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练习15阅读理解＋应用文写作授课提示：对应学生用书35页Ⅰ.阅读理解A2024·新课标Ⅰ卷，D说明文354词★★★☆☆IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforet

heygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenint

heformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesin

anarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservati

onsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobileapplication，”saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofesso

rofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphy

sicalspecimens(标本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchang

e,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable？”Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruand

histeamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringthe

aspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureo

fafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit，”saidDaru.Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation­onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobe

tterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodive

rsitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtow

ardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye­catchingfeatures.Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?“Quitealot，”Daruexplained.“Biodiversitya

ppscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell­sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationalda

ta,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.”语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与社

会——科学研究——生物样本数据的可用性【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了一个有关生物样本数据的研究。文章探究了生物样本数据的可用性，指出了实证研究发现的问题并提出了提高数据质量的措施。1．Whatdoweknowabouttherecor

dsofspeciescollectednow?A．Theyarebecomingoutdated.B．Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.C．Theyarelimitedinnumber.D．Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.答案与解

析：B理解具体信息。根据第一段的“Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityare...videos,andotherdigitalrecords.”可知，现在，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他的数字记录形式存在。故选B项。

选项中的“electronicform”是对原文中的“videos，andotherdigitalrecords”的同义转换。2．WhatdoesDaru'sstudyfocuson?A．Threatenedspecies.B．Physicalspec

imens.C．Observationaldata.D．Mobileapplications.答案与解析：C理解具体信息。根据第二段的“andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldata...Aretheyusable？”可知，Daru及其团队使用

观察数据来研究物种是如何对全球变化作出回应的，他想知道这些观察数据是否可用。再根据第三段的内容可知，Daru及其团队使用一个全球数据集，测试这些数据在多大程度上展示了实际的全球生物多样性模式。由此可知，Daru的研究关注观察数据。故选C项。A项“濒危物种”；B

项“实物标本”；C项“观察数据”；D项“手机应用程序”。3．Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?A.Mistakesindataanalysis.B．Poorqualityofuploadedpictures

.C．Improperwayofsampling.D．Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.答案与解析：C推断。根据第四段的“Wewereparticularlyinterested

...insteadofthegrassrightnexttoit”可知，研究人员对探索可能导致数据偏差的采样的方方面面特别感兴趣，比如公民科学家很有可能只拍开花植物而不拍它旁边的青草。由此可知，采样方式的不当会导致数据偏差，故选C项。A项“数据分析中的

错误”；B项“上传的图片质量差”；D项“数据收集设备不可靠”。4．WhatisDaru'ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?A．Reviewdatafromcertainareas.B．Hireexpertstocheck

therecords.C．Confirmtheidentityoftheusers.D．Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.答案与解析：D理解具体信息。根据第七段的“Biodiversityapps

canuse...tohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage”可知，生物多样性应用程序可以使用Daru他们的研究结果来让用户知道哪些地区是采样过量的地区，并且引导他们去对采样不是很好的地方或者物种进行采样。为

了改善观察数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序也鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图片。结合第五段的“thepeoplewhoget...citizenscientists”可知，这里的用户指代的是公民科学家。故选D项。A项“检查特定区域的

数据”；B项“雇用专家去检查记录”；C项“确认用户身份”；D项“给公民科学家一些指导”。B2023·全国甲卷说明文285词★★☆☆☆Iwasabout13whenanunclegavemeacopyofJosteinGaarder'sSophi

e'sWorld.Itwasfullofideasthatwerenewtome,soIspentthesummerwithmyheadinandoutofthatbook.Itspoketomeandbroughtmeintoaworldofphilosophy(哲学).Thatloveforp

hilosophylasteduntilIgottocollege.NothingkillstheloveforphilosophyfasterthanpeoplewhothinktheyunderstandFoucault,Baudrillard,orCon

fuciusbetterthanyou—andthentrytoexplainthem.EricWeiner'sTheSocratesExpress:InSearchofLifeLessonsfromDeadPhilosophersreawakenedmylo

veforphilosophy.Itisnotanexplanation,butaninvitationtothinkandexperiencephilosophy.Weinerstartseachchapterwithasceneonatrain

ridebetweencitiesandthenframeseachphilosopher'sworkinthecontext(背景)ofonethingtheycanhelpusdobetter.Theendresulti

sareadinwhichwelearntowonderlikeSocrates,seelikeThoreau,listenlikeSchopenhauer,andhavenoregretslikeNietzsche.This,mo

rethanabookaboutunderstandingphilosophy,isabookaboutlearningtousephilosophytoimprovealife.Hemakesphilosophical

thoughtanappealingexercisethatimprovesthequalityofourexperiences,andhedoessowithplentyofhumor.Weinerentersinto

conversationwithsomeofthemostimportantphilosophersinhistory,andhebecomespartofthatcrowdintheprocessbydecoding(解读)theirmessagesandaddinghiso

wninterpretation.TheSocratesExpressisafun,sharpbookthatdrawsreadersinwithitsapparentsimplicityandgradu

allypullsthemindeeperthoughtsondesire,loneliness,andaging.Theinvitationisclear:Weinerwantsyoutopickupacoffeeorteaandsi

tdownwiththisbook.Iencourageyoutotakehisoffer.It'sworthyourtime,eveniftimeissomethingwedon'thavealotof.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。作者在13岁时开始喜欢哲学，随后Weiner的书TheSoc

ratesExpress唤起了作者对哲学的热爱。文章通过介绍了TheSocratesExpress这本书，倡导读者花时间去读这本书。5．Whoopenedthedoortophilosophyfortheauthor?A.Foucault.

