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阅读理解解密04猜测词义（分层训练）1.【河北省张家口市部分学校2022-2023学年高三上学期期中】ProfessorSmithwasteachinghisclass.Allthestudentsintheclasswereli

steningtothelecturewithgreatinterest.Butamongthosestudents,therewasNick,whowassittingquietlyandinabadmood.TheprofessortooknoticeofNickonthefirs

tdaybutdidnotsayanything.Butwhenthiswentonforaweek,hecalledNickinhisofficeaftertheclassandasked,“Youaredepressedallthetime.Whatisth

ematter?”Nicksaidwithsomehesitation,“Sir,somethinghashappenedinmypast,duetowhichIremaintroubled.Idon’tknowwhattodo.”

ProfessorcalledNickathishouseintheevening.WhenNickarrived,theprofessorwenttothekitchenandstartedmakinglemonade.Hedeliberatelyputmoresaltinthelemon

ade.ThenhegaveaglassoflemonadetoNick.AssoonasNicktookasip,duetothetasteofexcesssalt,hismouthbecamesour.Seeingthis,theprofessorasked,“Whathap

pened?DidyounotliketheLemonade?”“Nosir,thisisnotthecase.Justalittleexcesssaltinthedrink.”Nicksaid,“Hey,no

wgivemetheglass.Iwillthrowitaway.”TheprofessorreachedouttogetthedrinkfromNick.ButNickrefused,saying,“Nosir,justsaltismore.Ifyouaddmoresugar,thetast

ewillbefine.”Uponhearingthis,theprofessorbecameseriousandsaid,“Youareright.Nowsee,thislemonadeislikeyourlife.Justa

ssaltcannotbetakenoutofthelemonade,similarlythosebadexperiencesalsocannotbeseparatedfromlife.Butbyaddingmoresugaritcanchangethetasteoflemonade.”

Nicknoddedandsmiledinrelief.1．WhydidNickfailtofocusontheclass?A．Hewasdisturbedbythepast.B．Hewastooner

voustoconcentrate.C．ProfessorSmithwastoodemanding.D．Thelecturewasboringandhardtounderstand.2．Whatdoestheu

nderlinedword“excess”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Rare.B．Toomuch.C．Poisonous.D．Smelly.3．WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeProfessorSmith

?A．Determinedandinspiring.B．Cleverandbrave.C．Wiseandcaring.D．Generousandlovely.4．WhatcanwelearnfromNick’sstory?A．Letitgoandliveinthepresent.B．L

ifewithoutaimislikedrinkwithoutsalt.C．Nothingismorepleasantthanawarmingword.D．Allthegoodandbadexperiencesareunavoi

dable.【答案】1．A2．B3．C4．D【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一位教授以用柠檬、盐和糖的关系来开导情绪低落的学生。1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Nicksaidwithsomehesitation,“Sir,somethinghashappenedinmypast,duetow

hichIremaintroubled.Idon’tknowwhattodo.”(尼克有些犹豫地说：“先生，我的过去发生了一些事情，因分层练A此我仍然很困扰。我不知道该怎么办。”)”可知，尼克没能集中注意力上课，是因为他对过去感到不安。故选A。2．词句猜测题。根据第

三段划线词前句“Hedeliberatelyputmoresaltinthelemonade.ThenhegaveaglassoflemonadetoNick.(他故意在柠檬水里加了更多的盐。然后他给了尼克一杯柠檬水。)”可知，尼克喝了一口过量盐的

柠檬水。所以excess为“过量的”之意。故选B。3．推理判断题。根据第二段“TheprofessortooknoticeofNickonthefirstdaybutdidnotsayanything.(第一天教授就注意到了尼克，但什么也没说。)”及史密斯教授亲自来开导情绪低落的

学生可推断，史密斯教授是有爱心的；史密斯教授以用柠檬、盐和糖的关系来开导情绪低落的学生，说明史密斯教授是明智的。故选C。4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Uponhearingthis,theprofessorbecameseri

ousandsaid,“Youareright.Nowsee,thislemonadeislikeyourlife.Justassaltcannotbetakenoutofthelemonade,similarlythosebadexperiencesalsocannotbeseparat

edfromlife.Butbyaddingmoresugaritcanchangethetasteoflemonade.”(听了这话，教授严肃起来说：“你说得对。看，这柠檬水就像你的生活。就像盐不能从柠檬水里拿出来一样

，那些糟糕的经历也不能从生活中分离出来。但是加入更多的糖会改变柠檬水的味道。”)”及全文可推断，生活中所有好的和坏的经历都是不可避免的。故选D。2.【湖北省宜城一中、枣阳一中等六校2022-2023学年高三上学期期中】BJustastheshinybrochurepromised,fromthe

momentIsetfootontheHarvardcampuslastfall,Iwasexposedtoanexcitingandenlighteningnewworld.Iwasbornandraised1

,500milesaway,inasmallapartmentinJackson,Mississippi.Iamtheonlychild,somymotheroverpoweredmewithherlove.Forsomeonewhoseessomuchbeautyintheworl

d,sheworkedawfullyhardtoprotectmefromit.Television,rapmusic,andevenbasketballwiththekidsontheblockwasbeyondconsideration.Itleftmeabi

tbitterasateenager,butIgrewtoappreciateherenormoussacrifices(牺牲)—walkingmetothelibraryeveryafternoon

,laboringatmultiplejobstokeepfoodonthetable,andtellingmestorieslateintothenight.WhenIannouncedthesumm

erbeforemysenioryearofhighschoolthatIhaddecidedtoapplytoHarvard,Inoticedherhesitantlookbeforeawarmsmileenvelopedherface.Ipre

tendednottosee,butIwasneverabletoforgetit.Itriedtoexplainmyreasonsforwantingtoleave-toproveIwassmartenough,fearoftakingthepathofleastresistance,thec

lassicteenagefeelingofbeingtrapped—butthewordsjustmademesoundshallowandungrateful.Nevertheless,Ibeganto

workonthecollegeapplications-anearlyoneforHarvardandroughlyadozenothersstandingby.IknewthechanceofgettingintoHarvardwasnotinmyfavor

.Tomyjoy,IwasinformedofmyacceptanceintoHarvardthreedaysbeforemybirthday.Thatnight,afterallofthecelebratorytextsandhugs,Isatinmyroomandbegantocryuncon

trollably.Overthecourseofthisyear,IhavechangedinwaysIneveranticipated.IthinkIknownowwhymymotherletmego.Harvardhasforcedmetogro

wandtakeafairlookattheworld,andatmyself.Needlesstosay,Iwouldnottradetheexperienceforanything.1．TheunderlinedwordinParagrap

h2mostprobablymeans________.A．madeadifferencetoB．madepeacewithC．tookadvantageofD．tookcontrolof2．Whatwasthemother’sfirstresponsetotheauthor

’sdecision?A．Shewasworriedaboutit.B．Shelaughedatit.C．Sheapprovedofitimmediately.D．Sheturnedadeafeartoit.3．Whatdidtheauthorsayabouthisadm

issiontoHarvard?A．Itdeservedabigcelebration.B．Itservedasalatebirthdaypresent.C．Itwasbeyondhisexpectations.

