma

llareasnexttothesedynamicriversystems,puttingthemathighriskofextinction.ThelowlandrainforestsoftheAmazonRiverbasinharbor(藏匿)morediversi

tythananyotherecosystemontheplanet.Itisalsoagloballyimportantbiome(生物群落)containingabout18percentofalltreesonEarthandcarryin

gmorefreshwaterthanthenextsevenlargestriverbasinscombined.ResearchershavelongwonderedandhotlydebatedhowtheAmazon'srichbiodiversityaroseandaccumul

ated.“EarlyevolutionarybiologistslikeAlfredRusselWallacenoticedthatmanyspeciesofprimatesandbirdsdifferacrossoppositeriverbanks

intheAmazon,”saidthestudy'sleadauthorLukasMusher.“Moreover,accumulatinggeologicalevidencehassuggestedthattheseriversarehighlydynamic,movi

ngaroundtheSouthAmericanlandscapeoverrelativelyshorttimeperiods,ontheorderofthousandsortensofthousandsofyears.”Toinvestigatehowt

hemovementofriversacrossthelandscapehasinfluencedtheaccumulationofbirdspeciesintheAmazon,theresearcherssequencedthegenomes(基因组)ofsixspeciesof

Amazonianbirds.Becausetheseriversmovearoundthelandscapeatdifferenttimescales,theirmovementscanhavevaryingoutcomesforbirdspecies:whenriver

rearrangementsoccurquickly,populationsofbirdsoneachsidecancombinebeforethey'vehadtimetodiffer;whenriverchangeshappens

lowly,specieshavealongertimetodivergefromoneanother.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“spur”inParagraph1mean?A.Stimulate.B.Renew.C

.Pursue.D.Interrupt.29.Whathaveresearchersdebatedon?A.WhattheAmazon'sbiodiversityindicates.B.HowtheAmazon'sbiodiversitywasformed.C.W

hethertheAmazonhastherichestbiodiversity.D.WhyAmazonbirdspeciesareatriskofdistinction.30.WhatcanweconcludefromLukasMusher'swords?A.The

rearesixspeciesofAmericanbirds.B.RiversmoveveryslowlyinSouthAmerica.C.MostspeciesdifferacrossoppositeAmazonriverbanks.D.River

movementmayleadtotheAmazon'sbiodiversity.31.WhathasinfluencedthechangeofbirdspeciesintheAmazon?A.Thelocationo

frivermovement.B.Thepopulationsofbirds.C.Thespeedofrivermovement.D.Theamountofthegenomes.DCBC【24】山东省潍坊市五县市2022-2023学年高三1

0月统考AsanyoneinmainlandBritainwhohaseverattemptedtogrowberriesornutsorindeedfeedthebirds–willknow,doingsoisequaltoanopeningmovei

nagameofchesswithlocalgreysquirrels,agamethesquirrelstendtowin.Greysquirrelsarealsofondoftheoccasionalbird’seggortheyoungbird,andenjoyte

aringandeatingthebarkofyoungbroadleaftrees,whichcaneitherkillthetreesorleavethemopentoinfection.This,apartfromaffectingb

iodiversityandlandscape,harmsthewoodindustry.Thelossisnotinsignificant:£37ayearinEnglandandwalks.Greysquirrels,introduce

dfromNorthAmericain1876,havealmostreplacednativeredsquirrelsbycompetingthemforfoodandhabitat.Theyarelargerandstronger,andresistanttosquirrelpoxviru

s,whileredsarenot.About3milliongreysquirrelsnowliveintheUK;theInternationalUnionforConservationofNatureliststhegreysquirrelamong

thetop100mostharmfulinvasive(入侵的)speciesintheworld.InBritain,mucheffortandinventivenesshasbeenmadeinstoppinggreysquirrelprogress,fromtrappingandshoo

tingthem,toreleasingpinemartensintotheirhabitats.Thelatestmove,aworkablesystemforwhichwasthoughttobeadecadeaway,isforbiddingthebreeding(

繁殖)ofgreysquirrels.However,legalchallengebroughtsomanydelaysthattheinvasivegreysquirrelpopulationexpandedtoanunmanageableleve

landwipingoutwereabandoned.ThemainissueinBritainwasthoughttobemoretechnologicalthanlegaldesigningadrugthattargetsonlygreysquirrel

stopreventtheirbreeding.AnotherpossibilityintheyearsaheadistouseDNAeditingtoensuregreyfemalearebornunabletogivebirth.Greysqu

irrelshavenowbeenherefornearly150years.TheydoactivelythreatenanotherspeciesinBritain.Thereisastrongargumentthatecos

ystemschange.Infact,thatistheiressentialnature,anditisunrealistictostopit.Theattractionofcontrollingthebreedingmethodsofgr

eysquirrelsisthattheyarelessinhumane,andaimforbalanceratherthanuprooting.28.Whatdoestheauthorfocusoninparagraph1?A.Theharmfromgreysquirrels.B

.Theeatinghabitsofgreysquirrels.C.Theeffectofgreysquirrelsonindustry.D.ThegamebetweentheBritishandgreysquirrels.29.Whatledtothevic

toryofgreysquirrelsoverreds?A.Theirhugenumber.B.Theiruniqueorigins.C.Theirbreedingability.D.Theirphysicalqu

alities.30.WhatisthemaindifficultyinremovinggreysquirrelsinBritain?A.Lesslabour.B.Shortageofmoney.C.Imperfectlaw.D.Lackoftech

nology.31.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetoforbiddingthebreedingofgreysquirrels?A.Unclear.B.Objective.C.Favorable.D.Doubtful.【答案】28.A29.D30.D

31.C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了灰松鼠的危害，和英国本土的红松鼠相比，它们更大更强壮，能抵抗松鼠痘病毒;清除灰松鼠面临的主要困难是缺乏技术。【28题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Greysquirrelsarealsofondo

ftheoccasionalbird’seggortheyoungbird,andenjoytearingandeatingthebarkofyoungbroadleaftrees,whichcaneitherkillthetrees

orleavethemopentoinfection.This,apartfromaffectingbiodiversityandlandscape,harmsthewoodindustry.(灰松鼠也喜欢偶尔的鸟蛋或雏鸟，喜欢撕扯和吃年轻的阔叶树的树皮，这可能

会杀死树或使它们容易感染。这除了影响生物多样性和景观外，还损害了木材工业)”可知文章第一段主要讲解了灰松鼠的危害。故选A。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Theyarelargerandstronger,andresistanttos

quirrelpoxvirus,whileredsarenot.(它们更大更强壮，能抵抗松鼠痘病毒，而红色则不行)”可知它们的身体素质使灰松鼠战胜了红松鼠。故选D。【30题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“ThemainissueinBritainwast

houghttobemoretechnologicalthanlegaldesigningadrugthattargetsonlygreysquirrelstopreventtheirbreeding.(在英国，主要的问题被认为是技

术而不是法律，设计一种只针对灰松鼠的药物来阻止它们繁殖)”可知在英国清除灰松鼠的主要困难是缺乏技术。故选D。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Greysquirrelshavenowbeenherefornearly150years.They

doactivelythreatenanotherspeciesinBritain.Thereisastrongargumentthatecosystemschange.(灰松鼠已经在这里生活了近150年。它们确实在积极威胁

着英国的另一种物种。生态系统会发生变化，这是一个强有力的论点)”可知作者对禁止饲养灰松鼠的态度是赞成的。故选C。