【文档说明】十年（2015-2024）高考真题分项汇编 英语 专题 14 阅读理解说明文 Word版无答案 .docx，共(173)页，615.137 KB，由小赞的店铺上传

转载请保留链接：https://www.doc5u.com/view-e9f9918f80468d982116fe5967fa0a8e.html

以下为本文档部分文字说明：

专题14阅读理解说明文2024年Passage1【2024全国甲卷】Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallan

imalshavedistinctvocals(声音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshe

lter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletoin

terpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingfo

raffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattenti

onandbefed.Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenv

ironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplacetorelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetween

situationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittor

ecognizeyouinthefuture.That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon'tusuall

ylike.Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisi

saveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators(食肉动物).Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittl

ehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!4.Whatcanbelearnedaboutcats

'meowingfromthefirstparagraph?A.It'sasurvivalskill.B.It'staughtbymothercats.C.It'shardtointerpret.D.It'sgettinglouderwithage.

5.Howdoesapetcatassessdifferentsituations?A.Bylisteningforsounds.B.Bytouchingfamiliarobjects.C.Bycheckingonsmells.D.Bycommunicatingwithothercats.6

.Whichbestexplainsthephrase"take...upnotch"inparagraph3?A.Performappropriately.B.Movefaster.C.Actstrangely.D.Dobetter.7.Whatisasuit

abletitleforthetext?A.TipsonFindingaSmartCatB.UnderstandingYourCat'sBehaviorC.HaveFunwithYourCatD.Howto

KeepYourCatHealthyPassage2【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researcher

sandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,video

s,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfords

tudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobilea

pplication,”saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumaniti

esandSciences.“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(标本),andsinceweareincreasin

glyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?”Usingaglobaldatasetof1.

9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.“Wewerepart

icularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizensci

entisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.Theirstudyrevealedthatthel

argenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions

,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizens

cientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catch

ingfeatures.Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?“Quitealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversityappscanuseour

studyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequality

ofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.”32.Whatd

oweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?A.Theyarebecomingoutdated.B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.C.Theyar

elimitedinnumber.D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.33.WhatdoesDaru’sstudyfocuson?A.Threatenedspecies.B.Physicalspecimens.C.Observat

ionaldata.D.Mobileapplications.34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?A.Mistakesindataanalysis.B.Poorqualityo

fuploadedpictures.C.Improperwayofsampling.D.Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.35.WhatisDaru’ssuggestionfor

biodiversityapps?A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas.B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.C.Confirmtheidentityofthe

users.D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.Passage3【2024全国甲卷】TheSaintLukastraindoesn’tacceptpassengers—itacceptsonlythesick.

TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageo

ftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(乡村)populationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.“Peoples

tartedqueuingtomakeanappointmentearlyinthemorning,”saysEmileDucke,aGermanphotographerwhotraveledwiththestaffoftheSaintLukasforatwo-w

eektripinNovemberthroughthevastregions(区域)ofKrasnoyarskandKhakassia.Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninserio

usneedofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeupwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,in

cludingarrangingdoctor’sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedicineinremotepartsofthecountrylikeKra

snoyarsk.TheannualarrivaloftheSaintLukasisanotherattempttoimprovethesituation.For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteig

htstationsovertwoweeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(补给).Thenitstartsalloveragainthenextmonth.Moststationswa

itaboutayearbetweenvisits.Doctorsseeupto150patientseveryday.Thetrain’sequipmentallowsforbasiccheckups.“Iwasvery的impressedbythedocto

rsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theyweretheb

estchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”8.HowistheSaintLukasdifferentfromothertrains?A.Itrunsacrosscountries.B.Itrese

rvesseatsfortheseniors.C.Itfunctionsasahospital.D.Ittravelsalongariver.9.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph3aboutKrasnoyarsk?A.Itisheavilypopulat

ed.B.Itofferstrainingfordoctors.C.Itisamoderncity.D.Itneedsmedicalaid.10.HowlongcantheSaintLukasworkwithonesupply?A.Aboutayear.B.Aboutt

enmonths.C.Abouttwomonths.D.Abouttwoweeks.11.WhatisDucke’sattitudetowardtheSaintLukas’services?A.Appreciative.B.DoubtfulC.Ambiguous.D.Cautious.Passag

e4【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforerea

chingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgard

ensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorsch

ool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.Byco

nnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsigni

ficantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherig

htamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,ha

vingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inadditi

on,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilit

yintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimiting

garbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFempl

oyee.8.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood.B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabl

edistance.D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.9.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?A.Real-timeweatherchanges.B.Currentconditio

noftheplants.C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil.D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.10.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?A.Theyh

aveagreatpassionforsports.B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.11.W

hatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths.B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence.D.BMF’stechnical

standards.Passage4【2024浙江1月卷】OnSeptember7,1991,thecostliesthailstorm(雹暴)inCanadianhistoryhitCalgary’ssouthernsuburbs.As

aresult,since1996agroupofinsurancecompanieshavespentabout$2millionperyearontheAlbertaHailSuppressionPr

oject.Airplanesseedthreateningstormcellswithachemicaltomakesmallicecrystalsfallasrainbeforetheycangrowintodangerousha

ilstones.Butfarmersineast-centralAlberta—downwindofthehailprojectflights—worrythatpreciousmoisture(水分)isbeingst

olenfromtheirthirstylandbythecloudseeding.NormanStienwand,whofarmsinthatarea,hasbeenaddressingpublicmeetingsonthisissueforyears“Basically,theprovinci

algovernmentislettingtheinsurancecompaniesprotecttheCalgary-Edmontonurbanareafromhail,”Mr.Stienwandsays,“butthey’reincreasingdroug

htriskasfareastasSaskatchewan.”TheAlbertahailprojectismanagedbyTerryKrauss,acloudphysicistwhoworksforWeatherM

odificationInc..ofFargo,NorthDakota.“Weaffectonlyaverysmallpercentageofthetotalmoistureintheair,sowecannotbecousingdrought.”Dr.Kraus

ssays.“Infact,wemaybehelpingincreasethemoisturedownwindbycreatingwetterground.”OnedoubteraboutthesafetyofcloudseedingisChuckDoswell,aresearch

scientistwhojustretiredfromtheUniversityofOklahoma.“In1999,Ipersonallysawsignificanttornadoes(龙卷风)formfr

omaseededstormcellinKansas,”Dr.Doswellsays.“Doescloudseedingcreatekillerstormsorreducemoisturedownwind?Noonereallyknows,ofcourse,buttheseedinggoeso

n.”Giventhedegreeofdoubt,Mr.Stienwandsuggests,“itwouldbewisetostopcloudseeding.”Inpractice,doubthashadtheoppositeeffect.Duetot

helackofscientificproofconcerningtheirimpacts,noonehassucceededinwinningalawsuitagainstcloud-seedingcompanies.Hence,privateclimateengineer

ingcanproceedinrelativelegalsafety.8.Whatdoestheprojectaimtodo?A.Conservemoistureinthesoil.B.Preventtheformationofhailst

ones.C.Forecastdisastroushailstorms.D.Investigatechemicaluseinfarming.9.Whoareopposedtotheproject?A.Farmersineast-centralAlberta.B.Mana

gersofinsurancecompanies.C.Provincialgovernmentofficials.D.ResidentsofCalgaryandEdmonton10.WhydoesDr.Doswellmentionthetornad

oeshesawin1999?A.Tocomparedifferentkindsofseedingmethods.B.Toillustratethedevelopmentofbighailstorms.C.Toindicate

apossibledangerofcloudseeding.D.Toshowthelinkbetweenstormsandmoisture.11.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.ScientificstudieshaveprovedSt

ienwandright.B.PrivateclimateengineeringisillegalinCanada.C.Thedoubtaboutcloudseedinghasdisappeared.D.Cloud-seedingcompanieswillcontinuetoexist.Passa

ge5【2024北京卷】FranzBoas’sdescriptionofInuit(因纽特人)lifeinthe19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.Here,norms(规范)w

ereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,butwerewellunderstoodandtakentoheart.Dishonestandviolentbehavioursweredisapprovedof

;leadership,marriageandinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalbattles.Becausearguinga

ngrilyleadstochaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthernCanadabeingsodemanding,th

eInuit’spracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.Thesimilarityofmoralvirtuesacrossculturesisstriking,eventhough

therelativerankingofthevirtuesmayvarywithasocialgroup’shistoryandenvironment.Typically,crueltyandcheatingarediscouraged,wh

ilecooperation,humblenessandcouragearepraised.Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralisingr

eligionorwrittenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearningandproblemsolvi

ng.Oursocialinstincts(本能)includetheintensedesiretobelong.Theapprovalofothersisrewarding,whiletheirdisapprovalisstronglydisliked.The

sesocialemotionsprepareourbrainstoshapeourbehaviouraccordingtothenormsandvaluesofourfamilyandourcommunity.Moregenerally,socialinstinctsmoti

vateustolearnhowtobehaveinasociallycomplexworld.Themechanisminvolvesarepurposedrewardsystemoriginallyusedtodevelophabitsimportantfor

self-care.Ourbrainsusethesystemtoacquirebehaviouralpatternsregardingsaferouteshome,efficientfoodgatheringanddangerstoavoid.Goodhabitss

avetime,energyandsometimesyourlife.Goodsocialhabitsdosomethingsimilarinasocialcontext.Welearntotellthetruth,evenwhenlyingisself-serving;wehelpag

randparentevenwhenitisinconvenient.Weacquirewhatwecallasenseofrightandwrong.Socialbenefitsareaccompaniedbysocialdemands:wemustgetalong,

butnotputupwithtoomuch.Henceself-disciplineisadvantageous.Inhumans,agreatlyenlargedbrainboostsself-control,justasitboostsproblem-solvingskillsi

nthesocialaswellasthephysicalworld.Theseabilitiesarestrengthenedbyourcapacityforlanguage,whichallowssocialpracticestodevelopinextremelyunobviousw

ays.32.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheformingoftheInuit’smoralcode?A.Livingconditionswerethedrive.B.Unwrittenruleswe

rethetarget.C.Socialtraditionwasthebasis.D.Honestywasthekey.33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Inconveniencesarethecauseo

ftellinglies.B.Basichumanneedsleadtouniversalnorms.C.Languagecapacityislimitedbyself-control.D.Writtenlawshavegreatinfluenceonvirtues.3

4.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.Virtues:BridgesAcrossCulturesB.TheValuesofSelf-disciplineC.Brains:WallsA

gainstChaosD.TheRootsofMoralityPassage6【2024浙江1月卷】TheStanfordmarshmallow(棉花糖)testwasoriginallyconductedbypsychologistW

alterMischelinthelate1960s.Childrenagedfourtosixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.Asinglesugarytreat,se

lectedbythechild,wasplacedonatable.Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,theywouldbegivenasecondtreat.Thentheywereleftalonein

theroom.Follow-upstudieswiththechildrenlaterinlifeshowedaconnectionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughtoobtainasecondtreatandvariousformsofsuccess.Asad

ultswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We’renottempted(诱惑)bysugarytreats,butbyourcomputers,phones,andtablets—allthede

vicesthatconnectustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarioustypesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.Wearetemptedbysuga

rytreatsbecauseourancestorslivedinacalorie-poorworld,andourbrainsdevelopedaresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflectedthe

irvalue—afeelingofrewardandsatisfaction.Butaswe’vereshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingthecostandef

fortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhavethesamebrainswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthismismatchisattheheartofwhy

somanyofusstruggletoresisttemptingfoodsthatweknowweshouldn’teat.Asimilarprocessisatworkinourresponsetoinformation.Ourformativeenviro

nmentasaspecieswasinformation-poor,soourbrainsdevelopedamechanismthatprizednewinformation.Butglobalconnecti

vityhasgreatlychangedourinformationenvironment.Wearenowceaselesslybombarded(轰炸)withnewinformation.Therefore,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulabouto

urcaloricconsumption,wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptationofthemental“junkfood”inordert

omanageourtimemosteffectively.12.WhatdidthechildrenneedtodotogetasecondtreatinMischel’stest?A.Takeanexamin

ationalone.B.Showrespectfortheresearchers.C.Sharetheirtreatswithothers.D.Delayeatingforfifteenminutes.13.Accordingtoparagraph3,thereisa

mismatchbetween___________.A.thecalorie-poorworldandourgoodappetitesB.theshortageofsugarandournutritionalneedsC.ther

ichfoodsupplyandourunchangedbrainsD.thetemptingfoodsandoureffortstokeepfit14.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdo?A.Ab

sorbnewinformationreadily.B.Beselectiveinformationconsumers.C.Usediverseinformationsources.D.Protectth

einformationenvironment.15.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.EatLess,ReadMoreB.TheBitterTruthaboutEa

rlyHumansC.TheLater,theBetterD.TheMarshmallowTestforGrownups2023年Passage1【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】Thegoalofthisb

ookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyify

oudecideit’srightforyou.Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsof

digitalminimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople’sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable,befor

emovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilo

sophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethir

tydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstoth

ethingsyouvalue.Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIr

anin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwh

atstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesaclose

rlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate(培养)asustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuess

uchastheimportanceofsolitude(独处)andthenecessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspendonmindlessdeviceuse.Eachcha

pterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthesepracticesasato

olboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticularcircumstances.8.Whatisthebookaimedat

?A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems.D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.9

.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.10.Whatis

presentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?A.Theoreticalmodels.B.Statisticalmethods.C.Practicalexamples.D.Historicalanalyses.11.Whatdo

estheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?A.Usethemasneeded.B.Recommendthemtofriends.C.Evaluatetheireffects.D.Identifytheidea

sbehindthem.Passage2【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometob

eknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescoul

dbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,

andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateesti

mate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechni

calterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theac

curacyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassic

phenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaverages

fromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussi

ongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100un

iversitystudentstheresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabout

theirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantre

sponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargum

entsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyq

uestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.12.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.T

hemethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.13.Navajas’s

tudyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestima

tesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent14.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups

.B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.15.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetow

ardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.Passage3【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversis

acelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundthewo

rld.Theimageofthereaderappearsthroughouthistory,inartmadelongbeforebooksaswenowknowthemcameintobeing

.Inartists’representationsofbooksandreading,weseemomentsofsharedhumanitythatgobeyondcultureandtime.Inthis“bookofboo

ks,”artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeorats

chool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed(描绘)aloneinmanysettingsandposes—absorbedinavolume

,deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,,buttheyrecordmomentsweca

nallrelateto.Booksthemselvesmaybeusedsymbolicallyinpaintingstodemonstratetheintellect(才智),wealthorfaith

ofthesubject.Beforethewideuseoftheprintingpress,booksweretreasuredobjectsandcouldbeworksofartintheirownright.Morerecently,asbookshave

becomeinexpensiveoreventhrowaway,artistshaveusedthemastherawmaterialforartworks—transformingcovers,pagesorevencompletevol

umesintopaintingsandsculptures.Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21s

t-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmust

beactivatedbyauser:thecoveropened,thepagesparted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.Andi

ncontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookst

illoffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,“off-line”activity.8.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A.Anintroductiontoabook.B.Anessayo

ntheartofwriting.C.Aguidebooktoamuseum.D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.9.Whataretheselectedartworksabout?A.Wealthandintellect.B.Homeandschool.

C.Booksandreading.D.Workandleisure.10.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“relateto”inparagraph2mean?A.Understan

d.B.Paint.C.Seize.D.Transform.11.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthee-reader?A.Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.B.Technologyha

schangedthewayweread.C.Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.D.Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.Passage4【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Ascitiesballoonw

ithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky,theremightbeapocket

parknearwhereyoulive,butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhum

ans,butanewstudyshowsthatwildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyeds

everalhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepa

rk.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions,coding(编码)experiencesintodifferentcategories.Forexample,oneparticipant’s

experienceof“Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile”wasassignedthecategories“sittingatbeach”and“listeningtowaves.”Acrossthe32

0submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategories

werenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife,walkingalongtheedgeofwater,andfollowinganestablish

edtrail.Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremosts

atisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungp

rofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbrea

k.“We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprot

ectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,”saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.12.Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?A.Pocket

parksarenowpopular.B.Wildnatureishardtofindincities.C.Manycitiesareoverpopulated.D.Peopleenjoylivingc

losetonature.13.Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?A.Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers.B.Toexplainwhy

theparkattractstourists.C.Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.D.Tofindpatternsinthevisitors’summaries.14.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexampl

egiveninparagraph5?A.Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.B.Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C.Thesa

menatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D.Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.15.Whatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractw

ithnatureaccordingtoKahn?A.Languagestudy.B.Environmentalconservation.C.Publiceducation.D.Interculturalcommunication.Passage5【2023年全

国乙卷】WhatcomesintoyourmindwhenyouthinkofBritishfood?Probablyfishandchips,oraSundaydinnerofmeatandtwovegetables.ButisBritishfoodreallysouni

nteresting?EventhoughBritainhasareputationforless-than-impressivecuisine,itisproducingmoretopclasschefswhoappearfrequentlyo

nourtelevisionscreensandwhoserecipebooksfrequentlytopthebestsellerlists.It’sthankstotheseTVchefsratherthananyadvertisi

ngcampaignthatBritonsareturningawayfrommeat-and-two-vegandready-mademealsandbecomingmoreadventurousintheircoo

kinghabits.ItisrecentlyreportedthatthenumberofthosestickingtoatraditionaldietisslowlydecliningandaroundhalfofBrit

ain’sconsumerswouldliketochangeorimprovetheircookinginsomeway.TherehasbeenariseinthenumberofstudentsapplyingforfoodcoursesatUKuniversitiesandcollege

s.ItseemsthatTVprogrammeshavehelpedchangewhatpeoplethinkaboutcooking.Accordingtoanewstudyfrommarketanalys

ts,1in5BritonssaythatwatchingcookeryprogrammesonTVhasencouragedthemtotrydifferentfood.Almostonethirdsaytheynowuseawiderva

rietyofingredients(配料)thantheyusedto,andjustunder1in4saytheynowbuybetterqualityingredientsthanbefore.OneinfouradultssaythatTVchefs

havemadethemmuchmoreconfidentaboutexpandingtheircookeryknowledgeandskills,andyoungpeoplearealsogettingmoreinterestedincooking.TheUK’sobsession(痴迷

)withfoodisreflectedthroughtelevisionscheduling.Cookeryshowsanddocumentariesaboutfoodarebroadcastmoreoftenthanbefore.Withanincrea

singnumberofmalechefsonTV,it’snolonger“uncool”forboystolikecooking.8.WhatdopeopleusuallythinkofBritishfood?A.Itissimpleandplain.B.Itis

richinnutrition.C.Itlacksauthentictastes.D.Itdeservesahighreputation.9.WhichbestdescribescookeryprogrammeonBritishTV?A.Authoritative.B.Cre

ative.C.Profitable.D.Influential.10.Whichisthepercentageofthepeopleusingmorediverseingredientsnow?A.20%.B.24%.C.25%.

D.33%.11.Whatmighttheauthorcontinuetalkingabout?A.Theartofcookinginothercountries.B.MalechefsonTVprogrammes.C.Tablemann

ersintheUK.D.Studiesofbigeaters.Passage6【2023年全国甲卷】Grizzlybears,whichmaygrowtoabout2.5mlongandweighover400kg,occu

pyaconflictedcorneroftheAmericanpsyche—werevere(敬畏)themevenastheygiveusfrighteningdreams.Askthetouristsfromaroundt

heworldthatfloodintoYellowstoneNationalParkwhattheymosthopetosee,andtheiranswerisoftenthesame:agrizzlybear.“Grizzlybearsarere-occu

pyinglargeareasoftheirformerrange,”saysbearbiologistChrisServheen.Asgrizzlybearsexpandtheirrangeintoplaceswheretheyhaven’tbeenseeninac

enturyormore,they’reincreasinglybeingsightedbyhumans.ThewesternhalfoftheU.S.wasfullofgrizzlieswhenEuropeanscame,witharoughnumberof50,000ormorelivi

ngalongsideNativeAmericans.Bytheearly1970s,aftercenturiesofcruelandcontinuoushuntingbysettlers,600to800grizzliesremaine

donamere2percentoftheirformerrangeintheNorthernRockies.In1975,grizzlieswerelistedundertheEndangeredSpeciesAct.Today,the

reareabout2,000ormoregrizzlybearsintheU.S.TheirrecoveryhasbeensosuccessfulthattheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicehastwiceattemptedtod

e-listgrizzlies,whichwouldloosenlegalprotectionsandallowthemtobehunted.Botheffortswereoverturnedduetolawsuitsfr

omconservationgroups.Fornow,grizzliesremainlisted.Obviously,ifprecautions(预防)aren’ttaken,grizzliescanbecometroublesome,some

timeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryardsandcampsites,grizzlieswilltypically

passbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhousesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffect

iveatgettinggrizzliesaway.“Ourhopeistohaveaclean,attractant-freeplacewherebearscanpassthroughwithoutlearningbadhabits,”saysJam

esJonkel,longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.32.HowdoAmericanslookatgrizzlies?A.Theycausemixedfeelingsinpeople.B.The

yshouldbekeptinnationalparks.C.Theyareofhighscientificvalue.D.TheyareasymbolofAmericanculture.33.Whathashelpedtheincreaseofthegrizz

lypopulation?ATheEuropeansettlers’behavior.B.Theexpansionofbears’range.C.Theprotectionbylawsince1975.D.Thesu

pportofNativeAmericans.34.WhathasstoppedtheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicefromde-listinggrizzlies?A.Theoppositionof

conservationgroups.B.Thesuccessfulcomebackofgrizzlies.C.Thevoiceofthebiologists.D.Thelocalfarmers’adv

ocates.35.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Foodshouldbeprovidedforgrizzlies.B.Peoplecanliveinharmonywithgrizzlies.C.Aspecialpathshouldbebuiltf

orgrizzlies.D.Technologycanbeintroducedtoprotectgrizzlies.Passage7【2023年北京卷】Inrecentyears,researchersfromdiversefieldshaveagreedthatshort-t

ermismisnowasignificantprobleminindustrialisedsocieties.Theinabilitytoengagewithlonger-termcausesandconsequence

sleadstosomeoftheworld’smostseriousproblems:climatechange,biodiversitycollapse,andmore.ThehistorianFrancisColearguesthattheWest

hasenteredaperiodwhere“onlythepresentexists,apresentcharacterisedatoncebythecrueltyoftheinstantandbytheboredomofanunendingnow”.Ithas

beenprovedthatpeoplehaveabias(偏向)towardsthepresent,focusingonloudattractionsinthemomentattheexpenseofthehealth,well-beingand

financialstabilityoftheirfutureselvesorcommunity.Inbusiness,thisbiassurfacesasshort-sighteddecisions.Andonslow-burningproblemslikeclimatechange,i

ttranslatesintotheunwillingnesstomakesmallsacrifices(牺牲)todaythatcouldmakeamajordifferencetomorrow.Inste

ad,allthatmattersisnextquarter’sprofit,orsatisfyingsomeothernear-termdesires..Thesebiasedperspectivescannotbeblamedononesin

glecause.Itisfairtosay,though,thatourpsychologicalbiasesplayamajorrole.People’shesitancytodelaysatisfactionisthemostobviousexample

,butthereareothers.Oneofthemisabouthowthemostaccessibleinformationinthepresentaffectsdecisionsaboutthefuture.Forinstan

ce,youmighthearsomeonesay:“It’scoldthiswinter,soIneedn’tworryaboutglobalwarming.”Anotheristhatloudandurgentmatte

rsaregiventoomuchimportance,makingpeopleignorelonger-termtrendsthatarguablymattermore.Thisiswhenapopstardrawsfarmoreatte

ntionthan,say,gradualbiodiversitydecline.Asapsychologistoncejoked,ifaliens(外星人)wantedtoweakenhumanity,theywouldn’tsendships;the

ywouldinventclimatechange.Indeed,whenitcomestoenvironmentaltransformations,wecandevelopaformofcollective“poormemory”,andeachnewgenerationcanbel

ievethestateofaffairstheyencounterisnothingoutoftheordinary.Olderpeopletoday,forexample,canrememberatimewithinsect-coveredcarwindscreens

afterlongdrives.Children,ontheotherhand,havenoideathatinsectpopulationhasdroppeddramatically.28.TheauthorquotesFrancisColemainl

yto________.A.drawacomparisonB.introduceatopicC.evaluateastatementD.highlightaproblem29.Whatcanbeinfe

rredfromthelastparagraph?A.Climatechangehasbeenforgotten.B.Lessonsofhistoryarehighlyvalued.C.Thehumanmindisbadat

notingslowchange.D.Humansareunwillingtoadmittheirshortcomings.30.Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?A.Far-sightedthinkingmatterstohuman

s.B.Humanstendtomakelong-termsacrifices.C.Currentpoliciesfacilitatefuturedecision-making.D.Biastowardsthepresenthelpsred

ucenear-termdesires.Passage8【2023年北京卷】Whatislife?Likemostgreatquestionsthisoneiseasytoaskbutdifficulttoanswer.The,reasonissimple:weknowofjustonetype

oflifeandit’schallengingtodosciencewithasamplesizeofone.Thefieldofartificiallife-calledALifeforshort—isthesystematica

ttempttospelloutlife’sfundamentalprinciples.Manyofthesepractitioners,so-calledALifers,thinkthatsomehowmakinglifeisthesurestwaytoreal

lyunderstandwhatlifeis.Sofarnoonehasconvincinglymadeartificiallife.ThistrackrecordmakesALifearipetarg

etforcriticism,suchasdeclarationsofthefield’sdoubtfulscientificvalue.AlanSmith,acomplexityscientist,istiredofsuchcomplaints.Askingabout“th

epoint”ofALifemightbe,well,missingthepointentirely,hesays.“Theexistenceofalivingsystemisnotabouttheuseofanything.”Alansays.“Somepeopleaskm

e,‘Sowhat’stheworthofartificiallife?’Doyoueverthink,‘Whatistheworthofyourgrandmother?’”AsmuchasmanyALifershateemphasizingtheirresearch’sapp

lications,theattemptstocreateartificiallifecouldhavepracticalpayoffs.ArtificialintelligencemaybeconsideredALife’scousin

inthatresearchersinbothfieldsareenamoredbyaconceptcalledopen-endedevolution(演化).Thisisthecapacityforasystemtocre

ateessentiallyendlesscomplexity,tobeasortof“noveltygenerator”.TheonlysystemknowntoexhibitthisisEarth’sbiosphere.Ifthef

ieldofALifemanagestoreproducelife’sendless“creativity”insomevirtualmodel,thosesameprinciplescouldgiverisetotrulyinv

entivemachines.ComparedwiththedevelopmentsofAl,advancesinALifearehardertorecognize.OnereasonisthatALifeisafieldinwhichthecentr

alconcept—lifeitself—isundefined.ThelackofagreementamongALifersdoesn’thelpeither.Theresultisadiverselineofprojectsthateachadvancealongtheiruniquepath

s.Forbetterorworse,ALifemirrorstheverysubjectitstudies.Itsmuddled(混乱的)progressionisastrikingparallel(平行线)totheevolutionarystrugglesth

athaveshapedEarthbiosphere.Undefinedanduncontrolled,ALifedrivesitsfollowerstorepurposeoldideasandgeneratednovelty.Itmaybe,ofco

urse,thatthesecharacteristicsaren’tinanywaysurprisingorsingular.Theymayapplyuniversallytoallactsofevolution.UltimatelyALifema

ybenothingspecial.Buteventhisdismissalsuggestssomething：perhaps,justlikelifeitselfthroughouttheuniver

se,theriseofALifewillproveunavoidable.31.RegardingAlanSmith’sdefenceofALife,theauthoris.A.supportiveB.puzzledC.unconcernedD.doubtful32.Whatdoe

stheword“enamored”underlinedinParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.Shocked.B.Protected.C.Attracted.D.Challenged.33.Whatca

nwelearnfromthispassage?A.ALifeholdsthekeytohumanfuture.B.ALifeandAIshareacommonfeature.C.AImirrorsthedevelopmentsofALife.D.AIs

peedsuptheprocessofhumanevolution.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.LifeIsUndefined.CanAIBe

aWayOut?B.LifeEvolves.CanAIHelpALifeEvolve,Too?C.LifeIsUndefined.CanALifeBeDefinedOneDay?D.LifeEvolves.CanA

ttemptstoCreateALifeEvolve,Too?Passage9【2023年浙江1月卷】AccordingtotheSolarEnergyIndustryAssociation,thenumberofsolarpanelsinstalled(安装)hasgrow

nrapidlyinthepastdecade,andithastogrowevenfastertomeetclimategoals.Butallofthatgrowthwilltakeupalotofspace,andthoughmoreandmorepeop

leaccepttheconceptofsolarenergy,fewlikelargesolarpanelstobeinstallednearthem.Solardeveloperswanttoputuppanels

asquicklyandcheaplyaspossible,sotheyhaven’tgivenmuchthoughttowhattheyputunderthem.Often,they’llendupfillingtheareawithsmallstonesandusingchemicals

tocontrolweeds.Theresultisthatmanycommunities,especiallyinfarmingregions,seesolarfarmsasdestroyersofthesoil.“Solarprojectsneedtobegoodneighbors,”says

JordanMacknick,theheadoftheInnovativeSitePreparationandImpactReductionsontheEnvironment(InSPIRE)project.“Theyneedtobeprotectorsofthelandandcontribute

totheagriculturaleconomy.”InSPIREisinvestigatingpracticalapproachesto“low-impact”solardevelopment,which

focusesonestablishingandoperatingsolarfarmsinawaythatiskindertotheland.Oneoftheeasiestlow-impactsolarstrate

giesisprovidinghabitatforpollinators(传粉昆虫).Habitatloss,pesticideuse,andclimatechangehavecauseddramaticdeclinesinpollinatorpopulatio

nsoverthepastcoupleofdecades,whichhasdamagedtheU.S.agriculturaleconomy.Over28stateshavepassedlawsrelatedtopollinatorhabitatprotectionandpesticideuse.

Conservationorganizationsputoutpollinator-friendlinessguidelinesforhomegardens,businesses,schools,cities—andnowthereareguidelinesforsolarf

arms.Overthepastfewyears,manysolarfarmdevelopershavetransformedthespaceundertheirsolarpanelsintoashelterforvariouskindsofpollinators,resultinginsoil

improvementandcarbonreduction.“Thesepollinator-friendlysolarfarmscanhaveavaluableimpactoneverythingthat’sgo

ingoninthelandscape,”saysMacknick.32．Whatdosolardevelopersoftenignore?A．Thedeclineinthedemandforsolare

nergy.B．Thenegativeimpactofinstallingsolarpanels.C．Therisinglaborcostofbuildingsolarfarms.D．Themostrecentadv

ancesinsolartechnology.33．WhatdoesInSPIREaimtodo?A．Improvetheproductivityoflocalfarms.B．Inventnewmethodsforcontrollingweeds.C．Makesola

rprojectsenvironmentallyfriendly.D．Promotetheuseofsolarenergyinruralareas.34．Whatisthepurposeofthelawsmentionedinparagraph4?A．Toconservepo

llinators.B．Torestrictsolardevelopment.C．Todiversifytheeconomy.D．Toensurethesupplyofenergy.35．Whichofthefollowingisthebest

titleforthetext?A．Pollinators:ToLeaveortoStayB．SolarEnergy:HopefortheFutureC．InSPIRE:ALeaderinAgricultureD．SolarFarms:ANewDevel

opmentPassage102022年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wa

stomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvit

ation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;Icouldhavemadesixsa

ladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthism

onth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegeta

blesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthew

ater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itw

ouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugu

laatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.Curtinis

CEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807

,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andt

hestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobviousyetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyo

necanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludetheside

dishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.4.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B.Wewastefooduni

ntentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.5.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.M

oraldecline.B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage.D.Worldwidestarvation.6.WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment.B.Itt

urnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.7.WhatdoesCurtinsuggest

peopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded.B.Reducefoodconsumption.CGoshoppingonceaweek.D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.Passage2C【2022年新高考

全国Ⅰ卷】Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.,.Theproj

ectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing,Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousill

nessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartinthepr

ojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningb

eforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthereagainatn

ighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatch

them.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20

carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,o

neofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefits

andfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelp

connectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”8.Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?A.Toensureharmonyin

carehomes.B.Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.C.Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch.D.Topromotetheelderlypeople’swelfare.9.Howhastheprojec

taffectedRuthXavier?A.Shehaslearnednewlifeskills.B.Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.C.Shehasrecoveredhermemory.D.Sheha

sdevelopedastrongpersonality.10.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A.Improve.B.Oppose.C.Begin.D.Ev

aluate.11.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Itiswellreceived.B.Itneedstobemore

creative.C.Itishighlyprofitable.D.Ittakesagestoseetheresults.Passage3【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds

,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?A

ground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.More

than30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommo

ninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendaro

se.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals

,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertopro

ducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbeca

meeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfir

medthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandy

ears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopular

viewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.”Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesin

cetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplex

interplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,“saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.12.Whichaspectofthehumanspeech

sounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety.B.Itsdistribution.C.Itsquantity.D.Itsdevelopment.13.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproduc

elabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.

DTheirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough..14.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationofthere

searchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.15.WhatdoesS

tevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiver

sity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.Passage4【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebann

edtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel

.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksand

takingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNati

onalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted（分心）drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately.""Bigchangerequiresbigidea

s."hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbe

havior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.Anideafromla

wmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:Anofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcou

ldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjus

ttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchang

epeople'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTexta

lyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."8.Whichofthefollowingbes

tdescribesthebanondrivers'textingintheUS?A.Ineffective.B.Unnecessary.C.Inconsistent.D.Unfair.9.WhatcantheTextalyze

rhelpapoliceofficerfindout?A.Whereadrivercamefrom.B.Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.C.Howfastadriverwasgoin

g.D.Whenadriverarrivedatthescene.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Advice.B.Data.C.Tes

ts.D.Laws.11.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB.TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzerC.NewYorkBan

ningHand-HeldDevicesbyDrivers.D.TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer-Passage5【2022年全国乙卷】Canasmallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyandreliabil

ityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”techno

logytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortra

insona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoins

pectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themo

reregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperat

ionswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.Itiscalculatedtha

tEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,to

inspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dron

escouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthese

tasks,dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofth

efuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.Verysmalldroneswithadvancedsensor

sandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,soth

atfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.8.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A.Theuseofdronesinch

eckingonpowerlines.B.Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C.Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D.Drones’reliablepe

rformanceinremoteareas.9.Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.Personnelsafety.B.Assistancefro

mdrones.C.Inspectionandrepair.D.Constructionofinfrastructure.10.Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?AToprovideearlywarning.B.Tomaketrainsrunau

tomatically.C.Toearnprofitsforthecrews.D.Toacceleratetransportation.11.Whichisthemostsuitabletitlefor

thetext?A.WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB.HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC.WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillF

aceDHowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailwaysPassage6D【2022年全国乙卷】TheGovernment'ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirst

predicteditwouldgenerate,thefirstofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinksconta

iningmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity（肥胖）.Itisbelievedthattoday'schildrenandteenagersareconsumingt

hreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar,puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Initiallythesugartaxwasexpectedtomake£520mayearfortheTreasury.

However,dataofthefirstsixmonthsshoweditwouldmakelessthanhalfthisamount.Atpresentitisexpectedtogenerate£2

40mfortheyearendinginApril2019,whichwillgotoschoolsports...Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturer

s（制造商）sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers'effortstoavoidthecharge,accordin

gtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport,dependingont

hesugarcontent.However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers

.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mli

tresperyear.Today'sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavi

ngbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities（设施）andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohave

ahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindustryisplayingitspart.12.Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?A

.Tocollectmoneyforschools.B.Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.C.Toprotectchildren’shealth.D.Toencourageresearchineducation.13.Howdidsomedrinksco

mpaniesrespondtothesugartax?A.Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets.B.Theyraisedthepricesoftheirproducts.C.Theycutdownontheirproduction.D

.Theyreducedtheirproducts’sugarcontent.14.Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?A.Mostalcoholicdrinks.B.Milk-baseddrinks.C.Fruitjuices.D.Cla

ssicCoke.15.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?A.Itisashort-sighteddecision.B.Itisasuccessstory.C.It

benefitsmanufacturers.D.Itupsetscustomers.Passage7【2022年全国乙卷】Canasmallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyan

dreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureof

applyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrast

ructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddoprecise

lythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingp

oints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbe

improved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenanceco

stsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximate

ly20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatco

uldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,de

tectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon’tnee

dtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunauto

nomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytos

eeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.8.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A.The

useofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.B.Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C.Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D.Drones’reliableperformancein

remoteareas.9.Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.Personnelsafety.B.Assistancefromdron

es.C.Inspectionandrepair.D.Constructionofinfrastructure.10.Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?AToprovideearlywarning.B.Toma

ketrainsrunautomatically.C.Toearnprofitsforthecrews.D.Toacceleratetransportation.11.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?