D．Itwasafavorheowedhismother.4．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．LifelongLearninginHarvardB．Re

flectionsontheRoadtoHarvardC．WhatHarvardMeanstoMyMotherandMeD．HowHarvardShapesMyTeenageYears【答案】1．D2．A3．C4．B【导语】这是一篇记叙文，文章主要介绍了作者的哈佛求学之路以及自

己的思考。1．词义猜测题。根据第二段画线词后“Forsomeonewhoseessomuchbeautyintheworld,sheworkedawfullyhardtoprotectmefromit.Tel

evision,rapmusic,andevenbasketballwiththekidsontheblockwasbeyondconsideration.(作为一个能看到世界上这么多美好事物的人，她却非常努力地保护我不

受它的伤害。看电视、听说唱音乐，甚至和街区里的孩子们一起打篮球都是不可能的)”可推知，母亲对作者的管教很严格，所以画线词所在句意为“我是独生子，所以我的母亲用她的爱控制了我”，overpowered意为“控制”。故选D。2

．细节理解题。根据第三段中“WhenIannouncedthesummerbeforemysenioryearofhighschoolthatIhaddecidedtoapplytoHarvard,Inoticedherhesitantlookbeforea

warmsmileenvelopedherface.(在我升入高三的那个夏天，我告诉母亲我决定申请去哈佛念书，我察觉到母亲脸上那一丝犹豫，尽管那很快就被温暖的笑容所掩盖)”可知，母亲对作者的决定的第一反应是担心。故选A。3．推理

判断题。根据第四段中“IknewthechanceofgettingintoHarvardwasnotinmyfavor.Tomyjoy,IwasinformedofmyacceptanceintoHarvardthreeday

sbeforemybirthday.(我知道进入哈佛的胜算并不是我能决定的。令我高兴的是，在我生日的前三天，我被哈佛录取了)”可知，被哈佛大学录取超出了作者的预料。故选C。4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合最后

一段中“Harvardhasforcedmetogrowandtakeafairlookattheworld,andatmyself.Needlesstosay,Iwouldnottradetheexperienceforanything.(哈佛迫使我成长，让

我以公正的眼光看待这个世界和我自己。不用说，我不会拿这段经历换任何东西)”可知，文章主要介绍了作者的哈佛求学之路以及自己的思考。故选B。3.【辽宁省葫芦岛市协作校2022-2023学年高三上学期第二次考试】CJewelWhite,a15-year-oldstudent,gathersherbook

sandsignsherselfoutofaroutinemorningmathclass.Sheisnotleavingschoolfortheday,butisofftotrysomemorechallengingequations.Thispracticeisnotuncommon

atWestmountSecondarySchoolinHamilton,Ontario,Canada,whereanunconventionallearningapproachisprevailing.Westmountisoneoftheeigh

tregularschoolsinthecountrywherestudentsworkattheirownpaceandsettheirowndirection,spendingasmuchoraslittletimeast

heyneedonsubjects.Teachersactasadvisers.Withtheclassroomteachers’permission,studentscansignoutofaclasstoworkonothermaterialsorwalkinto

anotherclasstocatchuponanothersubject.Andeverytwoweekstheymakeplansfortheirownlearningtime,withsupportfromtheiradviser.A

tatimewhenashrinkingstudentpopulationiscausingboardstocloseschools.Westmountsitsat30percentovercapacitywith1,500stude

nts.Itsburstingnumberlededucationofficialstoconsiderexpandingtheprogramtootherlocations.“Ifstudentsareinterested,wearegoingtodoourbesttoprovi

dethatsortofprogramming,”saidToddWhite,chairoftheHamilton-WentworthDistrictSchoolBoard.WhenstudentslikeJewelarenotinaclassroom,theycanusual

lybefoundintheschool’slearningcommons,astudyareaforallstudents.Thereareteachersavailabletohelp,butgenerallystudentsareworkingontheirow

nassignmentsorprojects.JewelsaidWestmount’sself-pacedstylecaughtherattentionwhenshewaslookingathighschoo

ls.Westmountisnottheschoolclosetoherhome.Shesaidatelementaryschoolshewouldoftencausetroubleinclassbecausesh

ewouldcompleteherworkearlyandnothavemuchelsetodo.“IfindthiskindofacademicenvironmentinWestmountisalotbetterforme,”shesaid.“Ilikethethoughtof

beingabletoworkfasterorslowerifneeded.”1．Whatdoestheword“prevailing”underlinedinparagraphImean?A．Catchingon.B．Givingway.C．Slowingd

own.D．Causingtrouble.2．Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribetheschool’slearningapproach?A．Complexbutfam

iliar.B．Flexibleandefficient.C．Traditionalandcommon.D．Difficultbutinteresting.3．WhatisToddWhite’sattitudetoWestmount’sstyleoflearning?A．Tolera

nt.B．Doubtful.C．Positive.D．Unconcerned.4．WhatdidJewelthinkofherelementaryschool?A．Itwasaschoolclosesttoherhome.B．Itprovidedtoomuchhomeworkfors

tudents.C．Itslearningatmospherewasnotverysatisfying.D．ItsstudentsdidnotworkasfastasWestmount.【答案】1．A2．B3．C4．C【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了加拿大West

mount中学特殊的教学方式。学生按照自己的节奏，设定自己的方向，实行走班学习。1．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段“ThispracticeisnotuncommonatWestmountSecondar

ySchoolinHamilton,Ontario,Canada,whereanunconventionallearningapproachisprevailing.（这种做法在加拿大Hamilton的Westmount中学并不少

见，那里prevailing着一种非传统的学习方法。）”中划线词的前文“Thispracticeisnotuncommon（这种做法并不少见）”可知，这种学习方式在Westmount中学很流行，故此处的“prevailing”与A项“catchingon变

流行起来”意思相近，故选A。2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Westmountisoneoftheeightregularschoolsinthecountrywherestudentsworkattheirownpaceandsettheirowndirection,

spendingasmuchoraslittletimeastheyneedonsubjects.Teachersactasadvisers.（Westmount是该地区八所普通学校之一，学生按照自己

的节奏学习，并设定自己的方向，在课堂上花尽可能多或少的时间。老师是顾问。）”可推知，这个学校的学习方法是灵活且有效率的，故选B。3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段““Ifstudentsareinterested,wearegoingtodoour

besttoprovidethatsortofprogramming,”saidToddWhite,（ToddWhite说道：‘如果学生感兴趣，我们将尽最大的努力提供这种方法。’）”可知，ToddWhite认为

这种学习方法是值得推崇的，因此对这种方式是支持的、肯定的，故选C。4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Shesaidatelementaryschoolshewouldoftencausetroubleinclassbecauseshewould

completeherworkearlyandnothavemuchelsetodo.（她说，在小学时，她经常会在课堂上惹麻烦，因为她会很早做完功课，没有太多其他事情要做。）”可知，Jewel对她小学的学习氛围不太满意，她是能快速完成作业的，然而又不得不等