B．EricWeiner.C．JosteinGaarder.D．Acollegeteacher.答案与解析：C细节理解题。根据第一段“Iwasabout13whenanunclegavemeacopyofJosteinGaarder'sSophie'sWorld.Itwasfullofid

easthatwerenewtome,soIspentthesummerwithmyheadinandoutofthatbook.Itspoketomeandbroughtmeintoaworldofphilosophy(哲学).(我13岁的时候，一个叔叔给了我一本JosteinGaard

er的《Sophie的世界》。书里面的观点对我来说都很新奇，所以我整个夏天都在钻研那本书。它对我说话，把我带入一个哲学的世界。)”可知，JosteinGaarder为作者打开了通往哲学的大门。故选C。6．Whydoestheau

thorlistgreatphilosophersinParagraph4?A．TocompareWeinerwiththem.B．Togiveexamplesofgreatworks.C．Topraisetheirwritingskills.D．Tohelpreadersu

nderstandWeiner'sbook.答案与解析：D推理判断题。根据第四段中“Weinerstartseachchapterwithasceneonatrainridebetweencitiesandthenframeseachphilosopher'sworkinthecontex

t(背景)ofonethingtheycanhelpusdobetter.TheendresultisareadinwhichwelearntowonderlikeSocrates,seelikeThoreau,listenlikeSchopenhauer,and

havenoregretslikeNietzsche.(Weiner在每一章的开头都描述了一个城市之间火车旅行的场景，然后将每一位哲学家的著作框定在一个他们能够帮助我们做得更好的事情上。最终的结果是，我们学会了像苏格拉底一

样思考，像梭罗一样看，像叔本华一样听，像尼采一样没有遗憾。)”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner书的内容，接着作者通过列举了几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举了几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiner的书。故选D。7．Whatdo

estheauthorlikeaboutTheSocratesExpress?A．Itsviewsonhistoryarewell­presented.B．Itsideascanbeappliedtodailylif

e.C．Itincludescommentsfromreaders.D．Itleavesanopenending.答案与解析：B细节理解题。根据第四段中“This,morethanabookaboutunderstandingphilo

sophy,isabookaboutlearningtousephilosophytoimprovealife.(这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习运用哲学来改善生活的书。)”可知，作者喜欢TheSocratesExpre

ss这本书，是因为它的思想可以应用到日常生活中。故选B。8．WhatdoestheauthorthinkofWeiner'sbook?A．Objectiveandplain.B．Daringandambitious.C．Seriousandhardt

ofollow.D．Humorousandstraightforward.答案与解析：D推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Hemakesphilosophicalthoughtanappealingexercisethatimprovesthequali

tyofourexperiences,andhedoessowithplentyofhumor.(他使哲学思想成为一种有吸引力的练习，可以提高我们经验的质量，而且他在做这件事的时候充满了幽默感。)”可知，Weiner的书很幽默，根据最后一段中“TheSo

cratesExpressisafun,sharpbookthatdrawsreadersinwithitsapparentsimplicityandgraduallypullsthemindeeperthoughtsondesire,loneliness,a

ndaging.(TheSocratesExpress是一本有趣而尖锐的书，它以其表面上的简单吸引着读者，并逐渐将他们拉进对欲望、孤独和衰老的深层思考中。)”可知，Weiner的书简单易懂，由此可知，Weiner的书既幽默又简单易懂。故选D。Ⅱ.应用文写作

[2024·新课标Ⅰ卷]假定你是李华，上周五你们班在公园上了一堂美术课。请你给英国朋友Chris写一封邮件分享这次经历，内容包括：1．你完成的作品；2．你的感想。注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右；2．请按如下格式在相应位置作答。DearChris，I'mwrit

ingtosharewithyouanartclassIhadinaparklastFriday.______________________________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________Yours，LiHua写作思路：Onepossibleversion：DearChris，I'mwritingtosha

rewithyouanartclassIhadinaparklastFriday.①Ipaintedthesceneryofthepark,wherethewillowbranchesweredancinginthebreeze(微风)andseveralduckswereswimmi

ngintheriverpeacefullyandhappily(定语从句).Thevibrant(鲜艳的)colorsoftheflowers,thesunlightreflectingoffthewater(现在分词短语

作后置定语)andthetranquil(宁静的)atmospherealladdedcolorto(给……增色)thepainting.Itwassuchanextraordinaryandmemorableexperie

ncethatIwouldalwayskeepitinmymemory.Itnotonlyprovidedmewithanopportunitytoconnectmyartisticcreationwithnature,butalsoenhanced(提高)mywillingesstotake

inspirationfrom(从……中汲取灵感)natureinthefuture.Yours，LiHua一句多译：①其他表达方式：Ichosetopaintthesceneryoftheparkfeaturingdancingwillowbranchesinthebr

eezeandseveralswimmingducksintheriver.