A.WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB.HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC.WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceDHo

wDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways..Passage8D【2022年全国乙卷】TheGovernment'ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirstp

redicteditwouldgenerate,thefirstofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmo

rethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity（肥胖）.Itisbelievedthattoday'schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthr

eetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar,puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Initiallythesugartaxwasexpectedtom

ake£520mayearfortheTreasury.However,dataofthefirstsixmonthsshoweditwouldmakelessthanhalfthisamount.Atpresent

itisexpectedtogenerate£240mfortheyearendinginApril2019,whichwillgotoschoolsports.Itcomesaftermorethanhalfof

softdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers（制造商）sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugaras

aresultofmanufacturers'effortstoavoidthecharge,accordingtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeenforcedtopayb

etween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport,dependingonthesugarcontent.However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveaccep

tedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompani

esmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.Today'sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionso

fpoundsforsportsfacilities（设施）andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andt

heindustryisplayingitspart.12.Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?A.Tocollectmoneyforschools.B.Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.C.Toprotectchildren’shealth.D.To

encourageresearchineducation.13.Howdidsomedrinkscompaniesrespondtothesugartax?A.Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets.B

.Theyraisedthepricesoftheirproducts.C.Theycutdownontheirproduction.D.Theyreducedtheirproducts’sugarcontent.14.Fromwh

ichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?A.Mostalcoholicdrinks.B.Milk-baseddrinks.C.Fruitjuices.D.ClassicCoke.15.Whatcanbeinferredaboutt

headoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?A.Itisashort-sighteddecision.B.Itisasuccessstory.C.Itbenefitsmanufacturers.D.Itupsetscustomers.Passa

ge9【2022年全国甲卷】Goffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabil

itiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.In

arecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometri

cshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhu

mans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrica

l(对称的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Inthe

experiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidb

etterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofr

eferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyent

irelyonvisualclues(线索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.4.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?A.Byfollo

winginstructions.B.Byusingatool.C.Byturningtheboxaround.D.Byremovingthelid.5.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelyc

ompleteaccordingtothetext?A.Usingakeytounlockadoor.B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole.D.Groupingtoyso

fdifferentshapes.6.Whatdoesthefollow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?A.Howfartheyareabletosee.B.Howtheytrack

movingobjects.C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys.D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.7.Whichcanbeasuitabletitlefor

thetext?A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckersB.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-ReadersD.Cockatoos:

SkilfulShape-SortersPassage10C【2022年全国甲卷】AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGe

ntoopenguins(企鹅)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverfor

get.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(职业)asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalw

ayslongedtoexplorefurtherWhensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaket

heplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallyg

ettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafrom

theislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“Ijustdecidedwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIw

asn’tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passenge

rsshe’dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,the

wholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseouto

fthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunder

water.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathitho

metoGinni.8.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“taketheplunge”underlinedinparagraph2?A.Trychallengingthings.B.Takeadegree.C.Bringbacklostmemories.D.Stick

toapromise.9.WhatmadeGinnidecideonthetriptoAntarctica?A.Lovelypenguins.B.Beautifulscenery.C.Adiscountfare.D.Afrien

d’sinvitation.10.WhatdoesGinnithinkaboutAntarcticaafterthejourney?A.Itcouldbeahomeforher.B.Itshouldbeeasilyaccessib

le.C.Itshouldbewellpreserved.D.Itneedstobefullyintroduced.11Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Achildhooddream.B.Anunforgettableexperience

.C.Sailingaroundtheworld.D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.Passage11【2022年北京卷】“Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewereno

hunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingth

atisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlesso

ftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowsee

nasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequires

consideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsintersect(交叉)withhumanhealth,theenvironment,econ

omicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethings

tohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andth

ird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutrition.InthelatestUNreportonglobalfood

security,thenumberofundernourished(营养不良)peopleintheworldhasbeenrising,despitegreatadvancesinnutritionscience.Tracki

ngof150biochemicalsinfoodhasbeenimportantinrevealingtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fatandtheoccu

rrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,somescientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemical

s—andthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisex

ample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthat

everyoneinthesystemhasequalpower.Butassomeresearchersfind,thefoodsystemisnotanequalone.Agoodwaytoredress(修正)suchpowerimbal

anceisformoreuniversitiestodowhatCrystaldidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach..Moreresearchers,pol

icymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandadoptasystemsapproach.Cry

stalknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.28.Theauthorusesthequestio

nunderlinedinParagraph1to________.A.illustrateanargumentB.highlightanopinionC.introducethetopicD.predicttheending29.Whatcan

beinferredaboutthefieldofnutrition?A.Thefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinkinghasn’tbeenachieved.B.Therelatio

nshipsamongplayershavebeenclarified.C.Machinelearningcansolvethenutritionproblem.D.Theimpactofnutritioncannotbequantified.30.A

sforsystemsthinking,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Itmaybeusedtojustifypowerimbalance.B.Itcanbeappliedtotacklech

allenges.C.Ithelpstoprovewhyhungerexists.D.Itgoesbeyondhumanimagination.Passage12【2022年浙江卷6月】Allaroundtheworld,therearesmallchang

estakingplace.Atthesideofroads,behindschoolplaygroundsandonallkindsofunlovedpiecesoflandacrosstownsandcities,tinyforestsba

relythesizeoftenniscourtsareappearing,makingagreatplaceforbothwildlifeandlocalpeoplewhomaynotnormallyhaveeasyaccesstonature.ThisistheT

inyForestmovement,whichaimstoprovethatthebestthingsinlifereallydocomeinsmallpackages.Tinyforestswerefirstpioneeredasaconceptinthe1970sbyDrMiyawak

i,aJapanesebotanist.Ashewentontosharehisconceptwithothers,theideasoontookoffinIndiaandothercountriesbeforeeventuallyreachingEurope,whereitbecamepop

ularinplaceslikeFrance,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.Sohowdoesitwork?LouiseHartley,whoisleadingtheTinyForestprojectintheUK,explainsthattheprocessbegin

sbyidentifyingareasinwhichatinyforestcouldhavethebiggestinfluence.“Wefocusonurbanareaswhereaccesstonatureisoftennotthateasy”,saysHartley.“Weseeitasac

hancetotrytobreakthegrowingdisconnectbetweenpeopleandnature.”InaTinyForest,theremustbeaminimumof600trees,andthetreesareplantedm

uchclosertogetherandwithoutchemicalsorfertilisers(肥料).Thereareusuallyaround30differentkindsofall-nativetreespecies(物种).Th

isvariety,coupledwiththefactthattinyforestsgrowuptotentimesfasterthanstandardforests,meanstheyattractarichabundanceofwildlife.It’s

alsothoughtthattheseplacescouldhelpreducetheriskofflooding,removecarbonfromtheatmosphereandfightclimatechange,aswellasimprovingth

ementalhealthofthoselivinglocally.4.WhatdoweknowabouttheTinyForestmovement?A.Ithasachievednotablesuccess.B.Itisledbynumberofschools.C.Itbeg

aninEuropeinthe1970s.D.Itwillspreadtothecountryside.5.WhatisthepurposeoftheprojectledbyHartleyintheUK?A.

Topromoteeco-tourism.B.Toimproveforestryresearch.C.Topopularisegardening.D.Togetpeopleclosetonature.6.WhatisspecialaboutthetreesinaTi

nyForest?A.Theyaresmallinsize.B.Theyarethicklyplanted.C.Theyareforeignspecies.D.Theyareheavilyfertilised.Passage13C【

2022年浙江卷6月】Manypeoplebelievethatworkingtothemaximumisthesecrettosuccess,butresearchhasfoundthatmoderatio

n(适度)alsogetsresultsonthejob.InastudyledbyEllenLangerofHarvardUniversity,researchersaskedpeopletotranslatesentencesin

toanewamade-uplanguage.Subjectswhopracticedthelanguagemoderatelybeforehandmadefewererrorsthanthosewhopracticedextensively

ornotatall.Highlevelsofknowledgecanmakepeopletooattachedtotraditionalwaysofviewingproblemsacrossfieldsthearts,sciences,andpoliti

cs.Highconscientiousnessisrelatedtolowerjobperformance,especiallyinsimplejobswhereitdoesn’tpaytobeaperfec

tionist.Howlongwestayontheclockandhowwespendthattimeareundercarefulexaminationinmanyworkplaces.Theyoungbankerwhoeat

slunchathisdeskisprobablyseenasago-getter,whilehiscolleagueswhochatoverarelaxedconference-roommealgetdirtylooksfromthecorneroffice

.“Peoplefromculturesthatvaluerelationshipsmorethanoursdoesareshockedbythethoughtofeatingaloneinfronto

facomputer”,saysArtMarkman,aprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofTexas,Austin.Socialinteractionhasbeenshowntoliftmood(情绪)andgetpeo

plethinkinginnewdirectionsandinwaysthatcouldhelpimproveanypost-luncheffort.Markmanalsopromotesoff-tasktime.“Parto

fbeingagoodthinkerisexperiencingthingsthatareseeminglyunrelatedtowhatyouareworkingonatthemomentbutgiveyoufreshideasabo

utyourwork,”hesays.“Also,thereisalotofresearchshowingthatapositivemoodleadstohigherlevelsofproductivityandcreativity.So,whenp

eopledothingstoincreasetheirlifesatisfaction,theyalsomakethemselvesmoreeffectiveatwork.”7.WhatdoesEllenLanger’sstudyshow?

A.ItisworthwhiletobeaperfectionistB.Translationmakespeopleknowledgeable.C.Simplerjobsrequiregreatercaution.D.Moderateeffortproducest

hebestresult.8.Theunderlinedword“go-getter”inparagraph3referstosomeoneWho_______.A.isgoodathandlingpres

sureB.workshardtobecomesuccessfulC.ahasanaturaltalentforhisjob.D.getsonwellwithhisco-workers9.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Agoodthinker

isabletoinspireotherpeople.B.Experienceunrelatedtoyourjobisuseless.C.Acheerfulmoodhelpsmakeacreativemind.D.Focu

singonwhatyoudoraisesproductivity.10.Whatdoesthetextseemtoadvocate?A.Middle-of-the-roadworkhabits.B.Balancebetweenworkandfamily.C.Long-standingc

ulturaltraditions.D.Harmonyintheworkenvironment.Passage14【2022年浙江卷1月】TheUnitedStatesrosetoglobalpoweronthestrength

ofitstechnology,andthelifebloodthattechnologyhaslongbeenelectricity.Byprovidinglong-distancecommunicationandene

rgy,electricitycreatedthemodemworld.Yetproperlyunderstood,theageofelectricityismerelythesecondstageintheageofsteam,whichbegana

centuryearlier."Itiscuriousthatnoonehasputtogetherahistoryofboththesteamandelectricrevolutions.*'writesMauryKleininhisbookThe

PowerMakers,Steam,Electricity,andtheMenInventedModemAmerica.Klein,anotedhistorianoftechnology,spinsanarrativesolivelythatattimesitreadslikea

novel.Thestorybeginsinthelastyearsofthe18thcenturyinScotland,whereWattperfected"themachinethatchangedtheworl

d*'.Kleinwrites,"Americadidnotinventthesteamengine,butoncetheygraspeditspasswordstheyputittomoreusesthananyoneelse."Meanwhile,overt

hecourseof19thcentury,electricitywentfrommerecuriositytoabasicnecessity.Morseinventedacodeforsending

messagesoveranelectromagneticcircuit.Bellthengavethetelegraphavoice.Edisonperfectedanincandescentbullsthat

broughtelectriclightintotheAmericanhome.Mostimportantly,Edisonrealizedthatsuccessdependedonmasselectrification,whichheshowedinNewYorkCi

ty.WithhelpfromTesla,Westinghouse'sfirmdevelopedasystemusingalternatingcurrent,whichsoonbecamethemajorformsofpowerdelivery.Toframehisstory,Kl

eincreatesthecharacterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime.It'satechniqu

ethathelpsturnalongnarrativeintoaninterestingone.4.WhatisKlein'sunderstandingoftheageofelectricity?A.Itiscloselylinkedtothesteamage.B.Itbeganea

rlierthanproperthought.C.Itisalittle-studiedperiodofhistory.D.Itwillcometoanendsoonerorlater.5.Whatca

nbeinferredaboutNed?A.HewasborninNewYorkCity.C.Hecreatedanelectricitycompany.6.Whatisthetext?Passage15C【202

2年浙江卷1月】Thebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocumentedbutthere?sanewbonustoaddtotheever-growinglist.New

researchersfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementiainl

aterlife,andastheydid,itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.B.Hewrotemanyincreasingstories,D.Helivedmainlyinthe19thcentury.A.Abiography.B.Abook

review.C.Ashortstory.D.Asciencereport.LeadresearcherDr.HelenaHorder,oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden,said:"Thesefindingsareexcitingbecauseifspos

siblethatimprovingpeople'scardiovascular（'ll、血管）fitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdeve

lopingdementia.”Forthestudy,191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheywereexhaustedtomeasuret

heirpeak（最大值的）cardiovascularcapacity.Theaveragepeakworkloadwasmeasuredat103watts.Atotalof40womenmetthecriter

iaforahighfitnesslevel,or120wattsorhigher.Atotalof92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscategory;and59womenwereinthelowfitnesscategory,definedasa

peakworkloadof80wattsorless,orhavingtheirexercisetestsstoppedbecauseofhighbloodpressure,chestpainorothercardiovascularproblems.Thesewom

enwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades.Duringthattime,44ofthewomendevelopeddementia.Fivepercentofthehighly

fitwomendevelopeddementia,comparedto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessand32percentofthewomenwithlowfitness."However,thisstudydoesnots

howcauseandeffectbetweencardiovascularfitnessanddementia,itonlyshowsanassociation.Moreresearchisneededtoseeifimprovedfitnesscouldhaveapositi

veeffectontheriskofdementiaandalsotolookatwhenduringalifetimeahighfitnesslevelismostimportant."Sheals

oadmittedthatarelativelysmallnumberofwomenwerestudied,allofwhomwereformSweden,sotheresultsmightnotbeapplicabletoothergroups.

7.Whatisontheever-growinglistmentionedinthefirstparagraph?A.Positiveeffectsofdoingexercises.B.Exercisessuitableforthemiddle

-aged.C.Experimentalstudiesondiseases.D.Advantagesofsportywomanoverman8.Whydidtheresearchersaskthewomantodobicycleexercise?A.Top

redicttheirmaximumheartrate.B.ToassesstheircardiovascularcapacityC.TochangetheirhabitsofworkingoutD.Todete

cttheirpotentialhealthproblems9.WhatdoweknowaboutDrHorder'sstudy?A.Itaimedtofindacurefordementia.B.Datacollectionwasalengthyproce

ss.C.Someparticipantswithdrewfromit.D.Theresultswerefarfromsatisfactory.10.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.MoreWomenAreExer

cisingtoPreventDementiaB.Middle-AgedWomenNeedtoDoMoreExerciseC.FitWomenAreLessLikelytoDevelopDementiaD.BikingImprovesWomen*sCa

rdiovascularFitnessPassage16【2022年浙江卷6月】Allaroundtheworld,therearesmallchangestakingplace.Atthesideofroads,behindschoolplaygroundsandonal

lkindsofunlovedpiecesoflandacrosstownsandcities,tinyforestsbarelythesizeoftenniscourtsareappearing,m

akingagreatplaceforbothwildlifeandlocalpeoplewhomaynotnormallyhaveeasyaccesstonature.ThisistheTinyForestmovement,whichaimstoprovethatthe

bestthingsinlifereallydocomeinsmallpackages.Tinyforestswerefirstpioneeredasaconceptinthe1970sbyDrMiyawaki,aJapanesebotanist.Ashewentontosharehisconce

ptwithothers,theideasoontookoffinIndiaandothercountriesbeforeeventuallyreachingEurope,whereitbecamepopularinplaceslikeFrance,Bel

giumandtheNetherlands.Sohowdoesitwork?LouiseHartley,whoisleadingtheTinyForestprojectintheUK,explainsthattheprocessbeginsbyidentifyingare

asinwhichatinyforestcouldhavethebiggestinfluence.“Wefocusonurbanareaswhereaccesstonatureisoftennotthateasy”,saysHartley.“W

eseeitasachancetotrytobreakthegrowingdisconnectbetweenpeopleandnature.”InaTinyForest,theremustbeaminimumof600

trees,andthetreesareplantedmuchclosertogetherandwithoutchemicalsorfertilisers(肥料).Thereareusuallyaround30differentkindsofall-nativetree

species(物种).Thisvariety,coupledwiththefactthattinyforestsgrowuptotentimesfasterthanstandardforests,meanstheyattrac

tarichabundanceofwildlife.It’salsothoughtthattheseplacescouldhelpreducetheriskofflooding,removecarbonfromtheatmosphereandfi

ghtclimatechange,aswellasimprovingthementalhealthofthoselivinglocally.4.WhatdoweknowabouttheTinyForestmovement?A.Ithasachievednotablesuccess.B.

Itisledbynumberofschools.C.ItbeganinEuropeinthe1970s.D.Itwillspreadtothecountryside.5.Whatisthepurpos

eoftheprojectledbyHartleyintheUK?A.Topromoteeco-tourism.B.Toimproveforestryresearch.C.Topopularisegar

dening.D.Togetpeopleclosetonature.6.WhatisspecialaboutthetreesinaTinyForest?A.Theyaresmallinsize.B.Theyarethickl

yplanted.C.Theyareforeignspecies.D.Theyareheavilyfertilised.Passage17C【2022年浙江卷6月】Manypeoplebelievethatworkingtothemax

imumisthesecrettosuccess,butresearchhasfoundthatmoderation(适度)alsogetsresultsonthejob.InastudyledbyEllen

LangerofHarvardUniversity,researchersaskedpeopletotranslatesentencesintoanewamade-uplanguage.Subjectswhopractic

edthelanguagemoderatelybeforehandmadefewererrorsthanthosewhopracticedextensivelyornotatall.Highlevelsofknowledgecanmakepeopletooattachedtot

raditionalwaysofviewingproblemsacrossfieldsthearts,sciences,andpolitics.Highconscientiousnessisrelatedtolowerjobperformance,esp

eciallyinsimplejobswhereitdoesn’tpaytobeaperfectionist.Howlongwestayontheclockandhowwespendthattimeareundercarefu

lexaminationinmanyworkplaces.Theyoungbankerwhoeatslunchathisdeskisprobablyseenasago-getter,whilehiscolleagueswhochatoverarelaxedco

nference-roommealgetdirtylooksfromthecorneroffice.“Peoplefromculturesthatvaluerelationshipsmorethanoursdoesareshockedbythethoughtofeatingaloneinfront

ofacomputer”,saysArtMarkman,aprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofTexas,Austin.Socialinteractionhasbeenshowntoliftmood(情绪)andge

tpeoplethinkinginnewdirectionsandinwaysthatcouldhelpimproveanypost-luncheffort.Markmanalsopromotesoff-tasktime.“Partofbeingagoodthinkerisexp

eriencingthingsthatareseeminglyunrelatedtowhatyouareworkingonatthemomentbutgiveyoufreshideasaboutyourwork,”hesays.“Also,

thereisalotofresearchshowingthatapositivemoodleadstohigherlevelsofproductivityandcreativity.So,whenpeopledothingstoincreasetheirlifesatisfaction,t

heyalsomakethemselvesmoreeffectiveatwork.”7.WhatdoesEllenLanger’sstudyshow?A.ItisworthwhiletobeaperfectionistB.Tra

nslationmakespeopleknowledgeable.C.Simplerjobsrequiregreatercaution.D.Moderateeffortproducesthebestresult.8.Theunderlinedword

“go-getter”inparagraph3referstosomeoneWho_______.A.isgoodathandlingpressureB.workshardtobecomesuccessfulC.ahasa

naturaltalentforhisjob.D.getsonwellwithhisco-workers9.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Agoodthinkerisa

bletoinspireotherpeople.B.Experienceunrelatedtoyourjobisuseless.C.Acheerfulmoodhelpsmakeacreativemind.D

.Focusingonwhatyoudoraisesproductivity.10.Whatdoesthetextseemtoadvocate?A.Middle-of-the-roadworkhabits.B.Balan

cebetweenworkandfamily.C.Long-standingculturaltraditions.D.Harmonyintheworkenvironment.Passage18【2022年天津卷第二次】Isittruethatour

brainaloneisresponsiblefohumancognition(认知)?Whataboutourbody?Isitpossibleforthoughtandbehaviortooriginat

efromsomewhereotherthanourbrain?PsychologistswhostudyEmbodiedCognition(EC)asksimilarquestions.TheECtheorysuggestsourbodyisalsoresponsiblefort

hinkingorproblem-solving.Moreprecisely,themindshapesthebodyandthebodyshapesthemindinequalmeasure.Ifyouthinkaboutitforamoment,itmakestotalse

nse.Whenyousmellsomethinggoodorhearamusingsounds,certainemotionsareawakened.Thinkabouthownewbornsusetheirsensestounderstandtheworl

daroundthem.Theydon’thaveemotionssomuchasneeds—theydon’tfeelsad,they’rejusthungryandneedfood.Evenunbornbabiescanfeeltheirmo

thers’heartbeatsandthishasacalmingeffect.Intherealworld，theycrywhenthey’recoldandthengethugged.Thatway,theystarttoas-sociatebeingwarmwithbeingloved.

Understandably,theoristshavebeenarguingforyearsandstilldisagreeonwhetherthebrainisthenervecentrethatoperatestherestofthebody.OlderWestern

philosophersandmainstreamlanguageresearchersbelievethisisfact,whileECtheorisesthatthebrainandbodyareworkingtogetherasanorganicsu

percomputer,processingeverythingandformingyourreactions.Furtherstudieshavebackedupthemind-bodyinteraction.Inoneex-periment,testsubjec

ts(实验对象)wereaskedtojudgepeopleafterbeinghandedahotoracolddrink.Theyallmadewarmevaluationswhentheirfingertipsperceivedwarmthratherthancoolness

.Anditworkstheotherwaytoo;inanotherstudy,subjects’fingertiptemperaturesweremeasuredafterbeing“included”inor“rejected”fromagrouptask.Th

osewhowereincludedfeltphysicallywarmer.Forfurtherproof,wecanlookatthemetaphors(比喻说法)thatweusewithouteventhinking.Aki

ndandsympatheticpersonisfrequentlyreferredtoasonewithasoftheartandsomeonewhoisverystrongandcalmindifficultsituationsisof

tendescribedassolidasarock.Andthiskindofmetaphoricaluseiscommonacrosslanguages.Nowthatyouhavetheknowledgeofmind-body

interaction,whynotuseit?Ifyou’rehavingabadday,awarmcupofteawillgiveyouaflashofpleasure.Ifyouknowyou’rephysicallycold,warmupbeforemakinga

nyinterpersonaldecisions.46.Accordingtotheauthor,thesignificanceoftheECtheoryliesin________.A.facilitatingourunderstandingoftheoriginofpsychologyB

.revealingthemajorroleofthemindinhumancognitionC.offeringaclearerpictureoftheshapeofhumanbrainD.bringingusclosertothetruthinhumanc

ognition47.Wheredoesthenewborns’understandingoftheirsurroundingsstartfrom?A.Theirpersonallooks.B.Theirmentalneeds.C.Theirinneremotions.D.Their

physicalfeelings.48.TheexperimentsmentionedinParagraph4furtherprove________.A.environmentimpactshowwejudgeothersB.howbodytemperaturei

srelatedtohealthC.themindandthebodyinfluenceeachotherD.howhumansinteractwiththeirsurroundings49.Whatdoestheauthorintendtoprovebyc

itingthemetaphorsinParagraph5?A.Humanspeechisalivewithmetaphors.B.Humansenseshaveeffectsonthinking.C.Humanla

nguageisshapedbyvisualimages.D.Humanemotionsareoftencomparedtonaturalmaterials.50.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthelastparag

raph?A.Tosharewiththereaderwaystoreleasetheiremotions.B.Toguidethereaderontothepathtocareersuccess.C.ToencouragethereadertoputECintopract

ice.D.Todeepenthereader’sunderstandingofEC.2021年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】Whentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontin

entofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresources

wisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofw

aterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhouse

theever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),

anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(迁徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovit

altotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFedera

lDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPres

identFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofour

naturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundto

purchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailablef

orallgenerationstocome.Since1934betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofh

abitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramsev

erinitiated.28.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?,A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwatersports.C.Pollutionofrivers.D

.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Acquire.B.Export.C.D

estroy.D.Distribute.30.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.B.Themigratorybirdshaveflowna

way.C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.31.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext

?A.TheFederalDuckStampStoryB.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD.TheHistoryof

MigratoryBirdHuntingPassage2D【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intellingence.Manypeoplenowmisunder

standemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,m

otivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributeto

someofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspeci

ficsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbya

doctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyint

elligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysu

pport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopulariz

ationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofem

otionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Alt

houghthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthes

cientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(视角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanag

etheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.32.Whatisaco

mmonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest.B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson’smind.C.Itincludesasetofem

otionalskills.D.Itreferstoaperson’spositivequalities.33.Whydoestheauthormention“doctor”and“cheater”inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule.B.Toclarifyaconc

ept.C.Topresentafact.D.Tomakeaprediction.34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favora

ble.B.Intolerant.C.Doubtful.D.Unclear.35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionali

ntelligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic.B.Expectationsforfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication.D.Scientistswithnewperspect

ives.Passage3【2021年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】AnAustralianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitorthehealthofgrazingcattle,adevelopmentthatc

ouldbringbigchangestoaprofessionthat'sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage.SalahSukkarieh,ap

rofessorattheUniversityofSydney,seesrobotsasnecessarygivenhowcattlemenareaging.Heisbuildingafour-wheeledrobotthatwillrunonsola

randelectricpower.Itwillusecamerasandsensorstomonitortheanimals.Acomputersystemwillanalyzethevideotodeterminewhetheracowissick.Radiotags(标

签)ontheanimalswillmeasuretemperaturechanges.Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape,colorandtexture

(质地)ofgrass.Thatway,cattlemenwillknowwhethertheyneedtomovetheircattletoanotherfieldfornutritionpurposes.Machinesha

velargelytakenoverplanting,wateringandharvestingcropssuchascomandwheat,butthemonitoringofcattlehasgonethro

ughfewerchanges.ForTexascattlemanPeteBonds,it'sincreasinglydifficulttofindworkersinterestedinwatchingcatt

le.ButBondsdoesn'tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustry-andfailedattemptstousetechnology-haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytoche

ckcattleiswithamanonahorse.Bonds,whoboughthisfirstcattlealmost50yearsago,stillhaseachofhiscowboysinspect300or400cattledailyand

lookforsignsthatananimalisgettingsick.Othercattlemenseemorepromiseinrobots.MichaelKelseyParis,vicepresidentoft

heOklahomaCattlemen'sAssociation,saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.Cattletendtobekeptinremoteplacesan

dtheirvaluehasrisen,makingthemappealingtargets.12.Whatisaproblemwiththecattle-raisingindustry?A.Soilpollution.B.Lackofworkers.

C.Agingmachines.D.Lowprofitability.13.WhatwillSukkarieh'srobotbeabletodo?A.Monitorthequalityofgrass.B.Curethediseasedcattle.C.Movecattletoano

therfield.D.Predictweatherchanges.14.WhydoesPeteBondsstillhirecowboystowatchcattle?A.Hewantstohelpthemearnaliving.B.Hethinksmencandothejobbe

tter.C.Heisinexperiencedinusingrobots.D.Heenjoysthetraditionalwayoflife.15.HowmayrobotshelpwithcattlewatchingaccordingtoMichae

lKelsey?A.Increasethevalueofcattle.B.Bringdownthecostoflabor.C.Makethejobmoreappealing.D.Keepcattlefrombeingstolen.Passa

ge4【2021年全国甲卷】PortLympneReserve,whichrunsabreeding(繁育)programme,haswelcomedthearrivalofarareblackrhinocalf(犀牛幼崽).Whenthetinycreaturearri

vedonJanuary31,shebecamethe40thblackrhinotobebornatthereserve.AndofficialsatPortLympneweredelightedwiththenewarrival,especiallyasbla

ckrhinosareknownforbeingdifficulttobreedincaptivity(圈养).PaulBeer,headofrhinosectionatPortLympne,said:“Obviouslywe

'reallabsolutelydelightedtowelcomeanothercalftoourblackrhinofamily.She'shealthy,strongandalreadyeager

toplayandexplore.Hermother,Solio,isafirst-timemumandsheisdoingafantasticjob.It'sstillalittletoocoldforthemtogooutintotheopen,butassoonasthe

weatherwarmsup,Ihavenodoubtthatthelittleonewillbeoutandaboutexploringandplayingeveryday.”Theadorablefemalecalfisthes

econdblackrhinobornthisyearatthereserve,butitistooearlytotellifthecalveswillmakegoodcandidatestobereturnedtoprotectedareasofthewild.Thefirst

rhinotobebornatPortLympnearrivedonJanuary5tofirst-timemotherKisimaandweighedabout32kg.Hismother,grandmotherandgreatgrandmotherwereallbornattheres

erveandstilllivethere.AccordingtotheWorldWildlifeFund,theglobalblackrhinopopulationhasdroppedaslowas5500,givingtherhinos

a“criticallyendangered”status.4.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebreedingprogramme?A.Costly.B.Controversial.C.Ambitious.D.Successful.5.Whatdo

esPaulBeersayaboutthenew-bornrhino?A.Shelovesstayingwithhermother.B.Shedislikesoutdooractivities.C.SheisingoodconditionD.Sheissen

sitivetoheat.6.WhatsimilarexperiencedoSolioandKisimahave?A.TheyhadtheirfirstborninJanuary.B.Theyenjoyedexploringnewplace

sC.Theylivedwiththeirgrandmothers.D.Theywerebroughttothereserveyoung7.WhatcanbeinferredaboutPornLympneReserve?A.Therhino

sectionwillbeopentothepublic.B.Itaimstocontrolthenumberoftheanimals.C.ItwillcontinuetoworkwiththeWorldWildlifeFund.D.Someofitsrhinos

maybesenttotheprotectedwildareas.Passage5【2021年全国乙卷】You’veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans—between4.8and12.7millio

ntonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknow

thatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.Atthebeginningoft

heyear,theartistbuiltapiececalled“Strawpocalypse,”apairof10-foot-tallplasticwaves,frozenmid-crash.Madeof168,000plasticstrawscollectedfrom

severalvolunteerbeachcleanups,thesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.Just9%ofg

lobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource（来源）ofplasticpollution,butthey’verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon’tneed

themtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartofVonWong

’sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.Inapiecefro

m2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate（说明）aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled“Truck

loadofPlastic,”VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbeendumped（倾倒）from

atruckallatonce.VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint.28.Whatar

eVonWong’sartworksintendedfor?A.Beautifyingthecityhelivesin.B.Introducingeco-friendlyproducts.C.Drawingpublicattentiontoplasticwaste.D.R

educinggarbageonthebeach.29.Whydoestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinparagraph3?A.Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling.B.Toexplainwhythe

yareuseful.C.Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart.D.Tofindasubstituteforthem.30.Whateffectwould“TruckloadofPlastic”haveonviewe

rs?A.Calming.B.Disturbing.C.Refreshing.D.Challenging.31Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Artists’OpinionsonPlasticSafetyB.Med

iaInterestinContemporaryArtC.ResponsibilityDemandedofBigCompaniesD.OceanPlasticsTransformedintoSculpturesPassage6【2021年全国乙卷】Duringaninterviewf

oroneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthink.aboutoften.Annoyedbythelevelofdistraction（干扰）inhisopenoffice,hes

aid,“That’swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet—soIcanfocus”.Hiscommentstruckmeasstrange.Afterall,coworkingspacesal

sotypicallyuseanopenofficelayout（布局）.ButIrecentlycameacrossastudythatshowswhyhisapproachworks.Theresearchersexaminedvariouslevelsofnoiseonparticipa

ntsastheycompletedtestsofcreativethinking.Theywererandomlydividedintofourgroupsandexposedtovariousnoiselevelsint

hebackground,fromtotalsilenceto50decibels（分贝）,70decibels,and85decibels.Thedifferencesbetweenmostofthegroupswerestatisticallyinsignificant;however,t

heparticipantsinthe70decibelsgroup—thoseexposedtoalevelofnoisesimilartobackgroundchatterinacoffeeshop—significantlyoutperformedt

heothergroups.Sincetheeffectsweresmall,thismaysuggestthatourcreativethinkingdoesnotdifferthatmuchinresponsetotota

lsilenceand85decibelsofbackgroundnoise.Butsincetheresultsat70decibelsweresignificant,thestudyalsosuggeststhatt

herightlevelofbackgroundnoise—nottooloudandnottotalsilence—mayactuallyimproveone’screativethinkingability.Therightlevelofbackgroundnoisemayinterrupt

ournormalpatternsofthinkingjustenoughtoallowourimaginationstowander,withoutmakingitimpossibletofocus.Thiskindof

“distractedfocus”appearstobethebeststateforworkingoncreativetasks.Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices?Theproblemmay

bethat,inouroffices,wecan’tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoothers’conversationswhilewe’retryingtofocus.Indeed

,theresearchersfoundthatface-to-faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess,andyetacoworkingspaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelo

fnoisewhilealsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.32.Whydoestheinterviewerpreferacoworkingspace?A.Ithelpshimconcentrate.B.Itblocks

outbackgroundnoise.C.Ithasapleasantatmosphere.D.Itencouragesface-to-faceinteractions.33.Whichlevelofbackgroundnoisemaypromotecreativethinkingab

ility?A.Totalsilence.B.50decibelsC.70decibels.D.85decibels.34.Whatmakesanopenofficeunwelcometomanypeople?A.Personalprivacyunprotect

ed.B.Limitedworkingspace.C.Restrictionsongroupdiscussion.D.Constantinterruptions.35.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromt

hetext?A.He’sanewsreporter.B.He’sanofficemanager.C.He’saprofessionaldesigner.D.He’sapublishedwriter.Passage7【2021年北京卷】Hundredsofscientists,w

ritersandacademicssoundedawarningtohumanityinanopenletterpublishedlastDecember:Policymakersandtherestofusmustengageopenlywith

theriskofglobalcollapse.Researchersinmanyareashaveprojectedthewidespreadcollapseas“acrediblescenario(情景)thiscentury”.Asurveyofscien

tistsfoundthatextremeweatherevents,foodinsecurity,andfreshwatershortagesmightcreateglobalcollapse.Ofc

ourse,ifyouareanon-humanspecies,collapseiswellunderway.Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomento

fstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Notverylongago,itwasalsounthinkablethataviru

swouldshutdownnationsandthatsafetynetswouldbeprovensodisastrouslylackinginflexibility.Theinternationalscholars’warningletterdoesn'tsayexactly

whatcollapsewilllooklikeorwhenitmighthappen.Collapseology,thestudyofcollapse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrends

andwiththemthedangersofeverydaycivilization.Amongthesignatories(签署者)ofthewarningwasBobJohnson,theoriginatorofthe“ecologicalfootprint”c

oncept,whichmeasuresthetotalamountofenvironmentalinputneededtomaintainagivenlifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,“itseemsthatglobalcolla

pseiscertaintohappeninsomeform,possiblywithinadecade,certainlywithinthiscentury,”Johnsonsaidinanemail.“Onlyifwediscussthecon

sequencesofourbiophysicallimits,”theDecemberwarninglettersays,“canwehavethehopetoreducetheirspeed,severityandharm”.Andyetmessengersofthecomingdistu

rbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.Asapoetwrote,Manisavictimofdope(麻醉品)Intheincurableformofhope.Thehundredsofscholars

whosignedtheletterareintent(执着)onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness.“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcol

lapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“germane”inParagraph3

probablymean?A.Scientific.B.Credible.C.Original.D.Relevant.29.Asforthepublicawarenessofglobalcollapse,theauthor

is________.A.worriedB.puzzledC.surprisedD.scared30.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Thesignatoriesmaychangethebiophysicallimits.B.Theauthoragr

eeswiththemessageofthepoem.C.Theissueofcollapseisbeingprioritized.D.Theglobalcollapseiswellunderway.Passage8【2021年浙江卷6月】If

youevergettheimpressionthatyourdogcan"tell"whetheryoulookcontentorannoyed,youmaybeontosomething.Dogsmayindeedbeabletodistingu

ishbetweenhappyandangryhumanfaces,accordingtoanewstudyResearcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages(图像)ofthesamepersonmak

ingeitherahappyoranangryface.Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfoftheperson'sface.Theresearch

ersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sf

aceonimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebyt

ouchingapictureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywh

attheylearnedabouthumanfacesduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage."Wecanruleoutthatthedogssimplydistinguishbetweenthepictures

basedonasimplecue,suchasthesightofteeth,"saidstudyauthorCorsinMuller."Instead,ourresultssuggestthatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmout

hmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes.""Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidentlyconclu

dethatatleastsomedogscandistinguishhumanfacialexpressions,"MullertoldLiveScience.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwitht

heabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans."Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethattheba

sisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,"andthisexposureh

asprovidedthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem,Mullersaid.8.Thenewstudyfocusedonwhetherdogscan_________.A.distinguishshapesB.makesen

seofhumanfacesC.feelhappyorangryD.communicatewitheachother9.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestudyfromparagraph2?A.Resea

rcherstestedthedogsinrandomorder.B.Diversemethodswereadoptedduringtraining.C.PicturesusedinthetwostagesweredifferentD.Thedogswerephotogra

phedbeforethelest.10.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Asuggestionforfuturestudies.B.Apossiblereasonfort

hestudyfindings.C.AmajorlimitationofthestudyD.Anexplanationoftheresearchmethod.Passage9【2021年浙江卷1月】Atthestartofthe20thcentury,anAmer

icanengineernamedJohnElfrethWatkinsmadepredictionsaboutlifetoday.Hispredictionsaboutslowingpopulationgrowth,mobilephonesandin

creasingheightwereclosetothemark.Buthewaswronginoneprediction:thateverybodywouldwalk10milesaday.Today,inAust

ralia,mostchildrenonaveragefall2,000stepsshortofthephysicalactivitytheyneedtoavoidbeingoverweight.Intheearly1970s,40percentofchil

drenwalkedtoschool,whilein2010,itwasaslowas15percent.Thedeclineisnotbecausewehaveallbecomelazy.Familiesarepressedfortime,manywithbothparents

workingtopayfortheirhouse,oftenworkinghoursnotoftheirchoosing,livingincar-dependentneighborhoodswithlimitedpublictransport.Theot

hersideofthecoinisequallyadeprivation:forhealthandwell-being,aswellaslostopportunities（机会）forchildrentogettok

nowtheirlocalsurroundings.Andforparentstherearelostopportunitiestowalkandtalkwiththeiryoungscholarabouttheirday.Mostparent

swillhaveeagerlyaskedtheirchildabouttheirday,onlytomeetwitha“good”,quicklyfollowedby"I'mhungry".Thisisalsomyexperie

nceasamother.Butsomewhereoverthedailywalkmoreaboutmyson'sdaycomesout.Ihearhimmakingsenseoffriendshipanditslimits.Thisistheunexpectedandrareparental

opportunitytohearmore.Manyprimaryschoolssupportwalkingschool-busroutes（路线）,withdaysofregular,parent-accompaniedwalks.Doingjustoneo

ftheseafewtimesaweekisbetterthannothing.Itcanbetoughtobeginandtakesalittleplanning-runningshoesbythefrontdoor

,lunchesmadethenightbefore,umbrellasonrainydaysandhatsonhotones-butit'scertainlyworthtrying.4．WhydoestheauthormentionWatkins'pre

dictionsinthefirstparagraph?A．Tomakecomparisons.B．Tointroducethetopic.C．Tosupportherargument.D．Toprovideexamples.5．WhathascausedthedecreaseinAustra

lianchildren'sphysicalactivity?A．Plainlaziness.B．Healthproblems.C．Lackoftime.D．Securityconcerns.6．Whydoestheauthorfindwalkingwithherso

nworthwhile?A．Shecangetrelaxedafterwork.B．Shecankeepphysicallyfit.C．Shecanhelpwithherson'sstudy.D．Shecanknowhersonbetter.Passage10【20

21年浙江卷1月】Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzees(黑猩猩)usetocommunicate.Theysaywildchimpsco

mmunicate19specificmessagestooneanotherwitha"vocabulary"of66gestures.ThescientistsdiscoveredthisbyfollowingandfilminggroupsofchimpsinUga

nda,andexaminingmorethan5,000incidentsofthesemeaningfulexchanges.DrCatherineHobaiter,wholedtheresearch,saidthatthi

swastheonlyformofintentionalcommunicationtoberecordedintheanimalkingdom.Onlyhumansandchimps,shesaid,hadasystemofcommunic

ationwheretheydeliberatelysentamessagetoanothergroupmember."That'swhat'ssoamazingaboutchimpgestures,"shesaid."They'retheo

nlythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespect.”Althoughpreviousresearchhasshownthatapesandmonkeyscan

understandcomplexinformationfromanotheranimal'scall,theanimalsdonotappeartousetheirvoicesintentionallyto

communicatemessages.Thiswasasignificantdifferencebetweencallsandgestures,DrHobaitersaid.Chimpswillchecktoseeiftheyhavetheattentiono

ftheanimalwithwhichtheywishtocommunicate.Inonecase,amotherpresentsherfoottohercryingbaby,signaling:"Climbonme."Theyoungst

erimmediatelyjumpsontoitsmothersbackandtheytravelofftogether."Thebigmessagefromthisstudyisthatthereisanotherspecies(物种)outthere.that

ismeaningfulinitscommunication,sothat'snotuniquetohumans,"saidDrHobaiter.DrSusanneShultz,anevolutionarybi

ologistfromtheUniversityofManchester,saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.

