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专题14阅读理解说明文2024年Passage1【2024全国甲卷】Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocal

s(声音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazin

gvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingt

oattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoon

asababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisqui

teimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplac

etorelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmel

lyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearou

ndanyothercats,whichtheydon'tusuallylike.Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrando

mobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators(食肉动物).Ca

tsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeeninthe

irnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!4.Whatcanbelearnedaboutcats'meowingfromthefirstparagraph?A.I

t'sasurvivalskill.B.It'staughtbymothercats.C.It'shardtointerpret.D.It'sgettinglouderwithage.5.Howdoesapetcatassessdifferents

ituations?A.Bylisteningforsounds.B.Bytouchingfamiliarobjects.C.Bycheckingonsmells.D.Bycommunicatingwithothercats.6.Wh

ichbestexplainsthephrase"take...upnotch"inparagraph3?A.Performappropriately.B.Movefaster.C.Actstrangely.D.Dobetter.7.Whatisasu

itabletitleforthetext?A.TipsonFindingaSmartCatB.UnderstandingYourCat'sBehaviorC.HaveFunwithYourCatD.HowtoKeepY

ourCatHealthy【答案】4.A5.C6.D7.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。【4题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusinga

lotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(声音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydang

erousanimalsorlookforshelter.(动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Meowi

ngstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother’sattentionandbefed.(猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。【5题详解】细节理解题。根

据第二段“Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookout

foranysignsofdanger.(猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。【6题详解】词句猜测题。根据第三段

划线词前半句“Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,(狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Manycatswillfindrandomobjec

tsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.(许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take.

..upanotch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。【7题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.(动物

可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“UnderstandingYourCat’sBehavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标题最为合适。故选B。Pa

ssage2【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecol

lectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecord

s.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthisty

peofrecordisnotperfect.“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobileapplication,”saidBarnabas

Daru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.“Theseobservati

onsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(标本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvesti

gatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?”Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,bi

rds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.“Wewerepart

icularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofaflowering

plantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdid

notleadtobetterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhoge

tobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesed

ataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catchingfeatures.Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?“Qu

itealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thataren

otwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveane

xpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.”32.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?A.Th

eyarebecomingoutdated.B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.C.Theyarelimitedinnumber.D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.33.WhatdoesDaru’sstudyfocuson?A.T

hreatenedspecies.B.Physicalspecimens.C.Observationaldata.D.Mobileapplications.34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingt

othestudy?A.Mistakesindataanalysis.B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.C.Improperwayofsampling.D.Unreliabledatacoll

ectiondevices.35.WhatisDaru’ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas.B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.C.Confirmtheidenti

tyoftheusers.D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.【答案】32.B33.C34.C35.D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家

获取更好的数据。【32题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.(今天，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和

其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatatha

tcomesfromphysicalspecimens(标本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchang

e,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?(这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploring

theaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureo

fafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.(Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于

观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。【34题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段““Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegrea

terlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.(Daru说“我们特别

感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民的科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataon

mobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.(这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录

了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。【35题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinfor

musersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biod

iversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.(生物多样性应用程序可以使用

我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。Passage3【20

24全国甲卷】TheSaintLukastraindoesn’tacceptpassengers—itacceptsonlythesick.TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltore

motetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(乡村)populationswithbasic

medicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.“Peoplestartedqueuingtomakeanappointmentearlyinthemorning,”saysEmi

leDucke,aGermanphotographerwhotraveledwiththestaffoftheSaintLukasforatwo-weektripinNovemberthroughthevastregions(区域)ofKrasnoyarskandKhaka

ssia.Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninseriousneedofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeu

pwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,includingarran

gingdoctor’sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedici

neinremotepartsofthecountrylikeKrasnoyarsk.TheannualarrivaloftheSaintLukasisanotherattempttoimprovethesitua

tion.For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwoweeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(

补给).Thenitstartsalloveragainthenextmonth.Moststationswaitaboutayearbetweenvisits.Doctorsseeupto150patientseveryday.

Thetrain’sequipmentallowsforbasiccheckups.“Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandl

ivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmentthe

ywant.”8.HowistheSaintLukasdifferentfromothertrains?A.Itrunsacrosscountries.B.Itreservesseatsforthesen

iors.C.Itfunctionsasahospital.D.Ittravelsalongariver.9.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph3aboutKrasnoyarsk?A.Itisheavilypopulated.B.Itoffers

trainingfordoctors.C.Itisamoderncity.D.Itneedsmedicalaid.10.HowlongcantheSaintLukasworkwithonesupply?A.Aboutayear.B.A

bouttenmonths.C.Abouttwomonths.D.Abouttwoweeks.11.WhatisDucke’sattitudetowardtheSaintLukas’services?A.Appreciative.B.DoubtfulC.Ambiguous.D.Cautious

.【答案】8.C9.D10.D11.A【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条

件。【8题详解】细节理解题，根据文章第一段“TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandea

sternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(乡村)p

opulationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.(圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提

供基本医疗服务、X光扫描和处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。因此选C。【9题详解】推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninserious

needofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeupwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,includ

ingarrangingdoctor'sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedicineinremotepa

rtsofthecountrylikeKrasnoyarsk.(俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克

拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。)”可以推断，Krasnoyarsk需要医疗援助，故选D。【10题详解】细节理解题，根据第四段“For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwow

eeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(补给).”(每年有10个月，火车在两周内停靠大约八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周，故选D。【11题详解】推断判断题。

根据最后一段的““Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywe

rethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要

的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对SaintLukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。Passage4【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mos

tproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejo

urney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiences

uchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarm

thatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealt

ime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesyst

emprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(

容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoil

tosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurrounding

environment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theye

ncouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenviron

ment,”saidaBMFemployee.8.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood.B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-

tabledistance.D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.9.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?A.Real-timeweatherchanges.B.Currentconditionoftheplants.C.

Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil.D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.10.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.B

.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.11.Whatdoe

sthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths.B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence.D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.【答案】8.C9.B10.D11.A

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Whilefarmer’sm

arketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴

比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Also,thereisaconvenientappthat

providesgrowingdatainrealtime.(此外，还有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据最

后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwasteredu

ctionbylimitinggarbagecansand.avoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemi

calsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学

品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,B

abylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelym

onitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsign

ificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjustther

ightamounttoeachplant.(通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMFemploye

esliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwa

stereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironmen

t,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴

比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。Passage4【2024浙江1月卷】OnSeptember7,199

1,thecostliesthailstorm(雹暴)inCanadianhistoryhitCalgary’ssouthernsuburbs.Asaresult,since1996agroupofinsurancecompanieshavespentabout$2millionperyearo

ntheAlbertaHailSuppressionProject.Airplanesseedthreateningstormcellswithachemicaltomakesmallicecrystalsfallasrainbeforetheycangrowintodangerous

hailstones.Butfarmersineast-centralAlberta—downwindofthehailprojectflights—worrythatpreciousmoisture(水分)isbeingstolenfromtheirthirst

ylandbythecloudseeding.NormanStienwand,whofarmsinthatarea,hasbeenaddressingpublicmeetingsonthisissueforyears“Basicall

y,theprovincialgovernmentislettingtheinsurancecompaniesprotecttheCalgary-Edmontonurbanareafromhail,”Mr.Stienwandsa

ys,“butthey’reincreasingdroughtriskasfareastasSaskatchewan.”TheAlbertahailprojectismanagedbyTerryKrau

ss,acloudphysicistwhoworksforWeatherModificationInc.ofFargo,NorthDakota.“Weaffectonlyaverysmallpercentageofthetotalmoistureintheair,

sowecannotbecousingdrought.”Dr.Krausssays.“Infact,wemaybehelpingincreasethemoisturedownwindbycreatingwettergrou

nd.”OnedoubteraboutthesafetyofcloudseedingisChuckDoswell,aresearchscientistwhojustretiredfromtheUniversityofOklahoma.“In1

999,Ipersonallysawsignificanttornadoes(龙卷风)formfromaseededstormcellinKansas,”Dr.Doswellsays.“Doescloudseeding

createkillerstormsorreducemoisturedownwind?Noonereallyknows,ofcourse,buttheseedinggoeson.”Giventhedegreeofdo

ubt,Mr.Stienwandsuggests,“itwouldbewisetostopcloudseeding.”Inpractice,doubthashadtheoppositeeffect.Duetothelackofscientificproofconcerni

ngtheirimpacts,noonehassucceededinwinningalawsuitagainstcloud-seedingcompanies.Hence,privateclimateengineeringcanpr

oceedinrelativelegalsafety.8.Whatdoestheprojectaimtodo?A.Conservemoistureinthesoil.B.Preventtheformat

ionofhailstones.C.Forecastdisastroushailstorms.D.Investigatechemicaluseinfarming.9.Whoareopposedtotheproject?A.Farmersineast-centralAlber

ta.B.Managersofinsurancecompanies.C.Provincialgovernmentofficials.D.ResidentsofCalgaryandEdmonton10.WhydoesDr.Doswellmentionthet

ornadoeshesawin1999?A.Tocomparedifferentkindsofseedingmethods.B.Toillustratethedevelopmentofbighailst

orms.C.Toindicateapossibledangerofcloudseeding.D.Toshowthelinkbetweenstormsandmoisture.11.Whatcanweinferfromt

helastparagraph?A.ScientificstudieshaveprovedStienwandright.B.PrivateclimateengineeringisillegalinCan

ada.C.Thedoubtaboutcloudseedinghasdisappeared.D.Cloud-seedingcompanieswillcontinuetoexist.【答案】8.B9.A10.C11.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了199

1年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农

民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Asaresult,since1996agroupofinsurancecompanieshavespentabout$2millionperyearontheAl

bertaHailSuppressionProject.Airplanesseedthreateningstormcellswithachemicaltomakesmallicecrystalsfallasrainbeforetheyc

angrowintodangeroushailstones.(因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成。故选B项。【9

题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Butfarmersineast-centralAlberta—downwindofthehailprojectflights—worrythatpreciousmoisture(水分)isbeingstolen

fromtheirthirstylandbythecloudseeding.(但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走)”可知，艾伯塔省中

东部的农民反对这个项目。故选A项。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“OnedoubteraboutthesafetyofcloudseedingisChuckDoswell,aresearchscie

ntistwhojustretiredfromtheUniversityofOklahoma.“In1999,Ipersonallysawsignificanttornadoes(龙卷风)formfromaseededstormcellinKansa

s,”Dr.Doswellsays.“Doescloudseedingcreatekillerstormsorreducemoisturedownwind?Noonereallyknows,ofcourse,buttheseedi

nggoeson.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命

风暴还是减少顺风处的水分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999年看到的龙卷风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险。故选C项。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Giventhedegreeof

doubt,Mr.Stienwandsuggests,“itwouldbewisetostopcloudseeding.”Inpractice,doubthashadtheoppositeeffect.Duetothelackofscientificproofconcerningthei

rimpacts,noonehassucceededinwinningalawsuitagainstcloud-seedingcompanies.Hence,privateclimateengineeringcanproceedinrelativelegalsafety.(

考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智的。”在实践中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推断出人工降雨公司将继续存在。故选D项。Passag

e5【2024北京卷】FranzBoas’sdescriptionofInuit(因纽特人)lifeinthe19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.Here,norms(规范)wereunwrittenandrar

elyexpressedclearly,butwerewellunderstoodandtakentoheart.Dishonestandviolentbehavioursweredisapprovedof;leadership,mar

riageandinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalbattles.Becausearguingangrilyleadstochaos,itwasst

ronglydiscouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthernCanadabeingsodemanding,theInuit’spracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.Thesimilari

tyofmoralvirtuesacrossculturesisstriking,eventhoughtherelativerankingofthevirtuesmayvarywithasocialgroup’shistor

yandenvironment.Typically,crueltyandcheatingarediscouraged,whilecooperation,humblenessandcouragearepraised.T

heseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralisingreligionorwrittenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedinthesimila

rityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearningandproblemsolving.Oursocialinstincts(本能)includetheintensede

siretobelong.Theapprovalofothersisrewarding,whiletheirdisapprovalisstronglydisliked.Thesesocialemotionsprepareourbrai

nstoshapeourbehaviouraccordingtothenormsandvaluesofourfamilyandourcommunity.Moregenerally,socialinstinctsmotivateustolearnhowtobehaveinasoci

allycomplexworld.Themechanisminvolvesarepurposedrewardsystemoriginallyusedtodevelophabitsimportantforself-care.Ourbrainsusethesystemtoacq

uirebehaviouralpatternsregardingsaferouteshome,efficientfoodgatheringanddangerstoavoid.Goodhabitssavetime,

energyandsometimesyourlife.Goodsocialhabitsdosomethingsimilarinasocialcontext.Welearntotellthetruth,evenwhenlyingisself-serving;wehelpagrandpa

rentevenwhenitisinconvenient.Weacquirewhatwecallasenseofrightandwrong.Socialbenefitsareaccompaniedbysocialdemands:wemustge

talong,butnotputupwithtoomuch.Henceself-disciplineisadvantageous.Inhumans,agreatlyenlargedbrainboostsself-control,justasitboostsproblem-sol

vingskillsinthesocialaswellasthephysicalworld.Theseabilitiesarestrengthenedbyourcapacityforlanguage,whichallowssocialpracticestodevelopinextremelyu

nobviousways.32.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheformingoftheInuit’smoralcode?A.Livingconditionswerethedrive.B.Unwrittenruleswere

thetarget.C.Socialtraditionwasthebasis.D.Honestywasthekey.33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Inconveniencesare

thecauseoftellinglies.B.Basichumanneedsleadtouniversalnorms.C.Languagecapacityislimitedbyself-control.D.Writtenlawshavegreatinfluenceonvirtues

.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.Virtues:BridgesAcrossCulturesB.TheValuesofSelf-disciplineC.Brai

ns:WallsAgainstChaosD.TheRootsofMorality【答案】32.C33.B34.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。【3

2题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Here,norms(规范)wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,butwerewellunderstoodandtakentoheart.Dishonestandvio

lentbehavioursweredisapprovedof;leadership,marriageandinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalb

attles.Becausearguingangrilyleadstochaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthernCanadabeing

sodemanding,theInuit’spracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.(在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和

暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有

道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datethe

conceptofanymoralisingreligionorwrittenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearningandprob

lemsolving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致

普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“FranzBoas’sdescriptionofInuit(因纽特人)lifeinthe19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeof

earlyhumans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道

德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。Passage6【2024浙江1月卷】TheStanfordmarshmallow(棉花糖)testwasoriginallyconductedbypsychologistWalterMischelinthelat

e1960s.Childrenagedfourtosixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.Asinglesugarytreat,selectedbythechild,wasplacedonatable.Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedf

or15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,theywouldbegivenasecondtreat.Thentheywereleftaloneintheroom.Follow-upstudi

eswiththechildrenlaterinlifeshowedaconnectionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughtoobtainasecondtreatandvariousformsofsuccess.Asadu

ltswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We’renottempted(诱惑)bysugarytreats,butbyourcomputers,phones,andtablets—allthedevicesthatconnectus

totheglobaldeliverysystemforvarioustypesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbe

causeourancestorslivedinacalorie-poorworld,andourbrainsdevelopedaresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflec

tedtheirvalue—afeelingofrewardandsatisfaction.Butaswe’vereshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingtheco

standeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhavethesamebrainswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthismismatchisattheheartofwhysomanyofuss

truggletoresisttemptingfoodsthatweknowweshouldn’teat.Asimilarprocessisatworkinourresponsetoinformation

.Ourformativeenvironmentasaspecieswasinformation-poor,soourbrainsdevelopedamechanismthatprizednewinformation.Butglobalconnectivityhasg

reatlychangedourinformationenvironment.Wearenowceaselesslybombarded(轰炸)withnewinformation.Therefore,justaswen

eedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloricconsumption,wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resisti

ngthetemptationofthemental“junkfood”inordertomanageourtimemosteffectively.12.Whatdidthechildrenneedtodotogetaseco

ndtreatinMischel’stest?A.Takeanexaminationalone.B.Showrespectfortheresearchers.C.Sharetheirtreatswithothers.D.Delayeatingfo

rfifteenminutes.13.Accordingtoparagraph3,thereisamismatchbetween___________.A.thecalorie-poorworldandourgoodappetitesB.theshortageofsu

garandournutritionalneedsC.therichfoodsupplyandourunchangedbrainsD.thetemptingfoodsandoureffortstokeepfit1

4.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdo?A.Absorbnewinformationreadily.B.Beselectiveinformationconsumers.C.Usediverseinformationsources.D.Protecttheinfo

rmationenvironment.15.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.EatLess,ReadMoreB.TheBitterTruthaboutEarlyHuma

nsC.TheLater,theBetterD.TheMarshmallowTestforGrownups【答案】12.D13.C14.B15.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试

，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,t

heywouldbegivenasecondtreat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励。)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段最

后一句“Butaswe’vereshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingthecostandeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhavet

hesamebrainswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthismismatchisattheheartofwhysomanyofusstruggletoresisttemptingf

oodsthatweknowweshouldn’teat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物

供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloricconsumption,wealsone

edtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptationofthemental“junkfood”inordertomanageourtimemosteffectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考

虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Asadultswefaceaversiono

fthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We’renottempted(诱惑)bysugarytreats,butbyourcomputers,phones,andtablets—allt

hedevicesthatconnectustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarioustypesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱

惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。故选D。2023年Pass

age1【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andth

entoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophica

lfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople’sdigitallivesincreasinglyintoler

able,beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggeste

dmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivities

forthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillp

rovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldraw

onanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnw

hatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookats

omeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate(培养)asustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimporta

nceofsolitude(独处)andthenecessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspendonmindless

deviceuse.Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youca

nviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticularcircumstances.8.Whatisthebo

okaimedat?A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems.D.Promotingt

heuseofadigitaldevice.9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Tak

e-over.10.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?A.Theoreticalmodels.B.Statisticalmethods.C.Practicalexamples.D.Historicalanalyses

.11.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?A.Usethemasneeded.B.Recommendthemtofriends.

C.Evaluatetheireffects.D.Identifytheideasbehindthem.【答案】8.B9.A10.C11.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。【8题详解】细节理

解题。根据文章第一段“Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthen

toteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.(这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知

，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。【9题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesfor

thirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemass

ivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.(这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画

线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。【10题详解】推理判断题。通过文章第四段“Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitalde

clutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.(在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自

己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。【11题详解】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Youcanviewthese

practicesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticularcircumstances.(你可

以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。Passage2【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】OnMarch7,

1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomof

crowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindepende

ntestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsare

n’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachot

herout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmore

technicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorre

latedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist

(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedto

haveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheest

imatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentin

dividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudentstheresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupme

mbersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Did,theyfollowthoseleastwillingtochan

getheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedt

ogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashave

limitationsandmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.12.Whatisparagra

ph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors

.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.13.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativ

elysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent14.Whatdidthefollow-upstu

dyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.1

5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.【答案】12.B13

.D14.C15.D【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。【12题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“Thiseffectcapitalize

sonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andcometounderestimate.Whenenoughofthesee

rrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrors

won’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,peopleserro

rsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互

抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消

就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisd

omofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdiv

idedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosef

romanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewass

ignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨

论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段的“Inafollow-

upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Did

theytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?(在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成

员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段内容

“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makinga

reenormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对

于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。Passage3【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayo

bject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.Theimageofthereaderappearsthroughouthistory,inartmadelongbefore

booksaswenowknowthemcameintobeing.Inartists’representationsofbooksandreading,weseemomentsofsharedhumanitythatgobey

ondcultureandtime.Inthis“bookofbooks,”artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcul

tures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations

.Adultsareportrayed(描绘)aloneinmanysettingsandposes—absorbedinavolume,deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredso

fyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.Booksthemselvesmaybeusedsymbolicallyinpaintingstodemonstratetheintellect(才智),wealthor

faithofthesubject.Beforethewideuseoftheprintingpress,booksweretreasuredobjectsandcouldbeworksofartintheirownright.Morer

ecently,asbookshavebecomeinexpensiveoreventhrowaway,artistshaveusedthemastherawmaterialforartworks—transformingcovers,pagesorevenco

mpletevolumesintopaintingsandsculptures.Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageout

dated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-pow

erede-reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmustbeactivatedbyauser:thecoveropened,thepagesparted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownor

wordsunderlined.Andincontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofaw

hollyprivate,“off-line”activity.8.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A.Anintroductiontoabook.B.Anessayonthe

artofwriting.C.Aguidebooktoamuseum.D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.9.Whataretheselectedartworksabout?A.Wealthandintellect.

B.Homeandschool.C.Booksandreading.D.Workandleisure.10.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“relateto”inparagraph2mean?A.Unde

rstand.B.Paint.C.Seize.D.Transform.11.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthee-reader?A.Theprintedbookisnottotallyo

utofdate.B.Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.C.Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.D.Peoplenowrarelyhave

thepatiencetoread.【答案】8.B9.C10.A11.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。【8题详解】推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“ReadingArt:ArtforBookLov

ersisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.(ReadingArt:ArtforBookLovers

这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“Beforethewideuseoftheprintingpress,booksweretreasuredob

jectsandcouldbeworksofartintheirownright.(在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。【9题详解】细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworksareselectedand

arrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadath

omeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.(艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书

籍和阅读的。故选C。【10题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildre

nlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.(艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间

关系的焦点)”以及“Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmoments(这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推

知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relateto”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。【11题详解】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“itremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader(它仍然

像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,“off-line”activity(印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书

籍并没有完全过时。故选A。Passage4【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbe

cominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelatively

wild.Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans,butanewstudyshowsthatwildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhuma

nwell-being.Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrittensummary

onlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions,coding(编码)experiencesintodifferentca

tegories.Forexample,oneparticipant’sexperienceof“Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile”wasassignedthecategories“sittingatbeach”and“listeni

ngtowaves.”Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerg

e.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife,walkingalongthee

dgeofwater,andfollowinganestablishedtrail.Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspe

oplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienc

eofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theyc

anenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak.“We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-nat

ureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,”saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.

12.Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?A.Pocketparksarenowpopular.B.Wildnatureishardtofindincities.