其他同学的节奏，故选C。4.【河南省TOP20名校2022-2023学年高三上学期12月调研考】PhineasTBarnumisthebest-knowncircusbusinessowneroftheninet

eenthcentury.Heexcelledasashowman,andthroughouthiscareerintheentertainmentbusiness,hepromotedmanydiffere

ntformsofattractions.Barnum’sfirstindustrywasasanewspaperowner.Healsoworkedasawriterandpublisher.Hisenduringfame,however,isasashowman.Barnumcon

sideredthistobehismaintalentandheneverchangedthisviewofhischaracter.T.Barnum’sentertainmentinterestscoveredmu

seums,travelingdancetroupes(团),andeventhemid-centuryUStourbyJennyLind,theSwedishsinger.Hewas,bynature,arisk-taker,andusuallygainedsuccessfromt

hemostunlikelyenterprises.Barnumwaswillingtoadoptanytacticthatpublicizedhisbusinesses.HisAmericanMuseum

inNewYorkincludedhoaxesandfreaks(恶作剧和怪物),bothhumanandanimal.Thiswasnotunusualbythestandardsofthetime,butevenhefelttheneedtoprovehishoa

xesfair,asadvertisingtricks.Barnum’sunboundedself-confidencemeantheneverdoubtedhisabilitytomakeasuccessofanybu

siness.HeopenedAmerica’sfirstaquarium(水馆)andopenedatheaterinNewYorkthatwasthelargestandmostmoderninthecity.Heaimedtochangethepublicknowledgeofthe

aters,andinthis,helargelysucceeded.Hemadetheater-goingrespectable.Determinationandhardworkfeaturedmajorlyinthequalitiestha

tBarnumdisplayed,andhefrequentlyspokeaboutthenecessityofboth.Hebelievedsuccessonlycametothosewhoworkedforitandknewtheyhadthese

lf-determinationnecessary.Healsostatedthenecessityofunderstandingthebusinessthatapersonwasrunning.Knowledgeandexperiencecounted

formuchinBarnum’slife,andhecertainlyknewtheentertainmentbusiness.Successinlife,accordingtoBarnum,couldonlybeachievedwhenaperso

nisingoodhealth.Headvisedthatgettinghealthyandmaintainingahealthybodyandmindwouldleadtohappinessaswellassuccess.1．WhatdidBarnumthinkwashism

ostsuccessfulcareer?A．Awriter.B．Apublisher.C．Ashowman.D．Anewspaperowner.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tactic”inpar

agraph4mean?A．Media.B．Strategy.C．Support.D．Opportunity.3．WhydoestheauthormentionBarnum’ssuccessinopeni

ngtheaquariumandtheater?A．ToshowBarnum’sfirmbeliefsinhisowncapacity.B．Totelluschancesareimportantforanybusiness

.C．Toexplainwhatkindofbusinesswassuccessful.D．Toindicatehowbadpeople’slifewasatthattime.4．Whichofthefollowi

ngcanbestdescribeBarnumandhisbusiness?A．Eventful.B．Adventurous.C．Unsteady.D．Outstanding.【答案】1．C2．B3．A4．D【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了

娱乐大亨PhineasTBarnum的职业生涯。1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Hisenduringfame,however,isasashowman.Barnumconsideredthistobehismaintalentandhenevercha

ngedthisviewofhischaracter.(然而，他持久的名声是作为一名娱乐经理人。Barnum认为这是他的主要天赋，他从未改变对自己特点的看法)”可知，Barnum认为他作为娱乐经理人是最成

功的。故选C项。2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Barnumwaswillingtoadoptanytacticthatpublicizedhisbusinesses.HisAmericanMuseuminNewYorkincludedhoaxesandfreaks,bothhumana

ndanimal.Thiswasnotunusualbythestandardsofthetime,butevenhefelttheneedtoprovehishoaxesfair,asadvertisingtricks.(Bar

num愿意采取任何宣传其业务的tactic。他在纽约的美国博物馆收藏了人类和动物的恶作剧和怪物。以当时的标准来看，这并不罕见，但即使是他也觉得有必要证明自己的骗局是合理的，就像广告伎俩一样)”可知，Barnum愿意采用任

何策略来宣传其业务，并证明其策略是合理的，推测划线单词表示“策略”，与strategy同义。故选B项。3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Barnum’sunboundedself-confidencemeantheneverdoubtedhisabili

tytomakeasuccessofanybusiness.HeopenedAmerica’sfirstaquariumandopenedatheaterinNewYorkthatwasthelargestandmostmod

erninthecity.Heaimedtochangethepublicknowledgeoftheaters,andinthis,helargelysucceeded.(Barnum的无限自信意味着他从不怀疑自己在任何业务上取得成功的能力。他开设了美国第一家水族馆，

并在纽约开设了一家剧院，这是该市最大、最现代化的剧院。他旨在改变公众对戏剧的认知，并在这方面取得了很大的成功)”可知，作者提到Barnum在水族馆和剧院方面的成功，是为了展示Barnum对自己能力的坚定自信。故

选A项。4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Heexcelledasashowman,andthroughouthiscareerintheentertainmentbusiness,hepromotedmanydifferentf

ormsofattractions.(作为一名娱乐经理人，他表现出色，在娱乐业的整个职业生涯中，他推广了许多不同形式的景点)”、第三段“Hewas,bynature,arisk-taker,andusuallygainedsuccessfromthemostu

nlikelyenterprises.(他天生就是一个冒险者，通常从最不可能的企业那里获得成功)”、第五段“Barnum’sunboundedself-confidencemeantheneverdoubtedhis

abilitytomakeasuccessofanybusiness.(Barnum的无限自信意味着他从不怀疑自己在任何业务上取得成功的能力)”以及文章内容可知，Barnum在许多行业取得成功，并对自己的能力具备自信，所以Barnum及其事

业是杰出的。故选D项。5.【辽宁省名校联盟2022-2023学年高三12月联考】Itisbecomingmoreapparentnowthatstudentsdomoreonlinelearningthantheyeverh

avebefore.Thereareplentyofwaysthateducatorscanusetechnologytocreateonlinelessonsanddeliverinstructionsremotely.Youmaythin

kthattheonlywaytorunanonlineclassissynchronouslythroughwebconferences,inthesamewaythatphysicallearningdoes—withallofthe

studentsandtheteacherpresentatthesametime.Inmostcases,thatwon’tbeverypractical,sincetheprobabilitythatalloft

helearnersandtheeducatorbeingalltogetherwithlive,stableInternetconnectionsisrelativelylow.Themostcrucialthingtokeepinmind

isthatonlinelearningdoesnotneedtotakeplaceatthesametimeasonlineteaching.YoucreateacourseinyourLMS(LearningManagemen

tSystem)tobeaseriesofmodules(模块).Thenyouaskyourlearnerstotakethemodulesoneafteranother,becauseeachbuildsonthelast.Eachmodulemaybeavideothatyoucrea

tedregardingthecontent,accompaniedbyaPDF,somerelevantdocumentsandthird-partylinks,etc.Learnerscanlogintothe

virtualclassroomwhenevertheywant,evenduringtheearlyhoursofthemorning,toaccesseachmoduleintheorderyouhavedesigned.Youcanalsolayoutsomeessentialrulesfo

rthecourse,likethefrequencyandtypesofassessmentsandmore.AsfarasI’mconcerned,whilemostofthetimeonlinelearn

ingsavesthelearningcostandprovidesdiversestudyingmaterialsandinstructionsfromeducators,allowingyourlearnersth

efreedomtodotheircourseworkaccordingtotheirschedulesiswhatmakesonlinelearningdistinctive.Ithelpsboostengagement,teachyourlearnershowtoplanforthemsel

vesandberesponsible,andimprovetheiroveralllives.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“synchronously”inparagraph2probablymean?A．Atthesametime.B．Inthesa

meplace.C．Onvariousconditions.D．Throughdifferentchannels.2．Whyarelearnerssupposedtofollowthemodulesinacerta

inorder?A．Everymodulehasessentialrules.B．Themodulesdealwithvarioustopics.C．Eachmoduleisbasedonthepreviousone.D．Themodulesarede

signedindifferentforms.3．Whatmakesonlinelearninguniqueaccordingtotheauthor?A．Flexiblelearningtime.B．Easyaccesstoteachers.C．Abundantlearni

ngresources.D．Affordableeducationfee.4．Whoarethetargetreadersofthetext?A．Students.B．Parents.C．Officials.D．Teachers.【答案】1．A2．C3．A4．D【导语