But,sheadded,theresultswere"alittledisappointing"."Thevaguenessofthegesturemeaningssuggestseitherthatthechimpshavelittletocommunicate

,orwearestillmissingalotoftheinformationcontainedintheirgesturesandactions,"shesaid."Moreover,themeaningsseem

tonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalconveywithnon-verbalcommunication.So,itseemsthegulfremains."7．Whatdochimpsandhumanshaveinc

ommonaccordingtoDrHobaiter?A．Memorizingspecificwords.B．Understandingcomplexinformation.C．Usingvoicestoc

ommunicate.D．Communicatingmessagesonpurpose.8．WhatdidDrShultzthinkofthestudy?A．Itwaswelldesignedbutpoorlyconducted.B．Itwa

sagoodtrybutthefindingswerelimited.C．Itwasinspiringbuttheevidencewasunreliable.D．Itwasafailurebutthemethodsdeservedpraise.9．What

doestheunderlinedword"gulf"inthelastparagraphmean?A．Difference.B．Conflict.C．Balance.D．Connection.10．Whichof

thefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ChimpanzeebehaviourstudyachievedabreakthroughB．ChimpanzeesdevelopedspecificcommunicationskillsC．Chimpanzees:

thesmartestspeciesintheanimalkingdomD．Chimpanzeelanguage:communicationgesturestranslatedPassage11【2021年天津卷第二次】Inthefict

ionalworldsoffilmandTV,artificialintelligence（Al）hasbeendescribedassoadvancedthatitisindistinguishablefromhumans.Butwhat

ifwe'reactuallygettingclosertoaworldwhereAliscapableofthinkingandfeeling?TechcompanyUneeQisheadingforits"digitalhumans",whichappearli

felikeonthescreennotonlyintermsoflanguage,butalsobecauseoffacialmovements:raisedeyebrows,asmile,evenanod.Theylook

closetoahuman,butnotquite.WhatliesbeneathUneeQ9sdigitalhumans?Their3Dfacesaremodeledonactualhumanfeatures.Speechrecogni

tionenablesthemtounderstandwhatapersonissaying,andnaturallanguageprocessingisusedtoworkoutaresponse.Meanwhile,anotherAlcompany,SoulMachines,istakinga

morebiologicalapproach,witha"digitalbrain",thatimitatesaspectsofthehumanbraintoadjusttheemotions"fblt"and"expressed"b

yits"digitalpeople".ShiwaliMohan,anAlscientistatthePaloResearchCenter,isskepticalofthesedigitalbeings."They'rehumanlikeintheirlooksandthe

waytheysound,butthatinitselfisnotbeinghuman,"shesays."Humanqualitiesalsoinvolvehowyouthink,howyouapproachproblems,andhowyoubreakthemdown;andt

hattakesalotofalgorithmic(算法)design.Designingforhuman-levelintelligenceisadifferentattemptthandesigningimagesthatbe

havelikehumans."Shethencontinues,“Ifsomethinglookslikeahuman,wehavehighexpectationsofthem,buttheymightbehavedifferentlyinways

thathumansjustinstinctively(直觉地)knowhowotherhumansreact.Yetthedemandisthere,withUneeQseeinghighadoptionofitsdigitalemployeesacrossthefinancial,health

care,andcommercialsectors（行业）."Unlessthesesectorsmaketheirbusinessmodelsmuchmoreefficientdigitally,theymightbeleftbehind,"saysChetanD

ube,UneeQ9sCEO.Someothercompaniesaretakingtheirdigitalbeingsastepfurther,enablingorganizationsandindividualstocreatedigitalhumansthemsel

vesusingfree-accessplatformstheyprovide."ThebiggestmotivationforsuchplatformsistopopularizeAl,"Dubesays.Mohaniscautiousaboutthisapproach,yetshes

upportsthepurposebehindthesedigitalbeingsandisoptimisticaboutwheretheyareheaded."AswedevelopmoreadvancedAltechnology,wewouldthenhavetousenewwaysofcom

municatingwiththattechnology,shesays."'Hopefully,allofthatisdesignedtosupporthumansintheirgoals."46.AccordingtoPara.2,inwhatrespect（s）doUn

eeQ9s"digitalhumans"resemblehumanbeings?A.Inthewaytheymovearound.B.Inthewaytheyactandreact.C.Inobservationandanalys

is.D.Inspeechandfacialexpressions.47.SoulMachines’digitalbrainisatechnologicalbreakthroughbecauseit.A.leamstomakeproperemotionalresponse

sB.tendstoimitatehumanbeings'tonevividlyC.recognizesthespeechsoundsitreceivesD.processesthenaturallanguageithears48.InMohan'

sopinion,whathumanqualityislackingindigitalbeings?A.Calculatingbrain.BLanguageskills.C.Instinctivejudgements.D.Problem-solvingability

.49.Whatmakesmanysectorsemploydigitalhumans?A.Thefearoffallingbehindinefficiency.B.Theurgencytopromotee-commer

ce.C.Thewishtospreaddigitaltechnology.D.Theneedtoupgradethehealthcaresystem.50.WhatdoesMohanthinkofthe

futureofdigitalbeings?A.It'swellplanned.B.Itispromising.C.Itisuncertain.D.It'squitehopeless.Passage12D【2021年天津卷第二次】Artisever

ywhere.Anypublicspacehasbeencarefullydesignedbyanartisticmindtobebothfunctionalandbeautiful.Why,then

,isartstillsowidelyconsideredtobe"theeasysubject"atschool,insignificanttowidersociety,awasteoftimeandeffort?.Artcanconnect

culturewithcommercialproductsinawaythatnotmanyotherthingscan;artgeneratesmoneyandholdssignificantemotionalandcult

uralvaluewithincommunities.Whenpeopleattendaconcert,theyarepayingformusic,sure,maybeevenhotelrooms,meals,andtransport,buttheya

lsogainanincredibleexperience,auniqueatmosphereandamemorythatwillgothroughtherestoftheirlives.Peopledon'tjustwan

tmaterialthingsanymore,theywanttoexperiencelife一theartsareaperfectcrossover（交迭）betweencultureandcommerce.Furthermore,theartscanbringcommunitie

stogether,reducinglonelinessandmakingpeoplefeelsafer.Socialbondsarecreatedamongindividualswhentheysharetheirartsex

periencesthroughreflectionanddiscussion,andtheirexpressionofcommonvaluesthroughartworksinhonourofeventssignificanttoanation'sexperience.The

artsclearlyhaveaprettypositiveimpactonphysicalandpsychologicalhealth.Itisfoundthatpeoplewhofrequentculturalplacesorpa

rticipateinartisticeventsaremorelikelytogaingoodhealthcomparedtothosewhodonot;moreengagementwiththeartsislinkedtoahigherlevelofpeople'swellbei

ng.TheRoyalSocietyofPublicHealthdiscoveredthatmusicandart,whenusedinhospitals,helptoimprovetheconditionsofpatientsbyreducingstress,anxietyandblood

pressure.Childrenwhoareinvolvedwiththeartsmakegreaterachievementsintheireducation:thoseengagedwithdra

mahavegreaterliteraryabilitywhileotherstakingpartinmusicalpracticeexhibitgreaterskillsinmathandlanguages.Kidswithpreferencefbrtheartshaveag

reaterchanceoffindingemploymentinthefuture.Participatingintheartsisessentialfbrchilddevelopment;encouragingchildrentoexpressthemselvesinconstruc

tivewayscouldhelptoformhealthyemotionalresponsesinlaterlife.Vitaltohumanlife,artiscelebratedandusedbynationsacrosstheworldforvariouspurposes.L

ifewithoutartwouldbeboringanddeadstill,fbrartisapartofwhatmakesushuman.51.Artproductsdifferfrommostoth

ercommercialproductsbecause.A.mostpeoplepurchasethemforcollectionB.theyaremoreexpensiveandlessaccessibleC.theyhavebothco

mmercialandculturalvaluesD.theirpricesmayclimbupastimepasses52.Bysharingtheirartsexperiences,communitymemberscan.A.keepthecommunit

ysafefromillnessesB.developastrongertiebetweenthemC.learntoappreciatetheirownworksofartD.offerhonourablesolutionstotheirproblems53.Whatcanwel

earnaboutpeoplewhoareinvolvedinartisticactivities?A.Theyenjoybetterlivingconditions.B.Theyliketocomparethem

selveswithothers.C.Theyareparticularlygoodatbothmusicandart.D.Theytendtobehealthierphysicallyandmentally.54.Howdoeskids'engagementwiththeartsbenef

itthem?A.Itpromotestheiracademicperformanceandemotionalgrowth.B.Itgivesthemmoreconfidenceinexhibitingtheirlearnings

kills.C.Itinspirestheircreativityindesigningtheirfuturecareer.D.Ithelpstomakeresponsiblepeopleoutofthem.55.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?

A.HowArtCuresOurHeartsB.Art:ABlessingtoHumankindC.HowArtBenefitsCommunitiesD.Art:ABridgeBetweenCulturesPassage13【2021年天津卷第一次】Atrialprojectby

theMontrealChildren'sHospitalsuggestedthattheuseofmedicalhypnosis(催眠)canreducepainandanxietyinpatients.Theprojectal

soresultedinareductionintheamountofmedicinesusedtoperformmedical-imagingimaging(医学影像)procedures.“Duringtheexaminationchildrendon'tmove.It

worksperfectly.It'samazing,“saidJohanneL'Ecuyer,amedical-imagingtechnologistatthehospital.Theprojectwa

sinspiredbyaFrenchteamfromRouenUniversityHospitalCentrewhereexaminationsaredoneunderhypnosisinsteadofgeneralanest

hesia(麻醉）.AFrenchmedical-imagingtechnologist-alsoahypnotist—wasinvitedtotrainafewmembersinthemedical-imagingdepartmentofthechildren'shosp

ital.Inall,80examinationswereconductedfortheprojectbetweenJanuaryandSeptember,2019,focusingontheimagingpr

oceduresthatwouldcauseanxiety.Hypnosisisnotastateofsleep:Itisratheramodified(改变的)stateofconsciousness.Thetechnologistwillguidethepatienttothismodifi

edstate—animaginaryworldthatwilldisassociateitselfmoreandmorefromtheprocedurethatfollows.“Thetechnologistmustbuildupastorywiththepatient,"Ms.L

'Ecuyersaid."Thepatientisleftwiththepowertochoosewhathewantstotalkabout.Doyouplaysports?Doyoulikegoingtothebeach?Weestablishasubjectt

hatwewilldiscussthroughouttheprocedure."Everythingthathappensnextduringtheproceduremustberelatedtothisstory—

aninjection（注射）becomesthebiteofaninsect;theheatontheskinbecomesthesensationofthesunandamachinethatringsbecomesap

olicecarpassingnearby.“Theimportantthingisthatthetechnologistassociateswhatishappeningoutsidethepatient'sbodywithwhatthepat

ientseesinhishead,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid."Itrequirescreativityonthepartofthetechnologist,imagination,alotofpatienceandkindness."Theproc

edureappealedtothestaffalotwhenitwasintroducedinJanuary.ItspreadlikewildfirethatsomeonefromFrancewasheretotrainthete

chnologists,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid.Sheaddedthatshehadalineofstaffatherdoorwantingtotakethetraining.45．Oneoftheresultsproducedbythetrialprojectis_______

_.A．abetterunderstandingofchildrenB．lessuseofcertainmedicinesC．newmedical-imagingtechnologyD．animprovedreputationofthehospital46．TheFrench

technologistcametothechildren'shospitalto________.A．assistintreatingapatientB．carryouthypnosistrainingC．startupanewdepartmentD．learnaboutthepro

cedure47．AccordingtoParagraph5,hypnosisworksby________.A．creatingaperfectworldforpatientsB．forcingpatientsintoastateofdeepsleepC．puttingpatientsin

toanunconsciousstateD．leadingpatients'consciousnessawayfromreality48．Whatcanwelearnaboutthestoryusedintheprocedure?A．Itsho

uldkeeppacewiththeprocedure.B．Itreflectsthepatient'screativity.C．Itisselectedbythetechnologist.D．Ittellswhatdoctorsaredoingtothepatie

nt.49．Theprocedurewasreceivedamongthestaffwith________.A．uncertaintyB．enthusiasmC．worryD．criticism50．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Aneasy

waytocommunicatewithpatients.B．Thestandardmethodofconductinghypnosis.C．Anintroductionofmedical-imagingtechn

ology.D．Theuseofhypnosisinmedical-imagingprocedures.2020年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2020年新课标Ⅰ】Returningtoabookyou’vereadmanytimescanfeell

ikedrinkswithanoldfriend.There’sawelcomefamiliarity-butalsosometimesaslightsuspicionthattimehaschangedyouboth,

andthustherelationship.Butbooksdon’tchange,peopledo.Andthat’swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.The

beautyofrereadingliesintheideathatourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentmentalregister.It’strue,theolderIget,themoreIfeeltimehaswings.But

withreading,it’sallaboutthepresent.It’saboutthenowandwhatonecontributestothenow,becausereadingisagiveandtakebetweenauthorandreader.Eac

hhastopulltheirownweight.TherearethreebooksIrereadannually.Thefirst,whichItaketoreadingeveryspringisEmestHem

ningway’sAMoveableFeast.Publishedin1964,it’shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.Thelanguageisalmostintoxicatin

g(令人陶醉的)，anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.AnotherisAnnieDillard’sHolytheFirm,herpoetic1975ramble(

随笔)abouteverythingandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortazar’sSaveTwilight:SelectedPoems,becausepoetry.AndbecauseCortazar.WhileItendtobuyal

otofbooks,thesethreeweregiventomeasgifs,whichmightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,rereadinga

nauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember,it’syouthath

astogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.24.Whydoestheauthorlikerereading?A.Itevaluatesthewriter-reade

rrelationship.B.It’sawindowtoawholenewworld.C.It’sasubstitutefordrinkingwithafriend.D.Itextendstheunderstandingofoneself.25.Whatdoweknowa

boutthebookAMoveableFeast?A.It’sabriefaccountofatrip.B.It’saboutHemingway’slifeasayoungman.C.It’sarecor

dofahistoricevent.D.It’saboutHemingway’sfriendsinParis.26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂currency＂inparagr

aph4referto?A.DebtB.Reward.C.Allowance.D.Facevalue.27.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A.Helovespoetry.

B.He’saneditor.C.He’sveryambitious.D.Heteachesreading.Passage2【2020年新课标Ⅰ】Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,resea

rchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.Racewalkersareconditionedathlet

es.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.But

thesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接触)withtheground

atalltimes.It’sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,anassista

ntprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding

,shesays,Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whi

chisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecaloriesperhour.However,racew

alkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodywe

ightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.Asa

result,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesport’sstrangeformdoesplacec

onsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryrac

ewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,shesays.Ittakessomeprac

tice.28.Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?A.Theymustrunlongdistances.B.Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.C.Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D.They

aregoodatswingingtheirlegs.29.Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?A.It’smorepopularattheOlympics.B.It’slesschalleng

ingphysically.C.It’smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.D.It’slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.30.WhatisDr.Norberg’ssuggestionforsome

onetryingracewalking?A.Gettingexperts’opinions.B.Havingamedicalcheckup.C.Hiringanexperiencedcoach.D.Doingregularexercises.31.Whichw

ordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?A.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Tolerant.D.Conservative.Passage3D【202

0年新课标Ⅰ】Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositi

veeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanot

her，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)ha

vetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse，evenunusualfunctions.Thesei

ncludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfu

lchemicalsingroundwater.＂We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,＂explainedMich

aelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(发光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvege

tables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight，aboutone-thousandthoftheam

ountneededtoreadby，isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreesintoself-pow

eredstreetlamps.Inthefuture，theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slife

time.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff＂switch＂wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectrici

tyconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(电源)-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremot

ehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(传输).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.32.Whatisthef

irstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.

Benefitsfromgreenplants.33.WhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITengineer?A.Todetectplants’lac

kofwaterB.TochangecompositionsofplantsC.Tomakethelifeofplantslonger.D.Totestchemicalsinplants.34.Whatcanweexpectoftheglowingplantsin

thefuture?A.Theywillspeedupenergyproduction.B.Theymaytransmitelectricitytothehome.C.Theymighthelpreduceenergyc

onsumption.D.Theycouldtaketheplaceofpowerplants.35.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B.Howdowelivewi

thglowingplants?C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?Passage4【2020年新课标Ⅱ】Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyi

ftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine

,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4

laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(认知)aftercontrollingfordifference

sinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53chi

ld-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspati

alskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilityto

rotate(旋转)andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywoul

d,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,

andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andthepa

rentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.Thefindingswer

epublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.24.Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?A.Buildingconfidence.B.Developingsp

atialskills.C.Learningself-control.D.Gaininghigh-techknowledge.25.WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationw

hendesigningherexperiment？A.Parents’age.B.Children’simagination.C.Parents’education.D.Child-parentrelationship.26.Howdoboydifferfromgirlsi

npuzzleplay?A.Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B.Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.C.Theyprefertousemorespatial

language.D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod.B.Ascientifi

cstudy.C.AwomanpsychologistD.Ateachingprogram.Passage5【2020年新课标Ⅱ】Whenyouweretryingtofigureoutwhattobuyfortheenvironmentalistonyourho

lidaylist,furprobablydidn’tcrossyourmind.Butsomeecologistsandfashion(时装)enthusiastsaretryingtobringbackthemarketforfurmadefromnutria(海狸鼠).Unusual

fashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhave(showcased)nutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.“Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt-freef

ur-unlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear”,saysCreeMcCree,projectdirectorofRighteousFur.ScientistsinLoui

sianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters$5atail.SomeofthefurendsupinthefashionshowsliketheoneinBrooklynlastmonth.N

utriawerebroughttherefromArgentinabyfurfarmersandletgointothewild.“Theecosystemdowntherecan’thandlethisnon-nativespecies(物种).I

t’sdestroyingtheenvironment.It’sthemorus.”saysMichaelMassimi,anexpertinthisfield.Thefurtradekeptnutriacheckfordecades，butwhenthemar

ketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s，thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.BiologistEdmondMoutonrunsthenutriacontrolprogramforLouisiana.

Hesaysit’snoteasytoconvincepeoplethatnutriafurisgreen,buthehasnodoubtaboutit.Huntersbringinmorethan300,000nutriatailsayear,sop

artofMouton’sjobthesedaysistryingtopromotefur.Thenthere’sRighteousFuranditsunusualfashion.ModelPaigeMorgansay

s，”Togivepeopleaguilt-freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem-1thinkthat’sgoingtobeamassivething,atleast

hereinNewYork.”DesignerJenniferAndersonadmitsittookherawhiletocomearoundtotheopinionthatusingnutriafurforhercreationsismorallyaccepta

ble.Shetryingtocomeupwithalabletoattachtonutriafashionstoshowitiseco-friendly.28.WhatisthepurposeofthefashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklyn?A

.Topromoteguilt-freefur.B.Toexpandthefashionmarket.C.Tointroduceanewbrand.D.Tocelebrateawinterholiday.29.

Whyarescientistsconcernedaboutnutria?A.Nutriadamagetheecosystemseriously.B.Nutriaareanendangeredspecies.C.Nutr

iahurtlocalcat-sizedanimals.D.Nutriaareillegallyhunted.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“collapsed”inparagr

aph5probablymean?A.Boomed.B.Becamemature.C.Remainedstable.D.Crashed.31.WhatcanweinferaboufwearingfurinNewYorkaccordingtoMorgan?A.It’sformal

.B.It’srisky.C.It’sharmful.D.It’straditional.Passage6【2020年新课标Ⅲ】Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotju

stevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes(基因),theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewth

ousandyears.PeopleinEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorther

nEuropehavegainedamutation(突变)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofrese

archersreportedanewkindofadaptation-nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofsea-dwellingpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobette

rdivers.TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinthehundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.

Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they’vealsobuilthousesonstilts(支柱)incoastalwaters.“Theyaresimplyastrangertotheland,”saidRedne

yC.Jubilado,aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudiestheBajau.Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowinguponSamalIsland

inthePhilippines.Theymadealivingasdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish.“Weweresoamazedthattheycouldst

ayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders,”Dr.Jubiladosaid.“Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea.”In2015,MelissaIlardo,thenagraduat

estudentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,heardabouttheBajau.Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhavel

edtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem.“itseemedliketheperfectchancefornaturalselectiontoactonapopulation,”saidDr.I

lardo.ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.32.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbytheexamplesinparagraph1

?A.Environmentaladaptationofcattleraisers.B.Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.C.Recentfindingsofhumanorigi

n.D.Significanceoffoodselection.33.WheredotheBajaubuildtheirhouses?A.Invalleys.B.Nearrivers.C.Onthebeach.D.Offthecoast.34.WhywastheyoungJubi

ladoastonishedattheBajau?A.Theycouldwalkonstiltsallday.B.Theyhadasuperbwayoffishing.C.Theycouldstaylongunderwater.D.Theylivedonbothlandandwater.35.Wh

atcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSeaB.Highlanders’SurvivalSkillsC.BasicMethodsofGeneticResear

chD.TheWorld’sBestDiversPassage7【2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷（山东卷）】AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResear

ch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchtha

tsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.T

otesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwerein

dividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anact

orhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciall

ydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmo

refoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopi

ecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfolloweds

uitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenw

e'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effec

t.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresult

sofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?12.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety.

B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand.D.Eatingbehavior.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.B

igeaters.B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters.D.Tallthinpersons.14.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehow

shewouldaffecttheparticipants.B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdow

n.15.Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare.B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers.D.Howwefeel

aboutthefood.Passage8【2020年新高考全国Ⅱ卷（海南卷）】Rainforestsarehometoarichvarietyofmedicinalplants,food,birdsandanimals.Canyoubelievethatasinglebush（灌木丛）i

ntheAmazonmayhavemorespeciesofantsthanthewholeofBritain!About480varietiesoftreesmaybefoundinjustonehectareofrainforest.Rai

nforestsarethelungsoftheplanet-storingvastquantitiesofcarbondioxideandproducingasignificantamountoftheworld'soxygen.Rainforestsha

vetheirownperfectsystemforensuringtheirownsurvival;thetalltreesmakeacanopy（树冠层）ofbranchesandleaveswhichpro

tectthemselves,smallerplants,andtheforestanimalsfromheavyrain,intensedryheatfromthesunandstrongwinds.Amazingly,thetreesgrowinsuchawaythattheirle

avesandbranches,althoughclosetogether,neveractuallytouchthoseofanothertree.Scientiststhinkthisistheplants'wayt

opreventthespreadofanytreediseasesandmakelifemoredifficultforleaf-eatinginsectslikecaterpillars.Tosurviveintheforest,animalsmustclimb,jumpor

flyacrossthegaps.Thegroundflooroftheforestisnotalltangledleavesandbushes,likeinfilms,butisactuallyfairlyclear.Itiswheredea

dleavesturnintofoodforthetreesandotherforestlife.Theyarenotcalledrainforestsfornothing!Rainforestscangenerate75%oftheirownrain.Atleast8

0inchesofrainayearisnormal-andinsomeareastheremaybeasmuchas430inchesofrainannually.Thisisrealrain-yourumbrellamayprotectyouinashower,butitwon't

keepyoudryifthereisafullrainstorm.Injusttwohours,streamscanrisetentotwentyfeet.Thehumidity（湿气）oflargerainforest

scontributestotheformationofraincloudsthatmaytraveltoothercountriesinneedofrain.12.Whatcanwelearnabo

utrainforestsfromthefirstparagraph?A.Theyproduceoxygen.B.Theycoveravastarea.C.Theyarewellmanaged.D.Theyarerichinwild

life.13.Whichofthefollowingcontributesmosttothesurvivalofrainforests?A.HeavyrainsB.Bigtrees.C.Smallplants.D.Forestanimals.14.Whydotheleavesandbra

nchesofdifferenttreesavoidtouchingeachother?A.Formoresunlight.B.Formoregrowingspace.C.Forself-protection.D.Forthedetectionofinsects.15.Whatcanbe

asuitabletitleforthetext?A.Life-GivingRainforestsB.TheLawoftheJungleC.AnimalsintheAmazonD.WeatherinRainforestsPassage9【2020年北京卷】Baggyhasbeco

methefirstdogintheUK—andpotentiallytheworld—tojointhefightagainstairpollutionbyrecordingpollutantlev

elsneartheground.Baggywearsapollutionmonitoronhercollarsoshecantakedatameasurementsclosetotheground.Hermonitorhasshownthata

irpollutionlevelsarehigherclosertogroundlevel,whichhashelpedhighlightconcernsthatbabiesandyoungkidsmaybeathigherriskofdevelop

inglungproblems.Conventionalairpollutionmonitorsarenormallyfixedonlamppostsataboutninefeetintheair.Howe

ver,sinceBaggystandsataboutthesameheightasachildinapushchair（婴儿车）,shefrequentlyrecordspollutionlevelswhicharemuchhigherthanthedatagatheredbytheEnviro

nmentAgency.ThedoggydataresearchwastheideaofBaggy's13-year-oldownerTomHuntandhisdadMatt.TheEnglishyoungsternoticedthatpol

lutionlevelsarearoundtwo-thirdshigherclosetothegroundthantheyareintheairattheheightwheretheyarerecordedbytheagency.Tomha

ssincereportedtheshockingfindingstothegovernmentinanattempttoemphasisethatbabiesareathigherriskofdevel

opingasthma（哮喘）.MattHuntsaidhewas"veryproud"ofhissonbecause“whentheboygetsanidea,hekeepshisheaddownandge

tsonwithit,andhereallydoeswanttodosomegoodandstopyoungkidsfromgettingasthma."“Tombuiltupapassionforenvironmentalprotectionataveryearl

yage,"Mattadded.“Hebecameveryinterestedingadgets（小装置）.Aboutoneyearago,hegotthisnewpieceoftechwhichislikeatest

tube.OneSundayafternoon,wewentouttodosomemonitoring,andhesaid,whydon'tweputitonBaggy'scollarandlether

monitorthepollution？'Sowedidit."Tomsaid,"Mostofthetime,Baggyisjustlikeanyotherdog.Butfortherestofthetimesh

eisasuperdog,andweareallreallyproudofher."34.Withamonitoronhercollar,Baggycan____________.A.takepollutantreadingsB.recordpollutan

tlevelsC.processcollecteddataD.reduceairpollution35.WhatcanwelearnfromtheBaggydata?A.Highplacesarefreeofairpollution.B.Higherpushchairsaremoreriskyf

orkids.C.Conventionalmonitorsaremorereliable.D.Airismorepollutedclosertotheground.36.WhatisTom'spurposeofdoingtheresearch?A.Towarnofahealthrisk.B

.Tofindoutpollutionsources.C.Totesthisnewmonitor.D.ToproveBaggy'sabilities.37.Accordingtothepassage,which

wordcanbestdescribeTomHunt?A.Modest.B.Generous.C.Creative.D.Outgoing.Passage10【2020年浙江卷1月】Milwaukee,Wisconsin,isroadtestinganewway

tokeepwinterroadsice-free–byspreadingonthemcheesebrine,thesaltyliquidusedtomakesoftcheese,likemozzarella.Wisconsin,alsocalled"America'sDairyl

and,"isfamousforitscheese.Thestateproduced2.8billionpoundsofcheeselastyear!aresult,therewasalotofleftovercheesebrine.Disposingo

f(处置)thebrinecanbeexpensive.Sowhatshouldcheesemakersdowiththewaste?Normally,townsuserocksalttode-icestreets.Thesaltlowerswaters'freezingp

oint,causingicetomelt(融化).Butusingcheesebrinecouldhelpbothcheeseproducersandcitiessavemoney,whilekeepingroadssafe.Cheesebrinehas

saltinit,which,liketherocksalt,helpslowerwater'sfreezingpoint.Inadditiontosavingmoney,cheesebrinecouldalsobeamoreenvironment-friendlyoption.Man

ypeoplesuspectthatalltherocksaltusedeverywinterisharmingtheenvironment.Rocksaltismadeofsodiumchloride,thesanecon-pound(化合物)ino

rdinarytablesalt.Soundsharmless,right?Butwhileyouprobablyaddonlyasmallamountofsalttoyourfood,roadcrewsspreadabout20milliontonsofsa

ltonU.S.Roadseveryyear!Thechemicalwashesoffroadsandgoesintotheground.Thereitcanpollutedrinkingwater,harmplants.andeatawaysoil.Byspreadingc

heesebrineonstreetsbeforeaddingalayerofrocksalt,Milwaukeemaybeabletocutitsrocksaltuseby30percent.Chee

sebrinehasadownsidetoo–ashellsimilartothatofbadmilk."Idon'treallymindit,"EmilNorbytoldModernFarmermagazine.HeworksforoneofWisconsin'scount

yhighwaycommissionsandcameupwiththeideaofusingcheesebrine."OurroadssmelllikeWisconsin!"hesaid.24.Whycancheesebrinehelpkee

pwinterroadsice-free?A.Itissoft.B.Itcontainssalt.C.Itiswarm.D.Ithasmilkinit.25.Whatisabenefitofusingcheeseuri

neonroads?A.Improvingairquality.B.Increasingsalesofrocksalt.C.Reducingwaterpollution.D.Savingthecheeseindustry.26.Milwaukee'snewwaytode-icestreetsma

ybeanexampleof_______________.A.barkingupthewrongtreeB.puttingthecartbeforethehorseC.robbingPetertopayPaulD.killingtwobirdswithonestonePassage11C

【2020年浙江卷1月】Today'sworldisnotaneasyadjustmentforyoungadults.Keyskillsetforsuccessispersistence(毅力),achar

acteristicthatresearcherssayisheavilyinfluencedbyfathers.ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersareinauniquepos

itiontohelptheiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence.BYUprofessorsLauraPadilla-WalkerandRandalDayarrivedatthesefindingsafterfollowing325

Americanfamiliesoverseveralyears.Andovertime，thepersistencegainedthroughfathersledtohigherachievementinschool."Therearerelativel

yfewstudiesthatstresstheuniqueroleoffathers，"Padilla-Walkersaid."Thisresearchalsohelpstoprovethatcharacteristicssuchaspersistence-whichcanbeta

ught-arekeytoachild'slifesuccess.”Researchersdeterminedthatdadsneedtopracticean"authoritative"parentingstyle.Authoritati

veparentingisnotauthoritarian:rigid，demandingorcontrolling.Rather，anauthoritativeparentingstyleincludessomeofthefollowingcharacteristics:children

feelwarmthandlovefromtheirfather；responsibilityandthereasonsbehindrulesarestressedchildrenaregivenanappropriatelevelofautonomy(自主

权).Inthestudy，about52percentofthedadsexhibitedabove-averagelevelsofauthoritativeparenting.Akeyfindingi

sthatovertime，childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence，whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.Thispart

icularstudyexamined11to14-year-oldslivingintwo-parenthomes.Yettheresearcherssuggestthatsingleparentsstillmayplayaroleinteachingthebenefitsofpers

istence，whichisanavenueoffutureresearch.27.WhatisspecialabouttheBYUprofessors'study?A.Itcenteredonfathers'

roleinparenting.B.Itwasbasedonanumberoflargefamilies.C.Itanalyzeddifferentkindsofparentingstyles.D.Itaimedtoimprovekids'achievementinschool.28.Whatw

ouldanauthoritativefatherdowhenraisinghischildren?A.Ignoretheirdemands.B.Makedecisionsforthem.C.Controltheirbehaviors.D.Ex

plaintherulestothem.29.Whichgroupcanbeafocusoffuturestudiesaccordingtotheresearchers?A.Singleparents.B.Childrenagedfrom11t

o14.C.Authoritarianfathers.D.Mothersintwo-parenthomes.30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ThreeCharacteristicsofAu

thoritativeFathers.B.KeySkillsforYoungAdultstoSucceedinFuture.C.ChildrenTendtoLearnDeterminationfromFather.D.