C.Manycitiesareoverpopulated.D.Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.13.Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsu

bmissionsintocategories?A.Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers.B.Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.C.Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark

.D.Tofindpatternsinthevisitors’summaries.14.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?A.Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccess

tonature.B.Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C.Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D.Thenaturelanguagee

nhancesworkperformance.15.WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?A.Languagestudy.B.Environmenta

lconservation.C.Publiceducation.D.Interculturalcommunication.【答案】12.B13.A14.C15.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一

项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段内容“Ascitiesballo

onwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoul

ive,butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕

见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段的“Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemto

submitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions,cod

ing(编码)experiencesintodifferentcategories.(他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同

的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelang

uage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.(在这

320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。故选A。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Namingeachnatureexperienc

ecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmean

ingfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweeke

ndhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalon

gafountainontheirlunchbreak.(命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业

人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一

个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段““

We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wea

lsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,”saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.(“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要

做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。Passage5【2023年全国乙卷】Whatcomesin

toyourmindwhenyouthinkofBritishfood?Probablyfishandchips,oraSundaydinnerofmeatandtwovegetables.ButisBritishfoodreallysouninteres

ting?EventhoughBritainhasareputationforless-than-impressivecuisine,itisproducingmoretopclasschefswhoappearfrequent

lyonourtelevisionscreensandwhoserecipebooksfrequentlytopthebestsellerlists.It’sthankstotheseTVchefsratherthananyadvertisingcampaignthatBritonsa

returningawayfrommeat-and-two-vegandready-mademealsandbecomingmoreadventurousintheircookinghabits.Itisrecentlyreportedtha

tthenumberofthosestickingtoatraditionaldietisslowlydecliningandaroundhalfofBritain’sconsumerswouldliketochangeorimprovetheircookinginsomeway.The

rehasbeenariseinthenumberofstudentsapplyingforfoodcoursesatUKuniversitiesandcolleges.ItseemsthatTVprogrammeshavehelpedcha

ngewhatpeoplethinkaboutcooking.Accordingtoanewstudyfrommarketanalysts,1in5Britonssaythatwatchingcookeryprogrammeso

nTVhasencouragedthemtotrydifferentfood.Almostonethirdsaytheynowuseawidervarietyofingredients(配料)thantheyusedto,andjustunder1in4saytheynowb

uybetterqualityingredientsthanbefore.OneinfouradultssaythatTVchefshavemadethemmuchmoreconfidentaboutex

pandingtheircookeryknowledgeandskills,andyoungpeoplearealsogettingmoreinterestedincooking.TheUK’sobsession(痴迷)withfoodisreflect

edthroughtelevisionscheduling.Cookeryshowsanddocumentariesaboutfoodarebroadcastmoreoftenthanbefore.Withanincreasingnumberofma

lechefsonTV,it’snolonger“uncool”forboystolikecooking.8.WhatdopeopleusuallythinkofBritishfood?A.Itissimpleandplain.B.Itisrichi

nnutrition.C.Itlacksauthentictastes.D.Itdeservesahighreputation.9.WhichbestdescribescookeryprogrammeonBritishTV?A.Authori

tative.B.Creative.C.Profitable.D.Influential.10.Whichisthepercentageofthepeopleusingmorediverseingredientsnow?A.20%.B.24%.C.25%.D.33%

.11.Whatmighttheauthorcontinuetalkingabout?A.Theartofcookinginothercountries.B.MalechefsonTVprogrammes

.C.TablemannersintheUK.D.Studiesofbigeaters.【答案】8.A9.D10.D11.B【解析】【导语】本篇是一篇说明文，介绍英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试

新的烹饪习惯。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段的“WhatcomesintoyourmindwhenyouthinkofBritishfood?Probablyfishandchips,oraSundaydinnerofmeatandtwovegetables.Butis

Britishfoodreallysouninteresting?”（当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条

和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物平平无奇。故选A项。【9题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’sthankstotheseTVchefsratherthananyadvertisingcampaignthatBritonsar

eturningawayfrommeat-and-two-vegandready-mademealsandbecomingmoreadventurousintheircookinghabits.”（正是由

于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食餐，而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“ItseemsthatTVprogrammeshavehelpedchangewhatpeoplethinkaboutcooking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看

法。）可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影响力。故选D项。【10题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almostonethirdsa

ytheynowuseawidervarietyofingredients(配料)thantheyusedto,andjustunder1in4saytheynowbuybetterqualitying

redientsthanbefore.”（几乎三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好。）可知，三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D项。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“W

ithanincreasingnumberofmalechefsonTV,it’snolonger“uncool”forboystolikecooking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文

章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选B项。Passage6【2023年全国甲卷】Grizzlybears,whichmaygrowtoabout2.5mlongandweighover400kg,occupyac

onflictedcorneroftheAmericanpsyche—werevere(敬畏)themevenastheygiveusfrighteningdreams.Askthetouristsfromaroundtheworl

dthatfloodintoYellowstoneNationalParkwhattheymosthopetosee,andtheiranswerisoftenthesame:agrizzlybear.“Grizzlybearsarere-occupyinglargear

easoftheirformerrange,”saysbearbiologistChrisServheen.Asgrizzlybearsexpandtheirrangeintoplaceswheretheyhaven’tbeenseeni

nacenturyormore,they’reincreasinglybeingsightedbyhumans.ThewesternhalfoftheU.S.wasfullofgrizzlieswhenEuropeans

came,witharoughnumberof50,000ormorelivingalongsideNativeAmericans.Bytheearly1970s,aftercenturiesofcruelandcon

tinuoushuntingbysettlers,600to800grizzliesremainedonamere2percentoftheirformerrangeintheNorthernRockies.In1975,grizzlieswereliste

dundertheEndangeredSpeciesAct.Today,thereareabout2,000ormoregrizzlybearsintheU.S.TheirrecoveryhasbeensosuccessfulthattheU.S.F

ishandWildlifeServicehastwiceattemptedtode-listgrizzlies,whichwouldloosenlegalprotectionsandallowthemtobehunted.Bot

heffortswereoverturnedduetolawsuitsfromconservationgroups.Fornow,grizzliesremainlisted.Obviously,ifprecautions(预防)aren’ttaken,grizzliescanbecometr

oublesome,sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfro

mtheiryardsandcampsites,grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhou

sesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.“Ourhopeistohaveaclean,attractant-freep

lacewherebearscanpassthroughwithoutlearningbadhabits,”saysJamesJonkel,longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.32.Howd

oAmericanslookatgrizzlies?A.Theycausemixedfeelingsinpeople.B.Theyshouldbekeptinnationalparks.C.Theyareofhig

hscientificvalue.D.TheyareasymbolofAmericanculture.33.Whathashelpedtheincreaseofthegrizzlypopulation

?ATheEuropeansettlers’behavior.B.Theexpansionofbears’range.C.Theprotectionbylawsince1975.D.ThesupportofNativeAmericans.34.Whathas

stoppedtheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicefromde-listinggrizzlies?A.Theoppositionofconservationgroups.B.Thesuccessfulcomebacko

fgrizzlies.C.Thevoiceofthebiologists.D.Thelocalfarmers’advocates.35.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Foodshouldbeprovidedforgrizzlies.B.People

canliveinharmonywithgrizzlies.C.Aspecialpathshouldbebuiltforgrizzlies..D.Technologycanbeintroducedtoprotectgrizzlies.【答案】12.A13.C14.A15.B【解析】【导

语】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzlybears,whichmaygrowtoabout2.5mlongandweigh

over400kg,occupyaconflictedcorneroftheAmericanpsyche-wereverethemevenastheygiveusfrighteningdreams.(灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400

公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In1975,grizzlieswerelistedundertheEndang

eredSpeciesAct.(1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Today,thereareabout2,000ormoregrizzlybearsintheU.S.Theirrecoveryhasbe

ensosuccessfulthattheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicehastwiceattemptedtodelistgrizzlies,whichwouldloosenlegalprotectionsandall

owthemtobehunted.(如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1

975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C项。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today,thereareabout2,000ormoregrizzlybearsintheU.S.TheirrecoveryhasbeensosuccessfulthattheU.S.Fishan

dWildlifeServicehastwiceattemptedtodelistgrizzlies,whichwouldloosenlegalprotectionsandallowthemtobehunted.Botheffortsw

ereoverturnedduetolawsuitsfromconservationgroups.Fornow,grizzliesremainlisted.(如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物

管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A项。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“

Obviously,ifprecautionsaren’ttaken,grizzliescanbecometroublesome,sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearc

hoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryardsandcampsites,grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Pu

ttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhousesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.“Ourhopeistohaveaclean,attractant-freep

lacewherebearscanpassthroughwithoutlearningbadhabits,“saysJamesJonkel,longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.(

显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有

效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故

选B项。Passage7【2023年北京卷】Inrecentyears,researchersfromdiversefieldshaveagreedthatshort-termismisnowasignificantprobl

eminindustrialisedsocieties.Theinabilitytoengagewithlonger-termcausesandconsequencesleadstosomeoftheworld’smostseriousproblems:climate

change,biodiversitycollapse,andmore.ThehistorianFrancisColearguesthattheWesthasenteredaperiodwhere“onlythepresent

exists,apresentcharacterisedatoncebythecrueltyoftheinstantandbytheboredomofanunendingnow”.Ithasbeenprovedthatpeoplehaveabias(偏向)towardsthepresent,f

ocusingonloudattractionsinthemomentattheexpenseofthehealth,well-beingandfinancialstabilityoftheirfutureselvesorcommunity.Inbusiness,thisbiassur

facesasshort-sighteddecisions.Andonslow-burningproblemslikeclimatechange,ittranslatesintotheunwillingnesstomakesmallsacrific

es(牺牲)todaythatcouldmakeamajordifferencetomorrow.Instead,allthatmattersisnextquarter’sprofit,orsatis

fyingsomeothernear-termdesires.Thesebiasedperspectivescannotbeblamedononesinglecause.Itisfairtosay,though,thatourpsyc

hologicalbiasesplayamajorrole.People’shesitancytodelaysatisfactionisthemostobviousexample,butthereareothers.Oneofthemisabouth

owthemostaccessibleinformationinthepresentaffectsdecisionsaboutthefuture.Forinstance,youmighthearsomeonesay:“It’scoldthi

swinter,soIneedn’tworryaboutglobalwarming.”Anotheristhatloudandurgentmattersaregiventoomuchimportance,makingpeopleignorelo

nger-termtrendsthatarguablymattermore.Thisiswhenapopstardrawsfarmoreattentionthan,say,gradualbiodiversity

decline.Asapsychologistoncejoked,ifaliens(外星人)wantedtoweakenhumanity,theywouldn’tsendships;theywouldinventc

limatechange.Indeed,whenitcomestoenvironmentaltransformations,wecandevelopaformofcollective“poormemory”,andeachnewgenerationcanbelievethestateo

faffairstheyencounterisnothingoutoftheordinary.Olderpeopletoday,forexample,canrememberatimewithinsect-coveredcarwindscreensafterlongdrives.Chi

ldren,ontheotherhand,havenoideathatinsectpopulationhasdroppeddramatically.28.TheauthorquotesFrancisColemainlyto________.A.drawac

omparisonB.introduceatopicC.evaluateastatementD.highlightaproblem29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

A.Climatechangehasbeenforgotten.B.Lessonsofhistoryarehighlyvalued.C.Thehumanmindisbadatnotingslowchange.D.Humansareunwillingtoa

dmittheirshortcomings.30.Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?A.Far-sightedthinkingmatterstohumans.B.Humanstendtomakelong-ter

msacrifices.C.Currentpoliciesfacilitatefuturedecision-making.D.Biastowardsthepresenthelpsreducenear-termdesires.【答案】28.D29.C30.A【解析】【导语

】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。【28题详解】推理判断题。第一段首句“In

recentyears,researchersfromdiversefieldshaveagreedthatshort-termismisnowasignificantprobleminindustrialisedsocieties.

(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“ThehistorianFrancisColearguesthattheWesthasenteredaperiodwhere“onl

ythepresentexists,apresentcharacterisedatoncebythecrueltyoftheinstantandbytheboredomofanunendingnow”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（FrancisCole）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在

的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家FrancisCole的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用FrancisCol的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中

“Asapsychologistoncejoked,ifaliens(外星人)wantedtoweakenhumanity,theywouldn’tsendships;theywouldinventclimatech

ange.Indeed,whenitcomestoenvironmentaltransformations,wecandevelopaformofcollective“poormemory”,andeachnewgenerationcanbelieve

thestateofaffairstheyencounterisnothingoutoftheordinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，

每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推

知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。【30题详解】推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Inrecentyears,researchersfromdiversefieldshaveagreedthatshort-termismisnowasignificantpro

bleminindustrialisedsocieties.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“Ithasbeenprovedt

hatpeoplehaveabias(偏向)towardsthepresent,focusingonloudattractionsinthemomentattheexpenseofthehealth,well-beingandfinancialstabilityoftheirfuturesel

vesorcommunity.Inbusiness,thisbiassurfacesasshort-sighteddecisions.Andonslow-burningproblemslikeclimatechange,ittranslatesinto

theunwillingnesstomakesmallsacrifices(牺牲)todaythatcouldmakeamajordifferencetomorrow.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，

而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉

我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。Passage8【2023年北京卷】Whatislife?Likemostgreatquestionsthisoneiseasytoaskbutdifficulttoanswer.Thereasonissimple:weknowofjustone

typeoflifeandit’schallengingtodosciencewithasamplesizeofone.Thefieldofartificiallife-calledALifeforshort—isthesystematicattempttospelloutlife’s

fundamentalprinciples.Manyofthesepractitioners,so-calledALifers,thinkthatsomehowmakinglifeisthesurestwaytoreallyunderstandwhatlifeis.Sofarnooneh

asconvincinglymadeartificiallife.ThistrackrecordmakesALifearipetargetforcriticism,suchasdeclarationsofthefield’sdoubtfulscientificvalue.Al

anSmith,acomplexityscientist,istiredofsuchcomplaints.,Askingabout“thepoint”ofALifemightbe,well,missingthepo

intentirely,hesays.“Theexistenceofalivingsystemisnotabouttheuseofanything.”Alansays.“Somepeopleaskme,‘Sowhat’stheworthofartificiallife?’Doyoueve

rthink,‘Whatistheworthofyourgrandmother?’”AsmuchasmanyALifershateemphasizingtheirresearch’sapplications,theattemptstocreateartificiallifeco

uldhavepracticalpayoffs.ArtificialintelligencemaybeconsideredALife’scousininthatresearchersinbothfieldsareenamoredbyaconceptcal

ledopen-endedevolution(演化).Thisisthecapacityforasystemtocreateessentiallyendlesscomplexity,tobeasortof“noveltygenerator”.Theonlysystemknownt

oexhibitthisisEarth’sbiosphere.IfthefieldofALifemanagestoreproducelife’sendless“creativity”insomevirtualmodel,those

sameprinciplescouldgiverisetotrulyinventivemachines.ComparedwiththedevelopmentsofAl,advancesinALifearehardertorecognize.Onereaso

nisthatALifeisafieldinwhichthecentralconcept—lifeitself—isundefined.ThelackofagreementamongALifersdoesn’thelpeither.Theresultis

adiverselineofprojectsthateachadvancealongtheiruniquepaths.Forbetterorworse,ALifemirrorstheverysubjectitstudies.Itsmuddled(混

乱的)progressionisastrikingparallel(平行线)totheevolutionarystrugglesthathaveshapedEarthbiosphere.Undefinedanduncontrolled,ALifedrives

itsfollowerstorepurposeoldideasandgeneratednovelty.Itmaybe,ofcourse,thatthesecharacteristicsaren’tinanywaysur

prisingorsingular.Theymayapplyuniversallytoallactsofevolution.UltimatelyALifemaybenothingspecial.Buteventhisdismissalsuggestssomething：perh

aps,justlikelifeitselfthroughouttheuniverse,theriseofALifewillproveunavoidable.31.RegardingAlanSmith’sdefenceofA

Life,theauthoris.A.supportiveB.puzzledC.unconcernedD.doubtful32.Whatdoestheword“enamored”underlinedinParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.Shocked.B.Prote

cted.C.Attracted.D.Challenged.33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.ALifeholdsthekeytohumanfuture.B.ALifeandAIshare

acommonfeature.C.AImirrorsthedevelopmentsofALife.D.AIspeedsuptheprocessofhumanevolution.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.LifeI

sUndefined.CanAIBeaWayOut?B.LifeEvolves.CanAIHelpALifeEvolve,Too?C.LifeIsUndefined.CanALifeBeDefinedOneDay?D.LifeEv

olves.CanAttemptstoCreateALifeEvolve,Too?【答案】31.A32.C33.B34.D【解析】【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。【31题

详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“AsmuchasmanyALifershateemphasizingtheirresearch’sapplications,theattemptstocreateartificiallifecouldhavepracticalpay

offs.(尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“Sofarnoonehasconvincinglymad

eartificiallife.ThistrackrecordmakesALifearipetargetforcriticism,suchasdeclarationsofthefield’sdoubtfulscien

tificvalue.AlanSmith,acomplexityscientist,istiredofsuchcomplaints.Askingabout“thepoint”ofALifemightbe,well,missingthepointentirely,hesays.“Theexiste

nceofalivingsystemisnotabouttheuseofanything.”Alansays.“Somepeopleaskme,‘Sowhat’stheworthofartificiallife?’Doyoueverthink,‘Whatistheworthofyo

urgrandmother?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问

ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（

认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了AlanSmith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于AlanSmith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。【32题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artif

icialintelligencemaybeconsideredALife’scousininthatresearchersinbothfieldsareenamoredbyaconceptcalledopen-endedevolution(演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife

的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamored)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所

吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。【33题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“ArtificialintelligencemaybeconsideredALife’scousininthatresearchersinbothfieldsareenamored

byaconceptcalledopen-endedevolution(演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。34题详

解】主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Theymayapplyuniversallytoallactsofevolution.UltimatelyALifemaybenothingspecial.Buteventhisdi

smissalsuggestssomething:perhaps,justlikelifeitselfthroughouttheuniverse,theriseofALifewillproveunavoidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife

可能没有什么特别的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝试也能进

化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。Passage9【2023年浙江1月卷】AccordingtotheSolarEnergyIndustryAssociation,thenumberofsolarpanelsinstalled(安装)hasgrownrapidlyinthepa

stdecade,andithastogrowevenfastertomeetclimategoals.Butallofthatgrowthwilltakeupalotofspace,andthoughmoreandmorepeopleacceptthecon

ceptofsolarenergy,fewlikelargesolarpanelstobeinstallednearthem.Solardeveloperswanttoputuppanelsasquicklyandcheaplyas

possible,sotheyhaven’tgivenmuchthoughttowhattheyputunderthem.Often,they’llendupfillingtheareawithsmallstonesandusingchemica

lstocontrolweeds.Theresultisthatmanycommunities,especiallyinfarmingregions,seesolarfarmsasdestroyersofthesoil

.“Solarprojectsneedtobegoodneighbors,”saysJordanMacknick,theheadoftheInnovativeSitePreparationandImpactRe

ductionsontheEnvironment(InSPIRE)project.“Theyneedtobeprotectorsofthelandandcontributetotheagriculturaleconomy.”InSPIREisinvestigatingpracticalapproa

chesto“low-impact”solardevelopment,whichfocusesonestablishingandoperatingsolarfarmsinawaythatiskinde

rtotheland.Oneoftheeasiestlow-impactsolarstrategiesisprovidinghabitatforpollinators(传粉昆虫).Habitatloss,pesticide

use,andclimatechangehavecauseddramaticdeclinesinpollinatorpopulationsoverthepastcoupleofdecades,whichhasdamagedtheU.S.agriculturaleco

nomy.Over28stateshavepassedlawsrelatedtopollinatorhabitatprotectionandpesticideuse.Conservationorganizat

ionsputoutpollinator-friendlinessguidelinesforhomegardens,businesses,schools,cities—andnowthereareguidelinesforso

larfarms.Overthepastfewyears,manysolarfarmdevelopershavetransformedthespaceundertheirsolarpanelsintoashelterforvariousk

indsofpollinators,resultinginsoilimprovementandcarbonreduction.“Thesepollinator-friendlysolarfarmscanhavea

valuableimpactoneverythingthat’sgoingoninthelandscape,”saysMacknick.【32．Whatdosolardevelopersoftenignore?A．Thedeclineinthedemand

forsolarenergy.B．Thenegativeimpactofinstallingsolarpanels.C．Therisinglaborcostofbuildingsolarfarms.D．T

hemostrecentadvancesinsolartechnology.33．WhatdoesInSPIREaimtodo?A．Improvetheproductivityoflocalfarms.B．Inventnewmeth

odsforcontrollingweeds.C．Makesolarprojectsenvironmentallyfriendly.D．Promotetheuseofsolarenergyinruralareas

.34．Whatisthepurposeofthelawsmentionedinparagraph4?A．Toconservepollinators.B．Torestrictsolardevelopme

nt.C．Todiversifytheeconomy.D．Toensurethesupplyofenergy.35．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．Pollinators:ToLe

aveortoStayB．SolarEnergy:HopefortheFutureC．InSPIRE:ALeaderinAgricultureD．SolarFarms:ANewDevelopment【答案】32．B33．C34．A35．D【导语】本文是

一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。32．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often,they’llendupfillingtheareawithsmalls

tonesandusingchemicalstocontrolweeds.Theresultisthatmanycommunities,especiallyinfarmingregions,seesolarfarmsasdestroyer

softhesoil.(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质来控制杂草。结果是，许多社区，特别是在农业地区，将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保的方式处理太阳能板安装后产生的问题，导致人们把太阳能农场看作

是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开发者在安装太阳能板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故选B项。33．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIREisinvestigatingpracticalapproachesto“low-impact”solardevelopment,whichf

ocusesonestablishingandoperatingsolarfarmsinawaythatiskindertotheland.(InSPIRE正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土

地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。)”可知，InSPIRE采用有好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选C项。34．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over28stateshavepassedlaw

srelatedtopollinatorhabitatprotectionandpesticideuse.(超过28个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A项。35．主

旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Overthepastfewyears,manysolarfarmdevelopershavetransformedthespaceundertheirsolarpanelsintoashelterforvariouskindsofpollinators,r

esultinginsoilimprovementandcarbonreduction.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更

重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。Passage102022年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】Likemostofus,Itrytobemindful

offoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.T

henfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenw

orse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopl

eayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectly

goodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoo

dthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwaste

wereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepita

ssimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawb

erriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecovered

morethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhave

rottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobviousyetsooftenwejustd

on’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklys

hoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.4.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepayl

ittleattentiontofoodwaste.B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D.Wehaveg

oodreasonsforwastingfood.5.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.Moraldecline.B.Environmentalharm.C.Ener

gyshortage.D.Worldwidestarvation.6.WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment.B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.

C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.7.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded.B.Reducefoodconsumption.C

Goshoppingonceaweek.D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.【答案】4.B5.B6.D7.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决

食物浪费而采取的努力。【4题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But

asdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;couldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索

地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。【5题详解】,.细节理解题。根据第三段“Producingfoodthatnoone

eatswastesthewater,fuel,andother,resourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Royt

ewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用

于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。【6题详解】细节

理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington.D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmor

ethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)produce,thatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfiel

ds.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，

收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。【7题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwa

ste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”

Curtinsays.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A。Passage2C【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】Theelde

rlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreducelonel

inessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing,Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomesha

vereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Sh

esaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywh

eelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthereagainatnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheir

childrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomething

useful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengive

nfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreall

ywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeopleher

e.”LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconne

ctourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”8.Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?A.Toensureharmonyincarehomes.B.Toprovidepart-timejobsforth

eaged.C.Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch.D.Topromotetheelderlypeople’swelfare.9.HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?A.Shehaslearnedn

ewlifeskills.B.Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.C.Shehasrecoveredhermemory.D.Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.10.Whatdotheunderlinedw

ords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A.Improve.B.Oppose.C.Begin.D.Evaluate.11.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Itiswellreceived.

B.Itneedstobemorecreative.C.Itishighlyprofitable.D.Ittakesagestoseetheresults.【答案】8.D9.B10.C11.A【解析】

【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。【8题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreducelonelinessan

dimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing(该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。【9题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It

’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthe

m.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”(有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民

们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，RuthXavier通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。【10题详解】词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaofthe

projectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.(居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这

里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“oneofthefirst(第一批人之一)”可知WendyWilson是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin(开始)”含义相近。故选C。【11题详解】推理判断

题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebe

nefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.(居民们非常欢迎该项目想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathway

s,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”(“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说:我们很

高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故选A。Passage3【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a

”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-related

changesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,theschola

rCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiest

hatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwh

ythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingit的hardtopr

oducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsou

nds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbeca

meeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfi

rmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears

.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeech

soundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.”Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearance

ofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandcultura

levolution,“saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.12.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariet

y.B.Itsdistribution.C.Itsquantity.D.Itsdevelopment.13.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowert

eeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.DTheirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.14.Wh

atisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfinding

s.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.15.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthes

etofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D.Itdriv

estheevolutionofhumanbeings.【答案】12.D13.C14.A15.C.【解析】【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。【12题详解】细节理解题。根

据文章第一段中的“Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and"v",werem

orecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundho

wandwhythistrendarose.（30多年前，学者CharlesHockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damia

nBlasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知DamianBlasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Theydiscoveredthattheupp

erandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned，makingithardtoproducelabiodentals，whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,o

urjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了

覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。【14题详解】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthatther

ewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesafterthesoNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thes

esoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音

在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesinceth

eappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandcu

lturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.（研究小组成员StevenMoran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知

，StevenMoran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。Passage4【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservice

campaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appears

tobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,w

hichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechief

oftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted（分心）drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately.""Bigcha

ngerequiresbigideas."hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbeh

avior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYo

rkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:Anofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephoneso

fthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailed

ordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangep

eople'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillb

ecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."8.Whichofthefollowingbes

tdescribesthebanondrivers'textingintheUS?A.Ineffective.B.Unnecessary.C.Inconsistent.D.Unfair.9.Whatcanthe

Textalyzerhelpapoliceofficerfindout?A.Whereadrivercamefrom.B.Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.C.Howfastadriverwasgoing.D.Whenadriverarrivedatthes

cene.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Advice.B.Data.C.Tests.D.Laws.1

1.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB.TextingandDriving?WatchOut

fortheTextalyzerC.NewYorkBanningHand-HeldDevicesbyDrivers.D.TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer-【答案】8.A9.B10.D1

1.B【解析】【导语】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。【8题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中“Ov

erthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdownthei

rphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettin

gworse.”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此

相符。故选A。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewY

ork'shands-freedrivinglaws.”（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允

许的行为。B选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。10题详解】词义猜测题。根据句中的“Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior.”（我

们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirh

andsonthecellphone.”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的

时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。【【11题详解】主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三

段中“Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore.”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想

法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。故B选项TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzer（发短信还是在开车？

防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。Passage5【2022年全国乙卷】Canasmallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,he

lprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”t

echnologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesare

alreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuc

hasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityan

don-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.T

hatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonesp

endapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrast

ructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescou

ldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems

.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbe

movingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldgui

deitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldb

eabletoreactintime.8.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A.Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlin

es.B.Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C.Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D.Drones’reliableperformanceinremoteareas.9.Whatdoes“main

tenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.Personnelsafety.B.Assistancefromdrones.C.Inspectionandrepair.D.Constructionofinfrastructure.10.Whatfunctionis

expectedoftheraildrones?AToprovideearlywarning.B.Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.C.Toearnprofitsforthecrews.D.Toacceleratetr

ansportation.11.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A.WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB.HowProductionofDro

nesCanBeExpandedC.WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceDHowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways【答案】8.A9.C10

.A11.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Dronesarealreadybeinguse

dtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinf

rastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路

和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可知使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。【9题详解】词义猜测题。根据后文“ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billio

neurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfra

structure.(据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspectandrepair

therailinfrastructure（检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionof..railwaype

rsonnelsafety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词和C项：Inspectionandrepair(检修)含义相近。故选C。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“detectingfaultsinther

ailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.可知，无人机在铁路出现任何安全问题之前

可以检测其故障，提前预警，以便高速行驶的火车能及时做出反应。。故选A。【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Canasmallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,

helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatt

hemillionsofkilometersofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路

运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地

保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。Passage6D【202

2年全国乙卷】TheGovernment'ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirstpredicteditwouldgenerate,thefirs

tofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintro

ducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity（肥胖）.Itisbelievedthattoday'schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar,puttingthema

tahigherriskofthedisease.Initiallythesugartaxwasexpectedtomake£520mayearfortheTreasury.However,dataofthef

irstsixmonthsshoweditwouldmakelessthanhalfthisamount.Atpresentitisexpectedtogenerate£240mfortheyearendi

nginApril2019,whichwillgotoschoolsports.Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers（制造商）

sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers'effortstoavoidthecharge,accordingtoTreasuryfigures.

SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimpo

rt,dependingonthesugarcontent.However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsett

ingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingf

ewerthan1mlitresperyear.Today'sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesuga

rtaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities（设施）andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerat

iontohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindustryisplayingitspart.12.Whywasthesugartaxintrod

uced?A.Tocollectmoneyforschools.B.Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.C.Toprotectchildren’shealth.D.Toencour

ageresearchineducation.13.Howdidsomedrinkscompaniesrespondtothesugartax?A.Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets

.B.Theyraisedthepricesoftheirproducts.C.Theycutdownontheirproduction.D.Theyreducedtheirproducts’sugarcontent.14.Fro

mwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?A.Mostalcoholicdrinks.B.Milk-baseddrinks.C.Fruitjuices.D.ClassicCoke.15.

Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?A.Itisashort-sighteddecision.B.Itisasuccessstory.C.Itbenefitsmanufacturers.D.Itupsetscu

stomers.【答案】12.C13.D14.D15.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Firstannounced

inApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity.（该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖

超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。）”可知，征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖。故选C项。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarl

evelscutbymanufacturerssotheycanavoidpayingthetax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税。）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产

品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofup

settingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresp

eryear.（然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的。）”可知，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段

中“Today’sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsf

orsportsfacilitiesandhealthiereatinginschools.（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政

策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。Passage7【2022年全国乙卷】Canasmallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoper

atorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionso

fkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingused

toexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastru

cturesuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon

-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecost

sandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance

,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassist

ingthecrews’efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfau

ltsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingover

head.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogram

medtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theyco

uldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.8.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillines

possible?A.Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.B.Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C.Thereductiono

fcostindesigningdrones.D.Drones’reliableperformanceinremoteareas.9.Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.Personnelsaf

ety.B.Assistancefromdrones.C.Inspectionandrepair.D.Constructionofinfrastructure.10.Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?AToprovideea

rlywarning.B.Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.C.Toearnprofitsforthecrews.D.Toacceleratetransportation.11.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A.Wh

atFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB.HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC.WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceDHowDronesWillChangetheFut

ureofRailways【答案】8.A9.C10.A11.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。【8题详解】细节

理解题。根据文章第二段“Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspec

trailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.(无

人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样..的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可知使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。【9题详解】词义猜测题。根据后文“Itiscal

culatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,t

oinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.(据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintena

nce上的费用是用于“inspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure（检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecost

sandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词和C项：Inspectionandrepair(检修)含义相近。故选C。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“detect

ingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletorea

ctintime.可知，无人机在铁路出现任何安全问题之前可以检测其故障，提前预警，以便高速行驶的火车能及时做出反应。。故选A。【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Canasmallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyand

reliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutu

reofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometersofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona2

4/7basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使

用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项

“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。Passage8D【2022年全国乙卷】TheGovernment'ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasm

uchmoneyasMinistersfirstpredicteditwouldgenerate,thefirstofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinksco

ntainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity（肥胖）.Itisbelievedthattoday'schildrena

ndteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar,puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Initi

allythesugartaxwasexpectedtomake£520mayearfortheTreasury.However,dataofthefirstsixmonthsshoweditwouldmakelessthanhalfthisamount.Atpre

sentitisexpectedtogenerate£240mfortheyearendinginApril2019,whichwillgotoschoolsports.Itcomesaftermor

ethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers（制造商）sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.

Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers'effortstoavoidthecharge,accordingtoTreasuryf

igures.SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceor

import,dependingonthesugarcontent.However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsetti

ngconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlit

resperyear.Today'sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpound

sforsportsfacilities（设施）andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindus

tryisplayingitspart.12.Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?A.Tocollectmoneyforschools.B.Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.C.Toprotectchildren’shealth.D.Toencou

rageresearchineducation.13.Howdidsomedrinkscompaniesrespondtothesugartax?A.Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets.B.Theyraisedthepricesoftheirproducts

.C.Theycutdownontheirproduction.D.Theyreducedtheirproducts’sugarcontent.14.Fromwhichofthefollowingis

thesugartaxcollected?A.Mostalcoholicdrinks.B.Milk-baseddrinks.C.Fruitjuices.D.ClassicCoke.15.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthead

optionofthesugartaxpolicy?A.Itisashort-sighteddecision.B.Itisasuccessstory.C.Itbenefitsmanufacturers.D

.Itupsetscustomers.【答案】12.C13.D14.D15.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。【12题

详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasint

roducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity.（该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。）”可知，征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖。故选C项。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段

中的“Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturerssotheycanavoidpayingthetax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的

超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税。）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedt

hesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksar

efreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.（然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料

是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的。）”可知，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Today’sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,sh

owthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilitiesandhealthiereati

nginschools.（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。Passage9【2022年全国甲卷】Goffin’scockatoos,a

kindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo

-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarec

entexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageom

etricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutt

henut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamew

ithlesssymmetrical(对称的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbef

oreitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherightto

olforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGof

fin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenex

tstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(线索),oral

souseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.4.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?A.Byfollowinginstructions.

B.Byusingatool.C.Byturningtheboxaround.D.Byremovingthelid.5.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycomplet

eaccordingtothetext?A.Usingakeytounlockadoor.B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole.D.Groupingtoysofdifferentsha

pes.6.Whatdoesthefollow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?A.Howfartheyareabletosee.B.Howtheytrackmovingobj

ects.C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys.D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.7.Whichcanbeasuitableti

tleforthetext?A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckersB.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-ReadersD.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters【答案】4

.B5.C6.D7.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。【4题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulatt

oolusewhilekeptinthecage.(虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具)”以及“thebirdsweregivenfivediffe

rentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Inserting,thecorrect“keys”wouldletoutthenut.(研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果

的。故选B。【5题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage(在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品

放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。【6题详解】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosre

lyentirelyonvisualclues,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.(根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目

的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。【7题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,ha

vebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.(科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos:Ski

lfulShape-Sorters(凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。Passage10C【2022年全国甲卷】AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedb

yagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鹅)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGi

nniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(职业)asaprofessionaldanc

er,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurtherWhensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewth

enest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingwo

rkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffT

ierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“Ijustdecidedwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfi

ndthereandIwasn’tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwit

h48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewa

samazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomepreh

istoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthis

isapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.8.Whichofthefollowingbestexplain

s“taketheplunge”underlinedinparagraph2?A.Trychallengingthings.B.Takeadegree.C.Bringbacklostmemories.D.Sticktoapromise.9.Whatmade

GinnidecideonthetriptoAntarctica?A.Lovelypenguins.B.Beautifulscenery.C.Adiscountfare.D.Afriend’sinvitation.10.WhatdoesGinnithinkaboutAntarct

icaafterthejourney?A.Itcouldbeahomeforher.B.Itshouldbeeasilyaccessible.C.Itshouldbewellpreserved.D.Itneedstobeful

lyintroduced.11Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Achildhooddream.B.Anunforgettableexperience.C.Sailingaroundtheworld.D.Meetin

ganimalsinAntarctica.【答案】8.A9.C10.C11.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了71岁的GinniBalinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开

始了前往南极洲的旅程。【8题详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前文“Throughouthercareer(职业)asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplo

refurther.(在她的职业舞蹈演员生涯中，她曾在英国巡演，但一直渴望进一步探索)”和“Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,(当她不再跳舞，她的儿子们最终独立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和儿子们成家立业之后，

她决定尝试有挑战性的事情。由此推知，划线词组take.theplunge与trychallengingthings“尝试有挑战性的事情”意思接近。故选A。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“AnditwasinChileshediscovere

dshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTieradelFuego.(正是在智利，她发现自己可以在最后一刻买到从火地岛附近岛屿前往南极洲的廉

价船只)”可知，是一张折扣票价让Ginni决定去南极洲旅行的。故选C。【10题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathith

ometoGinni.(意识到这是一块宝贵的土地，应该受到人类的尊重，这是Ginni最深刻的感受之一。)”可知，旅行结束后，Ginni认为南极洲应该得到很好的保护。故选C。【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Eversinceherchildho

od,Ginni,now71hashadadeeplovefortravel.(今年71岁的吉妮从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了71岁的GinniBalinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，

渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。由此可知，Achildhooddream.(童年的梦想)能够概括文章主旨。故选A。Passage11【2022年北京卷】“Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunge

r?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andle

arninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetou

ttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessenti

alinmeetingglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconside

ringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsintersect(交叉)withhumanhealth,th

eenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethingstohapp

en.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andthird,theyne

edtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutrition.InthelatestUNreport

onglobalfoodsecurity,thenumberofundernourished(营养不良)peopleintheworldhasbeenrising,despitegreatadvancesinnutritionscience.Trackingof1

50biochemicalsinfoodhasbeenimportantinrevealingtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fatandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningand

artificialintelligence,somescientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicals—andthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsth

atwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidenti

fymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionth

ateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpower.Butassomeresearchersfind,thefoodsystemisnotanequalone.Agoodwaytoredress(修正)suchpowerimbal

anceisformoreuniversitiestodowhatCrystaldidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Moreresearchers,policym

akersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandadoptasystemsapproach.Crystalkne

wthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.28.TheauthorusesthequestionunderlinedinPar

agraph1to________.A.illustrateanargumentB.highlightanopinionC.introducethetopicD.predicttheending29.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefieldof

nutrition?A.Thefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinkinghasn’tbeenachieved.B.Therelationshipsamongplayershavebeenclarified.C.Machinelearningcansolvethenutri

tionproblem.D.Theimpactofnutritioncannotbequantified.30.Asforsystemsthinking,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Itmaybeusedtojustifypowerimbalance.B.

Itcanbeappliedtotacklechallenges.C.Ithelpstoprovewhyhungerexists.D.Itgoesbeyondhumanimagination.【答案】

28.C29.A30.B【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。28.【解析】推理判断题。由文章第一段““Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saqu

estionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpart

ofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscien

tists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowse

enasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.(“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见

的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应

对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。29.【解析】细节理解题。由文章第三段“Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoi

dentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。30.【解析】推

理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassyst

emsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。Pa

ssage12【2022年浙江卷6月】Allaroundtheworld,therearesmallchangestakingplace.Atthesideofroads,behindschoolplaygr

oundsandonallkindsofunlovedpiecesoflandacrosstownsandcities,tinyforestsbarelythesizeoftenniscourtsareappeari

ng,makingagreatplaceforbothwildlifeandlocalpeoplewhomaynotnormallyhaveeasyaccesstonature.ThisistheTinyForestmovement,

whichaimstoprovethatthebestthingsinlifereallydocomeinsmallpackages.Tinyforestswerefirstpioneeredasaconceptinthe1970sbyDrMiyawaki,

aJapanesebotanist.Ashewentontosharehisconceptwithothers,theideasoontookoffinIndiaandothercountriesbeforeeventuallyreachingEurop

e,whereitbecamepopularinplaceslikeFrance,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.Sohowdoesitwork?LouiseHartley,whoisleadingtheTinyForestprojectin

theUK,explainsthattheprocessbeginsbyidentifyingareasinwhichatinyforestcouldhavethebiggestinfluence.“Wefocusonurbanareaswher

eaccesstonatureisoftennotthateasy”,saysHartley.“Weseeitasachancetotrytobreakthegrowingdisconnectbetweenpeopleandnature.”InaTiny

Forest,theremustbeaminimumof600trees,andthetreesareplantedmuchclosertogetherandwithoutchemicalsorfertilisers(

肥料).Thereareusuallyaround30differentkindsofall-nativetreespecies(物种).Thisvariety,coupledwiththefactthattiny

forestsgrowuptotentimesfasterthanstandardforests,meanstheyattractarichabundanceofwildlife.It’salsothoughtthatth

eseplacescouldhelpreducetheriskofflooding,removecarbonfromtheatmosphereandfightclimatechange,aswellasi

mprovingthementalhealthofthoselivinglocally.4.WhatdoweknowabouttheTinyForestmovement?A.Ithasachievednotablesuccess.B

.Itisledbynumberofschools.C.ItbeganinEuropeinthe1970s.D.Itwillspreadtothecountryside.5.WhatisthepurposeoftheprojectledbyHartleyintheUK?A.Top

romoteeco-tourism.B.Toimproveforestryresearch.C.Topopularisegardening.D.Togetpeopleclosetonature.6.What

isspecialaboutthetreesinaTinyForest?A.Theyaresmallinsize.B.Theyarethicklyplanted.C.Theyareforeignspecies.D.Theyareheavilyfertilised.【答案】

4.A5.D6.B【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。4.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“Ashewentontosharehisconceptwithothers,theideasoontookoffin

IndiaandothercountriesbeforeeventuallyreachingEurope,whereitbecamepopularinplaceslikeFrance,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.(随

着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来，最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的成功。故选A。5.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的““Wefocu

sonurbanareaswhereaccesstonatureisoftennotthateasy”,saysHartley.“Weseeitasachancetotrytobreakthegrowing

disconnectbetweenpeopleandnature.”(哈特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破人与自然之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley在英国领导

的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。6.B【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“InaTinyForest,theremustbeaminimumof600trees,andthetreesareplantedmuchclos

ertogetherandwithoutchemicalsorfertilisers(肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少600棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得很密。故

选B。Passage13C【2022年浙江卷6月】Manypeoplebelievethatworkingtothemaximumisthesecrettosuccess,butresearchhasfoundthatmoderation(适度)alsoget

sresultsonthejob.InastudyledbyEllenLangerofHarvardUniversity,researchersaskedpeopletotranslatesentencesintoanewamade-uplanguage.Subj

ectswhopracticedthelanguagemoderatelybeforehandmadefewererrorsthanthosewhopracticedextensivelyornotatall.Highlevelsofknowledgecanmakepeopletooatt

achedtotraditionalwaysofviewingproblemsacrossfieldsthearts,sciences,andpolitics.Highconscientiousnessisrelatedtolowerjobperformance,especiallyinsimpl

ejobswhereitdoesn’tpaytobeaperfectionist.Howlongwestayontheclockandhowwespendthattimeareundercarefulexaminationinmanyworkplaces.Theyoungbankerwhoeats

lunchathisdeskisprobablyseenasago-getter,whilehiscolleagueswhochatoverarelaxedconference-roommealgetdirtylooksfromthecorneroffice.“Peoplef

romculturesthatvaluerelationshipsmorethanoursdoesareshockedbythethoughtofeatingaloneinfrontofacomputer”,saysArtMarkman,aprofesso

rofpsychologyattheUniversityofTexas,Austin.Socialinteractionhasbeenshowntoliftmood(情绪)andgetpeoplethinkinginnewdirectionsandinwaysthatcouldh

elpimproveanypost-luncheffort.Markmanalsopromotesoff-tasktime.“Partofbeingagoodthinkerisexperiencingthingsthat

areseeminglyunrelatedtowhatyouareworkingonatthemomentbutgiveyoufreshideasaboutyourwork,”hesays.“Also,thereisal

otofresearchshowingthatapositivemoodleadstohigherlevelsofproductivityandcreativity.So,whenpeopledothingstoincreasetheirlifesatisfaction,they

alsomakethemselvesmoreeffectiveatwork.”7.WhatdoesEllenLanger’sstudyshow?A.Itisworthwhiletobeaperfection

istB.Translationmakespeopleknowledgeable.C.Simplerjobsrequiregreatercaution.D.Moderateeffortproducesthebestresult.8.

Theunderlinedword“go-getter”inparagraph3referstosomeoneWho_______.A.isgoodathandlingpressureB.workshardtobecomesuccessf

ulC.ahasanaturaltalentforhisjob.D.getsonwellwithhisco-workers9.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Agoodthinkerisable

toinspireotherpeople.B.Experienceunrelatedtoyourjobisuseless.C.Acheerfulmoodhelpsmakeacreativemind.D.Focusingonwhatyoudoraisesproductivity.10.W

hatdoesthetextseemtoadvocate?A.Middle-of-the-roadworkhabits.B.Balancebetweenworkandfamily.C.Long-standingculturaltr

aditions.D.Harmonyintheworkenvironment.【答案】7.D8.B9.C10.A【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。7.

D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Manypeoplebelievethatworkingtothemaximumisthesecrettosuccess,butresearchhasfoundthatmode

ration(适度)alsogetsresultsonthejob.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“InastudyledbyEllenLangerofHarvardUniversity,resea

rchersaskedpeopletotranslatesentencesintoanewamade-uplanguage.Subjectswhopracticedthelanguagemoderatelybeforehandmadefewererrorst

hanthosewhopracticedextensivelyornotatall.(在哈佛大学EllenLanger领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提

出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用EllenLanger的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，EllenLanger的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。8.B【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“wh

ilehiscolleagueswhochatoverarelaxedconference-roommealgetdirtylooksfromthecorneroffice.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑

的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，

故选B。9.C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Also,thereisalotofresearchshowingthatapositivemoodleadstohigherlevelsofproductivityandcreativit

y.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。)”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。10.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“butresearchhasfoundthatmoderat

ion(适度)alsogetsresultsonthejob.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“Highconscientiousnessisrelatedtolowerjobperformance,especia

llyinsimplejobswhereitdoesn’tpaytobeaperfectionist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。Passag

e14【2022年浙江卷1月】TheUnitedStatesrosetoglobalpoweronthestrengthofitstechnology,andthelifebloodthattechnol

ogyhaslongbeenelectricity.Byprovidinglong-distancecommunicationandenergy,electricitycreatedthemodemworld.Yetproperlyunderstood,theageofe

lectricityismerelythesecondstageintheageofsteam,whichbeganacenturyearlier."Itiscuriousthatnoonehasputtogetherahistoryofboththesteamandelect

ricrevolutions.*'writesMauryKleininhisbookThePowerMakers,Steam,Electricity,andtheMenInventedModemAmerica.Klein,anotedhistorianoftechnology,spinsan

arrativesolivelythatattimesitreadslikeanovel.Thestorybeginsinthelastyearsofthe18thcenturyinScotland,whereWattperfected"themachinethatchangedthewo

rld*'.Kleinwrites,"Americadidnotinventthesteamengine,butoncetheygraspeditspasswordstheyputittomoreusesthananyoneelse."Meanwhile,ove

rthecourseof19thcentury,electricitywentfrommerecuriositytoabasicnecessity.Morseinventedacodeforsendingmessage

soveranelectromagneticcircuit.Bellthengavethetelegraphavoice.EdisonperfectedanincandescentbullsthatbroughtelectriclightintotheAmeric

anhome.Mostimportantly,Edisonrealizedthatsuccessdependedonmasselectrification,whichheshowedinNewYorkCity.WithhelpfromTesla,Westinghouse'sfirmdeve

lopedasystemusingalternatingcurrent,whichsoonbecamethemajorformsofpowerdelivery.Toframehisstory,Kleincreatesthechara

cterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringon

eman'slifetime.It'satechniquethathelpsturnalongnarrativeintoaninterestingone.4.WhatisKlein'sunderstandingoftheageofelectricity?

A.Itiscloselylinkedtothesteamage.B.Itbeganearlierthanproperthought.C.Itisalittle-studiedperiodofhistory.D.Itwillcometoanendsoonerorlater.5.Whatcanbe

inferredaboutNed?A.HewasborninNewYorkCity.C.Hecreatedanelectricitycompany.B.Hewrotemanyincreasingstories,D.Heli

vedmainlyinthe19thcentury.6.Whatisthetext?【答案】4.A5.D6.B【解析】【分析】本文是说明文。文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系。【4题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“Itiscuriousthatn

oonehasputtogetherahistoryofboththesteamandelectricrevolutions."（我很好奇，竟然没有人把蒸汽和电力革命的历史放在一起。）可知，在Klein看来，电力时代和蒸汽时代是有很紧密的联系的。故选A。【5题详解】推

理判断题。根据最后一段“Toframehisstory,KleincreatesthecharacterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsand

electricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime.’’（为了编织他的故事，Klein创造了一个人物Ned,它是对美国蒸汽和电力革命在一个人的整个人生中的进程的神奇的见证。）矛卩第四段“Meanwhile,overthecourseof19thc

entury,electricitywentfrommerecuriositytoabasicnecessity.（同时，在19世纪，电力从好奇变成了根需。）可知，Ned见证了蒸汽时代和电力革命，所以他应该是生活在19世纪。故选D。【6题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“To

framehisstory,KleincreatesthecharacterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slif

etime.It’satechniquethathelpsturnalongnarrativeintoaninterestingone.”（为了构建他的故事，克莱因创造了奈德这个角色，一个虚构的人物，在一个人的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步。这是一种有助于将长篇故事变得有

趣的技巧。）可知，这篇文章是一篇书评。故选B。Passage15C【2022年浙江卷1月】Thebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocumentedbutthere?sanewbonustoaddtotheever-growinglist.Ne

wresearchersfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementiainlaterlife,andast

heydid,itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.LeadresearcherDr.HelenaHorder,oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden,said:"Thesefindingsa

reA.Abiography.B.Abookreview.C.Ashortstory.D.Asciencereport.excitingbecauseifspossiblethatimprovingpeople'sc

ardiovascular（'ll、血管）fitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia.”Forthestudy,191womenwithanaverageag

eof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheywereexhaustedtomeasuretheirpeak（最大值的）cardiovascularcapacity.Thea

veragepeakworkloadwasmeasuredat103watts.Atotalof40womenmetthecriteriaforahighfitnesslevel,or120wattsorhigher.Ato

talof92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscategory;and59womenwereinthelowfitnesscategory,definedasapeakworkloadof80wattsorless,orhavingtheirexerci

setestsstoppedbecauseofhighbloodpressure,chestpainorothercardiovascularproblems.Thesewomenwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefo

llowingfourdecades.Duringthattime,44ofthewomendevelopeddementia.Fivepercentofthehighlyfitwomendevelope

ddementia,comparedto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessand32percentofthewomenwithlowfitness."However,thisstudydoesn

otshowcauseandeffectbetweencardiovascularfitnessanddementia,itonlyshowsanassociation.Moreresearchisneededtoseeifimprovedfi

tnesscouldhaveapositiveeffectontheriskofdementiaandalsotolookatwhenduringalifetimeahighfitnesslevelismostimportant."Shealsoadmittedthata

relativelysmallnumberofwomenwerestudied,allofwhomwereformSweden,sotheresultsmightnotbeapplicabletoothergroups.

7.Whatisontheever-growinglistmentionedinthefirstparagraph?A.Positiveeffectsofdoingexercises.B.Exercises

suitableforthemiddle-aged.C.Experimentalstudiesondiseases.D.Advantagesofsportywomanoverman8.Whydidtheresearchersaskthewomantodobicycleexercise?A.