】本文是篇说明文。文章讲述了网课越来越常见，上网课的形式不一定是教与学同步进行，学生可以根据老师设计的教学内容自主选择学习时间，这样能培养学生的责任心和自主学习能力。1．词义猜测题。根据第二段的“inthesamewaythatphysical

learningdoes—withallofthestudentsandtheteacherpresentatthesametime.”（就像线下学习一样，所有的学生和老师同时在场）可知，“synchronously”意

为“同时”。故选A。2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Thenyouaskyourlearnerstotakethemodulesoneafteranother,becauseeachbuildsonthelast.”（然后你要求你的学习者

一个接一个地学习这些模块，因为每个模块都是在上一个模块的基础上构建的）可知，学习者要按一定顺序学习这些模块，原因是每个模块都是以前一个模块为基础的。故选C。3．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“AsfarasI’mconcerned,whilemostofthetimeonlinelearni

ngsavesthelearningcostandprovidesdiversestudyingmaterialsandinstructionsfromeducators,allowingyourlearnersthefreedomtodotheircourseworkaccordingtot

heirschedulesiswhatmakesonlinelearningdistinctive.”（就我而言，虽然在线学习很多时候节省了学习的费用并且提供多样的学习材料和教师指导，但是让你的学习者能够根据自己的时间表自由地完成课程是在线学习与众不同的地方

）可推知，作者认为灵活的学习时间使得在线4．推理判断题。依据全文，尤其是“Youcreateacourse...”（你创建了一门课程……）；“youaskyourlearnersto….”（你要求你的学生....）；“Youcanalsolayoutsomeessentia

lrules…”（你也可以列出一些基本规则……）；“teachyourlearners….”（教你的学生……）可推知，本文的目标读者是教师。故选D。1.【江苏省决胜新高考2022-2023学年高三上学期12月大联考】Thearri

valofspringhasseeminglyunchangeableresults-lengtheningdays,blossomingplantsandagreatincreaseinbees’activity.Butnewresearchfin

dsthatmanyspeciesofbirdsarenestingandlayingeggsnearlyamonthearlierthantheydidacenturyago.Thesespecies,includingbluejays,yellowwarblersandfieldsparr

ows,arenowlayingtheirfirsteggs25daysearlier,onaverage,thantheywere100yearsago,theresearchhasfound.Theheatingoftheatmospher

e,duetotheburningoffossilfuels,isseeminglychangingaprocessthatlongappearedunshakeable.Thestudy,publi

shedintheJournalofAnimalEcology,drewuponrecordsofbirds’eggsgatheredduringaperiod,fromabout1880to1920,whenpeoplecouldrampantly(猖獗的)colle

ctthemfromnestswithoutpunishment.Theserecords,largelyconsistingofboxesofeggswithhand-writtenlabelsdescribi

ngthetypeofbirdandwhentheeggswerecollected,werecomparedwithmodernnestingdatacheckedbyresearchers,whoused分层练Bmirrorsmountedonlongpoles

toobservehigh-upnests.Amodelbuiltbytheresearchersrevealedthatbirdsmovingtheirnestingdatesforwardhasbeenclos

elycorrelatedwithrisingcarbondioxidelevelsintheatmosphere,aleadingdriverofrisingglobaltemperatures.Birdschoosewhentones

tinlinewithotherdevelopmentsinspring,suchasthebudding(发芽)ofplantsandtheincreaseininsectnumbers.Theseinteractions

ofnaturearebeingunpickedbyclimatechange—intheUSbearsareemergingfromhibernationearlierandcherry,peach,pear,appleandplumtreesareblossomingweekse

arlierthantheyoncedid.IntheUK,plantsfloweredafullmonthearlierbetween1987and2019thantheydidbefore1986,recentr

esearchfound.“Ifyou’reabirdandyounestearlier,youputyourselfatriskofthesecoldsnaps(寒流)thatcanstillarriveinspring,whicht

henaffectstheplantsandinsects,”saidBates.“Thatthenimpactsthereproductivesuccessofthebirds.Springsarebe

comingmorevolatile(反复无常)andthatistakingitstoll.”1．Whatmightberesponsibleforthebirds’earliernestandlayingeggs?A．Lengtheningspring

days.B．Globalwarming.C．Blossomingplants.D．Theincreaseinbees’activity.2．Howdidtheresearchersgettheirfinding?A．Byreferringtopreviousresearche

s.B．Bymonitoringbirds’behaviour.C．Byinvestigatingbirds’habitats.D．Bycomparingdatafromdifferentperiods.3．WhyarebearsandplantsmentionedinPara.6?A．Toe

xplainarule.B．Toclarifyaconcept.C．Toproveastatement.D．Tomakeaprediction.4．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“takingitstoll”inthelastparagraphm

ean?A．Upsettingbalanceofnature.B．Shapinglandscape.C．Receivingattention.D．Causingloss.【答案】1．B2．D3．C4．D【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。

文章主要介绍了气候变迁造成鸟类提前筑巢和下蛋的情况。1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Theheatingoftheatmosphere,duetotheburningoffossilfuels,isseeminglychangingaprocessthatlongap

pearedunshakeable.(燃烧化石燃料导致的大气变暖，似乎正在改变一个长期以来看似不可动摇的过程)”可知，全球变暖也许导致了这些鸟更早的筑巢和产卵。故选B项。2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Theserecords,l

argelyconsistingofboxesofeggswithhand-writtenlabelsdescribingthetypeofbirdandwhentheeggswerecollected,werecomparedwith

modernnestingdatacheckedbyresearchers,whousedmirrorsmountedonlongpolestoobservehigh-upnests.(这些记录主要由一盒鸡蛋组成，上面有手写的标签，描述了鸟类的类型和收集鸡蛋的时间。研究人员将这些

记录与现代筑巢数据进行了比较，研究人员使用安装在长杆子上的镜子来观察高处的巢穴)”可推知，研究人员通过比较不同时期的数据来得到他们的发现。故选D项。3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Birdschoosewhentonestinlinewithot

herdevelopmentsinspring,suchasthebuddingofplantsandtheincreaseininsectnumbers.Theseinteractionsofnaturearebeingunpickedbyclimatechange—intheUSbearsar

eemergingfromhibernationearlierandcherry,peach,pear,appleandplumtreesareblossomingweeksearlierthantheyoncedid.(鸟类根据春天的其他情况来选

择筑巢时间，比如植物发芽和昆虫数量的增加。这些自然界的相互作用正被气候变化破坏——在美国，熊更早地从冬眠中醒来，樱桃、桃子、梨、苹果和李树的开花时间比以前提前了几周)”可推知，后面的熊和植物例子是说明这一点的

。故选C项。4．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中““Ifyou’reabirdandyounestearlier,youputyourselfatriskofthesecoldsnapsthatcanstillar

riveinspring,whichthenaffectstheplantsandinsects,”saidBates.“Thatthenimpactsthereproductivesuccessofthebirds.(“如果你是一只鸟，提早筑巢，你就会面临春天

仍然可能到来的寒流的风险，这会影响植物和昆虫，”贝茨说。“这会影响鸟类的繁殖成功率)”可知，此处讲的是造成的影响。由此推知，takingitstoll为“造成损失”的意思，与D项Causingloss“造成损失”意思一致。故选D项。2.【江苏省南京