FamilyRelationshipInfluencesSchoolPerformance.Passage12【2020年江苏卷】Sometimesit’shardtoletgo.FormanyBritishpeople,thatcanapplytoinstitutionsandobje

ctsthatrepresenttheircountry’spast-age-oldcastles,splendidhomes…andredphoneboxes.Beatenfirstbythemarchoftechnologyandl

atelybytheterribleweatherinjunkyards(废品场),thephoneboxesrepresentativeofanagearenowmakingsomethingofacomeba

ck.Adaptedinimaginativeways,manyhavereappearedoncitystreetsandvillagegreenshousingtinycafes,cellphonerepairshopsorevendefibrillatormachine

s(除颤器).Theoriginalironboxeswiththeroundroofsfirstappearedin1926.TheyweredesignedbyGilesGilbertScott,thearchitectoftheBatterse

aPowerStationinLondon.AfterbecominganimportantpartofmanyBritishstreets,thephoneboxesbegandisappearing

inthe1980s,withtheriseofthemobilephonesendingmostofthemawaytothejunkyards.Aboutthattime,TonyInglis’engineeringandtransportcompanygotthejobtoremovep

honeboxesfromthestreetsandsellthemout.ButInglisendedupbuyinghundredsofthemhimself,withtheideaofrepairingandsellingthem.Hesaidthath

ehadheardthecallstopreservetheboxesandhadseenhowsomeofthemwerelistedashistoricbuildings.AsInglisand,laterotherbusinessmen,gottowork,rep

urposedphoneboxesbeganreappearingincitiesandvillagesaspeoplefoundnewusesforthem.Today,theyareonceagainafamiliarsight,playingrolesthatar

eoftenjustasimportantforthecommunityastheiroriginalpurpose.Inruralareas,whereambulancescantakearelativelylongtimetoarrive,thephoneboxeshavetakenonali

fesavingrole.Localorganizationscanadoptthemforlpound,andinstalldefibrillatorstohelpinemergencies.Othersalsolookedatthephoneboxesandsawbusinessopp

ortunities.LoveFone,acompanythatadvocatesrepairingcellphonesratherthanabandoningthem,openedaminiworkshopinaLondonp

honeboxin2016.Thetinyshopsmadeeconomicsense,accordingtoRobertKerr,afounderofLoveFone.Hesaidthatoneoftheboxesg

eneratedaround$13,500inrevenueamonthandcostonlyabout$400torent.Inglissaidphoneboxescalledtomindanagewhenthingswerebuilttolast.I“likew

hattheyaretopeople,andIenjoybringingthingsback,”hesaid.58.Thephoneboxesaremakingacomeback______.A.toformabeautiful

sightofthecityB.toimprovetelecommunicationsservicesC.toremindpeopleofahistoricalperiodD.tomeettherequirementofg

reeneconomy59.Whydidthephoneboxesbegintogooutofserviceinthe1980s?A.Theywerenotwell-designed.B.Theyprovidedbadservices.C.Theyhadtooshor

tahistory.D.Theylosttonewtechnologies.60.Thephoneboxesarebecomingpopularmainlybecauseof______.A.theirn

ewappearanceandlowerpricesB.thepushofthelocalorganizationsC.theirchangedrolesandfunctionsD.thebigfundingofthebusinessmenPassage13C【2020年江苏卷】Forthosew

hocanstomachit,workingoutbeforebreakfastmaybemorebeneficialforhealththaneatingfirst,accordingtoastudyofmealtimi

ngandphysicalactivity.Athletesandscientistshavelongknownthatmealtimingaffectsperformance.However,farlesshasbeenknownabouthowmealt

imingandexercisemightaffectgeneralhealth.Tofindout,Britishscientistsconductedastudy.Theyfirstfound10overweightandinactivebutot

herwisehealthyyoungmen,whoselifestylesare,forbetterandworse,representativeofthoseofmostofus.Theytestedthemen

’sfitnessandrestingmetabolic(新陈代谢的)ratesandtooksamples(样品)oftheirbloodandfattissue.Then,ontwoseparatemorningvisitst

othescientists’lab,eachmanwalkedforanhouratanaveragespeedthat,intheoryshouldallowhisbodytorelymainlyonfatforfuel.Beforeoneoftheseworkout

s,themenskippedbreakfast,meaningthattheyexercisedonacompletelyemptystomachafteralongovernightfast(禁食).Ontheotheroccasion,theyatea

richmorningmealabouttwohoursbeforetheystartedwalking.Justbeforeandanhouraftereachworkout,thescientiststookadditionalsamplesofthemen’sblood

andfattissue.Thentheycomparedthesamples.Therewereconsiderabledifferences.Mostobviously,themendisplaye

dlowerbloodsugarlevelsatthestartoftheirworkoutswhentheyhadskippedbreakfastthanwhentheyhadeaten.Asaresult,theyburnedmorefatduringwalks

onanemptystomachthanwhentheyhadeatenfirst.Ontheotherhand,theyburnedslightlymorecalories(卡路里),onaverage,d

uringtheworkoutafterbreakfastthanafterfasting.Butitwastheeffectsdeepwithinthefatcellsthatmayhavebeenthemostsignificant,theresearchersfound.Multipl

egenesbehaveddifferently,dependingonwhethersomeonehadeatenornotbeforewalking.Manyofthesegenesproduceprote

ins(蛋白质)thatcanimprovebloodsugarregulationandinsulin(胰岛素)levelsthroughoutthebodyandsoareassociatedwithimprovedmetabolichealth.Thesegenesweremuchmor

eactivewhenthemenhadfastedbeforeexercisethanwhentheyhadbreakfasted.Theimplicationoftheseresultsisthattogai

nthegreatesthealthbenefitsfromexercise,itmaybewisetoskipeatingfirst.61.Theunderlinedexpression“stomachit”inParagraph1mos

tprobablymeans“______”.A.digestthemealeasilyB.managewithoutbreakfastC.decidewiselywhattoeatD.eatwhateverisoffered62.Whyweret

he10peoplechosenfortheexperiment?A.Theirlifestylesweretypicalofordinarypeople.B.Theirlackofexerciseledtooverweight.C.Theycouldwalkatanaver

agespeed.D.Theyhadslowmetabolicrates.63.Whathappenedtothosewhoatebreakfastbeforeexercise?A.Theysuccessfullylostweigh

t.B.Theyconsumedabitmorecalories.C.Theyburnedmorefatonaverage.D.Theydisplayedhigherinsulinlevels.64.Whatcouldbelearnedfromtheresearch?A.Aworkoutafte

rbreakfastimprovesgeneperformances.B.Toomuchworkoutoftenslowsmetabolicrates.C.Lifestyleisnotasimportantasmorningexercise.D.Physicalexer

cisebeforebreakfastisbetterforhealth.2019年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2019年全国卷Ⅰ】Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,them

arketisgrowingforbiometric(生物测量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologiesaresti

llexpensive,though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem:a

smartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboa

rdcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachpe

rson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto—rega

rdlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarw

ith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteer

stypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferent

participantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettyst

raightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.28.Whydotheres

earchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?A.Toreducepressureonkeys.B.ToimproveaccuracyintypingC.Toreplacethepasswordsystem.D.Tocutthecostofe-spac

eprotection.29.Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible？A.Computersaremucheasiertooperate.B.Fingerprin

tscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.C.Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.D.Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.30.Whatdotheres

earchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard？all1osoisgitieocooll.A.It'llbeenvironment-friendly.B.It'llreachconsumerssoon.C.It'llbemadeofplastics

.D.It'llhelpspeeduptyping.31.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Adiary.B.AguidebookC.Anovel.D.Amagazine.Passage2【2019年全国卷Ⅰ】Du

ringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsoci

alstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,brea

kingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.M

itchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikabl

es’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,w

hentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:s

tatusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein’sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowereh

ighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage(从事)indange

rousandriskybehavior.”Inonestudy,Dr.Prinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked,themostlikedandthehighestinstatus

basedonstudentsurveys(调查研究).“Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardth

eirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasju

sttheoppositeeffectonus."Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate-

sharing,kindness,openness—carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.Inanalyzinghi

sandotherresearch，Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherconclusion:Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcom

es,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too."Beinglikedcreatesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkinds

oflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage,”hesaid.32.Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinherearlyyears

ofelementaryschool?A.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.D.Cool.33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout？A.Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharac

teristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior34.WhatdidDr.Prinstein’ss

tudyfindaboutthemostlikedkids?A.Theyappearedtobeaggressive.B.Theytendedtobemoreadaptable.C.Theyenjoyedthehi

gheststatus.D.Theyperformedwellacademically.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.BeNice-YouWon’tFinishLastB.TheHighertheStatus,theB

eerC.BetheBest-YouCanMakeItD.MoreSelf-Control,LessAggressivenessPassage3【2019年全国卷Ⅱ】MarianBechtelsitsatWestPalmBeach’sBarLouiecounterbyherself,quietl

yreadinghere-bookasshewaitsforhersalad.Whatisshereading?Noneofyourbusiness!LunchisBechtel’s“me”time.Andlike

moreAmericans,she’snotalone.Anewreportfound46percentofmealsareeatenaloneinAmerica.Morethanhalf(53percent

)havebreakfastaloneandnearlyhalf(46percent)havelunchbythemselves.Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore，74percent，accordingt

ostatisticsfromthereport.“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone，buttogether，youknow？”Bechtelsaid，lookingupfromherb

ook.Bechtel，whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach，haslunchwithcoworkerssometimes，butlikemanyofus，toooftenworksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimees

capeallowshertokeepabossfromtappingherontheshoulder.Shereturnstoworkfeelingenergized.“Today，Ijustwantedsometimetomyself，”shesaid.Justtwoseat

sover，AndrewMazoleny，alocalvideographer，isfinishinghislunchatthebar.Helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwho

mhe'sonafirst-namebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction(交流).“Ireflectonhowmyday'sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek,”hesaid.“It'sachancefors

elf-reflection,Youreturntoworkrechargedandwithaplan.”Thatfreedomtochooseisonereasonmorepeopleliketoeatalone.Therewasatimewhenpeople

mayhavefeltawkwardaboutaskingforatableforone，butthosedaysareover.Now，wehaveoursmartphonestokeepus.companyatth

etable.“Itdoesn'tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealtheadvancesintechnology,”saidLaurieDemerit，whosecompanyprovidedthestatisticsforthereport.28.Whataret

hestatisticsinparagraph2about?A.FoodvarietyB.Eatinghabits.C.Tablemanners.D.Restaurantservice.29.WhydoesBech

telprefertogooutforlunch?A.Tomeetwithhercoworkers.B.Tocatchupwithherwork.C.Tohavesometimeonherown.D.Tocollectdataforherreport.30.Whatdowe

knowaboutMazoleny?A.Hemakesvideosforthebar.B.He’sfondofthefoodatthebar.C.Heinterviewscustomersatthebar.D.He’sfamiliarwiththebarkeeper.31.

Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Thetrendofhavingmealsalone.B.Theimportanceofself-reflection.C.Thestressfromworkingovertime.D.Thead

vantageofwirelesstechnology.Passage4【2019年全国卷Ⅱ】Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms

(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAove

rcomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItdependingonNASAHUNCHhighsch

oolclass,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclas

sroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andt

heythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解决方案)..“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysF

lorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests,”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkin

gtowardsyourgoal?’Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendofyear,presentittoNASA.’Enginee

rscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and…it’snotaverynicethingattime.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”GordonsaystheHU

NCHprogramhasanimpact(影响)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon’tteach.”Andthatann

oyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.32.Wh

atdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?A.Theyarehardtogetridof.B.Theyleadtoairpollution.C.Theyappeardifferentforms.D.Theyd

amagetheinstruments.33.WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?A.Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.B.Tosharpenstudents’communicationskills.C

.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D.Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation34.WhatdotheNASAengineersdofor

thestudentsintheprogram?A.Checktheirproduct.B.GuideprojectdesignsC.Adjustworkschedules.D.Gradetheirhomework.35

.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.NASA:TheHomeofAstronauts.B.Space:TheFinalHomeworkFrontier.C.Nature:AnOutdoorClassroom.D.HU

NCH:ACollegeAdmissionReform.Passage5【2019年全国卷III】ForWesterndesigners,ChinaanditsrichculturehavelongbeenaninspirationforWesterncreative

."It'snosecretthatChinahasalwaysbeenasource(来源)ofinspirationfordesigners,"saysAmandaHill,chiefcreativeofficeratA+ENetworks,aglobalmediacompanyan

dhometosomeofthebiggestfashion(时尚)shows.Earlierthisyear,theChinaThroughALookingGlassexhibitioninNewYorkexhibited140pieceso

fChina-inspiredfashionableclothingalongsideChineseworksofart,withtheaimofexploringtheinfluenceofChineseaesthetics(美学)onWesternfa

shionandhowChinahasfueledthefashionableimaginationforcenturies.Theexhibitionhadrecordattendance,show

ingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences."Chinaisimpossibletooverlook,"saysHill."Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbea

utyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement."Ofc

ourse,onlyaretoday'stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina-someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesC

hinese."VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGaliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs-andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales,"addsHil.ForHill,itisimpossiblen

ottotalkaboutChinaastheleadingplayerwhendiscussingfashion."ThemostfamousdesignersareChinese,soarethemodels,andsoaretheconsumers,"sh

esays."Chinaisnolongerjustanothermarket;inmanysensesithasbecomethemarket.Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina-itsinfluences,itsdirecti

on,itsbreathtakingclothes,andhowyoungdesignersandmodelsarefinallyacknowledgingthatinmanyways."24.WhatcanwelearnabouttheexhibitioninNewYork?A.Itpromo

tedthesalesofartworks.B.Itattractedalargenumberofvisitors.C.ItshowedancientChineseclothes.D.ItaimedtointroduceChinesemodels.25.WhatdoesHillsa

yaboutChinesewomen?A.Theyaresettingthefashion.B.Theystartmanyfashioncampaigns.C.Theyadmiresupermodels.D.Theydobusinessa

llovertheworld.26.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"takingon"inparagraph4mean?A.learningfromB.lookingdownonC.workingwithD.competingagainst27.Whatcan

beasuitabletitleforthetext?A.YoungModelsSellingDreamstotheWorldB.AChineseArtExhibitionHeldinNewYorkC.DifferencesBetweenEaster

nandWesternAestheticsD.ChineseCultureFuelingInternationalFashionTrendsPassage6【2019年全国卷III】Beforethe1830smostnewspapersweresoldthroughannualsubs

criptionsinAmerica,,usually$8to$10ayear.Today$8or$10seemsasmallamountofmoney,butatthattimetheseamountswereforb

iddingtomostcitizens.Accordingly,newspaperswerereadalmostonlybyrichpeopleinpoliticsorthetrades.Inaddition,mostnewspapershadlittleinthemt

hatwouldappealtoamassaudience.Theyweredullandvisuallyforbidding.Buttherevolutionthatwastakingplaceinthe1830swouldchangeallthat.Thet

rend,then,wastowardthe"pennypaper"-atermreferringtopapersmadewidelyavailabletothepublic.Itmeantanyinexpen

sivenewspaper;perhapsmoreimportantlyitmeantnewspapersthatcouldbeboughtinsinglecopiesonthestreet.Thisdevelopmentdidnottakeplaceovernight.Itha

dbeenpossible(butnoteasy)tobuysinglecopiesofnewspapersbefore1830,butthisusuallymeantthereaderhadtogodowntotheprint

er'sofficetopurchaseacopy.Streetsaleswerealmostunknown.However,withinafewyears,streetsalesofnewspaperswouldbecommonplaceineasterncities.

Atfirstthepriceofsinglecopieswasseldomapenny-usuallytwoorthreecentswascharged-andsomeoftheolderwell-knownpaperschargedfiveorsix

cents.Butthephrase"pennypaper"caughtthepublic'sfancy,andsoontherewouldbepapersthatdidindeedsellforonlyapenn

y.Thisnewtrendofnewspapersfor"themanonthestreet"didnotbeginwell.Someoftheearlyventures(企业)wereimmediatefailures.Pub

lishersalreadyinbusiness,peoplewhowereownersofsuccessfulpapers,hadlittledesiretochangethetradition.Ittookafewyouthfula

nddaringbusinessmentogettheballrolling.28.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesnewspapersinAmericabeforethe1830s

?A.Academic.B.Unattractive.C.Inexpensive.D.Confidential.29.Whatdidstreetsalesmeantonewspapers?A.Theywouldbepricedhigher.B.Theywou

lddisappearfromcities.C.Theycouldhavemorereaders.D.Theycouldregainpublictrust.30.Whowerethenewspapers

ofthenewtrendtargetedat?A.Localpoliticians.B.Commonpeople.C.Youngpublishers.D.Richbusinessmen.31.Whatcanwesayaboutthebirthofthepennypaper?A.It

wasadifficultprocess.B.Itwasatemporarysuccess.C.Itwasarobberyofthepoor.D.Itwasadisasterforprinters.Passage7【2019年全国卷III】Monkey

sseemtohaveawaywithnumbers.AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhesusmonkeystoassociate26clearlydifferentsymbolsconsistingofnumbersandsele

ctiveletterswith0-25dropsofwaterorjuiceasareward.Theresearchersthentestedhowthemonkeyscombined—oradded—thesymbolstogetthereward.Here'sho

wHarvardMedicalSchoolscientistMargaretLivingstone,wholedtheteam,describedtheexperiment:Intheircagesthemonkeyswereprovidedwithtouc

hscreens.Ononepartofthescreen,asymbolwouldappear,andontheothersidetwosymbolsinsideacirclewereshown.Forexample,th

enumber7wouldflashononesideofthescreenandtheotherendwouldhave9and8.Ifthemonkeystouchedtheleftsideoft

hescreentheywouldberewardedwithsevendropsofwaterorjuice;iftheywentforthecircle,theywouldberewardedwiththesumofthenumbers—17int

hisexample.Afterrunninghundredsoftests,theresearchersnotedthatthemonkeyswouldgoforthehighervaluesmorethanhalfthetime,indi

catingthattheywereperformingacalculation,notjustmemorizingthevalueofeachcombination.Whentheteamexaminedtheresu

ltsoftheexperimentmoreclosely,theynoticedthatthemonkeystendedtounderestimate(低估)asumcomparedwithasingles

ymbolwhenthetwowerecloseinvalue—sometimeschoosing,forexample,a13overthesumof8and6.Theunderestimationwassystematic:Whenaddingtwon

umbers,themonkeysalwayspaidattentiontothelargerofthetwo,andthenaddedonlyafraction(小部分)ofthesmallernumbertoit."Thisindic

atesthatthereisacertainwayquantityisrepresentedintheirbrains,"Dr.Livingstonesays.“Butinthisexperimentwhatthey'redoingispayingmoreattentionto

thebignumberthanthelittleone.”32.Whatdidtheresearchersdotothemonkeysbeforetestingthem?A.Theyfedthem.B.Theynamedthe

m.C.Theytrainedthem.D.Theymeasuredthem.33.Howdidthemonkeysgettheirrewardintheexperiment?A.Bydrawingaci

rcle.B.Bytouchingascreen.C.Bywatchingvideos.D.Bymixingtwodrinks.34.WhatdidLivingstone'steamfindaboutthemonkeys?A.Theycouldperformbasicaddition

.B.Theycouldunderstandsimplewords.C.Theycouldmemorizenumberseasily.D.Theycouldholdtheirattentionforlong.35.Inwhichsectionofanewsp

apermaythistextappear?A.Entertainment.B.Health.C.Education.D.Science.Passage8【2019年浙江卷6月】Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,

accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby

50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNeva

daMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55pe

rcent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMclntyre,anecologistwhowasthelea

dauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCali

forniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源).ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand193

0swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,Mclntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromw

oodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstr

esswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,tak

ingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪).Sincethe1930s,Mclntyresaid,thebiggestfa

ctorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair

,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.27.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D.Th

einfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.28.Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?A.E

cologicalstudiesofforests.B.Banningwoodcutting.C.Limitinghousingdevelopment.D.Firecontrolmeasures.29.Whatisama

jorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMclntyre?A.Inadequatesnowmelt.B.Alongerdryseason.C.Awarmerclimate.D.Dampnessofthea

ir.30.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.California'sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B.CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibit

edinCaliforniaSoonC.WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D.PatrickMclntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCaliforniaPassage9【

2019年北京卷】Theproblemofrobocallshasgottensobadthatmanypeoplenowrefusetopickupcallsfromnumberstheydon'tknow.Bynextyear，ha

lfofthecallswereceivewillbescams(欺诈).Wearefinallywakinguptotheseverityoftheproblembysupportinganddevelopingagroupoftools，appsandapproa

chesintendedtopreventscammersfromgettingthrough.Unfortunately，it'stoolittle，toolate.Bythetimethese“solutions"(解决方案)becomew

idelyavailable，scammerswillhavemovedontocleverermeans.Inthenearfuture，it'snotjustgoingtobethenumberyouseeonyourscreenthatwillbei

ndoubt.Soonyouwillalsoquestionwhetherthevoiceyou'rehearingisactuallyreal.That'sbecausethereareanumberofpowerfulvoice

manipulation(处理)andautomationtechnologiesthatareabouttobecomewidelyavailableforanyonetouse.Atthisyear'sI/OConference,acom

panyshowedanewvoicetechnologyabletoproducesuchaconvincinghuman–soundingvoicethatitwasabletospeaktoareceptionistandbookareservatio

nwithoutdetection.Thesedevelopmentsarelikelytomakeourcurrentproblemswithrobocallsmuchworse.Thereasonthatrobocallsareaheadachehaslesstodowithamount

thanprecisionAdecadeofdatabreaches(数据侵入)ofpersonalinformationhasledtoasituationwherescammerscaneasilylearnyourmothe

r'sname，andfarmore.Armedwiththisknowledge.they'reabletocarryoutindividuallytargetedcampaignstocheatpeople.Thismeans.

forexample，thatascammercouldcallyoufromwhatlookstobeafamiliarnumberandtalktoyouusingavoicethatsoundsexactlylikeyo

urbankteller's，rickingyouinto"confirming"youraddress，mother'sname，andcardnumber.Scammersfollowmoney，socompanieswillbetheworsthit.Aloto

fbusinessisstilldoneoverthephone，andmuchofitisbasedontrustandexistingrelationships.Voicemanipulationtechnologie

smayweakenthatgradually.Weneedtodealwiththeinsecurenatureofourtelecomnetworks.Phonecarriersandconsumersneedto

worktogethertofindwaysofdeterminingandcommunicatingwhatisreal.Thatmightmeaneitherdevelopingauniformwaytomarkvideosandimages,showingwhenandwhothe

yweremadeby.orabandoningphonecallsaltogetherandmovingtowardsdata-basedcommunications—usingappslikeFaceTimeorWhatsApp,whichcanbetie

dtoyouridentity.Credibilityishardtoearnbuteasytolose,andtheproblemisonlygoingtoharderfromhereonout.38.Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesolu

tionstoproblemofrobecalls?A.Panicked.B.Confused.C.Embarrassed.D.Disappointed.39.takingadvantageofthenewtechnologies，scammercan______.A.

aimatvictimspreciselyB.damagedatabaseseasilyC.startcampaignsrapidlyD.spreadinformationwidely40.Whatdoesthepassageimply?

A.Honestyisthebestpolicy.B.Technologiescanbedouble-edited.C.Therearemoresolutionsthanproblems.D.Credibilityholdsthekeytodevel

opment.41.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.WheretheProblemofRobocallsIsRootedB.WhoIstoBlamefortheProblemofRoboeallsC.

WhyRobocallsAreAbouttoGetMoreDangerousD.HowRobocallsAreAffectingtheWorldofTechnologyPassage10【2019年北京卷】Bytheendofthece

ntury，ifnotsooner，theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate，accordingtoanewstudy.Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinyma

rinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms，thesephytoplanktoncreatecolour

fulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue，dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuel

thegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas，whilereducingitinotherspots，leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface，wherethey

pullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie，theyburycarboninthedeepocean，animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatethe

globalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongr

owth，sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow，butalsonutrients.StephanieDutkiewicz，ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience，buil

taclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃，itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolourofth

eoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters，s

uchasthoseoftheArctic，awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton，andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofp

hytoplanktonintheoceanchanging.”shesaid，“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”42.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?A.Thevariouspatt

ernsattheoceansurface.B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.D.Theeffortstofue

lthegrowthofphytoplankton.43.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Sensitive.B

.BeneficialC.SignificantD.Unnoticeable44.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.B.Dutkiewicz'smodelaimsto

projectphytoplanktonchangesC.PhytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimateD.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.45

.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage？A.ToassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchangesB.ToanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchainC.Toexplain

theeffectsofclimatechangeonoceansD.TointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplanktonPassage11【2019年江苏卷】Inthe1960s，whilestudyingthe

volcanichistoryofYellowstoneNationalPark，BobChristiansenbecamepuzzledaboutsomethingthat，oddly，hadnottroubledanyonebefore:hecouldn'tfindthepark

'svolcano.IthadbeenknownforalongtimethatYellowstonewasvolcanicinnature—that'swhataccountedforallitshotspringsandothersteamyfeat

ures.ButChristiansencouldn'tfindtheYellowstonevolcanoanywhere.Mostofus，whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes，thinkoftheclassiccone(圆锥体)shapesofaFuji

orKilimanjaro，whicharecreatedwheneruptingmagma(岩浆)pilesup.Thesecanformremarkablyquickly.In1943，aMexicanfarmerwassurprisedtosee

smokerisingfromasmallpartofhisland.Inoneweekhewastheconfusedownerofaconefivehundredfeethigh.Withintwoyearsithadtoppedoutatalmostfourteenhund

redfeetandwasmorethanhalfamileacross.AltogethertherearesometenthousandofthesevolcanoesonEarth，allbutafewhundredofthemex

tinct.Thereis，however，asecondlesknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesn'tinvolvemountainbuilding.Thesearevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopeninasingl

ebigcrack，leavingbehindavasthole，thecaldera.Yellowstoneobviouslywasofthissecondtype，butChristiansencouldn'tfindthecalder

aanywhere.JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh-altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiest

otheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakeaniceblow-upforoneofthevisitors'centers.AssoonasChristiansensawt

hephotos，herealizedwhyhehadfailedtospotthecaldera;almostthewholepark-2.2millionacres—wascaldera.Theexplosionhadleftaholemorethanfort

ymilesacross—muchtoohugetobeseenfromanywhereatgroundlevel.AtsometimeinthepastYellowstonemusthaveblownupwithaviolencefarbeyondthescaleofanyt

hingknowntohumans.58.WhatpuzzledChristiansenwhenhewasstudyingYellowstone？A.Itscomplicatedgeographicalfeatu

res.B.Itsever-lastinginfluenceontourism.C.Themysterioushistoryofthepark.D.Theexactlocationofthevolcano.59.Whatdoesthesecond-paragraphmainlyt

alkabout？A.Theshapesofvolcanoes.B.Theimpactsofvolcanoes.C.Theactivitiesofvolcanoes.D.Theheightsofvolcanoes.60.Whatdoestheunderline

dword"blow-up"inthelastparagraphmostprobablymean？A.Hot-airballoon.B.Digitalcamera.C.Bigphotograph.D.Bird'sview.Passage12【201

8年浙江卷11月】Themostwelcomesightonacold,wetwinternightinLondonisthefamiliarshapeofaLondontaxicabapproachingwithitsyellow“forhire”signshiningbright

ly.Thatshowsitisreadytopickyouup.TravellingbytaxiinLondonisnotjustawayofgoingfromoneplacetoanother.Itisanexperiencetobe

enjoyedandremembered.Themainreasonforthisisthedrivers,whoarecalled"cabbies."ManyofthemaretrueCockneys.Thismeanstheywerebornintheh

eartofLondonandspeaktheirownspecialdialect(方言)ofEnglish.Allofthemknoweverystreetandfamousbuildinginthecity,andallofth

emlovetotalk.Asimpletwenty-minuteJourneyacrosstowncanbecomeveryinteresting.Youmayhaveadiscussionaboutthegovernmentanditsleadersorafriendlytalk

aboutthedriver’sAuntyNellie!Onethingisforsure,itwillneverbeboring.Cabbiesknowallthelatestnewsaboutfilmstars,theRoyalFamily,governme

ntleaders,andpopularsingersoractorsandactresses.Theyalsoknowthebestplacestoeat,shopandrelax.Andtheyca

ntakeyoustraighttoanylargehotel,departmentstore,theatreormuseum.Theyknowtheshortestwaypossiblewithoutevenlookingatamap,because

everyonewhowantstobecomeataxidrivermustpassaverydifficultexaminationinordertogetalicensetodriveataxi.Theexamiscalled“TheKnowledge.”Itisaw

rittentest,andinitdriversareaskedtheshortestwayfromoneplacetoanother.Theymusttakeintoaccountthetimeofday—inrushhour,alongerroute(路线)maybequicker—a

nddescribethebestway.Moreovertheymustneverforgettheone-waystreets!21．FromwhatcanwetellthatsomeoneisaCockney?A．The

irinterest.B．Theirmanners.C．Theirspeech.D．Theirappearance.22．Whatdoestheauthorsuggestbymentioning"AuntyNellie"inparagraph2?

A．Passengersarefullofcuriosity.B．Cabbies’topicsarewide-ranging.C．AuntyNellieispopularinLondon.D．Londonersarefriendlytoeachother.23．Wha

tisthepurposeof"TheKnowledge"?A．Toqualifyonetodriveataxi.B．Toassessone’sdrivingskills.C．Totestdrivers’abilityt

owrite.D．Tochecktaxidriversmemory.Passage13【2018年浙江卷11月】ThismonthmillionsofAmericankidscanforgetaboutc

lassroombellsandsetoffforgrandparents’homes,sleep-awaycampsandlifeguardstands.Butsummervacationhasn’talwaysbeenabirthrightof

U.S.schoolchildren.BeforetheCivilWar,schoolsoperatedononeoftwocalendars(日历),neitherofwhichincludedasumm

ervacation.Rural(农村的)schoolingwasdividedintosummerandwinterterms,leavingkidsfreetohelpwiththefarmworkinthespringplantingandfallharvestseasons

.Urbanstudents,meanwhile,regularlyhadasmanyas48weeksofstudyayear,withonebreakperquarter.Inthe1840s,however,educationalreformerslik

eHoraceMannmovedtocombinethetwocalendarsoutofconcernthatruralschoolingwasnotenoughandthatoverusingofyoungmindscouldleadtonervousdisorders.Summer

appearedastheobvioustimeforabreak：itofferedarestforteachers,fitinthefarmingcalendarandreduceddoctors

’concernthatpackingstudentsintohotclassroomswouldpromotethespreadofdisease.Butpeople’sopinionaboutthemodernU.S.schoolyear,w

hichaverages180days,isstilldivided.Someexpertssayitspleasantbutlazysummerbreak,whichtookholdintheearly20thcentury,isoneofth

ereasonsmathskillsandgraduationratesofU.S.highschoolersrankedwellbelowaverageintwointernationaleducation

reportspublishedin2007.Othersinsistthatwithchildrenunderincreasingpressuretodevotetheirdowntimetointernships(实习)ors

tudy,there’sstillroomforaninstitutionthatprotectsthelazydaysofchildhood.24．WhatdidtheruralschoolcalendarbeforetheCivilWarallowchildrentodo?A．Enjoya

summervacation.B．Takeabreakeachquarter.C．Have48weeksofstudyayear.D．Assisttheirparentswithfarmwork.25．Whatdidtheeducationalreformersd

ointhe1840s?A．Theyintroducedsummervacation.B．Theyshortenedruralschoolterms.C．Theypromotedthestudyoffarming.D．

Theyadvocatedhigherpayforteachers.26．WhyaresomepeopleunhappyaboutthemodernU.S.schoolyear?A．Itpushestheteacherstoohard.

B．Itreducesthequalityofeducation.C．Itignoresscienceinstruction.D．Itincludesnotimeforinternships.Passage14【2019年天津卷】Howdoesanecosystem（生态系统

）work？Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare？Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves？Tofindananswer，scientistshavebuiltm

athematicalmodelsoffoodwebs，notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.Withsuchmodels，scientistshavefoundou

tsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs，forinstance，consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whe

napredator（掠食动物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（猎物），thetwospeciesarestronglylinked；whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies，

theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapred

atorcaneatseveralspecies，itcansurvivetheextinction（灭绝）ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiert

ofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare，theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdr

ivingoneanothertoextinction.Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable，wheresmallchang

esoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s，scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthe

topofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.A

ndunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean，wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustr

ialscale，whileonland，wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalba

lance.Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally，thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushingane

cosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey，scientistssaysbecauseonceecosyste

mspasstheirtippingpoint（临界点），itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.46.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelp

ofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs？A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.C.Theapproachestostudyin

gthespeciesintheecosystems.D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.47.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhen

apredator______A.hasawidefoodchoiceB.caneasilyfindnewpreyC.stickstoonepreyspeciesD.canquicklymovetoanotherplace48.Whatwillhappe

nifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline？A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackw

illturnintotoppredators.C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperien

ceunexpectedchanges.49.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4？A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.B.Rapideconomicdev

elopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.

50.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance？A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepreda

tors.C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.2018年阅读理解说明文

Passage1【2018年全国Ⅰ卷】GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole–showingfa

milieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbutto

fferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe’sbeenabletoputalotofwhat

she’slearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11.“WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMex

icantakeawayrestaurant,”sheexplains.“Ipay£5foraportion(一份),butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarando

il.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood,butsometimeswe’renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.”Theeight-partseries(系列节目),SaveMoney:GoodFood,fol

lowsinthefootstepsofITV’sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthem

arket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpense,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight’sEa

sterspecialtheycometotheaidofafamilyinneedofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily’slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpens

ivebutstilltastyrecipes.24.WhatdoweknowaboutSusannaReid?A.Sheenjoysembarrassingherguests.B.Shehasstartedanewprog

ramme.C.Shedislikesworkingearlyinthemorning.D.Shehashadatightbudgetforherfamily.25.HowdoesMattTebbutthelpSusanna?A.Hebuysc

ookingmaterialsforher.B.Hepreparesfoodforherkids.C.Heassistsherincookingmatters.D.Heinvitesguestfamiliesforher.26.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodoinp

aragraph4?A.Summarizethepreviousparagraphs.B.Providesomeadviceforthereaders.C.Addsomebackgroundinformation.D.Introduceanewtopicfor

discussion.27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.KeepingFitbyEatingSmartB.BalancingOurDailyDietC.Ma

kingYourselfaPerfectChefD.CookingWellforLessPassage2【2018年全国Ⅰ卷】Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousa

ndsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlykn

it(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustf

ivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestarted

settlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisa

tion,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicatio

nsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincr

easinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzone

shaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languag

es;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themedi

annumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alread

ywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremai

ningspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuc

hchanceofsurvival.28.Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?A.Theydevelopedveryfast.B.Theywerelargeinnumber.C.Theyh

adsimilarpatterns.D.Theywerecloselyconnected.29.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagra

ph2?A.Complex.B.Advanced.C.Powerful.D.Modern.30.Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A.About6,

800.B.About3,400.C.About2,400.D.About1,200.31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.People’slifest

ylesarereflectedinlanguages.C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.Passage3【2018年全国Ⅰ卷】Wem

aythinkwe’reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusing

ourolddevices(装置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That’sbadnewsfortheenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweron

esthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewY

orktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife–fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutfor

howhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,and

box-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetable

tsande-readersshowedupin2007.Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn’tthrowoutouroldones.“Theliving

-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids’room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,”saidonerese

archer.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We’renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices–wecontinuetousethem.

AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt’steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswit

htheirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions(排放)morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat’sthesolution(解决方案)?Theteam’sd

ataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsth

atservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddes

ktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.32.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A.Theyareenvironment-friendly.B.Theyare

nobetterthantheold.C.Theycostmoretouseathome.D.Theygooutofstylequickly.33.WhydidBabbitt’steamconducttheresearch?A.Toreducethecostofminerals.