Topredicttheirmaximumheartrate.B.ToassesstheircardiovascularcapacityC.TochangetheirhabitsofworkingoutD.Todetecttheirpotentialhealth

problems9.WhatdoweknowaboutDrHorder'sstudy?A.Itaimedtofindacurefordementia.B.Datacollectionwasalengt

hyprocess.C.Someparticipantswithdrewfromit.D.Theresultswerefarfromsatisfactory.10.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthet

ext?A.MoreWomenAreExercisingtoPreventDementiaB.Middle-AgedWomenNeedtoDoMoreExerciseC.FitWomenAreLessLikelyt

oDevelopDementiaD.BikingImprovesWomen*sCardiovascularFitness【答案】7.A8.B9.B10.C【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时罹患失

智症的几率会大大降低。【7题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Newresearchersfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdem

entia（失智症）inlaterlife,andastheydid,itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen."（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%,而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。

）可知，第一段提到了健身锻炼的好处。故选A项。【8题详解】会田节理解题。t艮据上文“Thesefindingsareexcitingbecauseit’spossiblethatimprovingpeople'sca

rdiovascularfitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia.r（这些发现令人兴奋，因为在中年时改善人们

的心血管健康可能会延缓甚至防止他们患上痴呆症。）以及本段“Forthestudy,191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheywereexhaustedt

omeasuretheirpeakcardiovascularcapacity.”（在这项研究中，191名平均年龄为50岁的女性进行了自行车运动测试，直到她们精疲力竭，以测量她们的心血管峰值能力。）可知，做这项实验的目的是为了

测试女性的心血管峰值能力。故选B项。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Thesewomenwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades."（这些女性在随后的

四十年里测试了六次失智症状况。）可知，此次实验的数据收集是一个长期的过程。故选B项。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Newresearchersfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly9

0percentlesslikelytodevelopdementia（失智症）inlaterlife,andastheydid,itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen."（新的研宄人员

发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%,而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）以及文章后面几段通过列举实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大大降低。故选C项。Passage16【2022年浙江卷6月】A

llaroundtheworld,therearesmallchangestakingplace.Atthesideofroads,behindschoolplaygroundsandonallkindsofunlovedpiecesoflandacrosstownsandc

ities,tinyforestsbarelythesizeoftenniscourtsareappearing,makingagreatplaceforbothwildlifeandlocalpeoplewhomaynotnormallyhavee

asyaccesstonature.ThisistheTinyForestmovement,whichaimstoprovethatthebestthingsinlifereallydocomeinsmallpackages.Tinyforestswerefirstpioneereda

saconceptinthe1970sbyDrMiyawaki,aJapanesebotanist.Ashewentontosharehisconceptwithothers,theideasoontookoffinIndiaandothercountriesbef

oreeventuallyreachingEurope,whereitbecamepopularinplaceslikeFrance,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.Sohowdoesitwork?LouiseHartley,whoisleadingthe

TinyForestprojectintheUK,explainsthattheprocessbeginsbyidentifyingareasinwhichatinyforestcouldhavetheb

iggestinfluence.“Wefocusonurbanareaswhereaccesstonatureisoftennotthateasy”,saysHartley.“Weseeitasachancetotrytobreakthegrowingdisconnectbetweenp

eopleandnature.”InaTinyForest,theremustbeaminimumof600trees,andthetreesareplantedmuchclosertogetherandwithoutchemicalsorfertili

sers(肥料).Thereareusuallyaround30differentkindsofall-nativetreespecies(物种).Thisvariety,coupledwiththefactthattinyforestsgrowu

ptotentimesfasterthanstandardforests,meanstheyattractarichabundanceofwildlife.It’salsothoughtthattheseplacescouldhelpreducet

heriskofflooding,removecarbonfromtheatmosphereandfightclimatechange,aswellasimprovingthementalhealthofthoselivinglocally.4.Whatdowek

nowabouttheTinyForestmovement?A.Ithasachievednotablesuccess.B.Itisledbynumberofschools.C.ItbeganinEuropeinthe1970s.D.Itwillspreadtothecount

ryside.5.WhatisthepurposeoftheprojectledbyHartleyintheUK?A.Topromoteeco-tourism.B.Toimproveforestryresearch.C.Topo

pularisegardening.D.Togetpeopleclosetonature.6.WhatisspecialaboutthetreesinaTinyForest?A.Theyaresmalli

nsize.B.Theyarethicklyplanted.C.Theyareforeignspecies.D.Theyareheavilyfertilised.【答案】4.A5.D6.B【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。4.A【解析】推理判断题

。根据第二段的“Ashewentontosharehisconceptwithothers,theideasoontookoffinIndiaandothercountriesbeforeeventuallyreachingEurope,whe

reitbecamepopularinplaceslikeFrance,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来，最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动

取得了显著的成功。故选A。5.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的““Wefocusonurbanareaswhereaccesstonatureisoftennotthateasy”,saysHartley.“Weseei

tasachancetotrytobreakthegrowingdisconnectbetweenpeopleandnature.”(哈特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为

这是一个尝试打破人与自然之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。6.B【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“InaTinyForest,theremustbeaminimumo

f600trees,andthetreesareplantedmuchclosertogetherandwithoutchemicalsorfertilisers(肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少600棵树，

树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得很密。故选B。Passage17C【2022年浙江卷6月】Manypeoplebelievethatworkingtothemaximumisthesecrettosuccess,butresearchhas

foundthatmoderation(适度)alsogetsresultsonthejob.InastudyledbyEllenLangerofHarvardUniversity,researchersaskedp

eopletotranslatesentencesintoanewamade-uplanguage.Subjectswhopracticedthelanguagemoderatelybeforehandmadefewererrorsthanthosewhopracticedextensivelyo

rnotatall.Highlevelsofknowledgecanmakepeopletooattachedtotraditionalwaysofviewingproblemsacrossfieldsthearts,science

s,andpolitics.Highconscientiousnessisrelatedtolowerjobperformance,especiallyinsimplejobswhereitdoesn’tpaytobeaperfectionist.Howlongwes

tayontheclockandhowwespendthattimeareundercarefulexaminationinmanyworkplaces.Theyoungbankerwhoeatslunchathisdeskisprobablyseenas

ago-getter,whilehiscolleagueswhochatoverarelaxedconference-roommealgetdirtylooksfromthecorneroffice.“Peop

lefromculturesthatvaluerelationshipsmorethanoursdoesareshockedbythethoughtofeatingaloneinfrontofacomputer”,saysA

rtMarkman,aprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofTexas,Austin.Socialinteractionhasbeenshowntoliftmood(情绪)andgetpeoplethinkin

ginnewdirectionsandinwaysthatcouldhelpimproveanypost-luncheffort.Markmanalsopromotesoff-tasktime.“Partofbeingagoodthinkerisexper

iencingthingsthatareseeminglyunrelatedtowhatyouareworkingonatthemomentbutgiveyoufreshideasaboutyourw

ork,”hesays.“Also,thereisalotofresearchshowingthatapositivemoodleadstohigherlevelsofproductivityandcreativity.So,whenpeopledothingstoin

creasetheirlifesatisfaction,theyalsomakethemselvesmoreeffectiveatwork.”7.WhatdoesEllenLanger’sstudyshow?A.Itisworthwhiletobe

aperfectionistB.Translationmakespeopleknowledgeable.C.Simplerjobsrequiregreatercaution.D.Moderateeffortproducesthebestr

esult.8.Theunderlinedword“go-getter”inparagraph3referstosomeoneWho_______.A.isgoodathandlingpressureB.workshardtob

ecomesuccessfulC.ahasanaturaltalentforhisjob.D.getsonwellwithhisco-workers9.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Agoodthinkerisabletoinspireothe

rpeople.B.Experienceunrelatedtoyourjobisuseless.C.Acheerfulmoodhelpsmakeacreativemind.D.Focusingonwhatyoudoraisesproductivity.10.Whatdoesthe

textseemtoadvocate?A.Middle-of-the-roadworkhabits.B.Balancebetweenworkandfamily.C.Long-standingculturaltraditions.D.Har

monyintheworkenvironment.【答案】7.D8.B9.C10.A【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有

效率。7.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Manypeoplebelievethatworkingtothemaximumisthesecrettosuccess,butresearchhasfoundthatmoderation(适度)alsogetsresultsonthejob

.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“InastudyledbyEllenLangerofHarvardUniversity,researchersas

kedpeopletotranslatesentencesintoanewamade-uplanguage.Subjectswhopracticedthelanguagemoderatelybeforehandmadefewererrorsthanthosewhopractice

dextensivelyornotatall.(在哈佛大学EllenLanger领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提出主题，即

适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用EllenLanger的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，EllenLanger的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。8.B【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“whilehiscolleagueswhochatoverarelaxedco

nference-roommealgetdirtylooksfromthecorneroffice.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努

力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。9.C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Also,thereisalotofresearchshowingthatapositive

moodleadstohigherlevelsofproductivityandcreativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。)”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由

此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。10.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“butresearchhasfoundthatmoderation(适度)alsogetsresultsonthejob.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“Highc

onscientiousnessisrelatedtolowerjobperformance,especiallyinsimplejobswhereitdoesn’tpaytobeaperfectionist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)

”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。Passage18【2022年天津卷第二次】Isittruethatourbrainaloneisrespon

siblefohumancognition(认知)?Whataboutourbody?Isitpossibleforthoughtandbehaviortooriginatefromsomewhereotherthanourbrain?P

sychologistswhostudyEmbodiedCognition(EC)asksimilarquestions.TheECtheorysuggestsourbodyisalsoresponsibleforthinkingorproblem-s

olving.Moreprecisely,themindshapesthebodyandthebodyshapesthemindinequalmeasure.Ifyouthinkaboutitforamoment,itmak

estotalsense.Whenyousmellsomethinggoodorhearamusingsounds,certainemotionsareawakened.Thinkabouthownewbornsusetheirsense

stounderstandtheworldaroundthem.Theydon’thaveemotionssomuchasneeds—theydon’tfeelsad,they’rejusthungryandneedfood.Evenunbornbabiescanfeel

theirmothers’heartbeatsandthishasacalmingeffect.Intherealworld，theycrywhenthey’recoldandthengethugged.Thatway,theystartt

oas-sociatebeingwarmwithbeingloved.Understandably,theoristshavebeenarguingforyearsandstilldisagreeonwhetherthebrainisthe

nervecentrethatoperatestherestofthebody.OlderWesternphilosophersandmainstreamlanguageresearchersbelievethisisfact,whileECthe

orisesthatthebrainandbodyareworkingtogetherasanorganicsupercomputer,processingeverythingandformingyourreactions.Furtherstudieshaveback

edupthemind-bodyinteraction.Inoneex-periment,testsubjects(实验对象)wereaskedtojudgepeopleafterbeinghandedahotoracolddrink.Theyallmadewar

mevaluationswhentheirfingertipsperceivedwarmthratherthancoolness.Anditworkstheotherwaytoo;inanotherstudy,su

bjects’fingertiptemperaturesweremeasuredafterbeing“included”inor“rejected”fromagrouptask.Thosewhowereincludedfeltphysi

callywarmer.Forfurtherproof,wecanlookatthemetaphors(比喻说法)thatweusewithouteventhinking.Akindandsympatheticpersonisfrequentl

yreferredtoasonewithasoftheartandsomeonewhoisverystrongandcalmindifficultsituationsisoftendescribedassolidasarock.Andthiskindofmetaphori

caluseiscommonacrosslanguages.Nowthatyouhavetheknowledgeofmind-bodyinteraction,whynotuseit?Ifyou’rehavingabadday,awarmcupofteawillgiveyou

aflashofpleasure.Ifyouknowyou’rephysicallycold,warmupbeforemakinganyinterpersonaldecisions.46.Accordingtotheauthor,thesignificance

oftheECtheoryliesin________.A.facilitatingourunderstandingoftheoriginofpsychologyB.revealingthemajorroleofthemindinhumancognitionC.offeringac

learerpictureoftheshapeofhumanbrainD.bringingusclosertothetruthinhumancognition47.Wheredoesthenewborns’understandingoftheirsur

roundingsstartfrom?A.Theirpersonallooks.B.Theirmentalneeds.C.Theirinneremotions.D.Theirphysicalfeelings.48.TheexperimentsmentionedinParagraph4f

urtherprove________.A.environmentimpactshowwejudgeothersB.howbodytemperatureisrelatedtohealthC.themindandthebodyinfluenceeach

otherD.howhumansinteractwiththeirsurroundings49.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoprovebycitingthemetaphorsinParagraph5?A.Humanspe

echisalivewithmetaphors.B.Humansenseshaveeffectsonthinking.C.Humanlanguageisshapedbyvisualimages.D.Humanemotionsareoftencomparedtonaturalmaterials

.50.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthelastparagraph?A.Tosharewiththereaderwaystoreleasetheiremotions.B.Toguid

ethereaderontothepathtocareersuccess.C.ToencouragethereadertoputECintopractice.D.Todeepenthereader’sunderstandingofEC.【答案】46.D

47.D48.C49.B50.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了心理学家的一项EC理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确的说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。【46题详解】推理判断题。根据

文章第一段“TheECtheorysuggestsourbodyisalsoresponsibleforthinkingorproblem-solving.Moreprecisely,themindshapesthebodya

ndthebodyshapesthemindinequalmeasure.(EC理论表明，我们的身体也负责思考或解决问题。更准确地说，思维塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思维。)”可知，EC理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断EC理论的意义在于让我们更接近人类认知的

真理。故选D项。【47题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Theydon’thaveemotionssomuchasneeds—theydon’tfeelsad,they’rejusthungryandneedfood.Evenunbornbabiesca

nfeeltheirmothers’heartbeatsandthishasacalmingeffect.Intherealworld，theycrywhenthey’recoldandthengethugge

d.Thatway,theystarttoas-sociatebeingwarmwithbeingloved.(他们没有如同需要那么多的情感——他们不会感到悲伤，他们只是饿，需要食物。即使是未出生的婴儿也能感觉到母亲的心跳，这具有镇静作用。在现实世界中，他们冷了就哭，然后被拥

抱。这样，他们开始将温暖与被爱联系起来。)”可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。故选D项。【48题详解】推理判断题。文章首句“Furtherstudieshavebackedupthemind-bodyinteraction.(进一步的研究支持了思想与

身体的相互作用。)”接下来列举了两个实验“Inoneexperiment,testsubjects(实验对象)wereaskedtojudgepeopleafterbeinghandedahotoracolddrink.Theyallmad

ewarmevaluationswhentheirfingertipsperceivedwarmthratherthancoolness.(在一项实验中，测试对象被要求在递给热饮或冷饮后判断人。当他们的指尖感知到温暖而不是

凉爽时，他们都做出了温暖的评价。)”表明，身体会影响到思想，以及“Anditworkstheotherwaytoo;inanotherstudy,subjects’fingertiptemperaturesweremeasuredafterb

eing“included”inor“rejected”fromagrouptask.Thosewhowereincludedfeltphysicallywarmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一项研究中，受试者的指尖温度

是在被“纳入”或“拒绝”小组任务后测量的。那些被纳入在内的人感到身体温暖。)”表明身体会受到思想的影响，因此推断实验进一步证明了身体与思想间的相互作用。故选C项。【49题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的主题句“Forfurtherproof,w

ecanlookatthemetaphors(比喻说法)thatweusewithouteventhinking.(为了进一步证明，我们可以看看我们不假思索就使用的比喻说法）。)”以及下文的陈述“Akindandsympatheticp

ersonisfrequentlyreferredtoasonewithasoftheartandsomeonewhoisverystrongandcalmindifficultsituationsisoftendes

cribedassolidasarock.(一个善良和富有同情心的人经常被称为心软的人，而在困难的情况下非常坚强和冷静的人通常被描述为坚如磐石。)”说明人们使用身体触感比喻人可推断，作者通过陈述比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。故选B项

。【50题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Nowthatyouhavetheknowledgeofmind-bodyinteraction,whynotuseit?(既然您已经掌握了身心互动的知识，为什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列举的两种现

实生活中的情况“Ifyou’rehavingabadday,awarmcupofteawillgiveyouaflashofpleasure.Ifyouknowyou’rephysicallycold,warmupbeforemakinganyin

terpersonaldecisions.(如果你今天过得很糟糕，一杯温暖的茶会给你带来一瞬间的快乐。如果你知道自己身体很冷，在做出任何人际关系决定之前先热身。)”可知，理论知识已经知道，且在现实生活中有一定的运用价值，

所以作者最后一段是在鼓励读者把EC理论运用于现实生活中。故选C项。2021年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesa

ndlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortuna

tely,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.

Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedand

housetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreas

inglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(迁徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltothe

irsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwa

sdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPreside

ntFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98cent

sofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusio

nintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationsto

come.Since1934betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuc

kStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.28.Whatwasacauseoft

hewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwatersports.C.Pollutionofrivers.D.Arrivalofo

therwildanimals.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Acquire.B.Export.C.Destroy.D.Distribute.30.Whatisadirectres

ultoftheActpassedin1934?A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D.Thegovernmenthascolle

ctedmoney.31.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TheFederalDuckStampStoryB.TheNationalWi

ldlifeRefugeSystemC.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting【答案】28.A29.C30.D31.A【解析】【分析】本

文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的急需大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，,而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购

买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabita

t.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降，故选A。【29题详解】词义猜测题。根据前一句“NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnatu

ralresourceswisely.”可知，北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句与上一句形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移

民者破坏了这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A.Acquire获得；B.Export出口；C.Destroy破坏；D.Distribute分配。故选C。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since1934,betterthanh

alfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.”可知，自1934年起，超过5亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过500万公顷的水

禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选D。【31题详解】主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收

入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。Passage2D【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalme

aningofemotional(情感的)intellingence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverything

desirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.

”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Wepref

ertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersare

feelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictim

s.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencer

unfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmf

ul.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandot

hersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchers

re-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopulara

ppealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandschol

arlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(视角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplem

anagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.32.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingo

femotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest.B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson’smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotio

nalskills.D.Itreferstoaperson’spositivequalities.33.Whydoestheauthormention“doctor”and“cheater”inparagraph2?A.T

oexplainarule.B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Topresentafact.D.Tomakeaprediction.34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemot

ionalintelligence?A.Favorable.B.Intolerant.C.Doubtful.D.Unclear.35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A.Itsapp

ealtothepublic.B.Expectationsforfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication.D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.【答案】32.D33.B34.A35.B【解析】【分析】

本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。【32题详解】细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities(研究表明，情商技巧可能有助

于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。【33题详解】推理判断题。通过文章第二段“Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctort

ofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.(医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来

控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。【34题详解】推理判断题。通过文章第三段“theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmoreb

eneficialthanharmful.…Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchers(宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的

人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。【35题详解】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterest

inthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectivesfromwhichtostu

dyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.(我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。

Passage3【2021年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】AnAustralianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitorthehealthofgrazingcattle,adevelopmentthatcouldbringbigchan

gestoaprofessionthat'sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage.SalahSukkarieh

,aprofessorattheUniversityofSydney,seesrobotsasnecessarygivenhowcattlemenareaging.Heisbuildingafour-wheeledrobottha

twillrunonsolarandelectricpower.Itwillusecamerasandsensorstomonitortheanimals.Acomputersystemwillanalyzethevideotodeterminewhetheracowissick.Radiotag

s(标签)ontheanimalswillmeasuretemperaturechanges.Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape,colorandtexture(质地)ofgrass.Thatway,cattle

menwillknowwhethertheyneedtomovetheircattletoanotherfieldfornutritionpurposes.Machineshavelargelytakenoverpl

anting,wateringandharvestingcropssuchascomandwheat,butthemonitoringofcattlehasgonethroughfewerchanges.ForTexascattlemanPeteBonds,it'sincreasinglydif

ficulttofindworkersinterestedinwatchingcattle.ButBondsdoesn'tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustry-a

ndfailedattemptstousetechnology-haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.Bonds,whoboughthisfirstcattlealmost50yearsago,st

illhaseachofhiscowboysinspect300or400cattledailyandlookforsignsthatananimalisgettingsick.Othercattlemenseemorepromiseinrobots.MichaelKelseyPari

s,vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen'sAssociation,saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.Cattle

tendtobekeptinremoteplacesandtheirvaluehasrisen,makingthemappealingtargets.12.Whatisaproblemwiththeca

ttle-raisingindustry?A.Soilpollution.B.Lackofworkers.C.Agingmachines.D.Lowprofitability.13.WhatwillSukkarieh'srobotbeabletodo?A.Monitorthequali

tyofgrass.B.Curethediseasedcattle.C.Movecattletoanotherfield.D.Predictweatherchanges.14.WhydoesPeteBondsstillhirecowboystowatchcattle?A.Hewantstohelp

themearnaliving.B.Hethinksmencandothejobbetter.C.Heisinexperiencedinusingrobots.D.Heenjoysthetraditiona

lwayoflife.15.HowmayrobotshelpwithcattlewatchingaccordingtoMichaelKelsey?A.Increasethevalueofcattle.B.Bringdownthecostoflabor.C.Makethejobmoreapp

ealing.D.Keepcattlefrombeingstolen.【答案】12.B13.A14.B15.D【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛健康状况。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“AnA

ustralianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitorthehealthofgrazingcattle,adevelopmentthatcouldbringbigchangestoaprofessionthat'sreliedl

argelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业

带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。的【13题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Thequalityofgra

sslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape,colorandtexture(质地)ofgrass.（通过监测草的形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。【14

题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第四段“ButBondsdoesn'tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustry-andfailedattemptstousetechnology-haveconvincedhimtha

tthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·

邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。【15题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“MichaelKelseyParis,vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen'sAs

sociation,saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会

非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。Passage4【2021年全国甲卷】PortLympneReserve,whichrunsabreeding(繁育)programme,haswelcomedthearrivalofarareblackrhinocal

f(犀牛幼崽).WhenthetinycreaturearrivedonJanuary31,shebecamethe40thblackrhinotobebornatthereserve.AndofficialsatPortLympneweredelighte

dwiththenewarrival,especiallyasblackrhinosareknownforbeingdifficulttobreedincaptivity(圈养).PaulBeer,headofrhinosectionatPortLympne,said:“Obviouslywe

'reallabsolutelydelightedtowelcomeanothercalftoourblackrhinofamily.She'shealthy,strongandalreadyeagertoplayandexplore.Hermother,Solio,isafi

rst-timemumandsheisdoingafantasticjob.It'sstillalittletoocoldforthemtogooutintotheopen,butassoonastheweatherwarmsup,Ihavenodoubtthatthelit

tleonewillbeoutandaboutexploringandplayingeveryday.”Theadorablefemalecalfisthesecondblackrhinobornthisyearatthereserve,butitistooearlytotellifthe

calveswillmakegoodcandidatestobereturnedtoprotectedareasofthewild.ThefirstrhinotobebornatPortLympnearrivedonJanuary5tofirst-timemotherKisim

aandweighedabout32kg.Hismother,grandmotherandgreatgrandmotherwereallbornatthereserveandstilllivethere.AccordingtotheWorldW

ildlifeFund,theglobalblackrhinopopulationhasdroppedaslowas5500,givingtherhinosa“criticallyendangered”status.4

.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebreedingprogramme?A.Costly.B.Controversial.C.Ambitious.D.Successful.5.WhatdoesPaulBeersay

aboutthenew-bornrhino?A.Shelovesstayingwithhermother.B.Shedislikesoutdooractivities.C.SheisingoodconditionD.Sheissensitive

toheat.6.WhatsimilarexperiencedoSolioandKisimahave?A.TheyhadtheirfirstborninJanuary.B.Theyenjoyedexploringne

wplacesC.Theylivedwiththeirgrandmothers.D.Theywerebroughttothereserveyoung7.WhatcanbeinferredaboutPornLympneRes

erve?A.Therhinosectionwillbeopentothepublic.B.Itaimstocontrolthenumberoftheanimals.C.ItwillcontinuetoworkwiththeWorldWildlifeFund.D.Someofi

tsrhinosmaybesenttotheprotectedwildareas.【答案】4.D5.C6.A7.D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在PortLympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状。【4题详解】推理判断题。通过文章第一段“

shebecamethe40thblackrhinotobebornatthereserve(她成为该保护区出生的第40头黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“Hismother,grandmotherandgreatgrandmotherwereall

bornatthereserveandstilllivethere.(他的母亲、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保护区，至今仍住在那里)”可知，保护区的繁育计划使很多黑犀牛成功存活，可推知，这计划是成功的。故选D项。【5题详解】细节理解题。通

过文章第二段“She'shealthy,strongandalreadyeagertoplayandexplore.(她很健康，很强壮，已经渴望玩耍和探索了)”可知，PaulBeer认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选C项。【6题详解】细节理解

题。通过文章第一段“WhenthetinvcreaturearrivedonJanuary31,shebecamethe40thblackrhinotobebornatthereserve.(1月31日，

当这头小犀牛来到保护区时，她成为了第40头在保护区出生的黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“ThefirstrhinotobebornatPortLympnearrivedonJanuary5tofirst

-timemotherKisimaandweighedabout32kg.(1月5日，犀牛妈妈Kisima分娩的第一头小犀牛，同时也是第一个出生在PortLympne，体重约为32公斤)”可知，Solio和Kisima的

第一个孩子都是在一月份出生的。故选A项。【7题详解】推理判断题。通过文章倒数第二段“itistooearlytotellifthecalveswillmakegoodcandidatestobereturn

edtoprotectedareasofthewild(要判断这些小犀牛是否会成为返回野生保护区的好的候选者还为时过早)”可推知，PonLympne保护区的一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D项。P

assage5【2021年全国乙卷】You’veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans—between4.8and12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryy

ear.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesout

ofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.Atthebeginningoftheye

ar,theartistbuiltapiececalled“Strawpocalypse,”apairof10-foot-tallplasticwaves,frozenmid-crash.Madeof168,000plasticstrawscollectedfromsev

eralvolunteerbeachcleanups,thesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisre

cycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource（来源）ofplasticpollution,butthey’verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon’t

needthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartofVonWong’sartworkli

kelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.Inapiecefrom2018,VonW

ongwantedtoillustrate（说明）aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.

Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic,”VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethert

olooklikethey’dbeendumped（倾倒）fromatruckallatonce.VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompanies

toreducetheirplasticfootprint.28.WhatareVonWong’sartworksintendedfor?A.Beautifyingthecityhelivesin.B.Introducingeco-friendlyproducts.C.Drawingpubl

icattentiontoplasticwaste.D.Reducinggarbageonthebeach.29.Whydoestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinparagraph3?A.Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling.B.Toe

xplainwhytheyareuseful.C.Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart.D.Tofindasubstituteforthem.30.Whateffectwould“TruckloadofPlastic”haveo

nviewers?A.Calming.B.Disturbing.C.Refreshing.D.Challenging.31Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforth

etext?A.Artists’OpinionsonPlasticSafetyB.MediaInterestinContemporaryArtC.ResponsibilityDemandedofBigCompaniesD.OceanPlasticsTransf

ormedintoSculptures【答案】28.C29.A30.B31.D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术家BenjaminVonWong用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕塑作品，让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与

一次性塑料制品的关系。此外他在2018的一件作品“TruckloadofPlastic”说明了每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。VonWong通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提高人们的环保意识。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Butdoesoneplasticstraworcuprea

llymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgar

bage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王（BenjaminV

onWong）想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”可知，VonWong用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想让人们重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系，由此可知他做这个雕塑的目的是为了引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。故选C项。【29题详解】推理判断题。

根据第三段“Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource(来源)ofplasticpollution,butthey’ver

ecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon’tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycan

notberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartofVon.的Wong’sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkis

gone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.(全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源，但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、

重量轻，无法回收利用。冯·王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能来自只喝了几分钟的饮料。一旦饮料消失了，吸管也要几个世纪才能消失。)”可知，吸管由于体积小，重量轻，无法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论吸管是为了展示它们回收的困难。故选A项。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Inapiecefo

rm2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate(说明)aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheoce

an.Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic,”VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’

dbeendumped(倾倒)fromatruckallatonce.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯·王(VonWong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑

在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知，这个作品以创新的方式让人们了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量倾入海洋，刷新了观众对海洋塑料污染的认知，由此可推断，这个作品会让观众对塑料垃圾进入海洋造成污染这

件事感到不安。故选B项。【31题详解】标题判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyou

toknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticprod

ucts.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王(BenjaminVonWong)想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”和倒数第二段“Inap

ieceform2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate(说明)aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled“Truckloa

dofPlastic,”VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbeendump

ed(倾倒)fromatruckallatonce.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯·王(VonWong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，

然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知艺术家本杰明·冯·王(BenjaminVonWong)通过利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法来提示人们重新思考与一次性塑料的关系，唤醒和提高人们循环

利用的意识，促进环保的发展。由此可知，D项“海洋塑料变成雕塑”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选D项。Passage6【2021年全国乙卷】Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethi

ngIstillthinkaboutoften.Annoyedbythelevelofdistraction（干扰）inhisopenoffice,hesaid,“That’swhyIhaveamembershipatthecowor

kingspaceacrossthestreet—soIcanfocus”.Hiscommentstruckmeasstrange.Afterall,coworkingspacesalsotypicallyuseanopenoffice

layout（布局）.ButIrecentlycameacrossastudythatshowswhyhisapproachworks.Theresearchersexaminedvariouslevelsofnoiseonpar

ticipantsastheycompletedtestsofcreativethinking.Theywererandomlydividedintofourgroupsandexposedtovariousnoiselevelsinthebackground,fromtotalsil

enceto50decibels（分贝）,70decibels,and85decibels.Thedifferencesbetweenmostofthegroupswerestatisticallyinsign

ificant;however,theparticipantsinthe70decibelsgroup—thoseexposedtoalevelofnoisesimilartobackgroundchatte

rinacoffeeshop—significantlyoutperformedtheothergroups.Sincetheeffectsweresmall,thismaysuggestthatourcreativethinkingdoesnotdifferthatmuchinresponse

tototalsilenceand85decibelsofbackgroundnoise.Butsincetheresultsat70decibelsweresignificant,thestudyalsosuggests

thattherightlevelofbackgroundnoise—nottooloudandnottotalsilence—mayactuallyimproveone’screativethinkingabili

ty.Therightlevelofbackgroundnoisemayinterruptournormalpatternsofthinkingjustenoughtoallowourimaginationstowande

r,withoutmakingitimpossibletofocus.Thiskindof“distractedfocus”appearstobethebeststateforworkingoncreativetasks.Sowhydosomanyofushat

eouropenoffices?Theproblemmaybethat,inouroffices,wecan’tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoothers’conversationswhilewe’retryingtofocus.Inde

ed,theresearchersfoundthatface-to-faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess,andyetacoworkingspaceoracoffeeshopp

rovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhilealsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.32.Whydoestheinterviewerpreferacoworkingspace?A.Ithelpshimconcentrate.B.Itbloc

ksoutbackgroundnoise.C.Ithasapleasantatmosphere.D.Itencouragesface-to-faceinteractions.33.Whichlevelofbackgroundnoisemaypromotecreat

ivethinkingability?A.Totalsilence.B.50decibelsC.70decibels.D.85decibels.34.Whatmakesanopenofficeunwelcome

tomanypeople?A.Personalprivacyunprotected.B.Limitedworkingspace.C.Restrictionsongroupdiscussion.D.Constantinterruptions.3

5.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A.He’sanewsreporter.B.He’sanofficemanager.C.He’saprofessionaldesigner.D.He’sapublishedwriter.【答案】32.A33.C

34.D35.D【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经历讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究。【32题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“That’swhyIhaveamembe

rshipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet-soIcanfocus.（这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格——这样我就可以集中精力了。）”可知，采访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他

集中精力。故选A项。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Thedifferencesbetweenmostofthegroupswerestatisticallyinsignificant;however,theparticipantsinthe70de

cibelsgroup-thoseexposedtoalevelofnoisesimilartobackgroundchatterinacoffeeshop-significantlyoutperformedtheo

thergroups.（大多数组之间的差异在统计学上是不显著的；然而，音量为70分贝的那组参与者（置身于类似于咖啡店背景噪音的环境中）的表现明显好于其他组。）”和第三段“Butsincetheresult

sat70decibelsweresignificant,thestudyalsosuggeststhattherightlevelofbackgroundnoise-nottooloudandnottotalsilence-mayactuall

yimproveone'screativethinkingability.（但由于70分贝的结果很显著，该研究还表明，适当的背景噪音——不要太大声，也不要完全安静——实际上可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力。）”可知，70分贝的那组参与者表现好于其他组，所以70分贝的噪音背景环境

更有可能促进创造性思维能力。故选C项。【34题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices?Theproblemmaybethat,inouroffi

ces,wecan'tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoothers'conversationswhilewe'retryingtofocus.Indeed,theresearchersfoundt

hatface-to-faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess,andyetacoworkingspaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhi

lealsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.（那么，为什么我们中有那么多人讨厌开放式办公室呢？问题可能是，在我们的办公室里，当我们试图集中注意力时，我们无法阻止自己卷入别人的谈话中。的确，研究人员发现，面对面的互动和对话会影响创作过程，然而，共同工作空

间或咖啡馆在提供一定程度的噪音的同时，也提供不受干扰的自由。）”可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D项。【35题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Duringaninterview

foroneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthinkaboutoften.（在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还经常想起的话。）”可知，作者提到有人采访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家。故选D项。

Passage7【2021年北京卷】Hundredsofscientists,writersandacademicssoundedawarningtohumanityinanopenletterpublishedlastDecember:Policymakersandtherestofu

smustengageopenlywiththeriskofglobalcollapse.Researchersinmanyareashaveprojectedthewidespreadcollapseas“acrediblescenario(情景)thiscentury”.Asurveyof

scientistsfoundthatextremeweatherevents,foodinsecurity,andfreshwatershortagesmightcreateglobalcollapse.Ofcourse,ifyouareanon-humanspecies,colla

pseiswellunderway.Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesin

theworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Notverylongago,itwasalsounthinkablethataviruswouldshutdownnationsandthatsafetynetswouldbeprovensodisastr

ouslylackinginflexibility.Theinternationalscholars’warningletterdoesn'tsayexactlywhatcollapsewilllooklikeorwhenitmighthappen.Collapseology,thes

tudyofcollapse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrendsandwiththemthedangersofeverydaycivilization.Amongthesignatories(签署者)ofthewar

ningwasBobJohnson,theoriginatorofthe“ecologicalfootprint”concept,whichmeasuresthetotalamountofenviron

mentalinputneededtomaintainagivenlifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,“itseemsthatglobalcollapseiscertaintohappeninsomeform,possiblywithinadec

ade,certainlywithinthiscentury,”Johnsonsaidinanemail.“Onlyifwediscusstheconsequencesofourbiophysicallimits,”theDecemberwarning

lettersays,“canwehavethehopetoreducetheirspeed,severityandharm”.Andyetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswill

turnoutfine.Asapoetwrote,Manisavictimofdope(麻醉品)Intheincurableformofhope.Thehundredsofscholarswhosignedthe

letterareintent(执着)onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness.“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“anddea

lwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“germane”inPa

ragraph3probablymean?A.Scientific.B.Credible.C.Original.D.Relevant.29.Asforthepublicawarenessofglobalcollapse,theau

thoris________.A.worriedB.puzzledC.surprisedD.scared30.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Thesignatoriesmaychangethebiophysica

llimits.B.Theauthoragreeswiththemessageofthepoem.C.Theissueofcollapseisbeingprioritized.D.Theglobalcollapseiswellunderway.【答案】28.D29

.A30.B【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（globalcollapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。【28题详解

】词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccr

isesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停

止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界

实况密切相关。A.Scientific科学的；B.Credible可信的，可靠的；C.Original原来的，原创的；D.Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。【29题详解】推理判断题。本题要求判断

作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数

最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatwesee

theretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A.worried担

忧的；B.puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C.surprised惊讶的；D.scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。【30题详解】推理判断题。原文诗歌“Manisavictimofdop

e;Intheincurableformofhope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就

提到“yetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这

里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quietinghopethatignorespreparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let'slookdirectlyintothei

ssueofcollapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”（他们说，“让我们直面

全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。Passage8【2021年浙江卷6月】Ifyoueverge

ttheimpressionthatyourdogcan"tell"whetheryoulookcontentorannoyed,youmaybeontosomething.Dogsmayindeedbeabletodistinguishbetweenhappy

andangryhumanfaces,accordingtoanewstudyResearcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages(图像)ofthesamepersonmakingeitherahapp

yoranangryface.Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfoftheperson'sface.Theresearchersthentestedt

hedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimagestotallydifferentfromt

heonesusedintraining.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththe

irnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthuma

nfacesduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage."Wecanruleoutthatthedogssimplydistinguishbetweenthepicturesbasedonasimplecue,suchasth

esightofteeth,"saidstudyauthorCorsinMuller."Instead,ourresultssuggestthatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilin

geyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes.""Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidentlyconcludethatatleastsomedogscandisti

nguishhumanfacialexpressions,"MullertoldLiveScience.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwithth

eabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans."Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatth

ebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,"andthisexposurehasprovide

dthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem,Mullersaid.8.Thenewstudyfocusedonwhetherdogscan_________.A.distinguishshapesB.makesenseofhuman

facesC.feelhappyorangryD.communicatewitheachother9.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestudyfromparagraph2?A.Resear

cherstestedthedogsinrandomorder.B.Diversemethodswereadoptedduringtraining.C.PicturesusedinthetwostagesweredifferentD.Thedogswe

rephotographedbeforethelest.10.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Asuggestionforfuturestudies.B.Apossiblereasonforthestudyfindings.C.Amajor

limitationofthestudyD.Anexplanationoftheresearchmethod.【答案】8.B9.C10.B【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。一项研究证明狗能够识别人类面部表情，但目前还不清楚它们为什么有这种能力，可能的原因是它们长时间与

人类共同生活。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimagesofthesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.(研究人员训练

了11只狗来区分同一个人脸上的表情是高兴还是愤怒)”可知，该新研究的关注点是狗是否能够区分人的面部表情。故选B。的【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Duringthetrainingstage,eac

hdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfoftheperson’sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs’abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsby

showingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson’sfaceorimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.(在训练阶段，每只狗只看

到人脸的上半部分或下半部分。研究人员随后测试了狗辨别人类面部表情的能力，向狗展示了人的另一半面部或与训练中使用的完全不同的图像)”可知，在训练和测试阶段，狗看的照片是不一样的。故选C。【10题详解】主旨大意题。根据最后一段的““Tous,themostlikelye

xplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpress

ions,andthisexposurehasprovidedthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem”Mullersaid.(Muller说：“对我们

来说，最可能的解释似乎是，基于他们与人类生活在一起，这让他们有很多机会接触人类的面部表情，而这种接触为他们提供了很多机会，让他们学会区分他们。”)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了狗能够辨别人类面部表情的可能原因。故选B。Passage9【2021年浙江卷1月】Atthestartof

the20thcentury,anAmericanengineernamedJohnElfrethWatkinsmadepredictionsaboutlifetoday.Hispredictions

aboutslowingpopulationgrowth,mobilephonesandincreasingheightwereclosetothemark.Buthewaswronginoneprediction:thateverybodywouldwalk10milesad

ay.Today,inAustralia,mostchildrenonaveragefall2,000stepsshortofthephysicalactivitytheyneedtoavoidbeingoverwe

ight.Intheearly1970s,40percentofchildrenwalkedtoschool,whilein2010,itwasaslowas15percent.Thedeclineisnotbecausewehaveallbecomel

azy.Familiesarepressedfortime,manywithbothparentsworkingtopayfortheirhouse,oftenworkinghoursnotoftheirchoosing,livingincar-depe

ndentneighborhoodswithlimitedpublictransport.Theothersideofthecoinisequallyadeprivation:forhealthandw

ell-being,aswellaslostopportunities（机会）forchildrentogettoknowtheirlocalsurroundings.Andforparentstherearelost

opportunitiestowalkandtalkwiththeiryoungscholarabouttheirday.Mostparentswillhaveeagerlyaskedtheirchildabouttheirday,o

nlytomeetwitha“good”,quicklyfollowedby"I'mhungry".Thisisalsomyexperienceasamother.Butsomewhereoverthedailywalkmoreabo

utmyson'sdaycomesout.Ihearhimmakingsenseoffriendshipanditslimits.Thisistheunexpectedandrareparentalopportunityt

ohearmore.Manyprimaryschoolssupportwalkingschool-busroutes（路线）,withdaysofregular,parent-accompaniedwalks.Doingjustoneoftheseafewtimesaweekis

betterthannothing.Itcanbetoughtobeginandtakesalittleplanning-runningshoesbythefrontdoor,lunchesmadethenightbefore,umbrellasonrainydaysa

ndhatsonhotones-butit'scertainlyworthtrying.4．WhydoestheauthormentionWatkins'predictionsinthefirstparagraph?A．Tomakecomparisons.B．Tointroducethetopic

.C．Tosupportherargument.D．Toprovideexamples.5．WhathascausedthedecreaseinAustralianchildren'sphysicalactivity?A．Plainlaziness.B．Healthpro

blems.C．Lackoftime.D．Securityconcerns.6．Whydoestheauthorfindwalkingwithhersonworthwhile?A．Shecangetrelaxedafterwor

k.B．Shecankeepphysicallyfit.C．Shecanhelpwithherson'sstudy.D．Shecanknowhersonbetter.【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章通过否定沃特金斯的预

言，进而提出现在人们时间的紧缺和陪伴的重要性。4．B推理判断题。通过文章第二段“Today:inAustralia:mostchildrenonaveragefall2:000stepsshortofthephysi

calactivitytheyneedtoavoidbeingoverweight.Intheearly1970s,40percentofchildrenwalkedtoschoolwhilein2010,itwasaslowas15percent.(今天：在澳大利亚：大多数

孩子平均比避免超重所需的体力活动少了2000步。在上世纪70年代初，40%的孩子步行上学，而在2010年，这一比例降至15%)”说明作者根据沃特金斯的预言做了相关调查，并且写下了这篇文章。通读全文得知作者在第一段提到沃特金斯的预

言，是为了介绍文章主题。故选B项。5．C细节理解题。通过文章第三段中“Familiesarepressedfortime:manywithbothparentsworkingtopayfortheirhouse,oftenworkingh

oursnotoftheirchoosing,livingincar-dependentneighborhoodswithlimitedpublictransport.(家庭时间紧迫：许多家庭的父母都在为房子买单而工作，工作时间往往不是他们自己选择的，他们住在公共交通有限的依赖汽

车的社区)”可知，导致澳大利亚儿童体育活动的减少的原因是时间不够。故选C项。6．D细节理解题。通过文章倒数第二段中“Butsomewhereoverthedailywalkmoreaboutmyson’sdaycomesout.Ihearhimmakingse

nseoffriendshipanditslimits.Thisistheunexpectedandrareparentalopportunitytohearmore.(但是，在每天散步的某个地方，更多关于我儿子日常的事情出现了。我听到他在理解友谊及其局限性。这是一个意想不到的

难得的机会，家长听到更多)”说明作者觉得和儿子一起散步能让她更了解她的儿子。故选D项。Passage10【2021年浙江卷1月】Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzees(黑猩猩)

usetocommunicate.Theysaywildchimpscommunicate19specificmessagestooneanotherwitha"vocabulary"of66gestures.Thescien

tistsdiscoveredthisbyfollowingandfilminggroupsofchimpsinUganda,andexaminingmorethan5,000incidentsofthesemeaningfulexchanges.DrCatherineHobait

er,wholedtheresearch,saidthatthiswastheonlyformofintentionalcommunicationtoberecordedintheanimalkingdom.Onlyhumansandchimps,shesaid,hadasystemo

fcommunicationwheretheydeliberatelysentamessagetoanothergroupmember."That'swhat'ssoamazingaboutchimpgestures,"shesaid."They'retheonl

ythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespect.”Althoughpreviousresearchhasshownthatapesandmonkeyscanunderstandcomplexinformationfromanot

heranimal'scall,theanimalsdonotappeartousetheirvoicesintentionallytocommunicatemessages.Thiswasasignificantdiffere

ncebetweencallsandgestures,DrHobaitersaid.Chimpswillchecktoseeiftheyhavetheattentionoftheanimalwithwhichtheywishtocommun

icate.Inonecase,amotherpresentsherfoottohercryingbaby,signaling:"Climbonme."Theyoungsterimmediatelyjump

sontoitsmothersbackandtheytravelofftogether."Thebigmessagefromthisstudyisthatthereisanotherspecies(物种)outthe

re.thatismeaningfulinitscommunication,sothat'snotuniquetohumans,"saidDrHobaiter.DrSusanneShultz,anevolutionarybiologistfr

omtheUniversityofManchester,saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhuma

nlanguage.But,sheadded,theresultswere"alittledisappointing"."Thevaguenessofthegesturemeaningssuggestseitherthatthechi

mpshavelittletocommunicate,orwearestillmissingalotoftheinformationcontainedintheirgesturesandactions,"shesaid."M

oreover,themeaningsseemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalconveywithnon-verbalcommunication.So,itseemsthegulfremains."7．Wha

tdochimpsandhumanshaveincommonaccordingtoDrHobaiter?A．Memorizingspecificwords.B．Understandingcomplexinformation.C．Usingv

oicestocommunicate.D．Communicatingmessagesonpurpose.8．WhatdidDrShultzthinkofthestudy?A．Itwaswelldesignedbutpoorlyc

onducted.B．Itwasagoodtrybutthefindingswerelimited.C．Itwasinspiringbuttheevidencewasunreliable.D．Itwasafailurebutthemethodsdeservedpraise.9．Whatdoest

heunderlinedword"gulf"inthelastparagraphmean?A．Difference.B．Conflict.C．Balance.D．Connection.10．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttit

leforthetext?A．ChimpanzeebehaviourstudyachievedabreakthroughB．ChimpanzeesdevelopedspecificcommunicationskillsC．Chimpanzees:thesmarte

stspeciesintheanimalkingdomD．Chimpanzeelanguage:communicationgesturestranslated【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们通过跟踪和拍摄乌干达的黑猩猩群，翻

译出了黑猩猩用来交流的手势含义。7．D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Onlyhumansandchimps,shesaid,hadasystemofcommunicationwheretheydeliberate

lysentamessagetoanothergroupmember.（她说，只有人类和黑猩猩有一个交流系统，他们故意向其他成员发送信息）”可知，根据DrHobaiter，黑猩猩和人类的共同点在于故意传递信息，故选D。8．B推理判断题。根据第六段中的“DrSusanneShultz,anevo

lutionarybiologistfromtheUniversityofManchester,saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutio

nofhumanlanguage.But,sheadded,theresultswere“alittledisappointing”（曼彻斯特大学的进化生物学家苏珊娜·舒尔茨博士说，这项研究是值得称赞的，它试图丰富我们对人类语言进化的知识。

但是，她补充说，结果“有点令人失望”）”可知，这项研究是一个好的尝试，但是发现的结果是有限的。故选B。9．A词义猜测题。首先根据第三段中的“They’retheonlythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespect.（在这方面，它们是唯一看起来像

人类语言的东西）”可知，黑猩猩的手势交流很像我们人类语言的交流方式。但是根据最后一段中的“Moreover,themeaningsseemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalsconveywithnon-verbalcommunications.（此外，这些含义似乎并不

超越其他动物通过非语言交流所传达的信息）”可知，黑猩猩手势的交流方式还是和我们语言的交流方式存在不同的，也就是“So,itseemsthegulfremains.（所以，看来差异依然存在）”，故gulf的意思是differ

ence，故选A。10．D主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzeesusetocommunicate.（研究人员表示，他们已经翻译出了野生黑猩

猩用来交流的手势的含义）”以及文章对这方面的讨论可知，文章主要讲科学家们对黑猩猩手势的研究及一些成果，所以D项：黑猩猩语言：翻译出来的交流手势，这一题目涵盖文章的内容。故选D。Passage11【2021年天津卷第二次】Inthefictionalworldsoffilma

ndTV,artificialintelligence（Al）hasbeendescribedassoadvancedthatitisindistinguishablefromhumans.Butwh

atifwe'reactuallygettingclosertoaworldwhereAliscapableofthinkingandfeeling?TechcompanyUneeQisheadingforits"digitalhumans",whichappearlif

elikeonthescreennotonlyintermsoflanguage,butalsobecauseoffacialmovements:raisedeyebrows,asmile,evenanod.Theylookclo

setoahuman,butnotquite.WhatliesbeneathUneeQ9sdigitalhumans?Their3Dfacesaremodeledonactualhumanfeatures.Speechrecognitionenablesthemtounderst

andwhatapersonissaying,andnaturallanguageprocessingisusedtoworkoutaresponse.Meanwhile,anotherAlcompany,

SoulMachines,istakingamorebiologicalapproach,witha"digitalbrain",thatimitatesaspectsofthehumanbraintoadjusttheemotions"fblt"and"expressed"byits"digit

alpeople".ShiwaliMohan,anAlscientistatthePaloResearchCenter,isskepticalofthesedigitalbeings."They'rehumanlik

eintheirlooksandthewaytheysound,butthatinitselfisnotbeinghuman,"shesays."Humanqualitiesalsoinvolvehowyouthink,howyouapproach

problems,andhowyoubreakthemdown;andthattakesalotofalgorithmic(算法)design.Designingforhuman-levelintelligenceisadiffe

rentattemptthandesigningimagesthatbehavelikehumans."Shethencontinues,“Ifsomethinglookslikeahuman,wehavehighexpectationsofthem,butth

eymightbehavedifferentlyinwaysthathumansjustinstinctively(直觉地)knowhowotherhumansreact.Yetthedemandisthe

re,withUneeQseeinghighadoptionofitsdigitalemployeesacrossthefinancial,healthcare,andcommercialsectors（行业）."Unlessthes

esectorsmaketheirbusinessmodelsmuchmoreefficientdigitally,theymightbeleftbehind,"saysChetanDube,UneeQ9sC

EO.Someothercompaniesaretakingtheirdigitalbeingsastepfurther,enablingorganizationsandindividualstocreate

digitalhumansthemselvesusingfree-accessplatformstheyprovide."ThebiggestmotivationforsuchplatformsistopopularizeAl,"Dubesays.Mohanisca

utiousaboutthisapproach,yetshesupportsthepurposebehindthesedigitalbeingsandisoptimisticaboutwheretheyar

eheaded."AswedevelopmoreadvancedAltechnology,wewouldthenhavetousenewwaysofcommunicatingwiththattechnology,shesays."'Hopefully,allofthatisde

signedtosupporthumansintheirgoals."46.AccordingtoPara.2,inwhatrespect（s）doUneeQ9s"digitalhumans"resembl

ehumanbeings?A.Inthewaytheymovearound.B.Inthewaytheyactandreact.C.Inobservationandanalysis.D.Inspeechandfaci

alexpressions.47.SoulMachines’digitalbrainisatechnologicalbreakthroughbecauseit.A.leamstomakeproperemotionalresp

onsesB.tendstoimitatehumanbeings'tonevividlyC.recognizesthespeechsoundsitreceivesD.processesthenaturallanguageithears48.InMohan'sopin

ion,whathumanqualityislackingindigitalbeings?A.Calculatingbrain.BLanguageskills.C.Instinctivejudgements.D.Problem-solvingability.49.What

makesmanysectorsemploydigitalhumans?A.Thefearoffallingbehindinefficiency.B.Theurgencytopromotee-commerce.C.Thewishtospreaddigitaltechnology.D.T

heneedtoupgradethehealthcaresystem.50.WhatdoesMohanthinkofthefutureofdigitalbeings?A.It'swellplanned.B.Itispromising.C.Itisuncertain.