市第一中学2022-2023学年高三上学期9月质量检测】DianaGoldenwastwelveyearsoldwhenshehadcancer.Shewaswalkinghomeonedayafterplaying

inthesnowwhenherrightlegsimplygaveout.Doctorsdiagnosedtheproblemasbonecancer.Theyrecommendedremovingherlegabovetheknee.WhenDianaheardthenews,shea

skedtheonlyfirstquestion:“WillIbestillabletoski?”“Whenthedoctorssaidyes,”shelaterrecalled,“Ifigureditwouldn’tbetoobad.”Losingalegwouldcaus

emostchildrentoloseconfidenceandhope,butDianarefusedtodwellonthenegative.“Itisnothing.Abodypart.”she’dsay.Mostofall,Dianawasnotdiscouraged.Shel

ovedskiingandshehadbeenonskissincetheageoffive.Aftertheoperation,Dianaworkedhardtogetbacktothemounta

innearherhome.“IalwaysskiedandIintendedtokeeponskiing.Ineverdoubtthat.”shedeclared.Dianamethergoal.Shewasbackoutonthes

lopes.Withjustoneleg,Dianamadethebestofit.Inhighschool,Dianabecameamemberofherschool’sskiracingteam.Andin1979,whenshewasjustsev

enteen,shejoinedtheUSDisabledSkiTeam.Afterhighschool,DianawentontoDartmouthCollege.Determinednottobeleftbehind,DianacontinuedhertrainingwiththeDa

rtmouthteam.“Ihadoneleg,whichmeantIhadtodoitdifferently.”shelaterexplained.In1982,Dianaenteredherfirstinternationalskirace.Shewonthewor

ldHandicappedChampionshipinNorway.In1986,DianawontheBeckAwardgiventothebestAmericanracerininternationalskiing.Andin1988,shewasnamedSkiRacingM

agazine’sU.S.FemaleSkieroftheYear.Withhercourageanddetermination,Dianahaschangedhowpeoplelookatdisabledathletes.“Everyonehassomekindofdisability,”Dia

nasays.“It’swhatwedowithourabilitiesthatmatters.”In1990,Dianaretiredfromracingforgood.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“dwellon”probablymeani

nparagraph4?A．Putaway.B．Thinkabout.C．Leavebehind.D．Hangover.2．Whichofthefollowingisthecorrectorderoftheevents

happeningtoDiana?a.Dianaenteredherfirstinternationalskirace.b.Dianawasdiagnosedwithbonecancer.c.Shepracticedskiingattheageoffi

ve.d.DianabegantrainingwiththeDartmouthteam.e.ShebecameamemberoftheUSDisabledSkiTeam.A．bcade.B．cbdae.C．c

beda.D．bceda.3．Thewriterprobablywrotethistextto___________.A．informthereadersaboutdisabledskiersB．describetheeventsininternationalskic

ompetitionsC．tellaboutthedisadvantagesofbeingadisabledskierD．inspirethereaderswithDiana’scourageandresolution4．Whatwouldbethesuitabletitleofthis

text?A．GoforthegoldB．LosealegC．SkitothelastminuteD．Competeforthedisabled【答案】1．B2．C3．D4．A【文章大意】本文为一篇新闻报道。DianaGolden在12岁时因患癌症而失去了一条腿，但这并没有阻

碍她追逐梦想，1982年在挪威成为世界残疾人锦标赛冠军，1986年，获得了贝克奖，1988年，被《滑雪赛车》杂志评为年度美国女性滑雪者。她的勇气和决心改变了人们对残疾运动员的看法。1．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Losingalegwouldcau

semostchildrentoloseconfidenceandhope,butDianarefusedtodwellonthenegative.‘Itisnothing.Abodypart.’she’dsay.(失去一条腿会使大多数孩子失去信心和希望，但戴安娜拒绝dwellon在消极的情绪

中。‘这没有关系。身体的某一部分。’她想说)”可知，大多人会因为失去了一条腿而失去信心和希望，划线词后的thenegative指代前半句的loseconfidenceandhope这种负面心理，根据转折连词but以及谓语动词refused可知，Diana与其他大多数孩子不同，她对这种负面

心理是拒绝的态度，B项“Thinkabout”意为“考虑”，Diana拒绝考虑那些负面情绪。B项与划线词意义相近，故选B项。2．细节排序题。根据第五段第二句“Shelovedskiingandshehadb

eenonskissincetheageoffive.(她喜欢滑雪，从5岁起就开始滑雪了。)”，第一段“DianaGoldenwastwelveyearsoldwhenshehadcancer.(戴安娜·戈尔登患癌症时12岁)”可知，五岁开始化学的Diana12岁时被诊断患了癌

症。按顺序为cd，故先排除A项和D项。第六段中“Withjustoneleg,Dianamadethebestofit.Inhighschool,Dianabecameamemberofherschool’sskiracingteam.Andin1979,whenshewasj

ustseventeen,shejoinedtheUSDisabledSkiTeam.(只有一条腿的戴安娜充分利用了这一点。高中时，戴安娜成为学校滑雪赛车队的一员。1979年，年仅17岁的她加入了美国残疾人滑雪队。)”可知，17岁时Diana进了美国残疾人滑雪队，故排在第三

个的是e；第七段中“Afterhighschool,DianawentontoDartmouthCollege.Determinednottobeleftbehind,Dianacontinuedhertrainingwi

ththeDartmouthteam.(高中毕业后，戴安娜去了达特茅斯学院。黛安娜决心不掉队，继续跟随达特茅斯队训练。)”，第四个为d。排除法，故选C项。3．推理判断题。文章介绍了因骨癌致残的Diana身残志坚，热衷于滑雪，在倒数第二段“Withhercourageanddeterminat

ion,Dianahaschangedhowpeoplelookatdisabledathletes(凭借她的勇气和决心，Diana改变了人们对残疾运动员的看法)”可知，文章介绍Diana，以期借助于Diana的勇气的决心来鼓励读者。故选D项

。4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章介绍了因骨癌致残的Diana身残志坚，热衷于滑雪，并在倒数第三段“In1982,Dianaenteredherfirstinternationalskirace.ShewontheworldHandicappedCham

pionshipinNorway.In1986,DianawontheBeckAwardgiventothebestAmericanracerininternationalskiing.Andin1988,she

wasnamedSkiRacingMagazine’sU.S.FemaleSkieroftheYear.(1982年，戴安娜第一次参加国际滑雪比赛。她在挪威赢得了世界残疾人锦标赛。1986年，黛安娜获得了

贝克奖，该奖是颁发给国际滑雪比赛中最优秀的美国选手的。1988年，她被《滑雪赛车》杂志评为年度美国女性滑雪者。)”可知，失去了一条腿并没有阻止她前进的脚步，她一路更加努力并成为获得世界残疾人锦标赛冠军，A项

“Goforthegold(争夺金牌)”符合题意。故选A项。3.【浙江省慈溪市2022-2023学年高三上学期12月适应性考试】Fromcowboyhatsandcattletobarbecueandfootball,Texasis

knownformanythings.OnethingtheLoneStarStateisnotknownfor,however,iswinterweather.ThatchangedinFebruarylastyear,whenwinterstormburiedT

exasiniceandsnow.Itragedforatotalofeightdays,23hours,and23minutes,whichwasoneofthemostimpactfulwintereventsinrecenthistory.AccordingtoT

exasTVstation,winterstormLandonwassoextremethatitcausedtreesacrossnorthTexasto“explode”,fillinglocalcommunitieswithboomsthatsoundedmorelik

egunshotsthantreebranches.Thephenomenonof“explodingtrees”isn’tasunusualorasterrifyingasitsounds,accordingtoJane

t,whosaystreesoftenfreezeandburstasaresultofrapidtemperatureshifts.“Ourwidetemperatureswingsmeanthattreesmaynotbecom

pletelydormant(休眠的)orpreparedforthecold,”Janetsaid.“Treeshaveseveralmechanismstheyusetopreventfreezing.