B.Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.C.Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.D.Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionoft

hedevices.34.Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?A.Thebox-setTV.B.Thetablet.C.TheLCDTV.D.Thedesktopcomputer.35.Whatdoesthetextsugge

stpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?A.Stopusingthem.B.Takethemapart.C.Upgradethem.D.Recyclethem.Passage4【201

8年全国Ⅱ卷】ManyofusloveJulybecauseit’sthemonthwhennature’sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsformBritishColumbia’

sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becaus

eoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberr

iesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).Theyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighintheca

rotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerich

invitaminC.Whencombinedwithberriesofslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfrui

tshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticba

gsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastsev

eralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.zx.x.kIfyouhaveajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberrie

sorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren’sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenb

ananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.24.Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?A.Theycontain

protein.B.TheyarehighinvitaminA.C.Theyhaveapleasanttaste.D.Theyarerichinantioxidants.25.Whyisfreshlemonjuiceus

edinfreezingbananas?A.Tomakethemsmellbetter.B.Tokeeptheircolour.C.Tospeeduptheirripening.D.Toimprovethei

rnutrition.26.Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?A.Adessert.B.Adrink.C.Acontainer.D.Amachine.27.Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A.Abiologytextbo

ok.B.Ahealthmagazine.C.Aresearchpaper.D.Atravelbrochure.Passage5【2018年全国Ⅱ卷】Teensandyoungerchildrenarereadingalotlessforfun,accordingt

oaCommonSenseMediareportpublishedMonday.Whilethedeclineoverthepastdecadeissteepforteenreaders,somedatainthereportshowsthatreadingremai

nsabigpartofmanychildren’slives,andindicateshowparentsmighthelpencouragemorereading.Accordingtothereport’skeyfindings,“theproportion(比例)whos

aythey‘hardlyever’readforfunhasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to22percentand27percentrespectivelytoday.”Thereportd

atashowsthatpleasurereadinglevelsforyoungerchildren,ages2—8,remainlargelythesame.Buttheamountoftimespentinreadingeachsessionhasdeclined,fromcloser

toanhourormoretoclosertoahalfhourpersession.Whenitcomestotechnologyandreading,thereportdoeslittletocounsel(建议)parentslookin

gfordataabouttheeffectofe-readersandtabletsonreading.Itdoespointoutthatmanyparentsstilllimitelectronicreading,

mainlyduetoconcernsaboutincreasedscreentime.Themosthopefuldatasharedinthereportshowsclearevidenceofpar

entsservingasexamplesandimportantguidesfortheirkidswhenitcomestoreading.Datashowsthatkidsandteenswhodoreadfr

equently,comparedtoinfrequentreaders,havemorebooksinthehome,morebookspurchasedforthem,parentswhoreadmoreofte

n,andparentswhosetasidetimeforthemtoread.Astheendofschoolapproaches,andschoolvacationreadinglistsloom(逼近)ahead,parentsmigh

ttakethischancetostepinandmaketheirownsummerreadinglistandplanafamilytriptothelibraryorbookstore.28.WhatistheCommonSenseMediareportproba

blyabout?A.Children’sreadinghabits.B.Qualityofchildren’sbooks.C.Children’safter-classactivities.D.Parent-childrelationships.29.Wherecanyoufin

dthedatathatbestsupports"childrenarereadingalotlessforfun"?A.Inparagraph2.B.Inparagraph3.C.Inparagrap

h4.D.Inparagraph5.30.Whydomanyparentslimitelectronicreading?A.E-booksareofpoorquality.B.Itcouldbeawasteoftime.C.Itmayharmchil

dren’shealth.D.E-readersareexpensive.31.Howshouldparentsencouragetheirchildrentoreadmore?A.Actasrolemodelsforthem.B.Askthentowritebookreports.C.Set

upreadinggroupsforthem.D.Talkwiththeirreadingclassteachers.Passage6【2018年全国Ⅲ卷】Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearb

yportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearala

rgeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodofti

me.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness(荒野).Butgoldwasdiscoveredther

ein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30,000.Dawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcities

likeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow-coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.Thepat

htoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarming.Anavalanche(雪崩)onceclosedthepath,killing63

people.FormanywhomadeittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestay

edrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegol

dthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhenthe

yheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewherethe

Canadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpopulationis762.24.Whatattractedtheearlysettle

rstoNewYorkCity?A.Itsbusinessculture.B.Itssmallpopulation.C.Itsgeographicalposition.D.Itsfavourableclimate.25.Whatdoweknowab

outthosewhofirstdugforgoldinDawson?A.Two-thirdsofthemstayedthere.B.Oneoutoffivepeoplegotrich.C.Almosteveryonegaveup.D.Halfofthemdied.2

6.WhatwasthemainreasonformanypeopletoleaveDawson?A.Theyfoundthecitytoocrowded.B.Theywantedtotrytheirluckelsewhere.C.Theywereuna

bletostandthewinter.D.Theywereshortoffood.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Theriseandfallofacity.B.Theg

oldrushinCanada.C.Journeysintothewilderness.D.TourisminDawson.Passage7【2018年浙江卷6月】StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstr

angehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe’sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthin

gsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.WhatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofStein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehin

dtheplasticshoppingbags.Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcities

donotallowthematcheckouts(收银台).Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plast

ic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Amongthebagmakers'argument:manyci

tieswithbansstillallowshopperstopurchasepaperbags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergytoproduceandtranspo

rt.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeuglytolookat,theyrepresentasmallpercentageofallgarbageonthegroundtoday.Theindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasa

ppearedasitsreplacement:reusableshoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.H

owever,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatl

east131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.Environmentalistsdon'tdispute（质疑）thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebanne

dsomedaytooandwantshopperstousethesamereusablebagsforyears.24.WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?A.Helpincreasegrocerysales.B.Recycl

ethewastematerial.C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks.D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags.25.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inparagraph2referto?A.Bansonplasticb

ags.B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.C.Headachescausedbygarbage.D.Plasticbagshungintrees.26.Whatisadisadvantageofreusableb

agsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers?A.Theyarequiteexpensive.B.Replacingthemcanbedifficult.C.Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbag

s.D.Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy.27.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Plastic,PaperorNeitherB.Industry,PollutionandEnvironmentC.RecycleorThro

wAwayD.GarbageCollectionandWasteControlPassage8【2018年浙江卷6月】Asculturalsymbolsgo,theAmericancarisquiteyoung.TheModelTFordwasbuiltatthePiquette

PlantinMichiganacenturyago,withthefirstrollingofftheassemblyline（装配线）onSeptember27,1908.Onlyelevencarswereproducedt

henextmonth.ButeventuallyHenryFordwouldbuildfifteenmillionofthem.ModernAmericawasbornontheroad,behindawheel.Thecarshapedsomeofthemostlast

ingaspectsofAmericanculture:theroadsidediner,thebillboard,themotel,eventhehamburger.Formostofthelastcentury,thec

arrepresentedwhatitmeanttobeAmerican—goingforwardathighspeedtofindnewworlds.Theroadnovel,theroadmovie,thesearethemostty

picalAmericanideas,bornofabundantpetrol,cheapcarsandanever-endinginterstatehighwaysystem,thelargestpublicworksprojectinhistory.

In1928HerbertHooverimaginedanAmericawith“achickenineverypotandacarineverygarage.”Sincethen,thissocietyhasmovedonward,neverl

ookingback,asthecartransformedAmericafromafarm-basedsocietyintoanindustrialpower.ThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamhavehelped

tocreateaglobalecologicaldisaster.InAmericathedemandforoilhasgrownby22percentsince1990.Theproblemsofexcessive（过度的）ene

rgyconsumption,climatechangeandpopulationgrowthhavebeendescribedinabookbytheAmericanwriterThomasL.Friedman.Hefearstheworst,buthopesfor

thebest.Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy（经济）isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.“Theabilitytodesign,buildandexportgreentechnologiesforpro

ducingcleanwater,cleanairandhealthyandabundantfoodisgoingtobethecurrencyofpowerinthenewcentury.”28.Whyishamburger

mentionedinparagraph2?A.ToexplainAmericans’lovefortravellingbycar.B.ToshowtheinfluenceofcarsonAmericanculture.C.Tostressthepopularityoffas

tfoodwithAmericans.D.TopraisetheeffectivenessofAmerica’sroadsystem.29.WhathastheuseofcarsinAmericaledto?A.Declineofeconomy.B.Envir

onmentalproblems.C.Ashortageofoilsupply.D.Afarm-basedsociety.30.WhatisFriedman’sattitudetowardsAmerica’sfuture?A.Ambiguous.B.Doubtful.C.Hopeful.

D.Tolerant.Passage9【2018年北京卷】FindYourAdventureattheSpaceandAviation(航空)CenterIfyou’relookingforauniqueadventure

,theSpaceandAviationCenter(SAC)istheplacetobe.TheCenteroffersprogramsdesignedtochallengeandinspirewithhands

-ontasksandlotsoffun.Morethan750,000havegraduatedfromSAC,withmanyseekingemploymentinengineering,aviation,education,medicineandawidevarietyo

fotherprofessions.Theycometocamp,wantingtoknowwhatitisliketobeanastronautorapilot,andtheyleavewithreal-worldapplica

tionsforwhatthey’restudyingintheclassroom.Forthetrainees,theprogramsalsoofferagreatwaytoearnmeritbadges(荣誉徽章).

AtSpaceCamp,traineescanearntheirSpaceExplorationbadgeastheybuildandfiremodelrockets,learnaboutspacetasksandtrysimulated(模拟)flyingtospacewiththecre

wfromallovertheworld.TheAviationChallengeprogramgivestraineesthechancetoearntheirAviationbadge.Theylearntheprinciplesofflightandtesttheiroperating

skillsinthecockpit(驾驶舱)ofavarietyofflightsimulators.TraineesalsogetagoodstartontheirWildernessSurvivalbadgeastheylearnaboutwater-andland-survivalth

roughdesignedtasksandtheirsearchandrescueof＂downed＂pilot.Withalltheprograms,teamworkiskeyastraineeslearntheimportance

ofleadershipandbeingpartofabiggertask.zxx.kAllthisfunisavailableforages9to18.Familiescanenjoytheexperiencetogether,too,withFamilyCampprogramsforfamil

ieswithchildrenasyoungas7.Stayanhourorstayaweek—thereissomethinghereforeveryone!Formoredetails,pleasevisitusonlin

eatwww.oursac.com.40.WhydopeoplecometoSAC?A.Toexperienceadventures.B.Tolookforjobsinaviation.C.Togetadegreeinengineering.D.Tolearnmoreab

outmedicine.41.ToearnaSpaceExplorationbadge,atraineeneedsto.A.flytospaceB.getanAviationbadgefirstC.studytheprincipleso

fflightD.buildandfiremodelrockets42.Whatisthemostimportantfortrainees?A.Leadership.B.Teamspirit.C.Taskplanning.D.Survivalskills

.Passage10【2018年北京卷】Plastic-EatingWormsHumansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfoft

hatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋场),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysug

gestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolye

thylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92m

illigrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms’chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopa

ste(糊状物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms’stomach

s.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireveryda

yfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.＂Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,＂shee

xplains,＂Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.＂JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,

saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthes

peedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbyth

ewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfill

s.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂43.W

hatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C.Theycanconsumepl

astics.D.Theywindupinlandfills.44.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto.A.identifyothermeansofth

ebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebreakdownspeed45.Itcanbeinferred

fromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight.A.helptoraisewormsB.helpmakeplasticbagsC.beusedtocleantheoceans

D.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture46.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointrod

ucethedietofaspecialworm.C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.Pass

age11【2018年江苏卷】Ifyouwanttodisturbthecarindustry,you'dbetterhaveafewbilliondollars:Mom-and-popcarmakersareunlikely

tobeatthebiggestcarcompanies.Butinagriculture,smallfarmerscangetthebestofthemajorplayers.Byconnectingdirectlywithcu

stomers,andbyrespondingquicklytochangesinthemarketsaswellasintheecosystems(生态系统),smallfarmerscankeeponestepaheadofthebigguys.Astheco

-founderoftheNationalYoungFarmersCoalition(NYFC,美国青年农会)andafamilyfarmermyself.Ihaveafront-rowseattotheinn

ovationsamongsmallfarmersthataretransformingtheindustry.Forexample,taketheQuickCutGreensHarvester,atooldevelopedjustacoupleofye

arsagobyayoungfarmer,JonathanDysinger,inTennessee,withasmallloanfromalocalSlowMoneygroup.Itenablessmall-s

calefarmerstoharvest175poundsofgreenvegetablesperhour—ahugeimprovementoverharvestingjustafewdozenpoundsbyhand—suddenlymakingitpossibleforthelittleg

uystocompetewithlargefarmsofCalifornia.Beforethetoolcameout,smallfarmerscouldn'ttouchthepriceperpoundofferedbyCaliforniafarms

.Butnow,withthecombinationofabetterpricepointandagenerallyfresherproduct,theycanstayinbusiness.Thesustainablesucc

essofsmallfarmers,though,won'thappenwithoutfundamentalchangestotheindustry.Onecrucialfactorissecureaccesstoland.Compet

itionfrominvestors,developers,andestablishedlargefarmersmakesowningone'sownlandunattainableformanynewfarmers.From2004to201

3,agriculturallandvaluesdoubled,andtheycontinuetoriseinmanyregions.Anotherchallengeformorethanamillionofthemostqualifiedfarmworkersandmanagersisanon

-existentpathtocitizenship—thegreatestbarriertobuildingafarmoftheirown.Withfarmersovertheageof65outnumbering(多于）farm

ersyoungerthan35bysixtoone,andwithtwo-thirdsofthenation'sfarmlandinneedofanewfarmer,wemustclearthepathfortalentedpeoplewill

ingtogrowthenation'sfood.Therearesolutionsthatcouldlightapathtowardamoresustainableandfairfarmeconomy,butfarmerscan'tcl

umsilyputthemtogetherbeforeus.WeattheNYFCneedbroadsupportasweurgeCongresstoincreasefarmlandconservatio

n,aswepushforimmigrationreform,andasweseekpoliciesthatwillensurethesuccessofadiverseandambitiousnextgenerationoffarmsfromallbackgro

unds.WithanewfarmbilltobedebatedinCongress,consumersmusttakeastandwithyoungfarmers.61.Theauthormentionscarindustryatt

hebeginningofthepassagetointroduce.A.theprogressmadeincarindustryB.aspecialfeatureofagricultureC.atrendofdevelopm

entinagricultureD.theimportanceofinvestingincarindustry62.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoillustratewiththeexampleinparagraph2?A.Loanstosm

alllocalfarmersarenecessary.B.Technologyisvitalforagriculturaldevelopment.C.CompetitionbetweensmallandbigfarmsisfierceD.Smallfarme

rsmaygainsomeadvantagesoverbigones.63.Whatisthedifficultyforthosenewfamers?A.Togainmorefinancialaid.B.Tohiregoodfarmmanag

ers.C.Tohavefarmsoftheirown.D.Towinoldfarmers’support.64.Whatshouldfarmersdoforamoresustainableandfairfarmeconomy?A.SeeksupportbeyondNYFC.B.Exp

andfarmlandconservation.C.BecomemembersofNYFC.D.Investmoretoimprovetechnology.Passage12【2018年天津卷】There’sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat’sbeginningtoco

meintofocus:food.Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisn’tstoppingthere.FoodproductionWit

ha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat—ittakesyearsofexperience,

butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“re-createformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame

,”freeingcookstocompleteothertasks.Inanotherrestaurant,allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3D-printed,ratherthanfarmtota

ble.Sustainability(可持续性）Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberai

sedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcouldprobablycontributetothesolution.Som

eexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids(水解胶体)fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻类)andgrasstoreplacethe

familiaringredients(烹饪原料).3Dprintingcanreducefueluseandemissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock"food"t

hatlastsyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtransportationandstoragerequirements.NutritionFuture3Dfoodprint

erscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity,said,“Foodprintingcouldallow

consumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterday’sbreadfromth

esupermarket,you’deatsomethingbakedjustforyouondemand.”ChallengesDespiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting,thei

ndustryhasmanychallengestoovercome.Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapaste(糊状物)beforeaprintercanusethem,andtheprintingprocessis

quitetime-consuming,becauseingredientsinteractwitheachotherinverycomplexways.Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,

becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebetter

suitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.46.Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintingbringtofoodproduc

tion?A.Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes.B.Itsavestimeandeffortincooking.C.Itimprovesthecookingconditions.D.Itcontributestorestaurant

decorations.47.Whatcanwelearnabout3DfoodprintingfromParagraphs3?A.Itsolvesfoodshortageseasily.B.Itquick

ensthetransportationoffood.C.Itneedsnospaceforthestorageoffood.D.Itusesrenewablematerialsassourcesoffood.48.AccordingtoParagraph4,3D-pri

ntedfood________.A.ismoreavailabletoconsumersB.canmeetindividualnutritionalneedsC.ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarketsD.cankeepallthenutriti

oninrawmaterials49.Whatisthemainfactorthatprevents3Dfoodprintingfromspreadingwidely?A.Theprintingprocessiscomplicated.B.3Df

oodprintersaretooexpensive.C.Foodmaterialshavetobedry.D.Someexpertsdoubt3Dfoodprinting.50.Whatcouldbe

thebesttitleofthepassage?A.3DFoodPrinting:DeliciousNewTechnologyB.ANewWaytoImprove3DFoodPrintingC.TheChallengesfor3DFoodPr

oductionD.3DFoodPrinting:FromFarmtoTable2017年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2017年新课标Ⅰ卷】Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill（蒸馏器）isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrink

ingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,it’sanexcellentwa

tercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit’sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.T

heonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5＇5＇sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perha

psjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharp

stickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher’sproductivity.Pl

aceyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup—an

dout—thesideofthehole.Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet’scenterdownwitharock.Th

eplasticshouldnowformacone(圆锥体)with45-degree-angledsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,th

ecup.Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates(蒸发)andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsof

waterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon’thavetobrea

kdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.32.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?A.It’sdelicate.B.It’sexpensi

ve.C.It’scomplex.D.It’sportable.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase＂thewatercatcher＂inparagraph2referto?A.Thetube.B.

Thestill.C.Thehole.D.Thecup.34.Whatisthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?A.Digaholeofacertainsize.B.Putthecupinplace.C.Weightthesheet’scen

terdown.D.Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet.35.Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom.A.theplastictubeB.outsidetheholeC.theopenairD.

beneaththesheetPassage2【2017年新课标Ⅱ卷】TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstfligh

t,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourw

heelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70mi

lesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Onth

eground,itgets35milespergallon.Around100peoplehavealreadyputdowna$10,000deposittogetaTransitionwhentheygoonsale,andthosenumberswilllikelyriseaf

terTerrafugiaintroducestheTransitiontothepubliclaterthisweekattheNewYorkAutoShow.Butdon’texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveway

s.It’sexpectedtocost$279,000.Anditwon’thelpifyou’restuckintraffic.Thecarneedsarunway.Inventorshavebeentryingtomakeflyingcarssincethe1930s,acc

ordingtoRobertMann,anairlineindustryexpert.ButMannthinksTerrafugiahascomecloserthananyonetomakingtheflyingc

arareality.Thegovernmenthasalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicleto

fly.TheTransitionisnowgoingthroughcrashteststomakesureitmeetsfederalsafetystandards.MannsaidTerrafugiawashelpedbytheFederalAviation

Administration’sdecisionfiveyearsagotocreateaseparatesetofstandardsforlightsportaircraft,whicharelowerthanthoseforpilotsofl

argerplanes.Terrafugiasaysanownerwouldneedtopassatestandcomplete20hoursofflyingtimetobeabletoflytheTransiti

on,arequirementpilotswouldfindrelativelyeasytomeet.28.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B.Theadvant

agesofflyingcars.C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D.ThedesignersoftheTransition.29.WhyistheTransitionunlikelytoshowupintoomanydrivewa

ys?A.Itcausestrafficjams.B.Itisdifficulttooperate.C.Itisveryexpensive.D.Itburnstoomuchfuel.30.Whatisthegovernment’sattitudetothe

developmentoftheflyingcar?A.Cautious.B.Favorable.C.Ambiguous.D.Disapproving.31.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.FlyingCaratA

utoShowB.TheTransition’sFirstFlightC.Pilots’DreamComingTrueD.FlyingCarClosertoRealityPassage3【2017年新课标Ⅱ卷】Whenaleafyplantisundera

ttack,itdoesn’tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsect

ssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplantspum

pthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.Scientistshavefoundthatallkindsof

plantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.It’saplant’swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecanw

atchtheneighborsreact.Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsec

tswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecome

slunch.Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant,butthenei

ghbors,relativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknewwhattodo.Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeacho

ther?Scientistsdon’tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalki

ngtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto"overhear"thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasn’tatrue,intentionalba

ckandforth.CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate(亲密的)thantheworldwecanseean

dhear.Oursensesareweak.There’sawholelotgoingon.32.Whatdoesaplantdowhenitisunderattack?A.Itmakesnoises.B.Itgetshelpf

romotherplants.C.Itstandsquietly.D.Itsendsoutcertainchemicals.33.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"thetablesareturned"inparagrap

h3?A.Theattackersgetattacked.B.Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.C.Theplantsgetreadytofightback.D.Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies.34.Scientistsfindfromt

heirstudiesthatplantscan.A.predictnaturaldisastersB.protectthemselvesagainstinsectsC.talktooneanotherintentionallyD.helptheirneighb

orswhennecessary35.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Theworldischangingfasterthanever.B.Peoplehavestrongersensestha

nbefore.C.Theworldismorecomplexthanitseems.D.PeopleinDarwin’stimeweremoreimaginative.Passage4【2017年新课标Ⅲ卷】Afteryearsofheateddebate,grayw

olveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulatio

nhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedState

s,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellow

stonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.Thedisappearanceofthe

wolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(来源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsc

onsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargep

ercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoY

ellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswou

ldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolvers.Th

eU.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegra

ywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYel

lowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecou

ntryaswell.28.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgray

wolves.D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂displaced＂inparagraph2mean?A.Tested.B.Separated.C.Forcedout.D.T

rackeddown.30.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?A.Damagetolocalecology.B.Adeclineinthepark’sincome.C.Preservationofvegetation.D.Ani

ncreaseinthevarietyofanimals.31.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.

D.Uncaring.Passage5【2017年新课标Ⅲ卷】TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectricca

rintoamobilelaboratorynamed＂DriveLAB＂inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare

.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell-beingamongolderpeople,le

adingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehicletec

hnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.Theseincludecustom-madenavigation(导航)tools,nightvisionsystemsandint

elligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:＂Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecou

ntry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyon

others.＂＂Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiall

ychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbefore

theyreallyneedto.＂DrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains:＂TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeypointsa

nddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.＂Forexample,mostofuswouldexp

ectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspee

dandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We’relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspe

edasawayofpreventingthat.＂Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaf

erbehindthewheel.＂32.WhatisthepurposeoftheDriveLAB?A.Toexplorenewmeansoftransport.WhatissospecialaboutTOKN

OWmagazine?Well,ithasnoadsorpromotionsinside—insteaditisjam-packedwithseriousideas.TOKNOWmakescomplexid

easattractiveandaccessibletochildren,whocanbecomeinvolvedinadvancedconceptsandevenphilosophy（哲学）—andtheywill

soondiscoverthatTOKNOWfeelsmorelikeaclubthanjustamagazine.What’sinside?Everymonththemagazineintroducesafreshnewtopicwitharticles,expe

rimentsandcreativethingstomake—themagazinealsoexploresphilosophyandwellbeingtomakesureyoungreadershaveabala

ncedtakeonlife.B.Todesignnewtypesofcars.C.Tofindoutolderdriver’sproblems.D.Toteachpeopletrafficrules.33.Whyisdrivingimpor

tantforolderpeopleaccordingtoPhilBlythe?A.Itkeepsthemindependent.B.Ithelpsthemsavetime.C.Itbuildsuptheirstrength

.D.Itcurestheirmentalillnesses.34.Whatdoresearchershopetodoforolderdrivers?A.Improvetheirdrivingskills.B.

Developdriver-assisttechnologies.C.Providetipsonrepairingtheircars.D.Organizeregularphysicalcheckups.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.AnewModelElectricCarB.ASolutiontoTrafficProblemsC.DrivingServicesforEldersD.KeepingOlderDriversontheRoadPassage6【2017年北京卷】Inspiringy

oungminds!TOKNOWMagazineisabighitintheworldofchildren’spublishing,bringingauniquecombinationofchallengingideasandgo

odfuntoyoungfanseverymonth.Soundstoogoodtobetrue?Takealookonline—evidenceshowsthatthousandsofteachersandparentsknowagoodthingwhentheyseeitandrec

ommendTOKNOWtotheirfriends.HappyBirthdayAllYear!Whatcouldbemorefunthanagiftthatkeepscomingthroughtheletterboxeverymonth?Thefirstmagaz

inewithyourgiftmessagewillarriveintimeforthespecialday.SUBSCRIBENOW□AnnualSubscriptionEurope£55RestofWo

rld£65□AnnualSubscriptionwithGiftPackIncludesaMammothMap,aPassportPuzzleBooklet,andSubscriptionEurope£60RestofWorl

d£70RefundPolicy—thesubscriptioncanbecancelledwithin28daysandyoucangetyourmoneyback.59.WhyisTOKNOWaspecialmagazine?A.Itentertainsyoungparents

.B.Itprovidesseriousadvertisements.C.Itpublishespopularsciencefictions.D.Itcombinesfunwithcomplexconcepts.60.WhatdoesTOKNOWofferitsreaders?A.Online

courses.B.Articlesonnewtopics.C.Lecturesonabalancedlife.D.Reportsonscientificdiscoveries.61.Howmuchshouldyoupayifyoumakea12-mouthsub

scriptiontoTOKNOWwithgiftpackfromChina?A.£55.B.£60.C.£65.D.£70.62.SubscribersofTOKNOWwouldget.A.freebirthdaypresentsB.

fullrefundwithin28daysC.membershipoftheTOKNOWclubD.chancestomeettheexpertsinpersonPassage7【2017年北京卷】Measles(麻疹),whi

choncekilled450childreneachyearanddisabledevenmore,wasnearlywipedoutintheUnitedStates14yearsagobytheuniversaluseoftheMMRvaccine

(疫苗).Butthediseaseismakingacomeback,causedbyagrowinganti-vaccinemovementandmisinformationthatisspreadingquickly.Alreadythisyear

,115measlescaseshavebeenreportedintheUSA,comparedwith189foralloflastyear.Thenumbersmightsoundsmall,buttheyaretheleadingedgeofadangeroustrend

.Whenvaccinationratesareveryhigh,astheystillareinthenationasawhole,everyoneisprotected.Thisiscalled＂herdimmunity＂,whichprotectsth

epeoplewhogethurteasily,includingthosewhocan’tbevaccinatedformedicalreasons,babiestooyoungtogetvaccinatedandpeopl

eonwhomthevaccinedoesn’twork.Butherdimmunityworksonlywhennearlythewholeherdjoinsin.Whensomerefusevaccinationandseekafreeride,immunitybreaksdownan

deveryoneisinevenbiggerdanger.That’sexactlywhatishappeninginsmallneighborhoodsaroundthecountryfromOrangeCount

y,California,where22measlescaseswerereportedthismonth,toBrooklyn,N.Y.,wherea17-year-oldcausedanoutbreaklastyear.Theresistancetovacci

nehascontinuedfordecades,anditisdrivenbyarealbutverysmallrisk.Thosewhorefusetotakethatriskselfishlymakeotherss

uffer.Makingthingsworsearestatelawsthatmakeittooeasytooptout(决定不参加)ofwhataresupposedtoberequiredvaccinesforallchildre

nenteringkindergarten.Seventeenstatesallowparentstogetanexemption（豁免）,sometimesjustbysigningapapersayingtheypersonallyobjecttoavaccine

.Now,severalstatesaremovingtotightenlawsbyaddingnewregulationsforoptingout.Butnoonedoesenoughtolimitexemptions

.Parentsoughttobeabletooptoutonlyforlimitedmedicalorreligiousreasons.Butpersonalopinions?Notgoodenough.Everyo

neenjoysthelife-savingbenefitsvaccinesprovide,butthey’llexistonlyaslongaseveryonesharesintherisks.63.Thefirsttwoparagraph

ssuggestthat____________.A.asmallnumberofmeaslescasescanstartadangeroustrendB.theoutbreakofmeaslesattractsthepublicattentionC.anti-vaccinemovement

hasitsmedicalreasonsD.informationaboutmeaslesspreadsquickly64.Herdimmunityworkswellwhen____________.A.exemptionsareallowedB.severalvaccine

sareusedtogetherC.thewholeneighborhoodisinvolvedinD.newregulationsareaddedtothestatelaws65.Whatisthema

inreasonforthecomebackofmeasles?A.Theoveruseofvaccine.B.Thelackofmedicalcare.C.Thefeaturesofmeaslesitself.D.Thevaccineopt-outsofsomepeopl

e.66.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.Tointroducetheideaofexemption.B.Todiscussmethodstocuremeasles.C.Tostr

esstheimportanceofvaccination.D.Toappealforequalrightsinmedicaltreatment.Passage8【2017年江苏卷】Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifferencebetwe

enloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother’svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearn

ing(胎教),birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk:OrnithologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbefo

retheyhatch(孵化).New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom’scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.Thiseducational

methodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abiologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues

.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmade

thesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular"feedme!"call.Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewi

despreadinbirds,theresearcherssoughtthered-backedfairywren,anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycolle

ctedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalyzingtheorderandnumb

erofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks,rankingthembysimilarity.Itturnsoutthatbabyred-

backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheirmoms.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs,themoresimilarwerethebabies’begging

calls.Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmom’svoicewererewardedwith

themostfood.Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurological(神经系统的)strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutiona

ryinferencecanthenbedrawn."Asaparent,doyouinvestinqualitychildren,ordoyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed?"Kleindorferasks."Ourresultssugg

estthattheymightbegoingforquality."58.TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means"".A.betheworstB.bethebestC.bejustasbad

D.bejustasgood59.WhatareKleindorfer’sfindingsbasedon?A.Similaritiesbetweenthecallsofmomsandchicks.B.TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAus

tralia.C.ThedatacollectedfromQueensland’slocals.D.Controlledexperimentsonwrensandotherbirds.60.Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidenti

fythebabybirdswhich.A.canreceivequalitysignalsB.areinneedoftrainingC.fittheenvironmentbetterD.maketheloudestcallPa

ssage9【2017年江苏卷】Anewcommoditybringsaboutahighlyprofitable,fast-growingindustry,urgingantitrust(反垄断)regulatorstostepintocheck

thosewhocontrolitsflow.Acenturyago,theresourceinquestionwasoil.Nowsimilarconcernsarebeingraisedbythegiants(巨头)thatdealindata

,theoilofthedigitalage.ThemostvaluablefirmsareGoogle,Amazon,FacebookandMicrosoft.Alllookunstoppable.Suchsituationshaveledtocallsforthetechgiantstobeb

rokenup.Butsizealoneisnotacrime.Thegiants’successhasbenefitedconsumers.Fewwanttolivewithoutsearchenginesoraquickdelivery.Farfromchargingconsume

rshighprices,manyoftheseservicesarefree(userspay,ineffect,byhandingoveryetmoredata).Andtheappearanceofnew-borngiantssuggestst

hatnewcomerscanmakewaves,too.Butthereiscauseforconcern.Theinternethasmadedataabundant,all-presentandfarmorevaluabl

e,changingthenatureofdataandcompetition.Googleinitiallyusedthedatacollectedfromuserstotargetadvertisingbetter

.Butrecentlyithasdiscoveredthatdatacanbeturnedintonewservices:translationandvisualrecognition,tobesoldtooth

ercompanies.Internetcompanies’controlofdatagivesthemenormouspower.Sotheyhavea"God’seyeview"ofactivitiesintheirownmarketsandbeyond.Thisnatureofdatama

kestheantitrustmeasuresofthepastlessuseful.BreakingupfirmslikeGoogleintofivesmalloneswouldnotstopremakingthemselves:intime,oneo

fthemwouldbecomegreatagain.Arethinkisrequired—andasanewapproachstartstobecomeapparent,twoideasstandout.Thefirstisthat

antitrustauthoritiesneedtomovefromtheindustrialageintothe21stcentury.Whenconsideringamerger(兼并),forexample,theyhave

traditionallyusedsizetodeterminewhentostepin.Theynowneedtotakeintoaccounttheextentoffirms’dataassets(资产)whenassessingtheimpactofdeal

s.Thepurchasepricecouldalsobeasignalthatanestablishedcompanyisbuyinganew-bornthreat.Whenthistakesplace,espe

ciallywhenanew-borncompanyhasnorevenuetospeakof,theregulatorsshouldraiseredflags.Thesecondprincipleistoloosenthecontrolthatprovidersofon

-lineserviceshaveoverdataandgivemoretothosewhosupplythem.Companiescouldbeforcedtorevealtoconsumerswhatinformationtheyholdandhowm

uchmoneytheymakefromit.Governmentscouldorderthesharingofcertainkindsofdata,withusers’consent.Restartingantitrustfortheinformationagewillnotbeeas

y.Butifgovernmentsdon’twantadataeconomycontrolledbyafewgiants,theymustactsoon.61.Whyisthereacalltobreakupgiants?A.Theyhav

econtrolledthedatamarket.B.Theycollectenormousprivatedata.C.Theynolongerprovidefreeservices.D.Theydismissedsomenew

-borngiants.62.WhatdoesthetechnologicalinnovationinParagraph3indicate?A.Datagiants’technologyisveryexpensive.B.Google’sideaispopularamongdatafirms.C.

Datacanstrengthengiants’controllingposition.D.Datacanbeturnedintonewservicesorproducts.63.Bypayingatten

tiontofirms’dataassets,antitrustregulatorscould.A.killanewthreatB.avoidthesizetrapC.favourbiggerfirmsD.chargehigherprices64.Wh

atisthepurposeoflooseningthegiants’controlofdata?A.Bigcompaniescouldrelievedatasecuritypressure.B.Governmentscouldrelieveth

eirfinancialpressure.C.Consumerscouldbetterprotecttheirprivacy.D.Smallcompaniescouldgetmoreopportunities

.Passage10【2017年天津卷】Supposeyou’reinarush,feelingtired,notpayingattentiontoyourscreen,andyousendanemailthatcouldgetyoui

ntrouble.Realisationwillprobablysetinsecondsafteryou’veclicked“send”.Youfreezeinhorrorandburnwithshame.Whattodo?Herearefou

rcommonemailaccidents,andhowtorecover.Clicking“send”toosoonDon’twasteyourtimetryingtofindoutifthereceiverhasreadi

tyet.Writeanotheremailasswiftlyasyoucanandsenditwithabrieftitleexplainingthatthisisthecorrectversionandthepreviousversi

onshouldbeignored.WritingthewrongtimeThesooneryounotice,thebetter.Respondquicklyandbriefly,apologisin

gforyourmistake.Keepthetonemeasured:don’thandleittoolightly,aspeoplecanbeoffended,especiallyifyourerrorsuggestsamisunderstandingoftheircultur

e(i.e.incorrectorderingofChinesenames).Clicking“replyall”unintentionallyYouaccidentallyreveal(透露)totheentirecompanywhatme

nuchoicesyouwouldpreferatthestaffChristmasdinner,orwhatholidayyou’dliketotake.Inthisinstance,thebestsolutionistosendaquick,light-heartedapol

ogytoexplainyourawkwardness.Butitcanquicklyrisetosomethingworse,wheneveryonestartshitting“replyall”tojoi

ninalongandunpleasantconversation.Inthisinstance,stepawayfromyourkeyboardtoalloweveryonetocalmdown.Sendinganoffensivemessagetoits

subjectThemostawkwardemailmistakeisusuallycommittedinanger.Youwriteanunkindmessageaboutsomeone,intendingtosendittoafrien

d,butaccidentallysendittothepersonyou’rediscussing.Inthatcase,asktospeakinpersonassoonaspossibleandsaysorry.Explainyourfrustrationsc

almlyandsensibly—seeitasanopportunitytoclearupanydifficultiesyoumayhavewiththisperson.36.Afterrealisinganemailaccident,youarelike

lytofeel____________.A.curiousB.tiredC.awfulD.funny37.Ifyouhavewrittenthewrongnameinanemail,itisbestto____________.A.apologiseinaser

iousmannerB.tellthereceivertoignoretheerrorC.learntowritethenamecorrectlyD.sendashortnoticetoeveryone38.W

hatshouldyoudowhenanunpleasantconversationisstartedbyyour“replyall”email?A.Tryofferingotherchoices.B.Avo

idfurtherinvolvement.C.Meetotherstaffmembers.D.Makealight-heartedapology.39.Howshouldyoudealwiththeproblemcausedbyanoffensiveemail?A.Bypromisingnott

ooffendthereceiveragain.B.Byseekingsupportfromthereceiver’sfriends.C.Byaskingthereceivertocontrolhisanger.D.B

ytalkingtothereceiverfacetoface.40.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Definingemailerrors.B.Reducingemailmis

takes.C.Handlingemailaccidents.D.Improvingemailwriting.2016年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2016年新课标Ⅰ卷】GrandparentsAnsweraCallAsathird-g

enerationnativeofBrownsville,Texas,MildredGarzaneverplannedtomoveaway.EvenwhenherdaughterandsonaskedhertomovetoSanAntoniotohelpwiththei

rchildren,shepolitelyrefused.OnlyafterayearoffriendlydiscussiondidMs.Garzafinallysayyes.Thatwasfouryearsago.