D.It'squitehopeless.【答案】46.D47.A48.C49.A50.B【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍许多科技公司正在推进、研发“数字人类”，并被很多部门使用。但.一些科学家对此表示怀疑，并指出了“数

字人类”并不是真正的人类，有很多缺陷。但前景还是很有希望的。【46题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“TechcompanyUneeQisheadingforits"digitalhumans",whichappearlifelikeonthescreennotonlyintermsof

language,butalsobecauseoffacialmovements:raisedeyebrows,asmile,evenanod.”（科技公司UneeQ正在研发一种“数字人”，这种人在屏幕上看起来栩栩如生，不仅因为语

言，还因为面部动作:眉毛扬起、微笑，甚至点头。）由此可知，根据第2段，UneeQ9s的“数字人”在言语和面部表情上方面与人类相似。故选D项。【47题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Meanwhile,anotherAlcompany,SoulMachi

nes,istakingamorebiologicalapproach,witha"digitalbrain",thatimitatesaspectsofthehumanbraintoadjusttheemotions"fblt"and"expressed"byits“digitalpe

ople”.”（与此同时，另一家Al公司，灵魂机器公司，正在采取一种更具生物性的方法，拥有一个“数字大脑”，它模仿人脑的各个方面来调节其“数字人”的“fblt”和“表达”的情绪。）由此可知，灵魂机器的数字大脑是一项技术突破，因为它倾向于做出适当的情绪反应。故选A项。【48题详解】推理判断题。根据

第四段“"They'rehumanlikeintheirlooksandthewaytheysound,butthatinitselfisnotbeinghuman,"shesays."Humanqualities

alsoinvolvehowyouthink,howyouapproachproblems,andhowyoubreakthemdown;andthattakesalotofalgorithmic(算法)design,buttheymightbehavedifferentlyi

nwaysthathumansjustinstinctively(直觉地)knowhowotherhumansreact.”（“他们的外表和声音都像人类，但这本身不是人类，”她说。“人类的品质还包括你如何思考、如何处理问

题以及如何分解问题；这需要大量的算法设计。但他们的行为方式可能不同，人类只是本能地知道其他人的反应。”）由此判断出，在Mohan看来，数字人缺少本能的判断。故选C项。【49题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段“Yetthede

mandisthere,withUneeQseeinghighadoptionofitsdigitalemployeesacrossthefinancial,healthcare,andcommercialsectors（行业）.Unlessth

esesectorsmaketheirbusinessmodelsmuchmoreefficientdigitally,theymightbeleftbehind”（但需求依然存在，UneeQ的数字员

工在金融、医疗和商业行业的使用率很高。除非这些行业将它们的商业模式数字化得更高效，否则它们可能会被甩在后面）由此可知，害怕效率落后让许多行业使用“数字人类”。故选A项。【50题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Mohaniscautiousaboutthisappr

oach,yetshesupportsthepurposebehindthesedigitalbeingsandisoptimisticaboutwheretheyareheaded.”（Mohan对这种方法持谨

慎态度，但她支持这些数字生物背后的目的，并对他们的未来持乐观态度）由此判断出，Mohan数字人的未来是有希望的。故选B项。Passage12D【2021年天津卷第二次】Artiseverywhere.Anypublicspace

hasbeencarefullydesignedbyanartisticmindtobebothfunctionalandbeautiful.Why,then,isartstillsowidelycon

sideredtobe"theeasysubject"atschool,insignificanttowidersociety,awasteoftimeandeffort?Artcanconnectculturewithcomme

rcialproductsinawaythatnotmanyotherthingscan;artgeneratesmoneyandholdssignificantemotionalandculturalvaluewithincommunities.Whenpeopl

eattendaconcert,theyarepayingformusic,sure,maybeevenhotelrooms,meals,andtransport,buttheyalsogainanincredibleexperience,auniqueatmosphe

reandamemorythatwillgothroughtherestoftheirlives.Peopledon'tjustwantmaterialthingsanymore,theywanttoexperiencelif

e一theartsareaperfectcrossover（交迭）betweencultureandcommerce.Furthermore,theartscanbringcommunitiestogether,reducinglonelinessan

dmakingpeoplefeelsafer.Socialbondsarecreatedamongindividualswhentheysharetheirartsexperiencesthroughreflectionanddiscussion,andtheirexpressionofc

ommonvaluesthroughartworksinhonourofeventssignificanttoanation'sexperience.Theartsclearlyhaveaprettypositiveimpactonphysical

andpsychologicalhealth.Itisfoundthatpeoplewhofrequentculturalplacesorparticipateinartisticeventsaremorelikelytogaingoodhealthcomparedtothosewhodonot;

moreengagementwiththeartsislinkedtoahigherlevelofpeople'swellbeing.TheRoyalSocietyofPublicHealthdiscoveredthatmusicandart,whenusedinhospitals,he

lptoimprovetheconditionsofpatientsbyreducingstress,anxietyandbloodpressure.Childrenwhoareinvolvedwiththeartsmakegreaterachievementsi

ntheireducation:thoseengagedwithdramahavegreaterliteraryabilitywhileotherstakingpartinmusicalpracticeexhibitgreaterskillsinmathandla

nguages.Kidswithpreferencefbrtheartshaveagreaterchanceoffindingemploymentinthefuture.Participatingintheartsi

sessentialfbrchilddevelopment;encouragingchildrentoexpressthemselvesinconstructivewayscouldhelptoformhealthyemotio

nalresponsesinlaterlife.Vitaltohumanlife,artiscelebratedandusedbynationsacrosstheworldforvariouspurposes

.Lifewithoutartwouldbeboringanddeadstill,fbrartisapartofwhatmakesushuman.51.Artproductsdifferfrommostothe

rcommercialproductsbecause.A.mostpeoplepurchasethemforcollectionB.theyaremoreexpensiveandlessaccessibleC.theyhavebothcomme

rcialandculturalvaluesD.theirpricesmayclimbupastimepasses52.Bysharingtheirartsexperiences,communitymembersca

n.A.keepthecommunitysafefromillnessesB.developastrongertiebetweenthemC.learntoappreciatetheirownworksofartD.offerhonourablesolutio

nstotheirproblems53.Whatcanwelearnaboutpeoplewhoareinvolvedinartisticactivities?A.Theyenjoybetterlivingco

nditions.B.Theyliketocomparethemselveswithothers.C.Theyareparticularlygoodatbothmusicandart.D.Theytendtobehealthierphysicallyandmentall

y.54.Howdoeskids'engagementwiththeartsbenefitthem?A.Itpromotestheiracademicperformanceandemotionalgrowth.B.Itgi

vesthemmoreconfidenceinexhibitingtheirlearningskills.C.Itinspirestheircreativityindesigningtheirfuturecareer.D.Ithelpstomakerespons

iblepeopleoutofthem.55.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.HowArtCuresOurHeartsB.Art:ABlessingtoHumankindC.HowArtBenef

itsCommunitiesD.Art:ABridgeBetweenCultures【答案】51.C52.B53.D54.A55.B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了艺术这一活动对人类的重要意义，是我们不可或缺

的社会生活之一。从赋予商品的商业价值，人类的身心健康和青少年的学术和情感发展等方面论述了艺术的重要意义。【51题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Anypublicspacehasbeencarefullydesignedbyanartisticmindtob

ebothfunctionalandbeautiful.”（任何公共空间都是由艺术家精心设计的，既实用又美观。）以及“Artcanconnectculturewithcommercialproductsinawaythatn

otmanyotherthingscan”（艺术可以将文化与商业产品联系起来，这是其他很多东西都做不到的。）可以看出，可见艺术参与的作品兼具文化价值和商业价值。故选择C。【52题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“So

cialbondsarecreatedamongindividualswhentheysharetheirartsexperiencesthroughreflectionanddiscussion,,andtheirexpressionofcommonvaluesthrougha

rtworksinhonorofeventssignificanttoanation'sexperience.”（当个人通过反思和讨论分享他们的艺术经验，并通过艺术作品表达共同的价值观，以纪念对一个国家的经验

有重要意义的事件时，社会纽带就在他们之间建立起来。），可见通过分享经历，可以建立一种特殊的联系和纽带。故选择B。【53题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段“Itisfoundthatpeoplewhofrequentculturalplacesorpartici

pateinartisticeventsaremorelikelytogaingoodhealthcomparedtothosewhodonot”（研究发现，经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人比不经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人更容易获得健康;），可见参加艺术活动的人们在身心上

都相对更加健康。故选择D。【54题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段“Childrenwhoareinvolvedwiththeartsmakegreaterachievementsintheireducation”（参与艺术的孩

子在他们的教育中取得更大的成就）以及“encouragingchildrentoexpressthemselvesinconstructivewayscouldhelptoformhealthyemotionalresponsesinlaterlife.

”（有助于在以后的生活中形成健康的情感反应。）可见艺术活动促进了孩子们的学业表现和情感成长。故选择A。【55题详解】主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Vitaltohumanlife,artiscelebratedandusedbynationsac

rosstheworldforvariouspurposes.Lifewithoutartwouldbeboringanddeadstill,fbrartisapartofwhatmakesushuman.”（艺术对人类的生命至关

重要，世界各国为各种目的庆祝和使用艺术。没有艺术的生活将是无聊和死气沉沉的，因为艺术是我们人类的一部分。）可见艺术是人类重要的部分，文章中也详细描述了艺术对不同人群的好处。所以短文的最佳标题为“艺术:人类的福祉”。故选择B。Passage13【2021年天津卷第

一次】AtrialprojectbytheMontrealChildren'sHospitalsuggestedthattheuseofmedicalhypnosis(催眠)canreducepainandanxietyinpatients.Th

eprojectalsoresultedinareductionintheamountofmedicinesusedtoperformmedical-imagingimaging(医学影像)procedures.“Duringthe

examinationchildrendon'tmove.Itworksperfectly.It'samazing,“saidJohanneL'Ecuyer,amedical-imagingtechnologistatthehospital

.TheprojectwasinspiredbyaFrenchteamfromRouenUniversityHospitalCentrewhereexaminationsaredoneunderhypnosisin

steadofgeneralanesthesia(麻醉）.AFrenchmedical-imagingtechnologist-alsoahypnotist—wasinvitedtotrainafewmembersinthemedical-imagingdepartmentofthechild

ren'shospital.Inall,80examinationswereconductedfortheprojectbetweenJanuaryandSeptember,2019,focusingontheimagingp

roceduresthatwouldcauseanxiety.Hypnosisisnotastateofsleep:Itisratheramodified(改变的)stateofconsciousness.Thetechnologistwillguidethepatienttothism

odifiedstate—animaginaryworldthatwilldisassociateitselfmoreandmorefromtheprocedurethatfollows.“Thetechnologistmustbuildupastorywiththepati

ent,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid."Thepatientisleftwiththepowertochoosewhathewantstotalkabout.Doyouplaysports?Doyoulikegoingtothebeach?Weestablishasub

jectthatwewilldiscussthroughouttheprocedure."Everythingthathappensnextduringtheproceduremustberelatedtothisstory—aninjection（注射）become

sthebiteofaninsect;theheatontheskinbecomesthesensationofthesunandamachinethatringsbecomesapolicecarpassingnearby.“Theimportantthi

ngisthatthetechnologistassociateswhatishappeningoutsidethepatient'sbodywithwhatthepatientseesinhishead,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid."Itrequirescreativ

ityonthepartofthetechnologist,imagination,alotofpatienceandkindness."Theprocedureappealedtothestaffalo

twhenitwasintroducedinJanuary.ItspreadlikewildfirethatsomeonefromFrancewasheretotrainthetechnologists,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid.Sheaddedthatsh

ehadalineofstaffatherdoorwantingtotakethetraining.45．Oneoftheresultsproducedbythetrialprojectis________

.A．abetterunderstandingofchildrenB．lessuseofcertainmedicinesC．newmedical-imagingtechnologyD．animprovedreputationofthehos

pital46．TheFrenchtechnologistcametothechildren'shospitalto________.A．assistintreatingapatientB．carryouthypnosistrai

ningC．startupanewdepartmentD．learnabouttheprocedure47．AccordingtoParagraph5,hypnosisworksby________.A．creatingaperfectworldforpatients

B．forcingpatientsintoastateofdeepsleepC．puttingpatientsintoanunconsciousstateD．leadingpatients'consciousnessawayfromrea

lity48．Whatcanwelearnaboutthestoryusedintheprocedure?A．Itshouldkeeppacewiththeprocedure.B．Itreflectsthepa

tient'screativity.C．Itisselectedbythetechnologist.D．Ittellswhatdoctorsaredoingtothepatient.49．Theprocedurewasreceivedamongthestaffwith_______

_.A．uncertaintyB．enthusiasmC．worryD．criticism50．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Aneasywaytocommunicatewithpatients.B．Thestandardmethodo

fconductinghypnosis.C．Anintroductionofmedical-imagingtechnology.D．Theuseofhypnosisinmedical-imagingprocedures.【分析】本文是一篇说

明文。文章主要讲述了蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工。45．细节理解题。根据

第一段“Theprojectalsoresultedinareductionintheamountofmedicinesusedtoperformmedical-imaging(医学影像)procedures.”（该项目还导致用于医学影像程序的药品数量减少。）可知，实验的结果之一就

是减少某些药物的使用。故选B。46．细节理解题。根据第三段“AFrenchmedical-imagingtechnologist--alsoahypnotist--wasinvitedtotrainafewmembersinthemedical-imagingde

partmentofthechildren'shospital.”（一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，法国技术专家来儿童医院是做催眠培训来的。故选B。47．细节理解题。根据第五

段第一句“Hypnosisisnotastateofsleep:Itisratheramodified（改变的）stateofconsciousness.Thetechnologistwillguidethepatie

nttothismodifiedstate—animaginaryworldthatwilldisassociateitselfmoreandmorefromtheprocedurethatfollows.”（催眠状态不是

一种睡眠的状态：而是一种被改变的意识状态。技术专家会引导病人进入这种改变的状态——一个想象中的世界，它会越来越脱离接下来的程序）可知，催眠是引导病人的意识远离现实，进入一个想象中的世界。故选D。48．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Everythingthath

appensnextduringtheproceduremustberelatedtothisstory”（催眠过程中接下来发生的一切都必须和这个故事有关）以及倒数第二段“Theimportantthingisthatthetechnologistassociateswhatishappe

ningoutsidethepatient'sbodywithwhatthepatientseesinhishead”（重要的是技术专家把病人身体外发生的事情和他在大脑里看到的联系起来）可知，故事必须跟整个催眠过程同步。故选A。49．细节理解题。根据倒数第一

段“TheprocedureappealedtothestaffalotwhenitwasintroducedinJanuary.”（这个程序在一月份开始引进的时候，吸引了很多员工）以及最后一句“Sheaddedthatshehadalineofstaffatherdoor

wantingtotakethetraining.”（她补充说，有一队员工在她门口等着接受培训）可知，这个催眠程序受到了员工的欢迎。A.uncertainty不确定；B.enthusiasm热情；C.worry担心；D.criticism批评。故选B。50．主旨大意题。

根据文章第一段“AtrialprojectbytheMontrealChildren'sHospitalsuggestedthattheuseofmedicalhypnosis(催眠)canreducepainandanxietyinpatients.Theprojectalsores

ultedinareductionintheamountofmedicinesusedtoperformmedical-imagingimaging(医学影像)procedures.”（蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国

医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，全文主要讲述催眠技术在医学影像程序中的应用。故选D。2020年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2020年新课标Ⅰ】Returningtoabookyou’vereadman

ytimescanfeellikedrinkswithanoldfriend.There’sawelcomefamiliarity-butalsosometimesaslightsuspicionthattimehaschangedyouboth,andthust

herelationship.Butbooksdon’tchange,peopledo.Andthat’swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.Thebeautyofrereadingliesintheideathat

ourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentmentalregister.It’strue,theolderIget,themoreIfeeltimehaswings.Butw

ithreading,it’sallaboutthepresent.It’saboutthenowandwhatonecontributestothenow,becausereadingisagiveandtakebetweenauthorandreader.Eachhastopulltheir

ownweight.TherearethreebooksIrereadannually.Thefirst,whichItaketoreadingeveryspringisEmestHemningway’sA

MoveableFeast.Publishedin1964,it’shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.Thelanguageisalmostintoxicating(令人陶醉的)，anagingwriterlo

okingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.AnotherisAnnieDillard’sHolytheFirm,herpoetic1975ramble(随笔)abouteverythin

gandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortazar’sSaveTwilight:SelectedPoems,becausepoetry.AndbecauseCortazar.WhileItendtobuyalotofboo

ks,thesethreeweregiventomeasgifs,whichmightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulan

dnecessary,rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurth

erastimepasses.Butremember,it’syouthathastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.24.Whydoestheautho

rlikerereading?A.Itevaluatesthewriter-readerrelationship.B.It’sawindowtoawholenewworld.C.It’sasubstitutefordrinkingwithafriend.D.Itex

tendstheunderstandingofoneself.25.WhatdoweknowaboutthebookAMoveableFeast?A.It’sabriefaccountofatrip.B.It’saboutHemingway’slifeasayoungman.

C.It’sarecordofahistoricevent.D.It’saboutHemingway’sfriendsinParis.26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂currency＂inparagraph4referto?A.Debt

B.Reward.C.Allowance.D.Facevalue.27.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A.Helovespoetry.B.He’sane

ditor.C.He’sveryambitious.D.Heteachesreading.【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。24.推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“

Butbooksdon’tchange,peopledo.Andthat’swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.(但是书没变，人变了。那就是使重新阅读行为如此丰富和富

于变化之处)”和第二段“Thebeautyofrereadingliesinthatourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentregister.Itistrue,theolderIget,themoreIfe

eltimehaswings.(重新阅读的美妙之处在于我们与作品的联系是基于我们现在的心理状态。真的，我年纪越大，就越觉得时光飞逝。)”可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可以扩展对自己的理解。故选D

项。25.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Publishedin1964,it’shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.”及“anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime”可知，

这本书出版于1964年，这是他关于20世纪20年代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。由此可判断出AMovableFeast是关于海明威年轻时的生活。故选B项。26.词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandne

cessary,(虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpa

ythem.”意为“但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。故选B项。27.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“ThethirdbookisJulioCortázar’sSaveTwilight:se

lectedpoems,becausepoetry.(第三本书是胡里奥·科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城:诗歌精选》，因为诗歌)”可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。故选A项。Passage2【2020年新课标Ⅰ】Racewalkingsharesmany

fitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.Racewalkers

areconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemara

thon.Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootrem

ainincontact(接触)withthegroundatalltimes.It’sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJa

clynNorberg,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.Likerunning,racewalkingisphysic

allydemanding,shesays,Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calori

es(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecalories

perhour.However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundw

ithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheac

hstep.Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesport’sstrangeformdoesplaceconsid

erablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldpr

obablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,shesays.Ittakessomepractice.28.Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?A.Theymust

runlongdistances.B.Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.C.Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D.Theyaregoodatswingingtheirleg

s.29.Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?A.It’smorepopularattheOlympics.B.It’slesschallengingphysically.C.It’smore

effectiveinbodybuilding.D.It’slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.30.WhatisDr.Norberg’ssuggestionforsomeonetry

ingracewalking?A.Gettingexperts’opinions.B.Havingamedicalcheckup.C.Hiringanexperiencedcoach.D.Doingregularexercises.31.Whichwordbestdescribesthea

uthor’sattitudetoracewalking?A.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Tolerant.D.Conservative.【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比

跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。28.细节理解题。根据第二段“Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthr

oughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontactwiththegroundatalltimes.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守

特殊的规则。故选C项。29.细节理解题。根据最后一段“Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如

跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D项。30.细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr.Norberg说的话“Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultaco

achorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr.Norberg建议想尝试

竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A项。31.推理判断题。根据第一段“Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries

.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。Passage3D【2020年新课标Ⅰ

】Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.Astu

dyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employe

eswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakeni

tastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse，evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesenso

rsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.＂We’rethi

nkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,＂explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofche

micalengineeringatMIT.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(发光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreate

afaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight，aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby，isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtoli

ghttheroomsoreventoturntreesintoself-poweredstreetlamps.Inthefuture，theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesp

rayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff＂switch＂where

theglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremov

edfromthepowersource(电源)-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(传输).Glowingplantscouldred

ucethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Em

ployeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.33.WhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITenginee

r?A.Todetectplants’lackofwaterB.TochangecompositionsofplantsC.Tomakethelifeofplantslonger.D.Totestchemicalsinplants.34.Whatca

nweexpectoftheglowingplantsinthefuture?A.Theywillspeedupenergyproduction.B.Theymaytransmitelectricitytothehome.C.Theymight

helpreduceenergyconsumption.D.Theycouldtaketheplaceofpowerplants.35.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Canw

egrowmoreglowingplants?B.Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollut

ion-free?【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到

节约能源的作用。32.主旨大意题。根据第一段中AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother

,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的

地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。33.细节理解题。根据第二段中Theseincludep

lantsthathavesensorsprintedontheirleavestoshowwhenthey'reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.可知这就包括叶子

上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。34.细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glowingplantscouldredu

cethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。故选C。35.主旨大意题。

根据最后一段中Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepo

wersource-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransm

ission.Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发

光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项

“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。Passage4【2020年新课标Ⅱ】Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butres

earcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdev

elopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoun

dtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(认知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamo

untofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzle

sbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,on

tasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋转)andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenasthe

ynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplayw

ithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexp

uzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentso

fgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.24.Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?A.Buildingconf

idence.B.Developingspatialskills.C.Learningself-control.D.Gaininghigh-techknowledge.25.WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesig

ningherexperiment？A.Parents’age.B.Children’simagination.C.Parents’education.D.Child-parentrelationship.26.Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?A.T

heyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B.Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.C.Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.D.Theyarel

ikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod.B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanps

ychologistD.Ateachingprogram.【解析】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。24.细节理解题。根据第二段中…foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and

4developbetterspatialskill(在2岁到4岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展更好的空间技能。B.Developingspatialskills(发展空间能力)符合以上说法，故选B项

。25.细节理解题。根据第二段中Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognitionaftercontrollingfordifferenceinparents'incom

e,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.(Levine说，在父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数方面控制差异性之后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知Levine在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。C.Parent

s'education.(父母的教育)符合以上说法，故选C项。26.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,可知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜

题。D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.(他们有可能玩更复杂的谜题)符合以上说法，故选D项。27.主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。B.Ascientificstudy(一项科

学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。Passage5【2020年新课标Ⅱ】Whenyouweretryingtofigureoutwhattobuyfortheenvironmentalistonyourholiday

list,furprobablydidn’tcrossyourmind.Butsomeecologistsandfashion(时装)enthusiastsaretryingtobringbackthemarketforfurmadefromnutria(海狸鼠).Unusualfashion

showsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhave(showcased)nutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.“Itsoundscrazytotal

kaboutguilt-freefur-unlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear”,saysCreeMcCree,projectdirectoro

fRighteousFur.ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters$5atail.Someofthefurendsupinthefashionshowsliketheo

neinBrooklynlastmonth.NutriawerebroughttherefromArgentinabyfurfarmersandletgointothewild.“Theecosystemdowntherecan’thandle

thisnon-nativespecies(物种).It’sdestroyingtheenvironment.It’sthemorus.”saysMichaelMassimi,anexpertinthisfield.Thefurtradek

eptnutriacheckfordecades，butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s，thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.BiologistE

dmondMoutonrunsthenutriacontrolprogramforLouisiana.Hesaysit’snoteasytoconvincepeoplethatnutriafurisgreen,buthehasnodoubtaboutit.Huntersbringinmo

rethan300,000nutriatailsayear,sopartofMouton’sjobthesedaysistryingtopromotefur.Thenthere’sRighteousF

uranditsunusualfashion.ModelPaigeMorgansays，”Togivepeopleaguilt-freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsome

onethrowingpaintonthem-1thinkthat’sgoingtobeamassivething,atleasthereinNewYork.”DesignerJenniferAndersonadmitsittookherawhiletocomearoundtotheopinio

nthatusingnutriafurforhercreationsismorallyacceptable.Shetryingtocomeupwithalabletoattachtonutriafashionstoshowitise

co-friendly.28.WhatisthepurposeofthefashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklyn?A.Topromoteguilt-freefur.B.Toexpandt

hefashionmarket.C.Tointroduceanewbrand.D.Tocelebrateawinterholiday.29.Whyarescientistsconcernedaboutnutria?A.Nutriadamagetheecosystemseriously.B.N

utriaareanendangeredspecies.C.Nutriahurtlocalcat-sizedanimals.D.Nutriaareillegallyhunted.30.Whatdoestheunder

linedword“collapsed”inparagraph5probablymean?A.Boomed.B.Becamemature.C.Remainedstable.D.Crashed.31.Whatcanweinfe

raboufwearingfurinNewYorkaccordingtoMorgan?A.It’sformal.B.It’srisky.C.It’sharmful.D.It’straditional.【解析】本文