Theytakecuestogetadaptedandreadyforthefreeze.”Intreesthataren’tcompletelyinactive,coldweathercausestreesaptofre

eze.Whenthathappens,thesapexpandsbeyondwhatthetree’sbarkcancontain.Andso,thetreesplitsinplacesthatcan’tcopewiththep

ressure,creatingcracksknownas“frostcracks”.Althoughtreesdonotactuallyexplodeintopieceswhenfrostcrackshappen,theremaybeloudnoisesandvis

iblefractures(折断),andheavybranchescanfalltotheground.“Treesexplodeincoldweatherbecausethewaterconten

tinthecellsandtissuesfreezes,”MacKenziesaid.“Frommidwintertoearlyspringthiscanoccurwhenthetemperatureswings,snowmeltsandwarmsun,coldnig

htsworkinharmony.Itisusuallynothingtobetooconcernedabout;thetreewillstarttohealjustasquickly.Ihavebeenawakenedmanycoldwinternigh

tshearingthetreesexplode.”1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“That”referto?A．TexasisrelatedtoAmericanfootball.B．Te

xasislittleknownforitswinterweather.C．Texasisasuitableplaceforraisingcattle.D．Texashasafamoushistoryofcowboys.2．WhatdoesJanetthinkcausest

hetreestoexplode?A．Theoccurrenceofthewinterstorm.B．Thefragiletreebranchesinwinter.C．Thesuddenchangeoftemperat

ures.D．Thetrees’preparationforthecold.3．Whatdoesthefifthparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．Theeffectofcoldweatheronpl

ants.B．Waystohelptreespreventfreezing.C．Theroleofsapinwinter.D．Thereasonwhytreesexplode.4．WhatdoesMacKenzieimplyinh

iswords?A．Treeexplosionisanaturalphenomenon.B．Meltingsnowcanleadtotreeexplosion.C．Treesmayexplodeeveninwarmni

ghts.D．Peopleshouldbecarefulaboutexplodingtrees.【答案】1．B2．C3．D4．A【文章大意】这是一篇说明文，主要分析了冬季风暴导致德克萨斯州北部的树木“爆炸”这一现象

。1．词义猜测题。划线词That是指示代词，往往指代前文内容，所以线索指向第一段。由第一段“Fromcowboyhatsandcattletobarbecueandfootball,Texasisknownformanythings.OnethingtheLoneStarStateisnotkno

wnfor,however,iswinterweather.(从牛仔帽和牛到烧烤和足球，得克萨斯州以很多东西闻名。然而，孤星州有一件事并不为人所知，那就是冬天的天气)”关键词however可知，转折后的内容是重点，所以此

处that指代在孤星州，并不是所有人都知道冬天的天气。故答案为B。2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Thephenomenonof“explodingtrees”isn’tasunusualorasterrifyingasitsounds,accordingtoJanet,whosays

treesoftenfreezeandburstasaresultofrapidtemperatureshifts.(Janet认为“树木爆炸”的现象并不像听起来那么不寻常或可怕，她说，由于气温的快速变

化，树木经常会结冰和爆裂)”可知，Janet认为是由于天气的快速变化导致树木爆炸。故答案为C。3．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Intreesthataren’tcompletelyinactive,coldweathercausestreesaptofreeze.Whent

hathappens,thesapexpandsbeyondwhatthetree’sbarkcancontain.Andso,thetreesplitsinplacesthatcan’tcopewiththepressure,creat

ingcracksknownas“frostcracks”.Althoughtreesdonotactuallyexplodeintopieceswhenfrostcrackshappen,theremaybeloudnoisesan

dvisiblefractures(折断)，andheavybranchescanfalltotheground.(在那些不是完全不活跃的树木中，寒冷的天气会导致树液冻结。当这种情况发生时，树液会膨胀到超出树皮所能容纳的范围。因此，树木在无法承受压力的地方裂开，形成了被称为“霜裂缝”的

裂缝。虽然霜裂发生时树木不会爆炸成碎片，但可能会有很大的噪音和可见的裂缝(折断)，沉重的树枝可能会掉落到地上)”可知，本段详细描述了为什么天气的急剧变化会导致树木爆炸，所以D选项“树木爆炸的原因”贴合本段主旨。故答案为D。4．

推理判断题。根据尾段中的“Frommidwintertoearlyspringthiscanoccurwhenthetemperatureswings,snowmeltsandwarmsun,coldnights

workinharmony.(从仲冬到初春，气温波动，积雪融化，温暖的太阳和寒冷的夜晚和谐相处，就会出现这种情况)”和“Itisusuallynothingtobetooconcernedabout;thet

reewillstarttohealjustasquickly.(这通常没什么好担心的；这棵树很快就会开始愈合)”可推测出MacKenzie认为树木爆炸是一种常见的自然现象，没有什么好担心的，所以A选项“树木爆炸是一种自然现象”符合题意。故答案为A。

4.【浙江省舟山市2022-2023学年高考首考模拟英语试卷（二）】Ifyou’rereachingforthelastpieceofpizzaataparty,andmeanwhileseeanotherhandgoingforit

,yournextmoveprobablydependsonhowyoufeelandwhomthehandbelongsto.Yourlittlesister—youmightjustgrabthepizza.Yourboss—youproba

blywillgiveup.Nowresearchershavemadeprogressinunderstandinghowmammals’brainencodessocialrankandusesthisin

formationtoshapebehaviors—suchaswhethertofightforthelastpizzaslice.Theydiscoveredthatanareaofthebraincalledth

emedialprefrontalcortex(mPFC)wasresponsibleforrepresentingsocialrankinmammals;changestoamouse’smPFCaffecteditsdominancebehavior.Butitwasunkno

wnhowthemPFCrepresentedthisinformationandwhichneurons(神经元)wereinvolvedinchangingdominancebehaviour.Int

henewstudy,ProfessorKayTyeletgroupsoffourmiceshareacage.Somemicebecamemoredominantandothersmoresubordinate.Assoonasthemicewerepair

edup,hediscovered,theactivityoftheirmPFCneuronscouldpredict—with90percentcertainty—therankoftheiropponent.“Weexpectedanimalsmightonlysi

gnalrankwhentheyareinacompetition,”saysco-researcherNancy.“Butitturnsoutanimalswalkaroundwiththisrepresentationofsocia

lrankallthetime.”WhentheresearchersnextaskedwhethertheactivityofthemPFCneuronswasassociatedwithbehaviour,theyfoundsomethingsu

rprising.Thebrainactivitypatternswerelinkedwithslightchangesinbehaviour,suchashowfastamousemoved,andtheyalsocouldpredict—afull30se

condsbeforethecompetitionstarted—whichmousewouldwinthefoodreward.Thewinnerwasnotalwaysthemoredominant,buttheoneengaged

inawinningmindset.Justasyoumightsometimesbeinamorecompetitivemoodandbemorelikelytosnatchthatpizzaslicebeforeyourboss,asubordinatemousemightbeinamor

ewinningmindsetthanamoredominantmouseandendupwinning.TheareasofthemPFCassociatedwithsocialrankandwinningmindsetarenexttoone

anotherandhighlyconnected.Signalsonsocialrankimpactthestateofthebraininvolvedinwinningmindset.Inotherwords,asubordinatem

ouse’sconfidenceandwinningmindsetmaypartiallydecreasewhenfacedwithadominantone.“Thisisfurtherevidencetosugges

tthatweareindifferentbrainstateswhenwearewithotherscomparedtowhenwe’realone,”saysTye.1．Whatisthepurposeofthefirstparagraph?A．Toprovideba

ckgroundinformation.B．Tostatetheimportanceofsocialrank.C．Togivereadersanexampleofsocialrank.D．Tointroducethetopicofthereadingpassage.2．Wha

tdoestheunderlinedword“they”inparagraph5referto?A．ThemPFCneurons.B．Theresearchers.C．Thebrainactivitypatte

rns.D．Thechangesinbehaviour.3．Whatcanwelearnfromthenewstudy?A．Brainactivitiescaninfluencesocialrank.B．Dominantop

ponentsboostwinningmindset.C．Socialrankandwinningmindsetaffectbehaviour.D．Animalsonlyexhibittheirrankincompetition.4．Whatcanwei

nferfromthepassage?A．Winningmindsetestablishesdominance.B．Socialrankguidescompetitivebehaviour.C．Asubordinatemousecanneverbeena

winner.D．Awarenessofdifferentpeoplearoundyoumakeyourbrainusedifferentneurons.【答案】1．D2．C3．C4．D【文章大意】本