Todayallthreegenerationsregardthemoveasasuccess,givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywouldhavehadinseparatecities.Nostatisticss

howthenumberofgrandparentslikeGarzawhoaremovingclosertoadultchildrenandgrandchildren.Yetthereisevidencesuggestingthatthetrendisgrowing.EvenPreside

ntObama’smother-in-law,MarianRobinson,hasagreedtoleaveChicagoandmoveintotheWhiteHousetohelpcareforhergranddaughters.Accordingtoastudybygrandparents

.Com,83percentofthepeoplesaidMrs.Robinson’sdecisionwillinfluencegrandparentsintheAmericanfamily.Two-thirdsbelievemore

familieswillfollowtheexampleofObama’sfamily.＂Inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn’tgetawayfromhomefarenou

ghforfastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonourown,＂saysChristineCrosby,publisherofGrand,amagazineforgrandparents.＂Wenowrealizehowi

mportantfamilyisandhowimportantitis＂tobenearthem,especiallywhenyou’reraisingchildren.＂Movingisnotforeveryone.Almosteverygrandpar

entwantstobewithhisorhergrandchildrenandiswillingtomakesacrifices,butsometimesitiswisertosaynoandvisitf

requentlyinstead.Havingyourgrandchildrenfarawayishard,especiallyknowingyouradultchildisstruggling,butgivingupthelifeyouknowmaybeharder.25.WhywasGa

rza’smoveasuccess?A.Itstrengthenedherfamilyties.B.Itimprovedherlivingconditions.C.Itenabledhertomakemorefriends.D.Ith

elpedherknowmorenewplaces.26.WhatwasthereactionofthepublictoMrs.Robinson’sdecision?A.17%expressedtheirsupportforit.B.Fewpeoplerespondedsymp

athetically.C.83%believedithadabadinfluence.D.Themajoritythoughtitwasatrend.27.WhatdidCrosbysayaboutpeopleinthe1960s?A.Th

eywereunsureofthemselves.B.Theywereeagertoraisemorechildren.C.Theywantedtoliveawayfromtheirparents.D.Theyhadlittlerespectfortheirgrandpare

nts.28.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestthegrandparentsdointhelastparagraph?A.Makedecisionsinthebestinterestsoftheirown.B.Asktheirchildrentopaymorevisitstothe

m.C.Sacrificefortheirstrugglingchildren.D.Gettoknowthemselvesbetter.Passage2【2016年新课标Ⅰ卷】Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybet

houghtful,ortheymaybeemptywhenapersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,orworr

y.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortable;thereforeattemptsmaybemadetofilleverygap(间隙)withconversat

ion.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingaperson’sneeds.ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicp

artofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassometraditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsudden

lystops,whatmaybeimplied(暗示)isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecul

tures,silenceisacallforreflection.Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeople

orinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetweenp

artiesaboutthetopicunderdiscussion.However,Mexicansmayusesilencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersonina

uthorityratherthanberudetothatpersonbyarguingwithhimorher.Instillanotheruse,personsinAsianculturesmayvi

ewsilenceasasignofrespect,particularlytoanelderorapersoninauthority.Nursesandothercare-giversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhen

theycomeacrossthepersonalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencing.Nursesshouldrecognizetheirownpersonalandculturalconstructionofsilen

cesothatapatient’ssilenceisnotinterruptedtooearlyorallowedtogoonunnecessarily.Anursewhounderstandsthehealing(治愈)valueofsilencecanusethisunders

tandingtoassistinthecareofpatientsfromtheirownandfromothercultures.32.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsilenceinconversations?A.Itimpliesanger.B.

Itpromotesfriendship.C.Itisculture-specific.D.Itiscontent-based.33.Whichofthefollowingpeoplemightregardsilencea

sacallforcarefulthought?A.TheChinese.B.TheFrench.C.TheMexicans.D.TheRussians.34.Whatdoestheauthoradvisenursestodoaboutsilence?A.Letitcontinueast

hepatientpleases.B.Breakitwhiletreatingpatients.C.Evaluateitsharmtopatients.D.Makeuseofitshealingeffects.35.Whatmaybethebesttitlefort

hetext?A.SoundandSilenceB.WhatItMeanstoBeSilentC.SilencetoNativeAmericansD.SpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGoldPassage3【2016年新课标Ⅱ卷】Rea

dingcanbeasocialactivity.Thinkofthepeoplewhobelongtobookgroups.Theychoosebookstoreadandthenmeettodiscussthem.Now,th

ewebsiteBookCrossing.comturnsthepageonthetraditionalideaofabookgroup.Membersgoonthesiteandregisterthebookstheyownandwouldliketosh

are.BookCrossingprovidesanidentificationnumbertostickinsidethebook.Thenthepersonleavesitinapublicplace,hopingthatthebookwillha

veanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofindsit.BrucePederson,themanagingdirectorofBookCrossing,sa

ys,"Thetwothingsthatchangeyourlifearethepeopleyoumeetandbooksyouread.BookCrossingcombinesboth."Membersleavebooksonparkbenchesandbuses,intrainstat

ionsandcoffeeshops.Whoeverfindstheirbookwillgotothesiteandrecordwheretheyfoundit.Peoplewhofindabookcanalsoleav

eajournalentrydescribingwhattheythoughtofit.E-mailsarethensenttotheBookCrosserstokeepthemupdatedaboutwheretheirbookshavebeenfound.Bru

cePedersonsaystheideaisforpeoplenottobeselfishbykeepingabooktogatherdustonashelfathome.BookCrossingi

spartofatrendamongpeoplewhowanttogetbacktothe"real"andnotthevirtual(虚拟).Thesitenowhasmorethanonemillionmembersinmore

thanonehundredthirty-fivecountries.9.Whydoestheauthormentionbookgroupsinthefirstparagraph?A.Toexplainwhattheyare.B.TointroduceBookCrossing.C.To

stresstheimportanceofreading.D.Toencouragereaderstosharetheirideas.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"inParagraph2referto?A.The

book.B.Anadventure.C.Apublicplace.D.Theidentificationnumber.11.WhatwillaBookCrosserdowithabookafterreadingit?A.Meetotherreaderstodiscussit.B.Keepitsa

feinhisbookcase.C.Passitontoanotherreader.D.Mailitbacktoitsowner.12.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Onlin

eReading:AVirtualTourB.ElectronicBooks:ANewTrendC.ABookGroupBringsTraditionBackD.AWebsiteLinksPeoplethroughBooksPassage4【2016年新课

标Ⅲ卷】Ifyouareafruitgrower—orwouldliketobecomeone—takeadvantageofAppleDaytoseewhat’around.It’calledAppleDaybutinpracticeit’morelikeAppleMo

nth.TheDayitselfisonOctober21,butsinceithascaughton,eventsnowspreadoutovermostofOctoberaroundBritain.Visitin

ganappleeventisagoodchancetosee,andoftentaste,awidevarietyofapples.TopeoplewhoareusedtothelimitedchoiceofapplessuchasG

oldenDeliciousandRoyalGalainsupermarkets,itcanbequiteaneyeopenertoseetherangeofclassicalapplesstillinexistence,suchasD

eciowhichwasgrownbytheRomans.Althoughitdoesn’ttasteofanythingspecial,it’sstillworthatry,asistheknobbly(多疙瘩的)Cat’Headwhichismoreofacuri

ositythananythingelse.Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspecificlocalconditions.Oneoftheverybestvar

ietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette,butyou’llneedawarm,shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit,soit’apipedream

formostappleloverswhofallforit.Attheevents,youcanmeetexpertgrowersanddiscusswhichoneswillbestsuityourconditions,andbecausethesearefamilyaf

fairs,childrenarewellcateredforwithapple-themedfunandgames.AppleDaysarebeingheldatallsortsofplaceswithaninterestinfruit,including

statelygardensandcommercialorchards(果园).Ifyouwanttohavearealorchardexperience,tryvisitingtheNationalFruitCollectionatBrogdale,nearFavershaminKen

t.28.Whatcanpeopledoattheappleevents?A.Attendexperts’lectures.B.Visitfruit-lovingfamilies.C.Plantfruittreesinanorchard.D.Tastemanykindsofap

ples.29.WhatcanwelearnaboutDecio?A.Itisanewvariety.B.Ithasastrangelook.C.Itisrarelyseennow.D.Ithasaspecialtaste.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase

＂apipedream＂inParagraph3mean?A.Apracticalidea.B.Avainhope.C.Abrilliantplan.D.Aselfishdesire.31.Whatisthe

author’purposeinwritingthetext?A.Toshowhowtogrowapples.B.Tointroduceanapplefestival.C.Tohelppeopleselectapples.D.Topromoteappleresearch.Passage

5【2016年浙江卷】Ascientistworkingatherlabbenchandasix-month-oldbabyplayingwithhisfoodmightseemtohavelittleincommon.

Afterall,thescientistisengagedinseriousresearchtouncovertheverynatureofthephysicalworld,andthebabyis,well,justplaying...right?Perhap

s,butsomedevelopmentalpsychologists(心理学家)havearguedthatthis"play"ismorelikeascientificinvestigationthanonemi

ghtthink.Takeacloserlookatthebabyplayingatthetable.Eachtimethebowlofriceispushedoverthetableedge,itfallstotheground—and,intheproces

s,itbringsoutimportantevidenceabouthowphysicalobjectsinteract(相互作用):bowlsofricedonotfloatinmid-air,butrequiresupporttoremai

nstable.Itislikelythatbabiesarenotbornknowingthisbasicfactoftheuniverse;noraretheyeverclearlytaughtit.Instead,babiesmayforman

understandingofobjectsupportthroughrepeatedexperimentsandthenbuildonthisknowledgetolearnevenmoreabouthowobjectsinteract.Thoughtheirrangesandto

olsdiffer,thebaby’sinvestigationandthescientist’sexperimentappeartosharethesameaim(tolearnaboutthenaturalworld),overallapproach(g

atheringdirectevidencefromtheworld),andlogic(aremyobservationswhatIexpected?).Somepsychologistssuggestthatyoungchi

ldrenlearnaboutmorethanjustthephysicalworldinthisway—thattheyinvestigatehumanpsychologyandtherulesoflanguageusingsimila

rmeans.Forexample,itmayonlybethroughrepeatedexperiments,evidencegathering,andfinallyoverturningatheory,thatababywillcometoacceptthe

ideathatotherpeoplecanhavedifferentviewsanddesiresfromwhatheorshehas,forexample,unlikethechild,Mommyactua

llydoesn’tlikeDovechocolate.Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn,butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscien

ceandscientists.Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike?Psychologistshavesuggestedthatscience

asaneffort—thedesiretoexplore,explain,andunderstandourworld—issimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood

.Perhapsevolution(进化)providedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworlds,andadultscientistssimplymakeuseo

fthesamedrivethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitive(认知的)systemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfiguringsom

ethingoutmayhavebeenadoptedbyadultscientists.Assomepsychologistsputit,"Itisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientist

sarebigchildren."50.Accordingtosomedevelopmentalpsychologists,.A.ababy’splayisnothingmorethanagameB.scientificresearchintobabies’gamesi

spossibleC.thenatureofbabies’playhasbeenthoroughlyinvestigatedD.ababy’splayissomehowsimilartoascientist’sexperiment51.Welearnf

romParagraph2that.A.scientistsandbabiesseemtoobservetheworlddifferentlyB.scientistsandbabiesofteninteractwitheachotherC.babiesarebornwi

ththeknowledgeofobjectsupportD.babiesseemtocollectevidencejustasscientistsdo52.Childrenmaylearntherulesoflanguageby.A.exploringthephysicalwo

rldB.investigatinghumanpsychologyC.repeatingtheirownexperimentsD.observingtheirparents’behaviors53.Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A

.Theworldmaybemoreclearlyexplainedthroughchildren’splay.B.Studyingbabies’playmayleadtoabetterunderstandingo

fscience.C.Childrenmayhavegreaterabilitytofigureoutthingsthanscientists.D.One’sdriveforscientificresearchmaybecomestrongera

shegrows.54.Whatistheauthor’stonewhenhediscussestheconnectionbetweenscientists’researchandbabies’play?A.Convincing.B.Confused.

C.Confident.D.Cautious.Passage6【2016年北京卷】CaliforniaCondor’sShockingRecoveryCaliforniacondorsareNorthAmeri

ca’slargestbirds,withwind-lengthofupto3meters.Inthe1980s,electricallinesandleadpoisoning(铅中毒)nearlydrovethemtodyingout.Now,electricshocktrain

ingandmedicaltreatmentarehelpingtorescuethesebigbirds.Inthelate1980s,thelastfewcondorsweretakenfromthewildtobebred(繁

殖).Since1992,therehavebeenmultiplereintroductionstothewild,andtherearenowmorethan150flyingoverCaliforniaandnearbyArizona,UtahandB

ajainMexico.Electricallineshavebeenkillingthemoff.＂Astheygointorestforthenight,theyjustdon’tseethepowerlines,＂saysBruceRideoutofSanDiego

Zoo.Theirwingscanbridgethegapbetweenlines,resultinginelectrocution(电死)iftheytouchtwolinesatonce.Sosc

ientistshavecomeupwithashockingidea.Tallpoles,placedinlargetrainingareas,teachthebirdstostayclearofelectricallin

esbygivingthemapainfulbutundeadlyelectricshock.Beforethetrainingwasintroduced,66%ofset-freedbirdsdiedofelectrocution.Thishasnowdroppe

dto18%.Leadpoisonoushasprovedmoredifficulttodealwith.Whencondorseatdeadbodiesofotheranimalscontaininglead,theyabsorb

largequantitiesoflead.Thisaffectstheirnervoussystemsandabilitytoproducebabybirds,andcanleadtokidney(肾)f

ailuresanddeath.SocondorswithhighlevelsofleadaresenttoLosAngelesZoo,wheretheyaretreatedwithcalciumEDTA,achemica

lthatremovesleadfromthebloodoverseveraldays.Thisworkisstartingtopayoff.Theannualdeathrateforadultcondorshasdroppedfr

om38%in2000to5.4%in2011.Rideout’steamthinksthattheCaliforniacondors’averagesurvivaltimeinthewildisnowjustundereightyears.＂Althou

ghthesemeasuresarenoteffectiveforever,theyarevitalfornow,＂hesays.＂Theyaretrulygoodbirdsthatarewortheveryeffortweputintorecover

ingthem.＂63.Californiacondorsattractresearchers’interestbecausethey_________.A.areactiveatnightB.hadtobebredin

thewildC.arefoundonlyinCaliforniaD.almostdiedoutinthe1980s64.Researchershavefoundelectricallinesare_________.A.blockingcondors’journeyhomeB.

bigkillersofCaliforniacondorsC.restplacesforcondorsatnightD.usedtokeepcondorsaway65.AccordingtoParagraph5,leadpoisoning_________.A

.makescondorstoonervoustoflyB.haslittleeffectoncondors’kidneysC.canhardlybegottenridoffromcondors’bloodD.makesitdifficul

tforcondorstoproducebabybirds66.Thispassageshowsthat_________.A.theaveragesurvivaltimeofcondorsissatisfac

toryB.Rideout’sresearchinterestliesinelectricengineeringC.theeffortstoprotectcondorshavebroughtgoodresultsD.researchershavefoundthefinalanswerstothe

problemPassage7【2016年江苏卷】Chimps(黑猩猩)willcooperateincertainways,likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.Butbeyondtheminimumrequiremen

tsassocialbeings,theyhavelittleinstinct(本能)tohelponeanother.Chimpsinthewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularlydeclinetosharefoodwit

htheirchildren,whoareablefromayoungagetogathertheirownfood.Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon’tnaturallysharefoodeither.I

fachimpisputinacagewherehecanpullinoneplateoffoodforhimselfor,withnogreatereffort,aplatethatalsoprovidesfoodforaneighborinthenext

cage,hewillpullatrandom—hejustdoesn’tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.Chimpsaretrulyselfish.Humanchildren,ontheotherhand,arenaturallycoope

rative.Fromtheearliestages,theydesiretohelpothers,toshareinformationandtoparticipateinachievingcommongoals.ThepsychologistMichael

Tomasellohasstudiedthiscooperativenessinaseriesofexperimentswithveryyoungchildren.Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanunrelatedadultwithha

ndsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught,butnaturall

ypossessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinctsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestartedtotraintheirchildrentobehavesoci

ally.Anotheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenarerewarded.Athirdreasonisthatsocialintelligencedevelopsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralc

ognitive(认知的)skills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.IntestsconductedbyTomasello,thehumanchildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysi

calworldtestsbutwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocialworld.Thecoreofwhatchildren’smindshaveandchimps’don’tiswhatTomasel

locallssharedintentionality.Partofthisabilityisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butbeyondthat,evenve

ryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofa"we",agroupthatintendstoworktowardasharedgoal.58.Whatcanwelear

nfromtheexperimentwithchimps?A.Chimpsseldomcareaboutothers’interests.B.Chimpstendtoprovidefoodfortheirchildren.C.Chimpsliketotakeintheir

neighbors’food.D.Chimpsnaturallysharefoodwitheachother.59.MichaelTomasello’stestsonyoungchildrenindi

catethatthey_______.A.havetheinstincttohelpothersB.knowhowtoofferhelptoadultsC.knowtheworldbetterthanchimpsD.trustadults

withtheirhandsfull60.Thepassageismainlyabout_________.A.thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildrenB.waystotrainchildren’ssharedinten

tionalityC.cooperationasadistinctivehumannatureD.thedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildrenPassage8【2016年江苏卷

】ElNiño,aSpanishtermfor"theChristchild,"wasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermenwhonoticedthattheglobalweathe

rpattern,whichhappenseverytwotosevenyears,reducedtheamountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.ElNiñoseeswarmwate

r,collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken

,orsometimestheotherwayround.Theweathereffects,bothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces.RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNiños,onbalanc

e,thantheylose.AstudyfoundthatastrongNiñoin1997-98helpedAmerica’seconomygrowby$15billion,partlybecauseofbetteragriculturalharvests:farmersintheM

idwestgainedfromextrarain.Thetotalriseinagriculturalincomesinrichcountriesisgreaterthanthefallinpoorones.ButinIndonesiaextre

melydryforestsareinflames.Amulti-yeardrought(干旱)insouth-eastBrazilisbecomingworse.ThoughheavyrainsbroughtaboutbyElNiñomayrelievet

hedroughtinCalifornia,theyarelikelytocausesurfacefloodingandotherdisasters.ThemostrecentpowerfulNiño,in1997-98,killedaroun

d21,000peopleandcauseddamageworth$36billionaroundtheglobe.ButsuchNiñoscomewithmonthsofwarning,andsomuchisknownabouthowtheyhappenthatgovernment

scanprepare.AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI),however,just12%ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingri

sksinadvance,ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.Thisisdespiteevidencethatadollarspentonrisk-reductionsavesatleasttwoonre

construction.Simpleimprovementstoinfrastructure(基础设施)canreducethespreadofdisease.Bettersewers(下水道)makeitlesslikely

thatheavyrainisfollowedbyanoutbreakofthediseaseofbadstomach.Strongerbridgesmeanvillagesarelesslikelytobeleft

withoutfoodandmedicineafterfloods.Accordingtoapaperin2011byMrHsiangandco-authors,civilconflictisrelatedtoElNiño’sharmfuleffect

s—andthepoorerthecountry,thestrongerthelink.Thoughtherelationshipmaynotbecausal,helpingdividedcommunitiestop

reparefordisasterswouldatleastreducetheriskthatthosedisastersarefollowedbykillingandwoundingpeople.Sincethe

poorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNiño,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.61.Whatcanwelearna

boutElNiñoinParagraph1?A.ItisnamedafteraSouthAmericanfisherman.B.Ittakesplacealmosteveryyearallovertheworld.C.Itforcesf

ishermentostopcatchingfisharoundChristmas.D.Itseesthechangesofwaterflowdirectionintheocean.62.WhatmayEl

Niñosbringabouttothecountriesaffected?A.Agriculturalharvestsinrichcountriesfall.B.Droughtsbecomemoreharmfulthanfloods.C.

Richcountries’gainsaregreaterthantheirlosses.D.Poorcountriessufferlessfromdroughtseconomically.63.ThedataprovidedbyODIinParagraph4suggestthat

.A.moreinvestmentshouldgotoriskreductionB.governmentsofpoorcountriesneedmoreaidC.victimsofElNiñodeservemorecompens

ationD.recoveryandreconstructionshouldcomefirst64.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?A.TointroduceElNiñoanditsorigin.B.Toexplainthecons

equencesofElNiño.C.ToshowwaysoffightingagainstElNiño.D.TourgepeopletoprepareforElNiño.Passage9【2016年上海卷】Enough＂meaninglessdrivel＂.That’sthemes

sagefromagroupofmembersoftheUKgovernmentwhohavebeenexamininghowsocialmediafirmslikeLinkedIngatherandusesocialmediadata.TheHouseofCommonsScie

nceandTechnologyCommittee’sreport,releasedlastweek,hasblamedfirmsformakingpeoplesignuptolongincomprehensiblelegalcontractsandcallsforanint

ernationalstandardorkitemark(认证标记)toidentifysitesthathavecleartermsandconditions.＂Thetermandconditionsstatementthatwe

allcarelesslyagreetoismeaninglessdriveltoanyone,＂saysAndrewMiller,thechairofthecommittee.Instead,hesays,firmsshouldprovideaplain-

Englishversionoftheirterms.Thesimplifiedversionwouldbecheckedbyathirdpartyandawardedakitemarkifitisanaccuratereflect

ionoftheoriginal.Itisnotyetclearwhowouldadministerthescheme,buttheUKgovernmentislookingatintroducingitonavoluntarybasis.＂weneedtothinkthroughhow

wemakethatworkinpractice,＂saysMiller.Wouldwepayanymoreattentiontoakitemark?＂Ithinkifyouwentanddidthesurvey,peoplewouldliketothinkth

eywould,＂saysNigelShadboltattheUniversityofSouthampton,UK,whostudiesopendata.＂Wedoknowpeopleworryalotabo

uttheinappropriateuseoftheirinformation.＂Butwhatwouldhappeninpracticeisanothermatter,hesays.Otherorganisationssuchasbanksaskcustomerstosign

longcontractstheymaynotreadorunderstand,butMillerbelievessocialmediarequiresspecialattentionbecauseitissonew.＂Westilldon’t

knowhowsignificantthelong-termimpactisgoingtobeofunwisethingsthatkidsputonsocialmediathatcomebackandbitethemin20years’time,＂hesays.Sha

dbolt,whogaveevidencetothecommittee,saystheproblemisthatwedon’tknowhowcompanieswilluseourdatabecausetheirbusinessmodelsan

dusesofdataarestillevolving.Largecollectionsofpersonalinformationhavebecomevaluableonlyrecently,hesays.Theshockandangerwhenasocialm

ediafirmdoessomethingwithdatathatpeopledon’texpect,evenifusershaveapparentlypermission,showthatthecurrentsituationisn’two

rking.Ifproperlyadministered,akitemarkontermsandconditionscouldhelppeopleknowwhatexactlytheyaresigningupto.Althoughtheywoulds

tillhavetoactuallyreadthem.73.Whatdoesthephrase＂meaninglessdrivel＂inparagraphs1and3referto?A.Legalcontracts

thatsocialmediafirmsmakepeoplesignupto.B.WarningsfromtheUKgovernmentagainstunsafewebsites.C.Guidelinesonhowtousesoci

almediawebsitesproperly.D.Insignificantdatacollectedbysocialmediafirms.74.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassageth

atNigelShadboltdoubtswhether_______.A.socialmediafirmswouldconductasurveyonthekitemarkschemeB.peoplewouldpayasmuchattentiontoakitemarkastheythink

C.akitemarkschemewouldbeworkableonanationwidescaleD.thekitemarkwouldhelpcompaniesdeveloptheirbusinessmode

ls75.AndrewMillerthinkssocialmedianeedsmoreattentionthanbanksmainlybecause_______.A.theirusersconsistlarge

lyofkidsunder20yearsoldB.thelanguageintheircontractsisusuallyhardertounderstandC.theinformationtheycollectedcouldbecomemorevalu

ableinfutureD.itremainsunknownhowusers’datawillbetakenadvantageof76.Thewriteradvisesusersofsocialmediato_______.A.thinkcarefullyb

eforepostinganythingontosuchwebsitesB.readthetermsandconditionsevenifthereisakitemarkC.takenofurtheractioniftheycanfindakitemarkD.avo

idprovidingtoomuchpersonalinformation77.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.Saynotosocialmed

ia?B.Newsecurityrulesinoperation?C.Acceptwithoutreading?D.Administrationmatters!Passage10【2016年四川卷】InthedepthsoftheFrenchGuianeserainforest

,therestillremainunusualgroupsofindigenous(土著的)people.Surprisingly,thesepeoplelivelargelybytheirownlawsandth

eirownsocialcustoms.Andyet,peopleinthisareaareinfactFrenchcitizensbecauseithasbeenacolony(殖民地)oftheFrenchRepublicsince1946.Intheory,theysh

ouldlivebytheFrenchlaw.However,theirremotelocationsmeanthattheFrenchlawisoftenignoredorunknown,thusmaki

ngthemintoaninterestingareaof"lawlessness"intheworld.ThelivesofthesepeoplehavefinallybeenrecordedthankstotheeffortsofaFrenc

hmanfromPariscalledGin.Ginspentfivemonthsinearly2015exploringthemostremotecornersofthisarea,whichsitsont

heedgeoftheAmazonrainforest,withhalfitspopulationofonly250,000livinginitscapital,Cayenne."Ihaveaspeciallovefo

rtheFrenchGuianesepeople.Ihaveworkedthereonandoffforalmosttenyears,"saysGin."I’vebeenabletokeepfirmfriendsh

ipswiththem.ThusIhavebeenallowedtogainaccesstotheirlivingenvironment.Idon’tseeitasalawlessland.ButratherIseeitasanareaoffreedom.""Iwantedtoshowth

eaudienceaphotographicrecordtouchingupontheuncivilizedlife,"continuesGin."Iprefertoworkinblackandwhite,whichallowsmetoshowdifferentspecificworl

dsmoreclearly."Hisblack-and-whitepicturespresentaworldalmostlostintime.Thesepicturesshowpeopleseeminglypushedintoawo

rldthattheywereunpreparedfor.Theselocalcitizensnowhavetobalancetheirtraditionalself-supportinghuntinglifestylewithth

elifestyleofferedbythemodernFrenchRepublic,whichbringswithitnotonlynecessarystatewelfare,butalsoalcoholism,betraya

landevensuicide.28.WhydoestheauthorfeelsurprisedabouttheindigenouspeopleinFrenchGuiana?A.TheyseldomfollowtheFrenchlaw.B.Theyoftenignore

theGuianeselaw.C.Theyareseparatedfromthemodernworld.D.TheyarebothGuianeseandFrenchcitizens.29.GinintroducesthespecialworldoftheindigenousGuianes

eas________.A.atourguideB.ageographerC.afilmdirectorD.aphotographer30.WhatisGin’sattitudetowardsthelivesoftheindigeno

usGuianese?A.Cautious.B.Doubtful.C.Uninterested.D.Appreciative.31.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"inthelastparagraphreferto

?A.ThemodernFrenchlifestyle.B.Theself-supportinghunting.C.Theuncivilizedworld.D.TheFrenchRepublic.Passage11【2016年四川卷】Awarmdri

nkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebestchoiceforthosewantingagoodnight’ssleep.Butnowastudyhasfounditreallydoeshelppeoplenodo

ff—ifitismilkedfromacowatnight.Researchershavediscoveredthat"nightmilk"containsmoremelatonin(褪黑激素),which

hasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.Thestudy,byresearchersfromSeoul,SouthKorea,involvedmicebeingfedwithdriedmilk

powdermadefromcowsmilkedbothduringthedayandatnight.Thosegivennightmilk,whichcontained10timestheamountofmelatonin,werelessact

iveandlessanxiousthanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime,accordingtothestudypublishedinTheJournalofMedicinalFood.Nightmilkquickenedt

hestartofsleepandcausedthemicetosleeplonger.Whiletheeffectofcowsmilkharvestedatdifferenttimehasnotbeentestedonhumansuptonow,takingmelatonindrugshasb

eensuggestedtothosewhoarestrugglingtofallasleepatnight.Previousstudieshavealsoindicatedthatmilkcanbeexcellentforhelpingsleepbecau

seofthecalciumcontent,whichhelpspeopletorelax.Milkisalsosugar-freeandadditive-freewithnutritionistsrecommendingskimmed

milkasthebestchoicebeforebedasitistheleastfattening.Themorefatyoutakeinbeforebedtime,thegreaterburdenyouwillput

onyourbodyatnight.1.Accordingtothetext,themicefedwithdaytimemilk.A.startedsleepmoreeasilyB.weremoreanxiou

sC.werelessactiveD.wokeuplater2.Whichofthefollowingistrueofmelatoninaccordingtothetext?A.It’sbeenteste

donmicefortentimes.B.Itcanmakepeoplemoreenergetic.C.Itexistsinmilkingreatamount.D.It’susedinsleepingdrugs.3.Whatcan

beasuitabletitleforthetext?A.NightMilkandSleepB.Fat,SugarandHealthC.AnExperimentonMiceD.MilkDrinkingandHealth4.Howdoestheauthorsupportthethemeofthet

ext?A.Bygivingexamples.B.Bystatingarguments.C.Byexplainingstatisticaldata.D.Byprovidingresearchresults.Passag

e12【2016年天津卷】WhenJohnwasgrowingup,otherkidsfeltsorryforhim.Hisparentsalwayshadhimweedingthegarden,carry

ingoutthegarbageanddeliveringnewspapers.ButwhenJohnreachedadulthood,hewasbetteroffthanhischildhoodplaymates.Hehadmorejobsatisfaction,abett

ermarriageandwashealthier.Mostofall,hewashappier.Farhappier.Thesearethefindingsofa40-yearstudythatfollowedtheliveso

f456teenageboysfromBoston.Thestudyshowedthatthosewhohadworkedasboysenjoyedhappierandmoreproductivelivesth

anthosewhohadnot.“Boyswhoworkedinthehomeorcommunitygainedcompetence(能力)andcametofeeltheywereworthwhilemembersofsociety,”saidGeorgeVaill

ant,thepsychologist(心理学家)whomadethediscovery.“Andbecausetheyfeltgoodaboutthemselves,othersfeltgoodaboutthem.”Vaillant’sstudyfollowedthesemalesin

greatdetail.Interviewswererepeatedatages25,31and47.UnderVaillant,theresearcherscomparedthemen’smental-healthscoreswiththeirboyhood-activityscores.

Pointswereawardedforpart-timejobs,housework,effortinschool,andabilitytodealwithproblems.Thelinkbetweenwhatthemenhaddoneasboysandhowtheytu

rnedoutasadultswassurprisinglysharp.Thosewhohaddonethemostboyhoodactivitiesweretwiceaslikelytohavewarmrelationswith

awidevarietyofpeople,fivetimesaslikelytobewellpaidand16timeslesslikelytohavebeenunemployed.TheresearchersalsofoundthatIQandfamil

ysocialandeconomicclassmadenorealdifferenceinhowtheboysturnedout.Working—atanyage—isimportant.Childhoodactivitieshelpachilddevelopresponsibil

ity,independence,confidenceandcompetence—theunderpinnings(基础)ofemotionalhealth.Theyalsohelphimunderstand

thatpeoplemustcooperateandworktowardcommongoals.Themostcompetentadultsarethosewhoknowhowtodothis.Yetworkisn’teverything.AsTolst

oyoncesaid,“Onecanlivemagnificentlyinthisworldifoneknowshowtoworkandhowtolove,toworkforthepersononelovesandtoloveone’swork.”46.WhatdoweknowaboutJo

hn?A.Heenjoyedhiscareerandmarriage.B.Hehadfewchildhoodplaymates.C.Hereceivedlittlelovefromhisfamily.D.Hew

asenviedbyothersinhischildhood.47.Vaillant’swordsinParagraph2serveas_____________.A.adescriptionofpers

onalvaluesandsocialvaluesB.ananalysisofhowworkwasrelatedtocompetenceC.anexampleforparents’expectationsoftheirchildrenD.anexplanationwhysomeboysgrewi

ntohappymen48.Vaillant’steamobtainedtheirfindingsby_____________.A.recordingtheboys’effortinschoolB.evaluatingthemen’

smentalhealthC.comparingdifferentsetsofscoresD.measuringthemen’sproblemsolvingability49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sharp”probablymeani

nParagraph4?A.Quicktoreact.B.Havingathinedge.C.Clearanddefinite.D.suddenandrapid.50.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Competentadu

ltsknowmoreaboutlovethanwork.B.Emotionalhealthisessentialtoawonderfuladultlife.C.Lovebringsmorejoytopeoplethanworkdoes

.D.Independenceisthekeytoone’ssuccess.2015年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2015年新课标Ⅰ卷】SalvadorDali(1904—1989)wasoneoft

hemostpopularofmodernartists.ThePompidouCentreinParisisshowingitsrespectandadmirationfortheartistandhispo

werfulpersonalitywithanexhibitionbringingtogetherover200paintings,sculptures,drawingsandmore.Amongtheworksandm

asterworksonexhibitionthevisitorwillfindthebestpieces,mostimportantlyThePersistenceofMemory.ThereisalsoL’EnigmesansFinfrom1938,worksonp

aper,objects,andprojectsforstageandscreenandselectedpartsfromtelevisionprogrammesreflectingtheartist’sshowmanqualities.ThevisitorwillentertheWo

rldofDalithroughaneggandismetwiththebeginning,theworldofbirth.Theexhibitionfollowsapathoftimeandsubjectwiththevisitorexitingthroughthebrain.Theexhibi

tionshowshowDalidrawstheviewerbetweentwoinfinities(无限),"Fromtheinfinitysmalltotheinfinitylarge,contractionandexpansioncominginan

doutoffocus:amazingFlemishaccuracyandtheshowyBaroqueofoldpaintingthatheusedinhismuseum-theatreinFigueras,"explainsthePompidouCentre.Thefinese

lectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration(合作)withtheMuseoNacionalReinaSofiainMadrid,Spain,and

withcontributionsfromotherinstitutionsliketheSalvadorDaliMuseuminSt.Petersburg,Florida.28.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesDaliaccordingtoParagr

aph1?A.Optimistic.B.Productive.C.Generous.D.Traditional.29.WhatisDali’sThePersistenceofMemoryconsidered

tobe?A.Oneofhismasterworks.B.Asuccessfulscreenadaptation.C.Anartisticcreationforthestage.D.OneofthebestTVprogrammes.30.Howaretheexhib

itsarrangedattheWorldofDali?A.Bypopularity.B.Byimportance.C.Bysizeandshape.D.Bytimeandsubject.31.Whatdoestheword"contrib

utions"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Artworks.B.Projects.C.Donations.D.Documents.Passage2【2015年新课标Ⅰ卷】ConflictisonthemenutonightatthecaféLaChope.Th

isevening,asoneveryThursdaynight,psychologistMaudLehanneisleadingtwoofFrance’sfavoritepastimes,coffeedrinkingandthe＂talkingcure＂.Heretheyarele

arningtogetintouchwiththeirtruefeelings.Itisn’talwayseasy.Thecustomers—somethirtyParisianswhopayjustunder$2(plusdrinks)persession—care

quicktointellectualize(高谈阔论),slowtoopenupandconnect.＂Youareforbiddentosay‘onefeels’or‘peoplethink’＂Lehannetoldthem.＂Say‘Ithink,

’‘Thinkme’.＂Acafésocietywherenointellectualizingisallowed?Itcouldn’tseemmoreun-French.ButLehanne’spsychology

caféisaboutmorethanknowingoneself:It’stryingtohelpthecity’stroubledneighborhoodcafes.Overtheyears,Parisiancafesh

avefallenvictimtochangesintheFrenchlifestyle—longerworkinghours,afastfoodboomandayoungergeneration’sdesiretospendmoretimeatho

me.Dozensofnewthemecafesappeartochangethesituation.Cafesfocusedaroundpsychology,history,andengineeringarecatchingon,fillingtableswellintotheevening

.Thecity’s＂psychologycafes＂,whichoffergreatcomfort,areamongthemostpopularplaces.Middle-agedhomemakers,re

tirees,andtheunemployedcometosuchcafestotalkaboutlove,anger,anddreamswithapsychologist.AndtheycometoLehanne’sgroupjusttolearntosaywhattheyfeel.＂Ther

e’sastrongneedinParisforcommunication,＂saysMauriceFrisch,acaféLaChoperegularwhoworksasareligiousinstructorinanearbychurch.＂Peoplehavefewrealfriends

.Andtheyneedtoopenup＂.Lehannesaysshe’dliketoseepsychologycafesalloverFrance.＂Ifpeoplehadnormallives,thesecafeswouldn’texist,＂shes

ays.＂Iflifeweren’tabattle,peoplewouldn’tneedaspecialplacejusttospeak.＂Butthen,itwouldn’tbeFrance.32.