是说明文。介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。海狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平衡表示了担忧。28.推理判断题。根据第二段UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrookly

nhaveshowcasednutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.“Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt-freefur-unlessyouunderstandthatthen

utriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear,”saysCreeMcCree,projectdirectorofRighteousFur.得知，美国新奥尔良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀，时装秀上展出海狸鼠皮制成的不同风格

的衣服，项目总监CreeMcCree说：“除非了解海狸鼠正每年破坏大片湿地，否则谈论无罪感皮衣是很疯狂的事情”，可以判断出由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。故选A。29.推理判断题。根据第三段ScientistsinLouisian

aweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters$5atail.得知，科学家们如此担心以至于他们决定按照一条海狸鼠尾巴付给猎人们5美元，可以推断出科学家们担忧海狸鼠们严重破坏生态平衡，。故选A。30.词义猜测题。根据第五段Th

efurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecades,butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s,thecat-sizedanimalsmultiplie

dlikecrazy.得知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年的控制，但是当海狸鼠市场在20世纪80年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据but判断，这是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不再销售

海狸鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词collapsed是和D.crashed倒闭的意思最相近。故选D。31.推理判断题。根据第二段ModelPaigeMorgansays,“Togivepeopleaguilt–freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeoneth

rowingpaintonthem-Ithinkthat’sgoingtobeamassivething,atleastinNewYork.”得知，为了给人们一种无罪的选择，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，我认为在纽约将是

一件巨大的事情，根据模特摩根所说得知，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的。故选B。Passage6【2020年新课标Ⅲ】Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionso

fyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes(基因),theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfew

thousandyears.PeopleinEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnor

thernEuropehavegainedamutation(突变)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindof

adaptation-nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofsea-dwellingpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobetterdivers.TheBajau,asthesepeopleare

known,numberinthehundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,th

ey’vealsobuilthousesonstilts(支柱)incoastalwaters.“Theyaresimplyastrangertotheland,”saidRedneyC.Jubilado,aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudies

theBajau.Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowinguponSamalIslandinthePhilippines.Theymadealivingasdivers,

spearfishingorharvestingshellfish.“Weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders,”D

r.Jubiladosaid.“Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea.”In2015,MelissaIlardo,thenagraduatestudentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,

heardabouttheBajau.Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierfo

rthem.“itseemedliketheperfectchancefornaturalselectiontoactonapopulation,”saidDr.Ilardo.Shealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelpthe

Bajaudive.32.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbytheexamplesinparagraph1?A.Environmentaladaptationofcattleraisers.B.Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.C.R

ecentfindingsofhumanorigin.D.Significanceoffoodselection.33.WheredotheBajaubuildtheirhouses?A.Invall

eys.B.Nearrivers.C.Onthebeach.D.Offthecoast.34.WhywastheyoungJubiladoastonishedattheBajau?A.Theycouldwalkonstiltsallday.B.Th

eyhadasuperbwayoffishing.C.Theycouldstaylongunderwater.D.Theylivedonbothlandandwater.35.Whatcanbeasuitable

titleforthetext?A.BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSeaB.Highlanders’SurvivalSkillsC.BasicMethodsofGeneticResearchD.TheWo

rld’sBestDivers【解析】这是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。32.推理判断题。根据第一段的wearetheproductsofevolution,an

dnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes,theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthous

andyears.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B.Newknowled

geofhumanevolution.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法，故选B项。33.细节理解题。根据第二段的TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinhundred

softhousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallyliveonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they'vealsobuilthousesons

tiltsincoastalwaters.(这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海区域。D.O

ffthecoast.(沿海)符合以上说法，故选D项。34.细节理解题。根据第三段的weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders.(我们很惊讶，他们在

水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多)可知，让Jubilado感到吃惊的是Bajau人能在水下待更长的时间。C.Theycouldstaylongunderwater.(他们能在水下待很长时间)符合以上说法，故选C项。35.主旨大

意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第二段的OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaption-nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.(周

四，在《细胞》杂志上发表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau人的身体进化成更适应海洋生活。A.Bod

iesRemodeledforaLifeatSea.(身体为适应海洋生活而重塑)可以作为本文标题，故选A项。Passage7【2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷（山东卷）】AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJ

ournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyousho

uldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneati

nghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateina

studyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearc

hersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichin

creasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takin

gmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinac

tortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowed

suitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyin

fluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we'lladj

usttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butif

athinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?12.Whatistherecentstudymainlya

bout?A.Foodsafety.B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand.D.Eatingbehavior.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters.B.

Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters.D.Tallthinpersons.14.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B.Totestiftheparticipa

ntscouldrecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.15.Onwhatbasisdowe“

adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare.B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers.D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.【解析】本文是说明

文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。12.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,

boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮

食行为的。故选D。13.词义猜测题。根据前半句“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderl

argeportions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。由contraryto可推断出，画线词和heavierpeopl

e（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavierpeople正好相反。故选D。14.推理判断题。根据第二段的“Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexpe

riments”可知，为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A

。15.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifa

thinpersoneatsalot,I’llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan’tI?”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯

的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。Passage8【2020年新高考全国Ⅱ卷（海南卷）】Rainforestsarehometoarichvarietyofmedi

cinalplants,food,birdsandanimals.Canyoubelievethatasinglebush（灌木丛）intheAmazonmayhavemorespeciesofantsthanthewholeofBritain!About480varieti

esoftreesmaybefoundinjustonehectareofrainforest.Rainforestsarethelungsoftheplanet-storingvastquantitiesofc

arbondioxideandproducingasignificantamountoftheworld'soxygen.Rainforestshavetheirownperfectsystemforensuri

ngtheirownsurvival;thetalltreesmakeacanopy（树冠层）ofbranchesandleaveswhichprotectthemselves,smallerplants,andtheforestanimalsfro

mheavyrain,intensedryheatfromthesunandstrongwinds.Amazingly,thetreesgrowinsuchawaythattheirleavesandbranches,althoughclosetogether

,neveractuallytouchthoseofanothertree.Scientiststhinkthisistheplants'waytopreventthespreadofanytreediseasesandmakelifemoredifficultforleaf-eatingins

ectslikecaterpillars.Tosurviveintheforest,animalsmustclimb,jumporflyacrossthegaps.Thegroundflooroftheforestis

notalltangledleavesandbushes,likeinfilms,butisactuallyfairlyclear.Itiswheredeadleavesturnintofoodforthetreesandotherforestlife.Theyarenotcalledrai

nforestsfornothing!Rainforestscangenerate75%oftheirownrain.Atleast80inchesofrainayearisnormal-andinsomeareastheremaybeasmuchas430inchesofrain

annually.Thisisrealrain-yourumbrellamayprotectyouinashower,butitwon'tkeepyoudryifthereisafullrainstorm.Inju

sttwohours,streamscanrisetentotwentyfeet.Thehumidity（湿气）oflargerainforestscontributestotheformationofrain

cloudsthatmaytraveltoothercountriesinneedofrain.12.Whatcanwelearnaboutrainforestsfromthefirstparagraph?A.The

yproduceoxygen.B.Theycoveravastarea.C.Theyarewellmanaged.D.Theyarerichinwildlife.13.Whichofthefollowingcontributesmosttothesurvivalofr

ainforests?A.HeavyrainsB.Bigtrees.C.Smallplants.D.Forestanimals.14.Whydotheleavesandbranchesofdifferenttreesavoidtouchingeachother?A.Formoresunlig

ht.B.Formoregrowingspace.C.Forself-protection.D.Forthedetectionofinsects.15.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Life-Givin

gRainforestsB.TheLawoftheJungleC.AnimalsintheAmazonD.WeatherinRainforests【答案】12.D13.B14.C15.A【解析】【分析】本文是说明文。热带雨林被称为“世界上最大的药房”，因为超过25%的

现代药物是由其植物提炼。热带雨林也享有“地球之肺”的美誉，因其植物的光合作用净化地球空气的能力尤为强大。仅亚马逊热带雨林产生的氧气就占全球氧气总量的1/3。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段Rainforestsarehometoarichvari

etyofmedicinalplants,food,birdsandanimals.得知，热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。可知，热带雨林有丰富的野生动物，故选D。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段Rainforestshavetheirownperfe

ctsystemforensuringtheirownsurvival;thetalltreesmakeacanopy（树冠层）ofbranchesandleaveswhichprotectthemselves,smallerplants,andthefo

restanimalsfromheavyrain,intensedryheatfromthesunandstrongwinds.得知，热带雨林有自己完美的生存体系，高大的树木有枝干，树叶的树冠层保护树木本身、小植物、动物们免受大雨和太阳强风带来的干燥热浪的伤

害。可知，大树有助于热带雨林生存，故选B。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段Scientiststhinkthisistheplants'waytopreventthespreadofanytreediseasesandmakelifemoredifficultf

orleaf-eatinginsectslikecaterpillars.得知，科学家们认为这是植物阻止任何树木疾病扩散和让比如毛毛虫这种食用树叶的昆虫难以生存。可以判断出不同树木的树叶和树枝避免彼此触碰是为了自我保护，故选C。【15题详解】主旨大意题。本文首先

讲述了热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。其次，热带雨林就是地球的肺——它吸纳了大量的二氧化碳，并制造了全球氧气的很大部分。然后，雨林可以自我形成所需降雨的75%，而庞大的热带雨林湿气则可以形成雨云，这些雨云则可

以飘往那些缺雨水的国家。可以判断出本文最佳标题是“给予生命的热带雨林”，故选A。Passage9【2020年北京卷】BaggyhasbecomethefirstdogintheUK—andpotentiallytheworld—tojointhefightagainstairpollut

ionbyrecordingpollutantlevelsneartheground.Baggywearsapollutionmonitoronhercollarsoshecantakedatameasurementsclosetotheground.Hermonitorh

asshownthatairpollutionlevelsarehigherclosertogroundlevel,whichhashelpedhighlightconcernsthatbabiesandyoungkidsmaybeathigherriskofdevelopinglu

ngproblems.Conventionalairpollutionmonitorsarenormallyfixedonlamppostsataboutninefeetintheair.However,sinceBaggystandsataboutthesameheightasach

ildinapushchair（婴儿车）,shefrequentlyrecordspollutionlevelswhicharemuchhigherthanthedatagatheredbytheEnvironmentAgency.Thedoggydatarese

archwastheideaofBaggy's13-year-oldownerTomHuntandhisdadMatt.TheEnglishyoungsternoticedthatpollutionlevelsarearoundtwo-thirdshigh

erclosetothegroundthantheyareintheairattheheightwheretheyarerecordedbytheagency.Tomhassincereportedtheshockingfindings

tothegovernmentinanattempttoemphasisethatbabiesareathigherriskofdevelopingasthma（哮喘）.MattHuntsaidhewas"veryproud"ofhissonbe

cause“whentheboygetsanidea,hekeepshisheaddownandgetsonwithit,andhereallydoeswanttodosomegoodandstopyoungki

dsfromgettingasthma."“Tombuiltupapassionforenvironmentalprotectionataveryearlyage,"Mattadded.“Hebecam

everyinterestedingadgets（小装置）.Aboutoneyearago,hegotthisnewpieceoftechwhichislikeatesttube.OneSundayafternoon,wewentouttodosomemonitoring,an

dhesaid,whydon'tweputitonBaggy'scollarandlethermonitorthepollution？'Sowedidit."Tomsaid,"Mostofthetime,Baggyisjustlikeanyo

therdog.Butfortherestofthetimesheisasuperdog,andweareallreallyproudofher."34.Withamonitoronhercollar,Baggycan_______

_____.A.takepollutantreadingsB.recordpollutantlevelsC.processcollecteddataD.reduceairpollution35.WhatcanwelearnfromtheBaggydata?A.Highplac

esarefreeofairpollution.B.Higherpushchairsaremoreriskyforkids.C.Conventionalmonitorsaremorereliable.D.Airismorep

ollutedclosertotheground.36.WhatisTom'spurposeofdoingtheresearch?A.Towarnofahealthrisk.B.Tofindoutpollutio

nsources.C.Totesthisnewmonitor.D.ToproveBaggy'sabilities.37.Accordingtothepassage,whichwordcanbestdescribeTomHunt?A.Modest.B.Generous.C.Creative.D

.Outgoing.【答案】34.B35.D36.A37.C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了13岁的孩子TomHunt和他的爸爸通过在自己的宠物狗的脖子上戴污染监测器来记录地面附近的污染物水平；监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于强调婴儿和幼儿可能面临更

高风险发展肺部问题的担忧。【34题详解】细节理解题。本题题干意为：她的衣领上戴着监视器，Baggy可以…。根据文章第二段Baggywearsapollutionmonitoronhercollarsoshecantaked

atameasurementsclosetotheground.Baggy在她的衣领上戴着污染监测器，这样她就可以在接近地面的地方进行数据测量。可知戴着污染监测器可以记录污染物的水平。故答案为B项。【35题详解】推理判断题。本题题干意为：我们从Baggy收集到的数据中可以了解到什么

？根据文章第二段Hermonitorhasshownthatairpollutionlevelsarehigherclosertogroundlevel,whichhashelpedhighlightconcernsthatbabiesandyoungkidsmaybeathigherriskof

developinglungproblems.她的监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于突显婴儿和幼童罹患肺部疾病的风险更高的担忧。可知接近地面的空气污染水平更高。故答案为D项。【36题详解】推理判断题。本题题干意为：进行这项研究Tom的意图是？根据文章第四段Tomha

ssincereportedtheshockingfindingstothegovernmentinanattempttoemphasizethatbabiesareathigherriskofdevelopingas

thma（哮喘）.汤姆已经令人震惊的发现报告给政府,试图强调,婴儿患哮喘的风险更高。可知Tom研究的目的是对健康风险提出警告。故答案为A项。【37题详解】推理判断题。本题题干意为：根据文章，哪个词最能描述汤姆·亨特?根据文章倒数第二段“Tombuiltupap

assionforenvironmentalprotectionataveryearlyage,"Mattadded.“Hebecameveryinterestedingadgets（小装置）.Aboutoneyearago,hegotthisnewpieceofte

chwhichislikeatesttube.OneSundayafternoon,wewentouttodosomemonitoring,andhesaid,whydon'tweputitonBaggy'scollarandlethermonitorthepollution？'Sowedid

it."汤姆在很小的时候就对环境保护产生了热情，马特补充说。他非常感兴趣的产品(小装置)。大约一年前，他得到了一个类似试管的新技术。一个星期天的下午，我们出去做一些监测，他说，为什么我们不把它戴在Baggy的衣领上，让她监测污染?于是我们就这么做了。可知Tom是

非常的有创造力的。故答案为C项。Passage10【2020年浙江卷1月】Milwaukee,Wisconsin,isroadtestinganewwaytokeepwinterroadsice-free–byspreadingonthemcheesebrine,thesaltyliqui

dusedtomakesoftcheese,likemozzarella.Wisconsin,alsocalled"America'sDairyland,"isfamousforitscheese.Thestateproduced2.8billionpoundsofcheeselas

tyear!aresult,therewasalotofleftovercheesebrine.Disposingof(处置)thebrinecanbeexpensive.Sowhatshouldcheesema

kersdowiththewaste?Normally,townsuserocksalttode-icestreets.Thesaltlowerswaters'freezingpoint,causingicetomelt(融化).

Butusingcheesebrinecouldhelpbothcheeseproducersandcitiessavemoney,whilekeepingroadssafe.Cheesebrinehassa

ltinit,which,liketherocksalt,helpslowerwater'sfreezingpoint.Inadditiontosavingmoney,cheesebrinecouldalsobeamoreenvironment-friendly

option.Manypeoplesuspectthatalltherocksaltusedeverywinterisharmingtheenvironment.Rocksaltismadeofsodiumchlo

ride,thesanecon-pound(化合物)inordinarytablesalt.Soundsharmless,right?Butwhileyouprobablyaddonlyasmallamountofsalttoyourfood,roadcr

ewsspreadabout20milliontonsofsaltonU.S.Roadseveryyear!Thechemicalwashesoffroadsandgoesintotheground.Thereitcanpollutedrinkingwater,harmplants.andea

tawaysoil.Byspreadingcheesebrineonstreetsbeforeaddingalayerofrocksalt,Milwaukeemaybeabletocutitsrocksaltuseby3

0percent.Cheesebrinehasadownsidetoo–ashellsimilartothatofbadmilk."Idon'treallymindit,"EmilNorbytoldModernFarmermagazine.Heworksforone

ofWisconsin'scountyhighwaycommissionsandcameupwiththeideaofusingcheesebrine."OurroadssmelllikeWisconsin!"hesaid.24.Whycancheesebrin

ehelpkeepwinterroadsice-free?A.Itissoft.B.Itcontainssalt.C.Itiswarm.D.Ithasmilkinit.25.Whatisabenefitofusingch

eeseurineonroads?A.Improvingairquality.B.Increasingsalesofrocksalt.C.Reducingwaterpollution.D.Savingthecheeseindustry.26.Milwaukee'snewwaytode-i

cestreetsmaybeanexampleof_______________.A.barkingupthewrongtreeB.puttingthecartbeforethehorseC.robbingPetertopayPaulD.kil

lingtwobirdswithonestone【答案】24.B25.C26.D【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了威斯康辛州的密尔沃基市正在试验一种新的路面防冻方法——在路面上涂上奶酪盐水。文章说明了这种新方法的好处是，相比于常用的岩盐，奶酪盐水既可以帮助道路不结冰，同时又很省钱环保。【24

题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句Cheesebrinehassaltinit,which,liketherocksalt,helpslowerwater'sfreezingpoint.（奶酪盐水中含有盐，就像岩盐一样，有助于降低水的冰点）可知因为奶酪盐水

含有盐，所以能帮助冬季道路不结冰。故选B。【25题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中Thereitcanpollutedrinkingwater,harmplants.andeatawaysoil.Byspreadingcheesebrineonstreetsbeforeaddingalay

erofrocksalt,Milwaukeemaybeabletocutitsrocksaltuseby30percent.（在那里它可以污染饮用水，伤害植物，侵蚀土壤。通过在街道上撒上奶酪盐水，然后再撒上一层岩盐，密尔沃基或许可以将岩盐的使用量减少30%）可知岩盐会污染饮用水，而在道路上

使用奶酪盐水可以减少水污染。故选C。【26题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Cheesebrinehassaltinit,which,liketherocksalt,helpslowerwater'sfreezingpoint.（奶酪盐水中含有盐，就像

岩盐一样，有助于降低水的冰点）以及第四段第一句Inadditiontosavingmoney,cheesebrinecouldalsobeamoreenvironment-friendlyoption.（除了省钱，奶酪盐水也是一个更环保的选择）可知相比于常用的

岩盐，奶酪盐水既可以帮助道路不结冰，同时又很省钱环保，可知密尔沃基市的街道除冰新方法是一个“一石二鸟”的成功例子。故选D。Passage11C【2020年浙江卷1月】Today'sworldisnotaneasyadjustm

entforyoungadults.Keyskillsetforsuccessispersistence(毅力),acharacteristicthatresearcherssayisheavilyinfluenced

byfathers.ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersareinauniquepositiontohelptheiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence.BYUprofesso

rsLauraPadilla-WalkerandRandalDayarrivedatthesefindingsafterfollowing325Americanfamiliesoverseveralyears.Andovertime，thepersistencegainedthroughfathe

rsledtohigherachievementinschool."Therearerelativelyfewstudiesthatstresstheuniqueroleoffathers，"Padilla-Walkersaid."Thisresearchalsohe

lpstoprovethatcharacteristicssuchaspersistence-whichcanbetaught-arekeytoachild'slifesuccess.”Researchersdeterminedthatdadsneedtopracticean"au

thoritative"parentingstyle.Authoritativeparentingisnotauthoritarian:rigid，demandingorcontrolling.Rather，anauthoritativeparentingstyleincludesso

meofthefollowingcharacteristics:childrenfeelwarmthandlovefromtheirfather；responsibilityandthereasonsbehindrulesarestressedchi

ldrenaregivenanappropriatelevelofautonomy(自主权).Inthestudy，about52percentofthedadsexhibitedabove-averagelevelsofauthoritativeparenting.A

keyfindingisthatovertime，childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence，whichleadstobetteroutco

mesinschool.Thisparticularstudyexamined11to14-year-oldslivingintwo-parenthomes.Yettheresearcherssugges

tthatsingleparentsstillmayplayaroleinteachingthebenefitsofpersistence，whichisanavenueoffutureresearch.27.Whatissp

ecialabouttheBYUprofessors'study?A.Itcenteredonfathers'roleinparenting.B.Itwasbasedonanumberoflargefamilies.C.Itanalyzeddifferentkin

dsofparentingstyles.D.Itaimedtoimprovekids'achievementinschool.28.Whatwouldanauthoritativefatherdowhenraisinghischildren?A.Ignorethe

irdemands.B.Makedecisionsforthem.C.Controltheirbehaviors.D.Explaintherulestothem.29.Whichgroupcanbeafocusoffuture

studiesaccordingtotheresearchers?A.Singleparents.B.Childrenagedfrom11to14.C.Authoritarianfathers.D.Mothersintwo-parenthomes.30.Whichofthefollowin

gisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ThreeCharacteristicsofAuthoritativeFathers.B.KeySkillsforYoungAdultstoSucceedinFuture.C.ChildrenTendtoLearnDeterminat

ionfromFather.D.FamilyRelationshipInfluencesSchoolPerformance.【答案】27.A28.D29.A30.C【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的

地位。研究人员认为，父亲们需要采用一种“权威”的养育方式，且一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成绩。【27题详解】细节理解题。

根据第一段最后一句ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersareinauniquepositiontohelptheiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistenc

e.（杨百翰大学的研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位）可知杨百翰大学研究的特别之处在于，它关注的是父亲在养育子女中的角色。故选A。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段中Rather，anauthoritativep

arentingstyleincludessomeofthefollowingcharacteristics:childrenfeelwarmthandlovefromtheirfather；responsi

bilityandthereasonsbehindrulesarestressedchildrenaregivenanappropriatelevelofautonomy.（相反，权威的养育方式包括以下一些特征:孩子们感受到来自父

亲的温暖和爱；强调责任和规则背后的原因；孩子们被给予适当的自主权）可知一个有权威的父亲在抚养孩子时会向他们解释规则。故选D。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句Yettheresearcherssuggestthatsingleparentsstillmayplayaroleinteac

hingthebenefitsofpersistence，whichisanavenueoffutureresearch.（然而，研究人员认为，单亲父母仍然可能在教授坚持不懈的好处方面发挥作用，这是未来研究的一个方

向）可知根据研究人员的说法，单亲父母是未来研究的重点。故选A。【30题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章倒数第二段中Akeyfindingisthatovertime，childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikely

todeveloppersistence，whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.（一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而

在学校取得更好的成绩）和文章主要内容为说明父亲在养育子女中的角色，故选C选项“孩子们倾向于向父亲学习决心”最符合文章标题。故选C。Passage12【2020年江苏卷】Sometimesit’shardtoletgo.FormanyBritishp

eople,thatcanapplytoinstitutionsandobjectsthatrepresenttheircountry’spast-age-oldcastles,splendidhomes…andredphoneboxes.Beatenfirstbyth

emarchoftechnologyandlatelybytheterribleweatherinjunkyards(废品场),thephoneboxesrepresentativeofanagearenowmakingsomethi

ngofacomeback.Adaptedinimaginativeways,manyhavereappearedoncitystreetsandvillagegreenshousingtinycafes,cellphonerepair

shopsorevendefibrillatormachines(除颤器).Theoriginalironboxeswiththeroundroofsfirstappearedin1926.Theywe

redesignedbyGilesGilbertScott,thearchitectoftheBatterseaPowerStationinLondon.AfterbecominganimportantpartofmanyBritishstreets,thephoneboxesbegand

isappearinginthe1980s,withtheriseofthemobilephonesendingmostofthemawaytothejunkyards.Aboutthattime,TonyInglis’engineeringandtra

nsportcompanygotthejobtoremovephoneboxesfromthestreetsandsellthemout.ButInglisendedupbuyinghundredsofthemhimself,w

iththeideaofrepairingandsellingthem.Hesaidthathehadheardthecallstopreservetheboxesandhadseenhowsomeofthemwerelistedashistoricbuildings.AsIn

glisand,laterotherbusinessmen,gottowork,repurposedphoneboxesbeganreappearingincitiesandvillagesaspeoplefoundnewusesforthem.Today,

theyareonceagainafamiliarsight,playingrolesthatareoftenjustasimportantforthecommunityastheiroriginalpurpose.Inruralareas,whereambulancescantak

earelativelylongtimetoarrive,thephoneboxeshavetakenonalifesavingrole.Localorganizationscanadoptthemforlpound,andinstalldefibr

illatorstohelpinemergencies.Othersalsolookedatthephoneboxesandsawbusinessopportunities.LoveFone,acompanyt

hatadvocatesrepairingcellphonesratherthanabandoningthem,openedaminiworkshopinaLondonphoneboxin2016.Thetinyshopsmadeeconomicsense,accordingtoRobe

rtKerr,afounderofLoveFone.Hesaidthatoneoftheboxesgeneratedaround$13,500inrevenueamonthandcostonlyabout$400torent.Ing

lissaidphoneboxescalledtomindanagewhenthingswerebuilttolast.I“likewhattheyaretopeople,andIenjoybringingthingsback,”hesaid.58.Thephoneboxesaremaking

acomeback______.A.toformabeautifulsightofthecityB.toimprovetelecommunicationsservicesC.toremindpeopleofahistoricalperiodD.tomeettherequirementofgreen

economy59.Whydidthephoneboxesbegintogooutofserviceinthe1980s?A.Theywerenotwell-designed.B.Theyprovidedbadserv

ices.C.Theyhadtooshortahistory.D.Theylosttonewtechnologies.60.Thephoneboxesarebecomingpopularmainlybecauseof______.A.theirnewappearanceandlowerpr

icesB.thepushofthelocalorganizationsC.theirchangedrolesandfunctionsD.thebigfundingofthebusinessmen【文章大意

】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在英国，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用。后来，一些商人使电话亭的角色和功能发生了变化，电话亭又变得流行起来。58.细节理解题。根据第一段Sometimesit’shardtoletgo.FormanyBritishpeople,tha

tcanapplytoinstitutionsandobjectsthatrepresenttheircountry’spast-age-oldcastles,splendidhomes..andredphoneboxes.(有时候真的很难放手。对许多英国人来说，这可

以适用于代表他们国家过去历史的机构和物品--古老的城堡、辉煌的住宅……还有红色的电话亭)和最后一段Inglissaidphoneboxescalledtomindanagewhenthingswerebuilttolast.