文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员对大脑中一个叫做内侧前额叶皮质（mPFC）的区域如何参与改变支配行为的研究，得出结论：处于“胜利心态”的人更容易成为具有统治力的人，意识到周围不同的人会让你的大脑使用不同的神

经元。1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Ifyou’rereachingforthelastpieceofpizzaataparty,andmeanwhileseeanotherhandgoingforit,yournextmoveprob

ablydependsonhowyoufeelandwhomthehandbelongsto.Yourlittlesister—youmightjustgrabthepizza.Yourboss—youprobablywillgiveup.Butifyou’rehungryand

feelingparticularlyconfident,youmightgoforit.”(如果你在派对上伸手去拿最后一块披萨，同时看到另一只手在拿，你的下一步行动可能取决于你的感觉以及那只手属于谁。如果是你妹妹——你可能就去拿披萨。如果是你的老板—

—你可能会放弃。但是如果你饿了并且感觉特别自信，你可能会去拿披萨。)结合之后文章提出大脑中一个叫做内侧前额叶皮质（mPFC）的区域负责代表哺乳动物的社会地位，可知作者写第一段是为了引出一个主要话题。故选D项。2．词句猜测题。根据第五段“

WhentheresearchersnextaskedwhethertheactivityofthemPFCneuronswasassociatedwithbehaviour,theyfoundsomethings

urprising.Thebrainactivitypatternswerelinkedwithslightchangesinbehaviour,suchashowfastamousemoved,andtheyalsocouldp

redict—afull30secondsbeforethecompetitionstarted—whichmousewouldwinthefoodreward.”(当研究人员再次询问mPFC神经元的活动是否

与行为有关时，他们发现了一些令人惊讶的事情。大脑活动模式与行为的轻微变化有关，例如老鼠移动的速度，它们还可以在比赛开始前整整30秒预测哪只老鼠会赢得食物奖励。)可知研究人员发现大脑活动模式与行为密切相关，划线部分的“they”指的是大脑活动模式。故选C项。3

．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“TheareasofthemPFCassociatedwithsocialrankand“winningmindset”arenexttooneanotherandhighlyconnected.Signalsonsocialra

nkimpactthestateofthebraininvolvedin“winningmindset”.Inotherwords,asubordinatemouse’sconfidenceand“winningmindset”maypartiallydecreasewhenf

acedwithadominantone.”(mPFC中与社会地位和“获胜心态”相关的区域彼此相邻，高度相关。社会等级的信号会影响“获胜心态”的大脑状态。换句话说，当面对占优势的老鼠时，从属老鼠的信心和“获胜心态”可能会部分下降。)可知社会地位和获胜心态可

能会影响心态，从而影响行为。故选C项。4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Ifyou’rereachingforthelastpieceofpizzaataparty,andmeanwhileseeanotherhandgoingforit,yournextmovepr

obablydependsonhowyoufeelandwhomthehandbelongsto.Yourlittlesister—youmightjustgrabthepizza.Yourboss—youprobablywillgiveup.”(如果你在派对上伸手去拿最后一块披萨，同时看到另一只

手在拿，你的下一步行动可能取决于你的感觉以及那只手属于谁。如果是你妹妹——你可能就去拿披萨。如果是你的老板——你可能会放弃。)；再根据倒数第一段““Thisisfurtherevidencetosugges

tthatweareindifferentbrainstateswhenwearewithotherscomparedtowhenwe’realone,”saysTye.”(Tye说，这是进一步的证据表明，当我们和别人在一起时，与我们独自一人时相

比，我们的大脑状态是不同的。)可知，我们大脑的神经元会随着周围不同的人而发生改变。故选D项。5.【河南省TOP20名校2022-2023学年高三上学期12月调研考】Thenextbigstage,theimprovementfromautomatictotrul

yautonomoustrains,isalreadyhere.Itwilltaketrainautonomytothenextlevel,beyondtheautomatedperformanceonclosedloops(圈；环)suchasautomaticraillinest

odayandontothevastexpanseofinternationalrailways.Thatwillmeanthatthenextgenerationoftrainswillbeabletolocatethemselvesintheirenvironmentandintera

ctwithothertraintrafficwithouthumanassistance.Theywillhavetheabilitytodetectandmanageontheirownallelementsoftheirenviron

ment,designedbyaconnectedtrafficmanagementsystem.Thetransitiontowardtrainautonomyisspeeding,saysKaiTaylor,ThalesMarketing&CommunicationsDirec

torMainLineRailSignalling,andforareasonthatcanbesummedupinoneword:digitalisation.“Thekeytosuccess,”saysKaiTaylor,“isinfac

twhatisin‘theThalesDNA’—thedigitaltechnologiesacrossThalesbusinessunits-aerospace,space,transportation,defenc

eandsecurity.”“Thesetechnologiesrepresentthepiecesofthepuzzletoachieverealtrainautonomy.Theyareartificialintelligence,bigdata,co

nnectivity,includingtheinternetofthingslinkingtrainstointelligentrailwayswitches,andwithnetsecuritybuiltin.Wehavesensorsforobstacl

e(障碍)detectionfromThalesdefence,safeandprecisesatellitepositioningfromourspaceandavionics(航空电子设备)division,IoTconnect

ivityfromourrecentpurchaseGemalto,cybersecurityfromtheThalessecuritysectorandthetrustedexplainableandapprovableartificialintelligenceledbyThale

sforsafedecisions.Takentogether,theywillprovidethetrainwithtrueautonomyforsafeandefficientoperations.”Ofcourse,allthesetechnol

ogiesareatthebaseoftheThalesgroundandairtransportationsector’scurrentofferingsforefficient,safeandreliabletravelintheairoronthegr

ound.KaiTaylorexplains,“We’reuniqueinhavingtheexperienceandtheexpertiseinallaspectsofmobility,includingThalesgloballeadershipinairandtrainm

anagementsystemswhichareassuringrailandairtravelforairlinesandrailoperatorsallovertheworld.”1．Whatwilltrulyautonomoustrainsdo?A．Carryou

ttheautomatedperformanceonclosedloops.B．Communicatewithothertrainswiththehelpofhumans.C．Examineanddealw

iththesituationsofthesurroundings.D．Travelautomaticallywithgreatspeedsusingsolarpowers.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tha

t”inparagraph3mean?A．Theirenvironment.B．Thetransition’speeding.C．Humanassistance.D．Theabilitytolocatethemselves.3．Whatdoesparagraph5mainl

ytellus?A．Howdigitalisationworksinrealtrainautonomy.B．WhatsensorsontheautonomoustrainsdealwithC．Whatwillprovidethetrainwithsafetyandefficienc

y.D．Howobstaclesareremovedfromthepathsoftrains.4．What’sKaiTaylor’sattitudetowardsthefutureofautonomoustrains?A．Cautious.B．Concerned.C