WhatarepeopleencouragedtodoatthecafeLaChope?A.Learnanewsubject.B.Keepintouchwithfriends.C.Showofftheirknowledge.D.Exp

resstheirtruefeelings.33.HowarecafesaffectedbyFrenchlifestylechanges?A.Theyarelessfrequentlyvisited.B.Theystayopenforlongerh

ours.C.Theyhavebiggernightcrowds.D.Theystarttoservefastfood.34.Whatarethemecafesexpectedtodo?A.Createmorejobs.B.Supplybetterd

rinks.C.Savethecafebusiness.D.Servetheneighborhood.35.WhyarepsychologycafesbecomingpopularinParis?A.Theybringpeopletr

uefriendship.B.Theygivepeoplespiritualsupport.C.Theyhelppeoplerealizetheirdreams.D.Theyofferaplatformforbusinessli

nks.Passage3【2015年新课标Ⅱ卷】Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Expertssaythewayyoudesignyourhomecouldplayaroleinwhetheryoupackon

thepoundsorkeepthemoff.youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.Herearesomewaystoturnyou

rhomeintopartofyourdietplan.Openthecurtainsandturnupthelights.Darkenvironmentsaremorelikelytoencourageovereatin

g,forpeopleareoftenlessself-conscious(难为情)whenthey’reinpoorlylitplaces–andsomorelikelytoeatlotsoffood.I

fyourhomedoesn’thaveenoughwindowlight,getmorelampsandfloodtheplacewithbrightness.Mindthecolors.Researchsu

ggestswarmcolorsfuelourappetites.Inonestudy,peoplewhoatemealsinablueroomconsumed33percentlessthanthoseinayelloworredroom.

Warmcolorslikeyellowmakefoodappearmoreappetizing,whilecoldcolorsmakeuslesshungry.Sowhenit’stimetorepain

t,goblue.Don’tforgettheclock–ortheradio.Peoplewhoeatslowlytendtoconsumeabout70fewercalories(卡路里)permealt

hanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals.Beginkeepingtrackofthetime,andtrytomakedinnerlastat30minutes.Andwhileyou’reatit,a

ctuallysitdowntoeat.Ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown,turningonrelaxingmusic.Itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthrougha

meal.Downsizethedishes.Bigservingbowlsandplantscaneasilymakesusfat.Weeatabout22percentmorewhenusinga12-inchplateinsteadofa10-inchplate.

Whenwechoosealargespoonoverasmallerone,totalintake(摄入)jumpsby14percent.Andwe’llpourabout30percentmoreliquidintoashort,wideglassthanatall,skinnyglas

s.25.Thetextisespeciallyhelpfulforthosewhocareabout____.A.theirhomecomfortsB.theirbodyshapeC.housebuyingD.healthydiets26.Ahomeenvironme

ntinbluecanhelppeople____.A.digestfoodbetterB.reducefoodintakeC.burnmorecaloriesD.regaintheirappetites27.Whatarepeopleadvise

dtodoatmealtimes?A.Eatquickly.B.PlayfastmusicC.UsesmallerspoonsD.Turndownthelights28.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforth

etext?A.IsYourHouseMakingYouFat?B.WaysofServingDinnerC.EffectsofSelf-ConsciousnessD.IsYourHomeEnvironmentRelaxing?Passage4【2015年浙江卷】Graphscanbeave

ryusefultoolforconveyinginformation,especiallynumbers,percentages,andotherdata.Agraphgivesthereadera

picturetointerpret.Thatcanbealotmoreefficientthanpagesandpagesexplainingthedata.Graphscanseemfrightening,butreadingagraphisalotl

ikereadingastory.Thegraphhasatitle,amainidea,andsupportingdetails.Youcanuseyouractivereadingskillstoanalyzeandunderstandgra

phsjustlikeanyothertext.Mostgraphshaveafewbasicparts:acaptionorintroductionparagraph,atitle,alegendorkey,andlabeledaxes

.Anactivereaderlooksateachpartofthegraphbeforetryingtointerpretthedata.Captionswillusuallytellyouwherethedatacamefrom(forexample,ascientificstudyof4

00Africanelephantsfrom1980to2005).Captionsusuallysummarizetheauthor'smainpointaswell.Thetitleisveryimportant.Ittellsy

outhemainideaofthegraphbystatingwhatkindofinformationisbeingshown.Alegend,alsocalledakey,isaguidetothesymbolsa

ndcolorsusedinthegraph.Manygraphs,includingbargraphsandlinegraphs,havetwoaxesthatformacorner.Usuallytheseaxesaretheleftsideandthebottom

ofthegraph.Eachaxiswillalwayshavealabel.Thelabeltellsyouwhateachaxismeasures.BarGraphsAbargraphhastwoaxesandusesbarstoshowamounts.InG

raph1,weseethatthex-axisshowsgradesthatstudentsearned,andthey-axisshowshowmanystudentsearnedeachgrade.Youcanseethat6stude

ntsearnedanAbecausethebarforAstretchesupto6ontheverticalmeasurement.Thereisalotofinformationwecangetfromasimplegraphlikethis(SeeGraph1)

.LineGraphsAlinegraphlookssimilartoabargraph,butinsteadofbars,itplotspointsandconnectsthemwithaline.It

hasthesamepartsasabargraph—twolabeledaxes—andcanbereadthesameway.Toreadalinegraph,it'simportanttofocusonthepointsofintersectionratherthanthelines

egmentsbetweenthepoints,Thistypeofgraphismostcommonlyusedtoshowhowsomethingchangesovertime.Hereisagraphthatchartshowfarabirdfliesduringthefir

stfivedaysofitsspringmigration(SeeGraph2).Theunitofmeasurementforthex-axisisdays.Theunitofmeasurementforthey-axisiskilome

ters.Thuswecanseethat,onthefirstday,thepipitflew20kilometers.ThelinesegmentgoesupbetweenDay1andDay2,whichmeansthatthebirdfle

wfartheronDay2.Ifthelinesegmentangleddawn,asbetweenDay4andDay5,itwouldmeanthatthebirdflewfewerkilometersthanth

edaybefore.Thislinegraphisaquick,visualwaytotellthereaderaboutthebird'smigration.PieGraphsAtypicalpiegraphlookslikeacircu

larpie.Thecircleisdividedintosections,andeachsectionrepresentsafractionofthedata.Thegraphiscommonlyus

edtoshowpercentages;thewholepierepresentsl00percent,soeachpieceisafractionofthewhole.Apiegraphmightincludealegend，oritmightuseico

nsorlabelswithineachslice.Thispiegraphshowsonmonth'sexpense(SeeGraph3).Food$25Movies$12Clothing$36Savings$20Books$746.Whenusedinagrap

h，alegendis_____A.aguidetothesymbolsandcolorsB.anintroductionparagraphC.themainideaD.thedata47.Whatisthe

totalnumberofstudentswhoearnedaCorbetter?A.4.B.6.C.10.D.20.48.Thebirdcoveredthelongestdistanceon_____A.Day1B.Day2C.Day3D.Day44

9.WhichofthefollowingcostAmymost?A.Food.B.BooksC.MoviesD.Clothing.Passage5【2015年重庆卷】InancientEgypt,ashopkeeperdisc

overedthathecouldattractcustomerstohisshopsimplybymakingchangestoitsenvironment.Modernbusinesseshavebeenfollowinghislead,withmoretactics

（策略）.Onetacticinvolveswheretodisplaythegoods.Forexample,storesplacefruitsandvegetablesinthefirstsection.Theyknowthatcustomerswhobuyth

ehealthyfoodfirstwillfeelhappysothattheywillbuymorejunkfood（垃圾食品）laterintheirtrip.Indepartmentstores,thewomen’sshoesectionisgenerally

nexttothewomen’scosmetics(化妆品)section：whiletheshopassistantisgoingbacktofindtherightsizeshoe,boredcustomersarelikelytowanderov

erandfindsomecosmeticstheymightwanttotrylater.Besides,businessesseektoappealtocustomers’senses.Storesnoticethatthesmellofbakedgoodsenco

uragesshopping,sotheymaketheirownbreadeachmorningandthenfanthebreadsmellintothestorethroughouttheday.Mus

icsellsgoods,too.ResearchersinBritainfoundthatwhenFrenchmusicwasplayed,salesofFrenchwineswentup.Whenitcomestothesellingofhouses,businessesalsousehigh

lyrewardingtactics.Theyfindthatcustomersmakedecisioninthefirstfewseconduponwalkinginthedoor,andturnitintoabusinessopportunity.ACaliforni

abuilderdesignedthestructureofitshousessmartly.Whenenteringthehouse,thecustomerwouldseethePacificOceanthroughthewindows,andthenthepollthroughan

openstairwayleadingtothelowerlevel.Theinstantviewofwateronbothlevelshelpedsellthese$10millionhouses.40.Whydostoresus

uallydisplayfruitsandvegetablesinthefirstsection?A.Tosavecustomerstimes.B.Toshowtheyarehighqualityfoods.C.Tohelpsellj

unkfood.D.Tosellthematdiscountprices.41.AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthefollowingencouragescustomerstobuy?A.Openingthestoreearlyin

themorning.B.DisplayingBritishwinesnexttoFrenchones.C.Invitingcustomerstoplaymusic.D.Fillingthestorewitht

hesmelloffreshbread.42.WhatistheCaliforniabuilder’sstoryintendedtoprove?A.Thehousestructureisakeyfactorcus

tomersconsider.B.Themorecostlythehouseis,thebetteritsells.[来源:Z.xx.k.Com]C.Anoceanviewismuchtothecustomers’taste.D.Agoodfirstimpressionincreasessales

.43.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainhowbusinessesturnpeopleintotheircustomers.B.Tointroducehowbusinesseshaveg

rownfromthepast.C.Toreportresearchesoncustomerbehavior.D.Toshowdishonestbusinesspractices.Passage6【2015年重庆卷】Thevaluesofartisticworks,accordingtoc

ulturalrelativism(相对主义),aresimplyreflectionsoflocalsocialandeconomicconditions.Suchaview,however,failstoexplaintheabilityofsomeworksofarttoe

xcitethehumanmindacrossculturesandthroughcenturies.HistoryhaswitnessedtheendlessproductionsofShakespeareanplaysineverymajorlanguageoftheworl

d.ItisneverraretofindthatMozartpacksJapaneseconcerthalls,asJapanesepainterHiroshigedoesParisgalleries.Uniqueworksofthiskindaredi

fferentfromtoday’spopularart,eveniftheybeganasworksofpopularart.Theyhavesetthemselvesapartintheirtimelessappealandwillprobablybeenjoyedforcenturi

esintothefuture.Ina1757essay,thephilosopherDavidHumearguedthatbecause“thegeneralprinciplesoftasteareuniform(不变的)inhumanna

ture,”thevalueofsomeworksofartmightbeessentiallypermanent.HeobservedthatHomerwasstilladmiredaftertwothousandyears.Worksofthistype,heb

elieved,spoketodeepandunvaryingfeaturesofhumannatureandcouldcontinuetoexistovercenturies.Nowresearchersareapplyingscientificmethodstothestudyo

ftheuniversalityofart.Forexample,evolutionarypsychologyisbeingusedbyliteraryscholarstoexplainthelong-lastingthemesandplotdevic

esinfiction.Thestructuresofmusicalpiecesarenowopentoexperimentalanalysisasneverbefore.Researchfindingsseemtoindicatethatthe

creationbyagreatartistisaspermanentanachievementasthediscoverybyagreatscientist.52.Accordingtothepassage,whatdowekn

owaboutculturalrelativism?A.Itintroducesdifferentculturalvalues.B.Itexplainsthehistoryofartisticworks.C.Itre

latesartisticvaluestolocalconditions.D.Itexcitesthehumanmindthroughouttheworld.53.InParagraph2,thear

tistsarementionedinordertoshowthat_______.A.greatworksofartcangobeyondnationalboundariesB.historygivesartworksspecialappealtosetthemapartC

.popularartsarehardlydistinguishablefromgreatartsD.greatartistsareskilledatcombiningvariouscultures54.AccordingtoHume,someworkso

fartcanexistforcenturiesbecause________.[来源:学。科。网Z。X。X。K]A.theyareresultsofscientificstudyB.theyestablishsomegeneralprin

ciplesofartC.theyarecreatedbytheworld’sgreatestartistsD.theyappealtounchangingfeaturesofhumannature55.Whichofthefollowingcanbestserv

easthetitleofthepassage?A.AreArtisticValuesUniversal?B.ArePopularArtsPermanent?C.IsHumanNatureUniform?D.

IsCulturalRelativismScientific?Passage7【2015年安徽卷】AsInternetusersbecomemoredependentontheInternettostoreinformation

,arepeoplerememberless?Ifyouknowyourcomputerwillsaveinformation,whystoreitinyourownpersonalmemory,yourbrain?Expertsarewon

deringiftheInternetischangingwhatwerememberandhow.Inarecentstudy,ProfessorBetsySparrowconductedsomeexperiments.Sheandherresearchteamwantedtoknow

theInternetischangingmemory.Inthefirstexperiment,theygavepeople40unimportantfactstotypeintoacomputer.Thefirstgroupofpeopleunderst

oodthatthecomputerwouldsavetheinformation.Thesecondgroupunderstoodthatthecomputerwouldnotsaveit.Later,thesecondgroup

rememberedtheinformationbetter.Peopleinthefirstgroupknewtheycouldfindtheinformationagain,sotheydidnottrytoremem

berit.Inanotherexperiment,theresearchersgavepeoplefactstoremember,andtoldthemwheretofindtheinformationonthe

computer.Theinformationwasinaspecificcomputerfolder(文件夹).Surprisingly,peoplelaterrememberthefolderlocation(位置)betterthanthefacts.Whenpeopl

eusetheInternet,theydonotremembertheinformation.Rather,theyrememberhowtofindit.Thisiscalled"transactivememory(交互记忆)".AccordingtoSparrow,wearenotbeco

mingpeoplewithpoormemoriesasaresultoftheInternet.Instead,computerusersaredevelopingstrongertransactiveme

mories;thatis,peoplearelearninghowtoorganizehugequantitiesofinformationsothattheyareabletoaccessitatalaterdate.Thisdoesn’tmeanwearebecomingei

thermoreorlessintelligent,butthereisnodoubtthatthewayweusememoryischanging.64.Thepassagebeginswithtwoquestionsto____________.

A.introducethemaintopicB.showtheauthor’saltitudeC.describehowtousetheInternet.D.explainhowtostoreinformation65.Whatcanwelearnaboutthefirstexpe

riment?A.TheSparrow’steamtypedtheinformationintoacomputer.B.Thetwogroupsrememberedtheinformationequallywell.C.Thefirstgroupdidnottrytoreme

mbertheinformation.D.Thesecondgroupdidnotunderstandtheinformation.66.Intransactivememory,people____________.A.keeptheinformat

ioninmindB.changethequantityofinformationC.organizeinformationlikeacomputerD.rememberhowtofindtheinformation67.Whatistheef

fectoftheInternetaccordingtoSparrow’sresearch?A.Weareusingmemorydifferently.B.Wearebecomingmoreintelligent.[来源:学科网ZXXK]C.Wehavepoorermemoriest

hanbefore.D.Weneedabetterwaytoaccessinformation.Passage8【2015年安徽卷】Thereareanextremelylargenumberofantsworldwide.Eachindividual(个体的)anthardlyweighs

anything,butputtogethertheyweighroughlythesameasallofmankind.Theyalsolivenearlyeverywhere,exceptonfrozenmountaintopsandaroundthepol

es.Foranimalstheirsize,antshavebeenastonishinglysuccessful,largelyduetotheirwonderfulsocialbehavior.Incolonies(群体)thatrang

einsizefromafewhundredtotensofmillions,theyorganizetheirliveswithacleardivisionoflabor.Evenmoreamazingishowtheya

chievethisleveloforganization.Whereweusesoundandsighttocommunicate,antsdependprimarilyonpheromone(外激素),chemicalssentoutbyindividualsandsmelledor

tastedbyfellowmembersoftheircolony.Whenanantfindsfood,itproducesapheromonethatwillleadothersstraighttowherethefoodis.Whenanindividualantcomesun

derattackorisdying,itsendsoutanalarmpheromonetowarnthecolonytoprepareforaconflictasadefenseunit.Infact,whenitcomestotheartofwar,antshavenoequal.Theya

recompletelyfearlessandwillreadilytakeonacreaturemuchlargerthanthemselves,attackinginlargegroupsandovercomingtheirtarget.Suchisthei

rdevotiontothecommongoodofthecolonythatnotonlysoldierantsbutalsoworkerantswillsacrificetheirlivestohelpdefeatanenemy.Behavinginthisselflessanddevo

tedmanner,theselittlecreatureshavesurvivedonEarthformorethan140millionyears,farlongerthandinosaurs.Becaus

etheythinkasone,theyhaveacollective(集体的)intelligencegreaterthanyouwouldexpectfromitsindividualparts.68.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatantsare__

__________.A.notwillingtosharefoodB.notfoundaroundthepolesC.moresuccessfulthanallotheranimalsD.toomanytoachieveanyleveloforganization69.Antscan

usepheromonesfor____________.A.escapeB.communicationC.warningenemiesD.arranginglabor70.Whatdoestheunderlinedexpression"takeo

n"inParagraph3mean?A.Accept.B.Employ.C.Playwith.D.Fightagainst.71.Whichofthefollowingcontributesmosttothesurvivalofants?A.Theirbehavio

r.B.Theirsize.C.Theirnumber.D.Theirweight.[来源:Zxxk.Com]Passage9【2015年安徽卷】Foodservesasaformofcommunicationintw

ofundamentalways.Sharingbreadorotherfoodsisacommonhumantraditionthatcanpromoteunityandtrust.Foodcanalsohaveaspecificmeaning,and

playasignificantroleinafamilyorculture’scelebrationsortraditions.Thefoodsweeat—andwhenandhowweeatthem—areoftenuniquetoaparticularcultureormay

evendifferbetweenrural(农村的)andurbanareaswithinonecountry.Sharingbread,whetherduringaspecialoccasion(时刻)oratthefamilydinnertable,isacommonsymboloftog

etherness.Manyculturesalsocelebratebirthdaysandmarriageswithcakesthatarecutandsharedamongtheguests.Earlyformsofcakeweresimplyakind

ofbread,sothistraditionhitsitsrootsinthecustomofsharingbread.[来源:Z,xx,k.Com]Foodalsoplaysanimportantrolei

nmanyNewYearcelebrations.InthesouthernUnitedStates,piecesofcornbreadrepresentblocksofgoldforprosperity(兴旺)intheNewYe

ar.InGreece,peopleshareaspecialcakecalledvasilopita.Acoinisputintothecake,whichsignifies(预示)successintheNewYea

rforthepersonwhoreceivesit.Manycultureshaveceremoniestocelebratethebirthofachild,andfoodcanplayasignificantrole.InChina,whenababyisonemontho

ld,familiesnameandwelcometheirchildinacelebrationthatincludesgivingred-coloredeggstoguests.Inmanycultures,roundfoodssuchasgrape

s,bread,andmooncakesareeatenatwelcomecelebrationstorepresentfamilyunity.Nutritionisnecessaryforlife,soitisnotsurprisingthatfoodissuchanimpo

rtantpartofdifferentculturesaroundtheworld.72.Accordingtothepassage,sharingbread____________.A.indicatesalackoffoodB.canhelp

todevelopunityC.isacustomuniquetoruralareasD.hasitsrootsinbirthdaycelebrations73.Whatdoesthecoininva

silopitasignifyforitsreceiverintheNewYear?A.Trust.B.Success.C.Health.D.Togetherness.74.Theauthorexplainst

heroleoffoodincelebrationsby____________.A.usingexamplesB.makingcomparisonsC.analyzingcausesD.describingprocesses75.Whatisthepa

ssagemainlyabout?A.Thecustomofsharingfood.B.Thespecificmeaningoffood.C.Theroleoffoodinceremonies.D.T

heimportanceoffoodinculture.Passage10【2015年北京卷】LifeintheClearTransparentanimalsletlightpassthroughtheirbodiesthesamewaylightpassesthr

oughawindow.Theseanimalstypicallylivebetweenthesurfaceoftheoceanandadepthofabout3,300feet—asfarasmostlig

htcanreach.Mostofthemareextremelydelicateandcanbedamagedbyasimpletouch.SonkeJohnsen,ascientistinbiology,says,＂

Theseanimalslivethroughtheirlifealone.Theynevertouchanythingunlessthey’reeatingit,orunlesssomethingiseatingthem.＂Andtheyareasclear

asglass.Howdoesananimalbecomesee-through?It’strickierthanyoumightthink.Theobjectsaroundyouarevisiblebecausetheyinteractwithlight.Lightt

ypicallytravelsinastraightline.Butsomematerialsslowandscatter(散射)light,bouncingitawayfromitsoriginalpath.Othersab

sorblight,stoppingitdeadinitstracks.Bothscatteringandabsorptionmakeanobjectlookdifferentfromotherobj

ectsaroundit,soyoucanseeiteasily.Butatransparentobjectdoesn’tabsorborscatterlight,atleastnotverymuch.Lightcanpassthrou

ghitwithoutbendingorstopping.Thatmeansatransparentobjectdoesn’tlookverydifferentfromthesurroundingairorwater.Youdon’tseeit—youseethething

sbehindit.Tobecometransparent,ananimalneedstokeepitsbodyfromabsorbingorscatteringlight.Livingmaterialscanstoplightbecausetheycontainpigments(色素)tha

tabsorbspecificcolorsoflight.Butatransparentanimaldoesn’thavepigments,soitstissueswon’tabsorblight.AccordingtoJohnsen,avoidingab

sorptionisactuallyeasy.Therealchallengeispreventinglightfromscattering.Animalsarebuiltofmanydifferentmaterials—skin,fat,andmore—andlightmove

sthrougheachatadifferentspeed.Everytimelightmovesintoamaterialwithanewspeed,itbendsandscatters.Transparentanimalsuse

differenttrickstofightscattering.Someanimalsaresimplyverysmallorextremelyflat.Withoutmuchtissuetoscatterlight,itiseasiertobesee-through.Other

sbuildalarge,clearmassofnon-livingjelly-like(果冻状的)materialandspreadthemselvesoverit.Largertransparen

tanimalshavethebiggestchallenge,becausetheyhavetomakeallthedifferenttissuesintheirbodiesslowdownlightexactlyasmuchaswaterdoes.T

heyneedtolookuniform.Buthowthey’redoingitisstillunknown.Onethingisclearfortheselargeranimals,stayingtransparentisanactivep

rocess.Whentheydie,theyturnanon-transparentmilkywhite.63.AccordingtoParagraph1,transparentanimals__________.A.stayingro

upsB.canbeeasilydamagedC.appearonlyindeepoceanD.arebeautifulcreatures64.Theunderlinedword＂dead＂inParagraph3me

ans__________.A.silentlyB.graduallyC.regularlyD.completely65.Onewayforananimaltobecometransparentisto_________

_.A.changethedirectionoflighttravelB.gathermaterialstoscatterlightC.avoidtheabsorptionoflightD.growbiggertostoplight66.Thelastparagraphtellsusthatl

argertransparentanimals__________.A.movemoreslowlyindeepwaterB.staysee-throughevenafterdeathC.producemoretissuesfortheirsurvivalD.takeeffectiveactio

ntoreducelightspreadingPassage11【2015年福建卷】FoodfestivalsaroundtheworldStiltonCheeseRollingMayDayisatraditionaldayforcel

ebrations,butthe2,000EnglishvillagersofStiltonmustbetheonlypeopleintheworldwhoincludecheeserollingintheirannualplans.Teamsoffour,dressedinavariet

yofstrangeandfunnyclothes,rollacompletecheesealonga50-metrecourse.Ontheway,theymustnotkickorthrowtheircheese,orgointothe

ircompetitors’lane(赛道).CompetitionisfierceandthechiefprizeisacompleteStiltoncheeseweighingaboutfourkilos(disappointingly,but

understandablythecheesesusedintheracearewoodenones).Allthecompetitorsareservedwithbeerorportwine,thetraditionalaccompanimentfo

rStiltoncheese.FieryFoodsFestival—TheHottestFestivalonEarthEveryyearmorethan10,000peopleheadforthecityofAlbuquerque,NewMexico.Theycomefromasfaraway

asAustralia,theCaribbeanandChina,buttheyallshareacommonaddiction—foodthatisnotjustspicy,buthotenoughtomakeyourmouthburn,yourheadspinandyoureyeswat

er.TheirdestinationistheFieryFoodandBBQFestivalwhichisheldoveraperiodofthreeclayseveryMarch.Youmightliketotryachocol

ate-coveredhabaneropepper—officiallythehottestpepperintheworld—oranyoneofthethousandsofproductsthatareonshow.Butonething’sforsure

—ifyoudon’tlikethefeelingofaburningtongue,thisfestivalisn’tforyou!LaTomatina—TheWorld’sBiggestFoodFightOnthelastWednes

dayofeveryAugust,theSpanishtownofBunolhostsEaTomatina—theworld’slargestfoodfight.Aweek-longcelebrationleads

uptoanexcitingtomatobattleasthehighlightoftheweek’sevents.Theearlymorningseesthearrivaloflargetruckswithtomatoes—officialfight-sta

rtersgetthingsgoingbycastingtomatoesatthecrowd.Thebattlelastslittlemorethanhalfanhour,inwhichtimearound50,000kilogramsoftomatoeshavebeenthrownata

nyoneoranythingthatmoves,runs,orfightsback.Theneveryoneheadsdowntotherivertomakefriendsagain—andforamuch-neededwash!56.Inth

eStiltoncheeserollingcompetition,competitorsoneachteammust__________.A.wearvariousformalclothesB.rollawoodencheeseintheirownlaneC.kickorthrow

theircheeseD.usearealcheeseweighingaboutfourkilos57.WhereistheFieryFoodandBBQFestivalheld?A.InNewMexico.B.IntheCaribbean.C.InAustrali

a.D.InChina.58.ThecelebrationofLaTomatinalasts___________.A.threedaysB.sevendaysC.lessthanthreedaysD.morethansevend

ays59.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.ThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingcompetitionisbeerorpo

rtwine.B.Morethan10,000ChinesetakepartintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.C.ThousandsofspicyfoodsareonshowintheFieryF

oodandBBQFestival.D.AnexcitingtomatobattletakesplaceatthebeginningofLaTomatina.[Passage12【2015年福建卷】Lifecanbesowonderful,fullofa

dventureandjoy.Itcanalsobefullofchallenges,setbacks(挫折)andheartbreaks.Whateverourcircumstances,wegenerallystillhavedreams,hopesanddesires—thatlit

tlesomethingmorewewantforourselvesandourlovedones.Yetknowingwecanhavemorecanalsocreateaproblem,becausewhenwegotochangethewaywedo

things,upcometheoldpatternsandpitfalls(陷阱)thatstoppedusfromseekingwhatwewantedinthefirstplace.Thistensionbetweenwhatwefeelwecanhaveandwhatwe’resee

minglyabletohaveistheniggling(烦人的)suffering,theanxietywefeel.Thisiswhereweusuallythinkit’seasiertojustgiveup.Butwe’re

nevermeanttoletgoofthepartofusthatknowswecanhavemore.Theintelligencebehindthatknowingisus—therealus.It’sthepar

tthatbelievesinlifeanditspossibilities.Ifyoudropthat,youbegintofeelalittle"dead"insidebecauseyou’redropping"you".So,ifwehavethiscapabilitybuts

omehowlifeseemstokeepusstuck,howdowebreakthesepatterns?Decideonanewcourseandmakeonedecisionatatime.Thisisgoodadvicefora

newadventureorjustgettingthroughtoday’schallenges.While,deepdown,weknowwecandoit,ourmind—orthemindsofthoseclosetous—usuallysaysweca

n’t.Thatisn’tareasontostop,it’sjustthemind,thatlittlemanorwomanonyourshoulder,tryingtotalkyououtofsomethingagain.Ithasdoneitmanytimesbefore.I

t’sallaboutstartingsimpleanddoingitnow.Decideandactbeforeoverthinking.Whenyoudothisyoumayfeelalittle,orlarge,releasefromthejailofyou

rmindandyou’llbeonyourway.68.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatweshould______________.A.slowdownandliveasimplelifeB.

becarefulwhenwechoosetochangeC.sticktoourdreamsunderanycircumstancesD.becontentwithwhatwealreadyhave69.Whatisthekeytobreakingtheoldpatter

ns?A.Tofocusoneverydetail.B.Todecideandtakeimmediateaction.C.Tolistentothoseclosetous.D.Tothinktwiceb

eforeweact.70.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheunderlinedpartinthelastparagraph?A.Escapefromyourpunishment.B.Realizationofyourdreams.C.Freedomfro

myourtension.D.Reductionofyourexpectations.71.Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?A.It’seasierthanwethinkt

ogetwhatwewant.B.It’simportanttolearntoacceptsufferingsinlife.C.It’simpracticaltochangeourwayofthinking.D.It’sharderthanweexpecttofo

llowanewcourse.Passage13【2015年福建卷】Groupexerciseisoneofthemosteffectivewaystoimprovephysicalfitnessandsustain(保持)ahealthylifest

yle.Groupexerciseischallenging,yetfunandempowering!Ofcourseeveryoneknowsthatexerciseisgoodforthebody.However,studieshaveshowntha

twhenexerciseisperformedingroups,it’snotonlygreatforimprovingphysicalhealthbutforpsychologicalhealth.It’sanopportunitytobesocial,releaseendo

rphins（内啡肽）,andimproveyourstrength.Additionally,groupexercisecreatesacommunityfeelandthesharedcommongoalmotivatesparticipantstoworkhard.The

instrumentalsupportoftakingonafitnessjourneywithothersprovesmoreeffectivethangoingtothegymalone.Anotherben

eficialaspectofgroupexerciseistheinformationalsupportparticipantsreceivefromtheinstructor.Manypeoplefearthegym

becausetheyfeellostanddon’twanttoembarrassthemselves.Ifyoufeelyoucanrelate,thengrouptrainingisanevenbetteroptionforyou.It’sagreatopportunitytole

arnmoreaboutfitnessthroughtheclearinstructionandsupervision(监管)ofafitnessinstructor.Ifyou’retiredofwanderingaroundthe

gymwastingtimeandbecomingbored,youcanattendanupbeatgroupfitnessclassthat’llkeepyourworkoutontrack.Don’tletfitnessfrightenyou!Ifyou’reser

iousaboutwantingtoliveahealthylifestyle,it’sextremelyimportanttosurroundyourselfwithpeoplewho’llprovidey

ouwiththeproperemotionalsupport.Iwouldn’tscoldanyonefordecidingtopartyonweekendsandinturnIwouldn’texpectanyonetogiveoffencetomeforfocu

singonmyhealth.Surroundyourselfwithpeoplewhouplift,encourageandunderstandyou!Makefitnessevenmorefunbyt

ryingsomethingneworanygroupfitnessclass,withafriend.Plantogoforajogtogether.Thentryafunhealthyrestaurantorfreshjuicebar!Fitnesscanb

ebothfunandsocial!Surroundingyourselfwithpeoplewho’llprovideyouwithrespectandsupportcanbeverybeneficialwhileworkingtowards

reachinghealthandfitnessgoals.First,decidetodoitforyourselfandworktowardsstayingpositive.Thenmakesurethepeopleyousurro

undyourselfwitharesupportive.Don’tletnegativityruinyourmotivation.72.Thefirstparagraphfocuseson__________.A

.thegreatestchallengeofgroupexerciseB.themosteffectivewaytoimprovephysicalfitnessC.thecontributionofgro

upexercisetopsychologicalhealthD.thesharedcommongoalinperformingexerciseingroups73.Theunderlinedword"upb

eat"inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans"___________".A.cheerfulB.averageC.seriousD.temporary74.Whenitcomestoemotionalsuppor

t,theauthorthinksitnecessary___________.A.tosustainacolorfullifestyleB.topartyonweekendswithpositivepeo

pleC.totryafunhealthyrestaurantregularlyD.tosurroundyourselfwithsupportivepeople75.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.SeekingSuppor

tB.SupportingHealthC.ImprovingYourStrengthD.BuildingUpFitnessPassage14【2015年广东卷】ItwasoncecommontoregardBritainasasoc

ietywithclassdistinction.Eachclasshaduniquecharacteristics.Inrecentyears,manywritershavebeguntospeakofthe‘declineo

fclass’and‘classlesssociety’inBritain.Andinmoderndayconsumersocietyeveryoneisconsideredtobemiddleclass.Butpronouncingthedeathofc

lassistooearly.Arecentwide-rangingstudyofpublicopinionfound90percentofpeoplestillplacingthemselvesinaparticularclass

;73percentagreedthatclasswasstillavitalpartofBritishsociety;and52percentthoughttherewerestillsharpclassdifferences.Thus,classm

aynotbeculturallyandpoliticallyobvious,yetitremainsanimportantpartofBritishsociety.Britainseemstohavealoveofstratifi

cation.OneunchangingaspectofaBritishperson’sclasspositionisaccent.Thewordsapersonspeakstellherorhisclass.AstudyofBritishaccentsduringthe1970sfoun

dthatavoicesoundinglikeaBBCnewsreaderwasviewedasthemostattractivevoice.Mostpeoplesaidthisaccentsounded‘educated’and‘soft’.Th

eaccentsplacedatthebottominthisstudy,ontheotherhand,wereregional(地区的)cityaccents.Theseaccentswereseenas‘

common’and‘ugly’.However,asimilarstudyofBritishaccentsintheUSturnedtheseresultsupsidedownandplacedsomereg

ionalaccentsasthemostattractiveandBBCEnglishastheleast.ThissuggeststhatBritishattitudestowardsaccenthavedeepr

ootsandarebasedonclassprejudice.Inrecentyears,however,younguppermiddle-classpeopleinLondon,havebeguntoadoptsomeregionalac

cents,inordertohidetheirclassorigins.Thisisanindicationofclassbecomingunnoticed.However,the1995popsong‘CommonPeople’putsfor

wardtheviewthatthoughamiddle-classpersonmay‘wanttolivelikecommonpeople’theycanneverappreciatetherealityofaworking-classlife.41.Arecent

studyofpublicopinionshowsthatinmodernBritain.A.itistimetoendclassdistinctionB.mostpeoplebelongtomiddleclassC.itiseasytorecognizeaperson’sclassD.pe

opleregardthemselvessociallydifferent42.ThewordstratificationinParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto.A.varietyB.div

isionC.authorityD.qualification43.ThestudyintheUSshowedthatBBCEnglishwasregardedas________.A.regionalB.educatedC.prejudicedD.unatt

ractive44.Britishattitudestowardsaccent________.A.havealongtraditionB.arebasedonregionalstatusC.aresharedbytheAmericansD.havechangedinrecentye

ars45.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Themiddleclassisexpanding.B.Aperson’saccentreflectshisclass.C.ClassisakeypartofBri

tishsociety.D.Eachclasshasuniquecharacteristics.Passage15【2015年湖北卷】Hilversumisamedium-sizedcitybetweenthemajorcitiesofAmsterdamandUtre

chtintheGooiareaofNorthHolland,theNetherlands.UnlikemostoftheNetherlands,Hilversumisactuallyinahillyarea

withthesoilmostlyconsistingofsand.OncecalledtheGardenofAmsterdam,itstillattractstravelerstocomeovertocycleandwalkthroughthes

urroundingforests.Theyvisititforarelaxingdayofffromtheurbanmadness.ForDutchpeople,Hilversumisallabouttextile(纺织)andmediaindustries,andmodernar

chitecture.Inhistory,Hilversumwaslargelyanagriculturalarea.Dailylifewasmarkedbyfarming,sheepraisingandwoolproductio

n.ArailwaylinktoAmsterdamin1874attractedrichtradersfromAmsterdamtoHilversum.Theybuiltthemselveslargevillas(别墅)inthewoode

dsurroundingsofthetown.OneofthefamiliesmovinginwastheBrenninkmeijers,currentlythewealthiestfamilyoftheNeth

erlands.TheymovedinafterbigsuccessinthetextileindustryandaidedasubstantialtextileindustryinHilversum.Butthetextileboomlastedonlysever

aldecades.Thelastfactoryclosedinthe1960s.Thechangetoamediaeconomystartedin1920,whentheNederlandseSeintoestellenFabriek(NSF)establishedaradio

factoryinHilversum.Mostradiostationssettledinthelargevillasintheleafyareasofthetown.Televisiongaveanotherpushtothe

localeconomy.HilversumbecamethemediacapitaloftheNetherlands,andDutchtelevisionstarsmovedintotheleafyneighborhoodssurroundingthe

town.Intheearly1900s,modernarchitectsW.M.DudokandJ.DuikerplacedhundredsofremarkablebuildingsinHilversum.Thesemodernarch

itecturalmasterpieces(杰作)aresomanythatHilversumalmostfeelslikeanopenairmuseum.Dudokaloneshapedmostof20thcenturyHi

lversumandapproximately75buildingsstillbearhisuniquecharacteristics.Hismasterpiece,HilversumTownHall,wasbuiltin1928-1931.Ithaswi

deinternationalfameandisincludedinmanyarchitecturetextbooks.Thebuildinghasaremarkableshapeandlookslikeacombinationof“

blocks”.Actually,onemaystarthisjourneyofmodernarchitecturebywalkingorbikingtheW.M.DudokArchitecturalRouteinHilversum.59.Hilve

rsumisdifferentfrommostoftheNetherlandsinthat______.A.ithasalargepopulationB.itiscutofffrombigcitiesC.ithasmanybeautifulgardensD.itisinahillyare

awithsandysoil60.WhatwasthegreatestcontributionoftheBrenninkmeijerstoHilversum?A.BuildingarailwaylinktoAmsterdamB.Helpingitstextileindus

trytodevelopC.ConstructinglargevillasforthepoorD.Assistingitsagriculturalindustry61.ThebeginningofthemediaindustryinHilversumwasmarkedbytheestabli

shmentof______.A.aradiofactoryB.themedialcapitalC.aradiostationD.aTVstation62.WhatisknownaboutW.M.Dudo

k’sHilversumTownHall?A.Itconsistsofapproximately75buildingsB.ItlookslikeanopenairmuseuminthecityC.Itisaclassicexampleinar

chitecturetextbooksD.Ithasshapedmostof20thcenturyHilvesum.Passage16【2015年湖北卷】Theoddnessoflifeinspaceneverquitegoesaway.Herearesomeexa

mples.Firstconsidersomethingassimpleassleep.Itspositionpresentsitsownchallenges.Themainquestioniswhetheryouwantyourarmsinsideoroutsidethesleepingbag.