．Critical.D．Confident.【答案】1．C2．B3．A4．D【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了列车由自动向自主发展的趋势。1．细节理解题。从第二段的第二句“Theywillhavetheabilitytodet

ectandmanageontheirownallelementsoftheirenvironment,designedbyaconnectedtrafficmanagementsystem.”（经关联交通管理系统设计，自主运行列车能够独立检测与处理全部环境因素。）可知，自主运行列车可以独立检测和

处理环境因素。故选C项。2．词句猜测题。结合指代关系和上文“Thetransitiontowardtrainautonomyisspeeding”（列车自主化的变革正在加快脚步）可知，此处that指代的是上文提到的“列车自主化的变革速度”。故选B项。3．主旨大意题。通读全段，结合首句

中的“Thesetechnologies”（这些技术）可知，全段讲述了诸如物联网、障碍物检测传感器、卫星定位、人工智能等数字化技术在自主运行列车上的运用。故选A项。4．推理判断题。文章最后一段讲述了凯·泰勒对自主运行列车的看法，其中由“We’reuniquei

nhavingtheexperienceandtheexpertiseinallaspectsofmobility”（我们在各方面的流动性具有独到的经验与专业知识）可知，凯·泰勒表示他们具备独一无二的经验与专业知识，说明他对自主运行列车是非常有信心的。故选D项。6.【2023届四川省资阳市高中高

三上学期第一次诊断性考试】EachyearonOctober15,GlobalHandwashingDayisobservedtostrengthenthehealthawarenessandprev

entthespreadofinfectiousdiseases.Andahand—shapedrobotcalled“Pepe”,whichencourageskidstowashtheirhands,hashelpedpupi

lsataremoteIndianprimaryschooltodevelophabitsofpersonalhygiene(卫生).Pepewasfixedonthewallaboveahand—washings

tationatWayanadGovernmentPrimarySchoolinKerala,whichhasabout100pupilsaged5and10.Asmallvideoscreenbehindthegreenplas

ticPepeactedasa“mouth”,allowingresearcherstotele—operatetherobottospeaktothepupilsanddrawtheirattentiontotheposteroutliningthestepsofeff

ectivehand—washing.Asetofmoving“eyes”helpedPepepayattentiontothechildren’sactions.Therobothelpedpupilswashtheirhandsmoreeff

ectively,increasingtheirratesofhand—washingby40percent.PupilsspenttwiceaslongwashingtheirhandsafterPepe’sarrival.Andmorethan95%ofthestude

ntscouldcorrectlydeterminewhenhand—washingwithsoaphastobedone—beforeamealandafteravisittothetoilet.Hand—washingisoneofthemosteff

ectivewaysagainstthespreadofdiarrheaandrespiratoryinfections.Dr.AmolDeshmukh,fromtheUniversityofGlasgow’sSchoolofComputingScience,l

edtheprojectinpartnershipwithcolleaguesfromAmritaUniversity.Hesaid,“WeweredelightedbythesuccessofPepe’svisittothisprimaryschool.Thec

hildrenwereexcitedtointeractwiththisrelativelysimplemachine,whichwasclearlygoodforkeepingtheirhandsclean.Dr.BhavanifromAmritaUniver

sitysaid,”AMMACHI(AmritaMultiModalApplicationandComputerHumanInteraction)Labshavetakenmultiplanstoaddresscommonchallengesfacingl

ow—incomeruralcommunitiesinIndiaandworldwideusingtechnology.”1．Whywas“Pepe”fixedatthePrimarySchool?A．Towatchonpupil’actions.

B．Towashchildren’shands.C．Tofreshentheenvironment.D．Todevelopchildren’shealthhabits.2．Howdidtherobotbringc

hangestothepupils?A．Byplayingwithpupils.B．Byprovidingknowledge.C．Byofferingpupilssoap.D．Bywashingpupils’hands

.3．WhatcanyoulearnaboutPepe’svisittotheprimaryschool?A．Itwasafailure.B．Ithadnoeffect.C．Itwasasuccess.D．Itwasawast

eoftime.4．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“address”inthelastparagraphmean?A．dealwith.B．writeaplaceon.C．makeaspeechto.D．speakto.【答案】1．D2．B3．C

4．A【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为了让孩子们养成洗手的好习惯，印度一学校在洗手站上方的墙安装了一个机器人来吸引学生的注意力，让他们勤洗手。这个机器人提高了学生洗手的频率。1．细节理解题。根据第一段的“Andahand—shapedrobot

called“Pepe”,whichencourageskidstowashtheirhands,hashelpedpupilsataremoteIndianprimaryschooltodevelo

phabitsofpersonalhygiene(卫生).(一个叫“Pepe”的手形机器人鼓励孩子们洗手，它帮助印度一所偏远小学的学生养成了个人卫生习惯。)”可知，这个机器人就是为了鼓励学生养成洗手的好习惯。故选D项。2．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Asmallvideoscreenb

ehindthegreenplasticPepeactedasa“mouth”,allowingresearcherstotele—operatetherobottospeaktothepupilsand

drawtheirattentiontotheposteroutliningthestepsofeffectivehand—washing.Asetofmoving“eyes”helpedPepepayattentiontothechildren’

sactions.(绿色塑料Pepe后面的一个小电视屏幕充当了一个“嘴”，使研究人员能够遥控机器人对学生说话，并把他们的注意力吸引到概述有效洗手步骤的海报上。一组移动的“眼睛”帮助佩佩注意孩子们的行动

。)”可知，研究人员通过操控这个机器人来让学生关注墙上的海报，海报上有关于有效洗手的步骤，来告知学生如何洗手。因此可知，这个机器人是通过给学生传播一些关于洗手方面的知识来帮助学生养成勤洗手的习惯。故选B项。3．推理判断题。根据第三段

的“Therobothelpedpupilswashtheirhandsmoreeffectively,increasingtheirratesofhand—washingby40percent.PupilsspenttwiceaslongwashingtheirhandsafterPepe’sa

rrival.Andmorethan95%ofthestudentscouldcorrectlydeterminewhenhand—washingwithsoaphastobedone—beforeamealandafteravisittothetoilet.(这个机器人帮助学生更有

效地洗手，洗手率提高了40%。佩佩到来后，学生们洗手的时间增加了一倍。超过95%的学生能够正确判断何时必须用肥皂洗手——饭前和如厕后。)”可知，这个机器人的到来提高了学生的洗手率，使得学生洗手的时间增加了一倍，因此可知，它的到来是很成功的。故选C项。4．词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“

Hesaid,“WeweredelightedbythesuccessofPepe’svisittothisprimaryschool.Thechildrenwereexcitedtointeractwi

ththisrelativelysimplemachine,whichwasclearlygoodforkeepingtheirhandsclean.Dr.BhavanifromAmritaUniversitysaid,”AMMACHI(Amrita

MultiModalApplicationandComputerHumanInteraction)Labshavetakenmultiplanstoaddresscommonchallengesfac

inglow—incomeruralcommunitiesinIndiaandworldwideusingtechnology.”(他说：“我们对佩佩访问这所小学的成功感到高兴。孩子们兴奋地与这台相对简单的机器互动，这显

然有利于保持他们的手干净。Amrita大学的Bhavani博士说：“AMMACHI(Amrita多模式应用和人机交互)实验室已经采取了多种计划，利用技术解决印度和全世界低收入农村社区面临的共同挑战。”)”可知，机器人的到来使得学生们养成勤洗手的习惯，因

此可推知，研究者们利用科技解决了一些问题、一些挑战，因此可知划线词与A项“dealwith解决”意义相近。故选A项。