Ifyouleaveyourarmsout,theyfloatfreeinzerogravity,oftengivingasleepingastronautthelookofafunnyballet（芭蕾）dancer.“I’maninsideguy,”Mik

eHopkinssays,whoreturnedfromasix-monthtourontheInternationalSpaceStation.“Iliketobewrappedup.”Onthestation,theordinarybecomesstr

ange.TheexercisebikefortheAmericanastronautshasnohandlebars.Italsohasnoseat.Withnogravity,it’sjustaseasytopedalviolently.Youca

nwatchamoviewhileyoupedalbyfloatingamicrocomputeranywhereyouwant.Butstationresidentshavetobecarefulaboutstayinginoneplacetoolong.Without

gravitytohelpcirculateair,thecarbondioxideyouexhale(呼气)hasatendencytoformaninvisible（隐形的）cloudaroundyourhead.Youcanendupwithwhatastronautscallacarb

on-dioxideheadache.LeroyChiao,54,anAmericanretiredastronautafterfourflights,describeswhathappensevenbeforeyouf

loatoutofyourseat.”Yourinnerearthinksyour’refalling.Meanwhileyoureyesaretellingyouyou’restandingstraight.Thatcanbeannoying

—that’swhysomepeoplefeelsick.”Withinacoupledays—trulyterribledaysforsome—astronauts’brainslearntoignorethepanickysig

nalsfromtheinnerear,andspacesicknessdisappears.Spacetravelcanbesodelightfulbutatthesametimeinvisiblydangerous.Forinstance,astrona

utslosebonemass.That’swhyexerciseisconsideredsovitalthatNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA)putsitr

ightontheworkdayschedule.Thefocusonfitnessisasmuchaboutscienceandthefutureasitisaboutkeepinganyindividualastronautshealthy.NASAisworri

edabouttwothings:recoverytimeonceastronautsreturnhome,and,moreimportantly,howtomaintainstrengthandfi

tnessforthetwoandahalfyearsormorethatitwouldtaketomakearound-triptoMars.63.Whatisthemajorchallengetoastronautswhentheysleepinspace?A.Decidingonaprop

ersleeppositionB.Choosingacomfortablesleepingbag[来源:学科网]C.SeekingawaytofallasleepquicklyD.Findingarighttimetogotosleep.64.Theastronautsw

illsufferfromacarbon-dioxideheadachewhen_____.A.theycirclearoundontheirbikesB.theyusemicrocomputerswithoutastopC.theyexerciseinoneplaceforalongti

meD.theywatchamoviewhilepedaling65.Someastronautsfeelsickonthestationduringthefirstfewdaysbecause___

__.A.theirsensesstopworkingB.theyhavetostandupstraightC.theyfloatoutoftheirseatsunexpectedlyD.theirbrainsreceivecontradictorymessage

s66.OneoftheNASA’smajorconcernsaboutastronautsis_____.A.howmuchexercisetheydoonthestationB.howtheycanremainhealthyforlonginspaceC.whethertheyca

nrecoverafterreturninghomeD.whethertheyareabletogobacktothestationPassage17【2015年湖南卷】Initsearlyhistory,Chicagohadfloodsfrequentl

y,especiallyinthespring,makingthestreetssomuddythatpeople,horses,andcartsgotstuck.Anoldjokethatwaspopularatthetimewen

tsomethinglikethis:AmanisstuckuptohiswaistinamuddyChicagostreet.Askedifheneedshelp,hereplies,"No,thanks.I’vegotag

oodhorseunderme."Thecityplannersdecidedtobuildanundergrounddrainage(排水)system,buttheresimplywasn’tenoughdifferencebetweentheheightofthegrou

ndlevelandthewaterlevel.TheonlytwooptionsweretolowertheChicagoRiverorraisethecity.AnengineernamedEllisChesbroughconvincedthecitythatithadnochoice

buttobuildthepipesabovegroundandthencoverthemwithdirt.Thisraisedthelevelofthecity’sstreetsbyasmuchas12feet.Thisofcoursecreatedanewproblem

:dirtpracticallyburiedthefirstfloorsofeverybuildinginChicago.Buildingownerswerefacedwithachoice:eitherchangethefirstfloorsoftheirbuildingsi

ntobasements,andthesecondstoriesintomainfloors,orhoisttheentirebuildingstomeetthenewstreetlevel.Smallwood-framebuildingscouldbelift

edfairlyeasily.Butwhataboutlarge,heavystructuresliketheTremontHotel,whichwasasix-storybrickbuilding?That’swhereGeorgePullmanc

amein.Hehaddevelopedsomehouse-movingskillssuccessfully.ToliftabigstructureliketheTremontHotel,Pullmanwouldplacethousandsofjackscrews(螺旋千斤顶

)beneaththebuilding’sfoundation.Onemanwasassignedtooperateeachsectionofroughly10jackscrews.AtPullman’s

signaleachmanturnedhisjackscrewthesameamountatthesametime,therebyraisingthebuildingslowlyandevenly.Astonishingly,theTremontHotelstayedopenduri

ngtheentireoperation,andmanyofitsguestsdidn’tevennoticeanythingwashappening.Somepeopleliketosaythate

veryproblemhasasolution.ButinChicago’searlyhistory,everyengineeringsolutionseemedtocreateanewproblem.NowthatChica

go’swastewaterwasdrainingefficientlyintotheChicagoRiver,thecity’snextstepwastocleanthepollutedriver.61.Theauthormentions

thejoketoshow_______.A.horseswerefairlyusefulinChicagoB.Chicago’sstreetswereextremelymuddyC.ChicagowasverydangerousinthespringD.theChicagopeoplewere

particularlyhumorous62.ThecityplannerswereconvincedbyEllisChesbroughto_______.A.getridofthestreetdirtB.l

owertheChicagoRiverC.fightagainstheavyfloodsD.buildthepipesaboveground63.Theunderlinedword"hoist"inParagraph4means"_______".A.changeB

.liftC.repairD.decorate64.WhatcanweconcludeaboutthemovingoperationoftheTremontHotel?A.Itwentonsmoothlyasintended.B.Itinterruptedtheb

usinessofthehotel.C.ItinvolvedPullmanturningtenjackscrews.D.Itseparatedthebuildingfromitsfoundation.65.ThepassageismainlyaboutearlyChicago’s__

_____.A.popularlifestylesandtheirinfluencesB.environmentaldisastersandtheircausesC.engineeringproblemsand

theirsolutionsD.successfulbusinessmenandtheirachievementsPassage18【2015年湖南卷】Haveyourparentseverinspectedyourroomtoseeifyoucleaneditprope

rly?Imaginehavingyourentirehouse,garage,andyardinspectedatanytime—withnowarning.Inspectionswerearegularpartoflighthouse(灯塔)liv

ing,andakeeper’sreputationdependedontheresults.Afewtimeseachyear,aninspectorarrivedtolookovertheentirelightstation.Theinspectio

nsweresupposedtobeasurprise,butkeeperssometimeshadadvancenotice.Oncelighthouseshadtelephones,keeperswouldcalleachothe

rtowarnthattheinspectorwasapproaching.Afterboatsbeganflyingspecialflagsnotingtheinspectorwasaboard,thekeeper’sfamilymadeita

gametoseewhocouldnoticetheboatfirst.Assoonassomeonespottedtheboat,everyonewoulddolast-minutetidyingandchangeintofancyclothes.Thekeeperthe

nscurriedtoputonhisdressuniformandcap.Childrenofkeepersrememberinspectorswearingwhiteglovestoruntheirfingersoverdoorf

ramesandwindowsillslookingfordust.Despitetheseriousnatureofinspections,theyresultedinsomefunnymoment

s.BettyByrnesrememberedwhenhermotherdidnothavetimetowashallthedishesbeforeaninspection.Atthetime,peopledidnothavedishwasher

sintheirhomes.Inanefforttocleanupquickly,Mrs.Byrnestossedallthedishesintoabigbreadpan,coveredthemwithacloth,andstuckthemintheoven.Ifthe

inspectoropenedtheovendoor,itwouldlooklikebreadwasbaking.Heneverdid.Oneday,GlennFurst’smotherputoilonthekitchenfloorju

stbeforetheinspectorenteredtheirhouse.Likefloorwax,theoilmadethefloorsshinyandhelpedprotectthewood.Thistime,though,sheusedalittletoomucho

il.WhentheinspectorextendedhishandtogreetGlenn’smother,heslippedonthefreshlyoiledsurface."Hecameacrossthatfloorwavinghis

armslikeayoungbirdattemptingitsfirstflight,"Glennlaterwrote.Afterhesteadiedhimself,heshookGlenn’smother’shand,andtheinspectioncontinuedasthoughn

othinghadhappened.66.WhatdoesParagraph1tellusabouttheinspectionatthelightstation?A.Itwascarriedoutonceayear.

B.Itwasoftenannouncedinadvance.C.Itwasimportantforthekeeper’sfame.D.Itwasfocusedonthegarageandyard.67.Thefamilybeganmakingpreparationsimmediately

after.A.oneofthememberssawtheboatB.awarningcallreachedthelighthouseC.thekeeperputonthedressuniformandcapD.theinspe

ctorflewspecialflagsinthedistance[来源:Z*xx*k.Com]68.Mrs.Byrnesputthedishesintheovenbecausethiswould.A.resultinso

mefunB.speedupwashingthemC.makeherhomelooktidyD.beademandfromtheinspector69.Iftheinspectorhadopenedtheovendoor,hewoul

dhaveseen.A.anemptypanB.manycleandishesC.piecesofbakedbreadD.aclothcoveringsomething70.Theinspectorwavedhisarms.A.t

otryhisbesttokeepsteadyB.toshowhissatisfactionwiththefloorC.toextendawarmgreetingtoGlenn’smotherD.toexpresshisintent

iontocontinuetheinspectionPassage19【2015年江苏卷】IntheUnitedStatesalone,over100millioncell-phonesarethrownawayeachyear.Cell-phonesa

repartofagrowingmountainofelectronicwastelikecomputersandpersonaldigitalassistants.Theelectronicwastestreamis

increasingthreetimesfasterthantraditionalgarbageasawhole.Electronicdevicescontainvaluablemetalssuchasgoldandsilver.ASwissstudyreportedthatwhilethe

weightofelectronicgoodsrepresentedbypreciousmetalswasrelativelysmallincomparisontototalwaste,theconcent

ration(含量)ofgoldandotherpreciousmetalswashigherinso-callede-wastethaninnaturallyoccurringminerals.Electronicwastesalsocontainmanypoisonousm

etals.Evenwhenthemachinesarerecycledandtheharmfulmetalsremoved,therecyclingprocessofteniscarriedoutinpoorcountries,inpractically

uncontrolledwayswhichallowmanypoisonoussubstancestoescapeintotheenvironment.Creatingproductsoutofrawmaterialscreatesmuchmor

ewastematerial,upto100timesmore,thanthematerialcontainedinthefinishedproducts.Consideragainthecell-phone,andimaginethem

inesthatproducedthosemetals,thefactoriesneededtomaketheboxandpackaging(包装)itcamein.Manywastesproducedintheproducingprocessarehar

mfulaswell.TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencynotesthatmostwasteisdangerousinthat"theproduction,distribution,anduseofproducts—a

swellasmanagementoftheresultingwaste—allresultingreenhousegasrelease."Individualscanreducetheircontribut

ionbycreatinglesswasteatthestart—forinstance,buyingreusableproductsandrecycling.Inmanycountriestheconceptofextendedproducerresponsibilityisbeingc

onsideredorhasbeenputinplaceasanincentive(动机)forreducingwaste.Ifproducersarerequiredtotakebackpackagingtheyusetoselltheirpr

oducts,wouldtheyreducethepackaginginthefirstplace?Governments’incentivetorequireproducerstotakeresponsibilityforth

epackagingtheyproduceisusuallybasedonmoney.Why,theyask,shouldcitiesortownsberesponsibleforpayingtodealwiththebubblewrap(气泡垫)thatencasedyourtele

vision?Fromthegovernments’pointofview,aprimarygoaloflawsrequiringextendedproducerresponsibilityistotransferboththecostsandthephysicalres

ponsibilityofwastemanagementfromthegovernmentandtax-payersbacktotheproducers.58.BymentioningtheSwissstudy,theauthorintendst

otellusthat________.A.theweightofe-goodsisrathersmallB.e-wastedeservestobemadegooduseofC.naturalmineralscontainmoreprec

iousmetalsD.thepercentageofpreciousmetalsisheavyine-waste59.Theresponsibilityofe-wastetreatmentshouldbeextended________.A.fromproduce

rstogovernmentsB.fromgovernmentstoproducersC.fromindividualstodistributorsD.fromdistributorstogovernments60.Whatdoes

thepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Theincreaseine-waste.B.Thecreationofe-waste.C.Theseriousnessofe-waste.D.Themanagementof

e-waste.Passage20【2015年江苏卷】FreedomandResponsibilityFreedom’schallengeintheDigitalAgeisaserioustopic.W

earefacingtodayastrangenewworldandweareallwonderingwhatwearegoingtodowithit.Some2,500yearsagoGreecediscoveredfreedom.Beforethatt

herewasnofreedom.Thereweregreatcivilizations,splendidempires,butnofreedomanywhere.EgyptandBabylonwerebothtyrannies,oneverypowerfulmanruling

overhelplessmasses.InGreece,inAthens(雅典),alittlecityinalittlecountry,therewerenohelplessmasses.AndAthenianswillinglyobeyedthewritt

enlawswhichtheythemselvespassed,andtheunwritten,whichmustbeobeyediffreemenlivetogether.Theymustshoweachotherkindnessandpityandthemanyqualiti

eswithoutwhichlifewouldbeverypainfulunlessonechosetolivealoneinthedesert.TheAtheniansneverthoughtthatamanwasfreeifhecoulddowhathewante

d.Amanwasfreeifhewasself-controlled.Tomakeyourselfobeywhatyouapprovedwasfreedom.Theyweresavedfromlookingattheirlivesastheirownprivateaff

air.EachonefeltresponsibleforthewelfareofAthens,notbecauseitwasforcedonhimfromtheoutside,butbecausethecitywashisprid

eandhissafety.Theessentialbeliefofthefirstfreegovernmentintheworldwaslibertyforallmenwhocouldcontrolthemselvesa

ndwouldtakeresponsibilityforthestate.Butdiscoveringfreedomisnotlikediscoveringcomputers.Itcannotbediscoveredon

ceforall.Ifpeopledonotprizeit,andworkforit,itwillgo.Constantwatchisitsprice.Athenschanged.Itwasachangethattookplacewithoutbeing

noticedthoughitwasoftheextremeimportance,aspiritualchangewhichaffectedthewholestate.IthadbeentheAthenian’sprideandjoytogiv

etotheircity.Thattheycouldgetmaterialbenefitsfromherneverenteredtheirminds.Therehadtobeacompletechangeofattitudebeforetheycoul

dlookatthecityasanemployerwhopaidhercitizensfordoingherwork.Nowinsteadofmengivingtothestate,thestatewastogivetothem.Whatthepeoplewantedwasagovern

mentwhichwouldprovideacomfortablelifeforthem;andwiththisastheprimaryobject,ideasoffreedomandself-relianceandresponsibilitywereneglectedtothepoint

ofdisappearing.Athenswasmoreandmorelookedonasacooperativebusinesspossessedofgreatwealthinwhichallcitizenshadarighttoshare.Ath

ensreachedthepointwhenthefreedomshereallywantedwasfreedomfromresponsibility.Therecouldbeonlyoneresult.Ifmeninsistedonbeingfreefro

mtheburdenofself-dependenceandresponsibilityforthecommongood,theywouldceasetobefree.Responsibilityisthepriceeverymanmustpayforfreedom.Itistobehadonno

otherterms.Athens,theAthensofAncientGreece,refusedresponsibility;shereachedtheendoffreedomandwasnevertohaveitagain.But,"theexce

llentbecomesthepermanent,"Aristotlesaid.Athenslostfreedomforever,butfreedomwasnotlostforeverfortheworld.AgreatAmerican,JamesMadison,ref

erredto:"Thecapacity(能力)ofmankindforself-government."NodoubthehadnotanideathathewasspeakingGreek.Athenswasnotinth

efarthestbackgroundofhismind,butoncemanhasagreatandgoodidea,itisnevercompletelylost.TheDigitalAgecannotdestroyit.

Somehowinthisorthatman’sthoughtsuchanidealivesthoughunconsideredbytheworldofaction.Onecanneverbesurethatitisnotonthepointofbreakin

goutintoactiononlysurethatitwilldososometime.65.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"tyrannies"inParagraph2referto?A.Countrieswheretheirpeopleneedhelp.B.P

owerfulstateswithhighercivilization.C.Splendidempireswherepeopleenjoyfreedom.D.Governmentsruledwithabsolutepower.66.Peoplebelievinginfreedomaret

hosewho_________.A.regardtheirlifeastheirownbusinessB.seekgainsastheirprimaryobjectC.behavewithinthelawsandvaluesystemsD.treatotherswithkindn

essandpity67.WhatchangeinattitudetookplaceinAthens?A.TheAtheniansrefusedtotaketheirresponsibility.B.TheA

theniansnolongertookprideinthecity.C.TheAtheniansbenefitedspirituallyfromthegovernment.D.TheAthenianslookedonthegovernmenta

sabusiness.68.Whatdoesthesentence"Therecouldbeonlyoneresult."inParagraph5mean?A.Athenswouldcontinuetobefree.B.Athe

nswouldceasetohavefreedom.C.Freedomwouldcomefromresponsibility.D.FreedomwouldstopAthensfromself-dependence.69.Whydoesth

eauthorrefertoAristotleandMadison?A.Theauthorishopefulaboutfreedom.B.Theauthoriscautiousaboutself-government.C.TheauthorisskepticalofGreekcivilizatio

n.D.Theauthorisproudofman’scapacity.70.Whatistheauthor’sunderstandingoffreedom?A.Freedomcanbemorepopularinthedigitalage

.B.Freedommaycometoanendinthedigitalage.C.Freedomshouldhavepriorityoverresponsibility.D.Freedomneedstobegu

aranteedbyresponsibility.Passage21【2015年陕西卷】Theproductionofcoffeebeansisahuge,profitablebusiness,but,unfortunately,full-su

nproductionistakingovertheindustryandbringingaboutalotofdamage.Thechangeinhowcoffeeisgrownfromshade-grownp

roductiontofull-sunproductionendangerstheveryexistenceofcertainanimalsandbirds,andevendisturbstheworld’secologicalbalance.Onalocall

evel,thedamageoftheforestrequiredbyfull-sunfieldsaffectsthearea’sbirdsandanimals.Theshadeoftheforesttreesprovidesahomeforbirdsandotherspecies(物种)tha

tdependonthetrees’flowersandfruits.Full-suncoffeegrowersdestroythisforesthome.Asaresult,manyspeciesarequicklydyingou

t.Onamoregloballevel,thedestructionoftherainforestforfull-suncoffeefieldsalsothreatens(威胁)humanlife.Medicalresearchoftenmakesuseoftheforests’plant

andanimallife,andthedestructionofsuchspeciescouldpreventresearchersfromfindingcuresforcertaindiseases.Inaddition,newcoffee-growingt

echniquesarepoisoningthewaterlocally,andeventuallytheworld’sgroundwater.Bothlocallyandglobally,theconti

nuedspreadoffull-suncoffeeplantations(种植园)couldmeanthedestructionoftherainforestecology.Thelossofshadetreesisalreadyc

ausingaslightchangeintheworld’sclimate,andstudiesshowthatthelossofoxygen-givingtreesalsoleadstoairpollutionandglobalwar

ming.Moreover,thenewgrowingtechniquesarecontributingtoacidic(酸性的)soilconditions.Itisobviousthatthewaym

uchcoffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsoflife,fromthelocalenvironmenttotheglobalecology.Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpurchaseshade-grow

ncoffeewheneverpossible,althoughatahighercost.Thefuturehealthoftheplanetandmankindissurelyworthmorethananin

expensivecupofcoffee.54.Whatcanwelearnaboutfull-suncoffeeproductionfromParagraph4?A.Itlimitsthespreadofnewgrow

ingtechniques.B.Itleadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.C.Itslowsdownthelossofshadetrees.D.Itimproveslocalsoilconditions.55.Thepurposeofthetextisto.

A.entertainB.advertiseCinstructD.persuade58.Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?A.Anagriculturalmagazine.B.Amedicaljournal.C.Anengineeringtextboo

k.D.Atouristguide.59.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?（P：Paragraph)Passage22【2015年陕西卷】Parentswhohel

ptheirchildrenwithhomeworkmayactuallybebringingdowntheirschoolgrades.Otherformsofparentalinvolvement,includingvolunteerin

gatschoolandobservingachild’sclass,alsofailtohelp,accordingtothemostrecentstudyonthetopic.Thefindingschallengeakeyprincipleofmodernparentin

g(养育子女)whereschoolsexpectthemtoactaspartnersintheirchildren’seducation.Previousgenerationsconcentratedon

gettingchildrentoschoolontime,fed,dressedandreadytolearn.KeithRobinson,theauthorofthestudy,said,"Ireallydon’tknowifthepublicisrea

dyforthisbuttherearesomewaysparentscanbeinvolvedintheirkids’educationthatleadstodeclinesintheiracademicperformance.Oneoft

hethingsthatwereconsistentlynegativewasparents’helpwithhomework."Robinsonsuggestedthatmaybebecauseparentsthemselvesstruggletound

erstandthetasks."Theymayeithernotrememberthematerialtheirkidsarestudyingnow,orinsomecasesneverlearntitthemselves,butthe

y’restillofferingadvice."Robinsonassessedparentalinvolvementperformanceandfoundoneofthemostdamagingthi

ngsaparentcoulddowastopunishtheirchildrenforpoormarks.Ingeneral,about20%ofparentalinvolvementwaspositive,about45%negativeandthereststatist

icallyinsignificant.Commonsensesuggestsitwasagoodthingforparentstogetinvolvedbecause"childrenwithgoodaca

demicsuccessdohaveinvolvedparents",admittedRobinson.Buthearguedthatthisdidnotproveparentalinvolvementwa

stherootcauseofthatsuccess."AbigsurprisewasthatAsian-Americanparentswhosekidsaredoingsowellinschoolhardlyinvo

lved.Theytookamorereasonableapproach,conveyingtotheirchildrenhowsuccessatschoolcouldimprovetheirlives."58.Theunderlinedexpress

ion"parentalinvolvement"inParagraph1probablymeans________.A.parents’expectationonchildren’shealthB.parents’participatio

ninchildren’seducationC.parents’controloverchildren’slifeD.parents’planforchildren’sfuture59.WhatisthemajorfindingofRobinson’sstudy?A.Modernparentsr

aisechildreninamorescientificway.B.Punishingkidsforbadmarksismentallydamaging.C.Parentalinvolvementisn

otsobeneficialasexpected.D.Parentsarenotabletohelpwithchildren’shomework.60.TheexampleofAsian-Americanparentsimpliesthatparentsshould_______

_.A.helpchildrenrealizetheimportanceofschoolingB.setaspecificlifegoalfortheirchildrenC.spendmoretimeimprovingtheirownlivesD.takea

moreactivepartinschoolmanagementPassage23【2015年四川卷】AcrossBritain,burnttoastwillbeservedtomothersinbedthismorninga

soldersonsanddaughtersrushtodelivertheirsupermarketbunchesofflowers.But,accordingtoanewstudy,weshouldbeplacingahighervalueonmot

herhoodallyear.Mothershavelongknownthattheirhomeworkloadwasjustasheavyaspaidwork.Now,thenewstudyhasshownthatiftheywerepaidfortheirparentalla

bours,theywouldearnasmuchas£172,000ayear.Thestudylookedattherangeofjobsmothersdo,aswellasthehourstheyareworking,todeterminethefigure.Thiswouldm

aketheiryearlyincome£30，000morethanthePrimeMinisterearns.Byanalysingthenumbers,itfoundtheaveragemotherworks119hoursaweek,40ofwhichwouldusua

llybepaidatastandardrateand79hoursasovertime.Afterquestioning1,000motherswithchildrenunder18,itfoundthat,onmostdays,m

umsstartedtheirroutineworkat7amandfinishedataround11pm.Tocalculatejusthowmuchmotherswouldearnfromthatlabour,itsuggestedsomeof

therolesthatmumscouldtakeon,includinghousekeeper,part-timelawyer,personaltrainerandentertainer.Beingapart-timelawyer,at£48.98anhour,

wouldprovetobethemostprofitableofthe“mumjobs”,withpsychologist（心理学家）aclosesecond.Italsoaskedmothersaboutthechallenge

stheyface,with80percentmakingemotional（情感的）demandasthehardestthingaboutmotherhood.Overathirdofmumsfelttheynee

dedmoretrainingandaroundhalfsaidtheymissedgoingoutwithfriends.ThestudyshowsmothersmatterallyearlongandnotjustonMother’sDay.T

heemotional,physicalandmentalenergymothersdevotetotheirchildrencanbenever-ending,butchildrenarealsosourcesofgreatjoyandhap

piness.Investing（投入）intimeforparentingandraisingrelationshipsismoneywellspent.38.Howmuchwouldamotherearnayearifworkinga

sthePrimeMinister?A.￡30,000.B.￡142,000.C.￡172,000.D.￡202,000.39.Thebiggestchallengeformostmothersisfrom.A.emotionaldemandB.lowpayforworkC.heavyw

orkloadD.lackoftraining40.Whatisstressedinthelastparagraph?A.Mothers’importanceshowsinfamilyallyearlong.B.Thesacrificesmot

hersmakearehugebutworthwhile.C.Mothers’devotiontochildrencanhardlybecalculated.D.Investingtimeinparentingwouldbringafinancialret

urn.41.Whatcanweconcludefromthestudy?A.Mothers’workinghoursshouldbelargelyreduced.B.Mothersshouldbalanc

etheirtimeforworkandrest.C.Mothers’labourisofahighervaluethanitisrealised.D.Mothersshouldbefreedfromhouseworkforsociallife.Passage24【2015年四川卷】Theirc

heerysongbrightensmanyawinter'sday.Butrobinsareindangerofwearingthemselvesoutbysingingtoomuch.Robinsaresingingall

night—aswellasduringtheday,British-basedresearcherssay.DavidDominoni,ofGlasgowUniversity,saidthatlightfromstreetlamps,tak

eawaysignsandhomesisaffectingthebirds'biologicalclocks,leadingtothembeingwideawakewhentheyshouldbeasleep.DrDominoni,whoisputtingcamerasinsidenest

ingboxestotracksleepingpatterns,saidlackofsleepcouldputthebirds'healthatrisk.Hisstudyshowsthatwhenrobinsareexposedtolightat

nightinthelab,itleadstosomegenesbeingactiveatthewrongtimeofday.Andthemorebirdsareexposedtolight,themoreactivetheyareatnight.

Hetoldpeopleataconference,"Therehavebeenacoupleofstudiessuggestingtheyareincreasingtheirsongoutputatnightan

dduringthedaytheyarestillsinging.Singingisacostlybehaviourandittakesenergy.Sobyincreasingtheirsongoutput,theremightbesomecos

tsofenergy."Anditisnotjustrobinsthatarebeingkeptawakebyartificiallight.Blackbirdsandseagullsarealsobeingmorenocturnal.DrDomi

nonisaid,"InGlasgowwhereIlive,gullsareaseriousproblem.Ihavepeoplecomingtomesaying‘Youarethebirdexpert.Canyouhelpuskillthesegulls?'.Du

ringthebreeding(繁殖)season,betweenAprilandJune,theyareveryactiveatnightandverynoisyandpeoplecan'tsleep."Alth

oughDrDominonihasonlystudiedlightpollution,otherresearchconcludedthatrobinslivinginnoisycitieshavestartedtosingatnighttomaket

hemselvesheardoverloudnoise.However,somebirdsthrive(兴旺)innoisyenvironments.AstudyfromCaliforniaPolytechnicStateUniversityfoundmorehummin

gbirdsinareaswithheavyindustrialmachinery.Itisthoughtthattheyarecapitalisingontheirpredators(天敌)fleeingtoquieterare

as.42.AccordingtoDrDominoni'sstudy,whatcausesrobinstosingsomuch?A.Thebreedingseason.B.ThelightinmodemlifeC.The

dangerousenvironment.D.Thenoisefromheavymachinery.43.Whatistheresearchers'concernovertheincreaseofbirds'songoutput?A.Theenvironmentmightbe

polluted.B.Thebirds'healthmightbedamaged.C.Theindustrycostmightbeincreased.D.Thepeople'shearingmightbeaffected.44.Whatdoestheunder

linedword"nocturnal"inParagraph5mean?A.Activeatnight.B.Inactiveatnight.C.Activeduringtheday.D.Inactiveduringtheday.45.Whydosomebirdsthriveinnoi

syenvironments?A.Becausetherearefewerdangers.B.Becausethereismorefoodtoeat.C.BecausethereislesslightpollutionD.Becausetherear

emoreplacestotakeshelter.Passage25【2015年四川卷】NooneissurehowtheancientEgyptiansbuiltthepyramidsnearCairo.Butanewstudysuggeststh

eyusedalittlerock‘n’roll.Long-agobuilderscouldhaveattachedwoodenpolestothestonesandrolledthemacrosst

hesand,thescientistssay.“Technically,Ithinkwhatthey’reproposingispossible,”physicistDanielBonnsaid.Peoplehavelongpuzzledoverh

owtheEgyptiansmovedsuchhugerocks.Andthere’snoobviousanswer.Onaverage,eachofthetwomillionbigstonesweighedab

outasmuchasalargepickuptruck.TheEgyptianssomehowmovedthestoneblockstothepyramidsitefromaboutonekilometeraway.Themostpop

ularviewisthatEgyptianworkersslidtheblocksalongsmoothpaths.Manyscientistssuspectworkersfirstwouldhaveputtheblocksonsleds(滑板).Thentheywouldha

vedraggedthemalongpaths.Tomaketheworkeasier,workersmayhavelubricatedthepathseitherwithwetclayorwiththefatfromcattle.Bonnhasnow

testedthisideabybuildingsmallsledsanddraggingheavyobjectsoversand.Evidencefromthesandsupportsthisidea.Researchersfoundsmallamountsoffat,aswellasala

rgeamountofstoneandtheremainsofpaths.However,physicistJosephWestthinkstheremighthavebeenasimplerway,wholedthenewstudy.Westsaid,“Iwasinsp

iredwhilewatchingatelevisionprogramshowinghowsledsmighthavehelpedwithpyramidconstruction.Ithought,‘Whydon’ttheyjusttryrollingthethings?’”Asquare

couldbeturnedintoaroughsortofwheelbyattachingwoodenpolestoitssides,herealized.That,henotes,shouldmakeablockofstone“aloteasie

rtorollthanasquare”.Sohetriedit.Heandhisstudentstiedsomepolestoeachoffoursidesofa30-kilogramstoneblock.Thatactionturnedtheblockintosomewh

atawheel.Thentheyplacedtheblockontheground.Theywrappedoneendofaropearoundtheblockandpulled.Theresearc

hersfoundtheycouldeasilyrolltheblockalongdifferentkindsofpaths.Theycalculatedthatrollingtheblockrequiredaboutasmuchfo

rceasmovingitalongaslippery(滑的)path.Westhasn’ttestedhisideaonlargerblocks,buthethinksrollinghasclearadvantagesoversliding.Atl

east,workerswouldn’thaveneededtocarrycattlefatorwatertosmooththepaths.46.It’swidelybelievedthatthestoneblocksweremovedtothepyramidsiteby_

_____.A.rollingthemonroadsB.pushingthemoverthesandC.slidingthemonsmoothpathsD.draggingthemonsomepoles47.The

underlinedpart“lubricatedthepaths”inParagraph4means____.A.madethepathswetB.madethepathshardC.madethepathswideD.madethepathsslippery48.What

doestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph7referto?A.Rollingtheblockswithpolesattached.B.Rollingtheblocksonwoodenwheels.C.Rollingpolestomovetheblocks.

D.Rollingtheblockswithfat.49.WhyisrollingbetterthanslidingaccordingtoWest?A.Becausemoreforceisneededforsliding.B.Becauserollingworkcanbedonebyfe

wercattle.[来源:学科网ZXXK]C.Becauseslidingonsmoothroadsismoredangerous.D.Becauselesspreparationonpathsisneededforrolling.50.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.A

nexperimentonwaysofmovingblockstothepyramidsite.B.Anapplicationofthemethodofmovingblockstothepyramidsite.C.Anargume

ntaboutdifferentmethodsofmovingblockstothepyramidsite.D.Anintroductiontoapossiblenewwayofmovingblockstothepyramidsi

te.Passage26【2015年天津卷】Whetherinthehomeortheworkplace,socialrobotsaregoingtobecomealotmorecommoninthenextfewyears.Soc

ialrobotsareabouttobringtechnologytotheeverydayworldinamorehumanizedway,saidCynthiaBreazeal,chiefscientistatthe

robotcompanyJibo.Whilehouseholdrobotstodaydothenormalhousework,socialrobotswillbemuchmorelikecompanionsthanmeret

ools.Forexample,theserobotswillbeabletodistinguishwhensomeoneishappyorsad.Thisallowsthemtorespondmoreappropriatelytotheuser.TheJiborobot,arrang

edtoshiplaterthisyear,isdesignedtobeapersonalizedassistant.Youcantalktotherobot,askitquestions,andmakerequestsforittoperformdifferenttasks.Therobo

tdoesn’tjustdelivergeneralanswerstoquestions;itrespondsbasedonwhatitlearnsabouteachindividualinthehousehold.Itc

andothingssuchasremindinganelderlyfamilymembertotakemedicineortakingfamilyphotos.Socialrobotsarenotjustfindingtheirwayintothehome.Theyhavepo

tentialapplicationsineverythingfromeducationtohealthcareandarealreadyfindingtheirwayintosomeofthesespaces.FellowRobotsisonecompanybringingsocialrobo

tstothemarket.Thecompany’s“Oshbot”robotisbuilttoassistcustomersinastore,whichcanhelpthecustomersfindi

temsandhelpguidethemtotheproduct’slocationinthestore.Itcanalsospeakdifferentlanguagesandmakerecommendationsfordifferen

titemsbasedonwhatthecustomerisshoppingfor.Themoreinteractiontherobothaswithhumans,themoreitlearns.ButOshbot,likeothersocialro

bots,isnotintendedtoreplaceworkers,buttoworkalongsideotheremployees.“Wehavetechnologiestotrainsocialrobotstodothingsnotforus,butwith

us,”saidBreazeal.41.Howaresocialrobotsdifferentfromhouseholdrobots?A.Theycancontroltheiremotions.B.Theyaremorelikehumans.C.Theydothenormalhousework.

D.Theyrespondtousersmoreslowly.42.WhatcanaJiborobotdoaccordingtoParagraph3?A.Communicatewithyouandperformoperations.B.Answeryourquestions

andmakerequests.C.Takeyourfamilypicturesanddelivermilk.D.Obeyyourordersandremindyoutotakepills.43.WhatcanOshbotworkas?A.Alanguaget

eacher.B.Atourguide.C.Ashopassistant.D.Aprivatenurse.44.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthatsocialrobotswill____________.A.trainem

ployeesB.beourworkmatesC.improvetechnologiesD.taketheplaceofworkers45.Whatdoesthepassagemainlypresent?A.Anewdesignideaofhouseholdrobots

.B.Marketingstrategiesforsocialrobots.C.Informationonhouseholdrobots.D.Anintroductiontosocialrobots.