(英格利斯说，电话亭让人想起了一个东西经久耐用的时代)可知，电话亭正在卷土重来，以提醒人们一个历史时期。故选C。59.细节理解题。根据第三段Afterbecominganimportantpartofm

anyBritishstreets,thephoneboxesbegandisappearinginthe1980s,withtheriseofthemobilephonesendingmostofthemawaytothejunkyards.(在成为英国许多街道的重要组成部分后，

电话亭在20世纪80年代开始消失，随着移动电话的兴起，大部分电话亭被扔到了垃圾场)可知，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用是因为它们输给了新技术。故选D。60.推理判断题。根据第五段AsInglisand,laterotherbusin

essmen,gottowork,repurposedphoneboxesbeganreappearingincitiesandvillagesaspeoplefoundnewusesforthem.

Today,theyareonceagainafamiliarsight,playingrolesthatareoftenjustasimportantforthecommunityastheiroriginalp

urpose.(随着英格利斯和后来的其他商人开始工作，改装后的电话亭开始在城市和乡村重新出现，人们发现了它们的新用途。今天，它们再次成为人们熟悉的景象，扮演着与它们最初的目的同样重要的角色)和第六段Inruralareas,whereambulancescantakearelativel

ylongtimetoarrive,thephoneboxeshavetakenonalifesavingrole.(在农村地区，救护车要花相当长的时间才能到达，电话亭就起到了拯救生命的作用)以及第七段Othersalsolookedatthephonebox

esandsawbusinessopportunities.(其他人也在电话亭寻找商机)可推断出，电话亭之所以变得流行，主要是因为它们的角色和功能发生了变化。故选C。Passage13C【2020年江苏卷】Forthosewhocanstomac

hit,workingoutbeforebreakfastmaybemorebeneficialforhealththaneatingfirst,accordingtoastudyofmealtimingandphysicalactivity.Athletesandscientistshavel

ongknownthatmealtimingaffectsperformance.However,farlesshasbeenknownabouthowmealtimingandexercisemightaffectgeneralhealth.

Tofindout,Britishscientistsconductedastudy.Theyfirstfound10overweightandinactivebutotherwisehealthyyou

ngmen,whoselifestylesare,forbetterandworse,representativeofthoseofmostofus.Theytestedthemen’sfitnessandrestingm

etabolic(新陈代谢的)ratesandtooksamples(样品)oftheirbloodandfattissue.Then,ontwoseparatemorningvisitstothescientists’lab,e

achmanwalkedforanhouratanaveragespeedthat,intheoryshouldallowhisbodytorelymainlyonfatforfuel.Beforeoneoftheseworkouts,themenski

ppedbreakfast,meaningthattheyexercisedonacompletelyemptystomachafteralongovernightfast(禁食).Ontheotheroccasion,theyatearichmorningmealabouttwohour

sbeforetheystartedwalking.Justbeforeandanhouraftereachworkout,thescientiststookadditionalsamplesofthemen

’sbloodandfattissue.Thentheycomparedthesamples.Therewereconsiderabledifferences.Mostobviously,themendisplayedlowerbloodsugarlev

elsatthestartoftheirworkoutswhentheyhadskippedbreakfastthanwhentheyhadeaten.Asaresult,theyburnedmorefatduringwalksonanempty

stomachthanwhentheyhadeatenfirst.Ontheotherhand,theyburnedslightlymorecalories(卡路里),onaverage,duringtheworkoutafterbreakfas

tthanafterfasting.Butitwastheeffectsdeepwithinthefatcellsthatmayhavebeenthemostsignificant,theresearchersfound.Multiplegenesbehaveddif

ferently,dependingonwhethersomeonehadeatenornotbeforewalking.Manyofthesegenesproduceproteins(蛋白质)thatcanimprovebloodsugarregulationandinsulin(

胰岛素)levelsthroughoutthebodyandsoareassociatedwithimprovedmetabolichealth.Thesegenesweremuchmoreactivewhenthemen

hadfastedbeforeexercisethanwhentheyhadbreakfasted.Theimplicationoftheseresultsisthattogainthegreatest

healthbenefitsfromexercise,itmaybewisetoskipeatingfirst.61.Theunderlinedexpression“stomachit”inParagra

ph1mostprobablymeans“______”.A.digestthemealeasilyB.managewithoutbreakfastC.decidewiselywhattoeatD.eatwhateverisoffered62.Whywerethe10peoplech

osenfortheexperiment?A.Theirlifestylesweretypicalofordinarypeople.B.Theirlackofexerciseledtooverweight.C.Theycouldwalkatanaveragespeed.D.

Theyhadslowmetabolicrates.63.Whathappenedtothosewhoatebreakfastbeforeexercise?A.Theysuccessfullylostweight.B.Theyconsumedabit

morecalories.C.Theyburnedmorefatonaverage.D.Theydisplayedhigherinsulinlevels.64.Whatcouldbelearnedfromt

heresearch?A.Aworkoutafterbreakfastimprovesgeneperformances.B.Toomuchworkoutoftenslowsmetabolicrates.C.Li

festyleisnotasimportantasmorningexercise.D.Physicalexercisebeforebreakfastisbetterforhealth.【文章大意】本文是说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，

结果表明对于那些能忍受的人来说，不吃早餐锻炼可能对健康更有益。61.词句猜测题。根据下文workingoutbeforebreakfastmaybemorebeneficialforhealththaneatingfirst可知，早

餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益，因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推断划线词与B项“不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。故选B。62.细节理解题。根据第三段的Theyfirstfound10overweightandinactivebutot

herwisehealthyyoungmen,whoselifestylesarefarbetterandworse,representativeofthoseofmostofus.可知，他们首先找到了10个超重的，不活跃但健康的年轻人，他们的生活方式可以说更好，也可以说更

糟，代表了我们大多数人。因此可知，实验时选择的10个人的生活方式代表了普通人。故选A。63.细节理解题。根据第六段的Asaresult,theyburnedmorefatduringwalksonanemptystomachthanwhentheyhadeat

enfirst.Ontheotherhand.theyburnedslightlymorecalories(卡路里),onaverage,duringtheworkoutafterbreakfastthanafterfasting.可知，结果，他们空腹散步时

燃烧的脂肪比他们首先吃东西时所燃烧的脂肪要多。另一方面。平均而言，他们在早餐后锻炼时燃烧的卡路里略多于禁食后。因此可知，锻炼前吃早饭消耗更多一点的热量。故选B。64.推理判断题。根据最后一段Theimplicationofthesere

sultsisthattogainthegreatesthealthbenefitsfromexercise,itmaybewisetoskipeatingfirst.可知，这些结果的暗示，为了从运动中获得最大的健康益处，先不吃东西可能更明智。因此推断早

饭前的体育锻炼对健康更有益。故选D。2019年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2019年全国卷Ⅰ】Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物测量)technologies—l

ikefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.R

esearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem:asmartkeyboard.Thi

ssmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglaye

rofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcand

eterminepeople'sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordri

ght.Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboarda

ndeverybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fo

urtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withv

erylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismos

tlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.28.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?A.Toreducepr

essureonkeys.B.ToimproveaccuracyintypingC.Toreplacethepasswordsystem.D.Tocutthecostofe-spaceprotection.29.Whatmakestheinvention

ofthesmartkeyboardpossible？A.Computersaremucheasiertooperate.B.Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.C.Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.D.D

atasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.30.Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard？all1osoisgitieocooll.A.It'llbeenvironment-friendly.B.I

t'llreachconsumerssoon.C.It'llbemadeofplastics.D.It'llhelpspeeduptyping.31.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Adiary.B.Aguideboo

kC.Anovel.D.Amagazine.【答案】28.D29.C30.B31.D【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，目前，向指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，而且这项技术也不贵。28.细节理解题。根据第

一段的Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.和第二段的ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwitha

low-costdevicethatgetsaroundthisproblem:asmartkeyboard.可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。29.细节理解题。根据第二段的Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerof

securitybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser’stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus，thekeyboardc

andeterminepeople’sidentities可知，因为每个人的打字方式不同，使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。30.细节理解题。根据最后一段的Theteamhopestomakeittomarketin

thenearfuture.可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日面世。故选B。31.推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，由此可知，本文是关于科技，结合所给选项可知，本文可能来自于一本杂志。故选D。Passag

e2【2019年全国卷Ⅰ】Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialst

atus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfri

endlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialp

sychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikablean

dthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalski

llsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadol

escence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein’sstud

iesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage(从事)inda

ngerousandriskybehavior.”Inonestudy,Dr.Prinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked,themostlikedandthehighes

tinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(调查研究).“Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmate

s.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppos

iteeffectonus."Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate-sharing,kindness,openness—ca

rryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch，Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherc

onclusion:Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too."Beinglikedcreatesopportunitie

sforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage,”hesaid.32.Whatsortofgirlwastheauth

orinherearlyyearsofelementaryschool?A.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.D.Cool.33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout？A.Theclassificationoft

hepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior34.Wha

tdidDr.Prinstein’sstudyfindaboutthemostlikedkids?A.Theyappearedtobeaggressive..B.Theytendedtobemoreadaptabl

e.C.Theyenjoyedthehigheststatus.D.Theyperformedwellacademically.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.BeNice-YouWon’tFinishLas

tB.TheHighertheStatus,theBeerC.BetheBest-YouCanMakeItD.MoreSelf-Control,LessAggressiveness【答案】32.C33.A34.B35.A【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢

对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。32.推理判断题。根据第一段Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool,Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatu

s（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的，故选C。33.主旨大意题。第二段Mitch

Prinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.（临床心理学教授MitchPrinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求

地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对thelikable和thestatusseekers做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。34.推理判断题。根据第四段Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealt

hyadjustment（它清楚地表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授MitchPrinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B。35.主旨大意题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各

个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项A“对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。Passage3【2019年全国卷Ⅱ】MarianBechtelsitsatWestPalmBeach’sBarLouiecounterb

yherself,quietlyreadinghere-bookasshewaitsforhersalad.Whatisshereading?Noneofyourbusiness!LunchisBechtel’s“me”time.AndlikemoreAmericans,s

he’snotalone.Anewreportfound46percentofmealsareeatenaloneinAmerica.Morethanhalf(53percent)havebreakfastaloneandnearlyhal

f(46percent)havelunchbythemselves.Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore，74percent，accordingtostatisticsfromthereport

.“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone，buttogether，youknow？”Bechtelsaid，lookingupfromherbook.Bechtel，whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach，haslunchwithcow

orkerssometimes，butlikemanyofus，toooftenworksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfrom

tappingherontheshoulder.Shereturnstoworkfeelingenergized.“Today，Ijustwantedsometimetomyself，”shesaid.Justtwoseatsover，A

ndrewMazoleny，alocalvideographer，isfinishinghislunchatthebar.Helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe'sonafirst-name

basisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction(交流).“Ireflectonhowmyday'sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek,”hes

aid.“It'sachanceforself-reflection,Youreturntoworkrechargedandwithaplan.”Thatfreedomtochooseisonereasonmorepeopleliketoeatalone.Therewasat

imewhenpeoplemayhavefeltawkwardaboutaskingforatableforone，butthosedaysareover.Now，wehaveoursmartphonesto

keepuscompanyatthetable.“Itdoesn'tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealtheadvancesintechnology,”saidLaurieDemerit，whosecompanyprovidedthestatistic

sforthereport.28.Whatarethestatisticsinparagraph2about?A.FoodvarietyB.Eatinghabits.C.Tablemanners.D.Restaurantservice.29.WhydoesBechtelprefertogoout

forlunch?A.Tomeetwithhercoworkers.B.Tocatchupwithherwork.C.Tohavesometimeonherown.D.Tocollectdataforherr

eport.30.WhatdoweknowaboutMazoleny?A.Hemakesvideosforthebar.B.He’sfondofthefoodatthebar.C.Heinterviewscustomersatthebar.D.He’sfam

iliarwiththebarkeeper.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Thetrendofhavingmealsalone..B.Theimportanceofself-reflect

ion.C.Thestressfromworkingovertime.D.Theadvantageofwirelesstechnology.【答案】28.B29.C30.D31.A【语篇解读】本文是一篇说

明文。通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势。28.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段可知，在美国，约有46%的人们独自用餐，53%的人们独自吃

早餐，46%的人们独自吃午餐，只有74%的人们晚餐不是独自享用，故可知本段的数据是关于用餐习惯，故选B。29.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfromtappinghero

ntheshoulder.Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomyself.可知，Bechtel一个人吃午饭可以让她逃离老板的关注，给自己留一些自由时间，故选C。30.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段

helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe’sonafirst-namebasisifhewantstohav

ealittleinteraction.可知Mazoleny喜欢这样的气氛，因为可以坐在那里，查看手机信息，或者想聊天了，可以直呼吧台服务员名字和他聊天，故可知，他与服务员很熟悉，可以直呼对方名字，故选D。31.A【解析】主旨大意

题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。Passage4【2019年全国卷Ⅱ】Bacteriaareanann

oyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastr

onautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolk

ids.Butnotjustanykids.ItdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclass,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHim

melbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstud

entshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解决方案).“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybre

aks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests,”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.

Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?’Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendofyea

r,presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and…it’snotaverynicethingattime.It’saha

rdbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影响)oncollegeadmissionsandpractic

allifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon’tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?Gordons

ayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.

32.WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?A.Theyarehardtogetridof.B.Theyleadtoai

rpollution.C.Theyappeardifferentforms.D.Theydamagetheinstruments.33.WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?A.Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.

B.Tosharpenstudents’communicationskills.C.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D.Tolinkspacetechnologywiths

chooleducation34.WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?A.Checktheirproduct.B.GuideprojectdesignsC.Adjustworkschedules.D.

Gradetheirhomework.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.NASA:TheHomeofAstronauts.B.Space:TheFinalHomeworkFrontier.C.Nature:AnOutdoorClassroom.D.

HUNCH:ACollegeAdmissionReform.【答案】32.A33.D34.A35.B【语篇解读】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Gordon的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终

影响到大学入学。32.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bacteriaareannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganismsformourbodiesgrowuncontrollabl

yonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.”可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间

站的表面不受控制地生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们很难去掉。其中的“themicroorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知，A项符合题意。33.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclas

sroomswithNASAengineers.Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,...”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程师联系起来。Gordon的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细

菌,...”。结合最后一段中的“GordonstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,...”可知，学生每天都给NASA的工程师发邮件一起探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）这个问题。由此可

推断出HUNCHprogram的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。分析选项可知D项符合题意。34.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyea

r,presentittoNASA,”“Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview，and...It’snotaverynicethingattimes.It’sahardbusiness

reviewofyourproduct.”可知，NASA的工程师要检查学生所做的产品。分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。35.B【解析】标题归纳题。根据全文内容以及最后一段中的Gordonsayshisstudentsareema

ilingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem，readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace可知课文的最佳标题是空间站：前沿的终极作业；故选B。Passage5【

2019年全国卷III】ForWesterndesigners,ChinaanditsrichculturehavelongbeenaninspirationforWesterncreative."It'snosec

retthatChinahasalwaysbeenasource(来源)ofinspirationfordesigners,"saysAmandaHill,chiefcreativeofficeratA+ENetworks,aglobalmediacompanyandhometosom

eofthebiggestfashion(时尚)shows.Earlierthisyear,theChinaThroughALookingGlassexhibitioninNewYorkexhibited140piecesofChina-inspiredfashionableclothingalo

ngsideChineseworksofart,withtheaimofexploringtheinfluenceofChineseaesthetics(美学)onWesternfashionandhowChinaha

sfueledthefashionableimaginationforcenturies.Theexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluenc

es."Chinaisimpossibletooverlook,"saysHill."Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselld

reamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement."Ofcourse,onlyareto

day'stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina-someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselv

esChinese."VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGaliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs-andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales,"addsHil.ForHill

,itisimpossiblenottotalkaboutChinaastheleadingplayerwhendiscussingfashion."ThemostfamousdesignersareChinese

,soarethemodels,andsoaretheconsumers,"shesays."Chinaisnolongerjustanothermarket;inmanysensesithasbecomet

hemarket.Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina-itsinfluences,itsdirection,itsbreathtakingclothes,andhowyoungdesi

gnersandmodelsarefinallyacknowledgingthatinmanyways."24.WhatcanwelearnabouttheexhibitioninNewYork?A.Itpromotedthesalesofartworks.B.Itattr

actedalargenumberofvisitors.C.ItshowedancientChineseclothes.D.ItaimedtointroduceChinesemodels.25.WhatdoesHillsayaboutChinesewomen?A.Th

eyaresettingthefashion.B.Theystartmanyfashioncampaigns.C.Theyadmiresupermodels.D.Theydobusinessallovertheworld.26.

Whatdotheunderlinedwords"takingon"inparagraph4mean?A.learningfromB.lookingdownonC.workingwithD.competingagainst27.Whatcanbeasuitabl

etitleforthetext?A.YoungModelsSellingDreamstotheWorldB.AChineseArtExhibitionHeldinNewYorkC.DifferencesBetweenEasternandWesternAest

heticsD.ChineseCultureFuelingInternationalFashionTrends【答案】24.B25.A26.D27.D【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了中国文化对世界时尚届的影响，中国年轻

的设计师和模特如何最终在许多方面被认可。中国成了世界时尚的风向标。24.B【解析】细节理解题。答案定位在第三段Theexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences.（此次展览吸

引的参观者人数创下了记录，显示出人们对中国影响的浓厚兴趣。）由此可知，纽约的展览吸引了许多参观者，故选B。25.A【解析】细节理解题。答案定位在第四段Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreams

towomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion-theyarecentraltoitsmovement.（中国模特是向全世界女性推销梦想的

美和时尚活动的代言人，这意味着中国女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者——她们是这场运动的核心。）由此可知，Hill说中国女性开创了新时尚，故选A。26.D【解析】词义猜测题。下文andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales说并在设计和销售上击败他们。由此推断出上文Vera

Wang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGalliano,Albaz,MareJacobs的意思是VeraWang、AlexanderWang和JasonWu正在与Gallian

o、Albaz和MareJacobs竞争。takingon意思是“竞争”，故选D。27.D【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段chinaanditsculturehavelongbeenaninspirati

onforwesterncreations.以及最后一段Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina-itsinfluences,itsdirection,itsbreathtakingclothes,andhowyoun

gdesignersandmodelsarefinallyacknowledgingthatinmanyways."（如果你今天谈论时尚，你谈论的是中国——它的影响，它的方向，它令人惊叹的服装，以及年轻的设计师和模特如何最终在许多方面被认可。），结合全文内容，可知这篇文章最恰当的题目

是“中国文化助力国际时尚潮流”，故选D。Passage6【2019年全国卷III】Beforethe1830smostnewspapersweresoldthroughannualsubscriptionsinAmerica,usually$8to$10a

year.Today$8or$10seemsasmallamountofmoney,butatthattimetheseamountswereforbiddingtomostcitizens.Accordingly,n

ewspaperswerereadalmostonlybyrichpeopleinpoliticsorthetrades.Inaddition,mostnewspapershadlittleinthemthatwouldappealtoamassaudience.Theyweredullandvi

suallyforbidding.Buttherevolutionthatwastakingplaceinthe1830swouldchangeallthat.Thetrend,then,wastowardthe"pennypaper"-atermreferri

ngtopapersmadewidelyavailabletothepublic.Itmeantanyinexpensivenewspaper;perhapsmoreimportantlyitmeantnewspaperst

hatcouldbeboughtinsinglecopiesonthestreet.Thisdevelopmentdidnottakeplaceovernight.Ithadbeenpossible(butnoteasy)t

obuysinglecopiesofnewspapersbefore1830,butthisusuallymeantthereaderhadtogodowntotheprinter'sofficetopurcha

seacopy.Streetsaleswerealmostunknown.However,withinafewyears,streetsalesofnewspaperswouldbecommonplaceineasterncities.Atfirstthepriceofsin

glecopieswasseldomapenny-usuallytwoorthreecentswascharged-andsomeoftheolderwell-knownpaperschargedfiveorsixcents

.Butthephrase"pennypaper"caughtthepublic'sfancy,andsoontherewouldbepapersthatdidindeedsellforonlyapenny.Thisnewtrendofnewspapersfor"themanonthestree

t"didnotbeginwell.Someoftheearlyventures(企业)wereimmediatefailures.Publishersalreadyinbusiness,peoplewhowereow

nersofsuccessfulpapers,hadlittledesiretochangethetradition.Ittookafewyouthfulanddaringbusinessmentogettheballrolling.28.Whichofthefoll

owingbestdescribesnewspapersinAmericabeforethe1830s?A.Academic.B.Unattractive.C.Inexpensive.D.Confiden

tial.29.Whatdidstreetsalesmeantonewspapers?A.Theywouldbepricedhigher.B.Theywoulddisappearfromcities.C.Theycouldhavemor

ereaders.D.Theycouldregainpublictrust.,30.Whowerethenewspapersofthenewtrendtargetedat?A.Localpoliticians.B.Commonpeople.C.Youngpublishers.D.Richb

usinessmen.31.Whatcanwesayaboutthebirthofthepennypaper?A.Itwasadifficultprocess.B.Itwasatemporarysuccess.C.Itwasarobberyofthepoor.D.I

twasadisasterforprinters.【答案】28.B29.C30.B31.A【语篇解读】本文属于说明文阅读，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了19世纪报纸的改革发展之路。28.细节理解题。根据第

一段中的“Before1830s，...Accordinglynewspaperswerereadalmostonlybyrichpeople.Inaddition,mostnewspapershadli

ttleinthemthatwouldappealtomassaudience.Theyweredullandvisuallyforbidding.”可知，在19世纪30年代之前,只有富人才能读报纸，而且大多数报纸中

几乎没有能吸引大众的内容，让人感觉无聊，，视觉上令人望而却步。由此可得出那时的报纸没有什么吸引力。分析选项，A.Academic学术的；B.Unattractive没有吸引力，无魅力的；C.Inexp

ensive廉价的，不贵的；D.Confidential机密的，保密的。可知A、C和D是错误的，只有B符合题意，故选B。29.推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以买的到报纸。结合

第三段中间的“streetssalesofnewspaperswouldbecommonplacedineasterncities”可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了。分析选项可知C符合题，故选C。30.细节理解题。根据第二段

中的“Thetrend,then,was‘pennypaper’—atermreferringtopapersmadewidelyavailabletothepublic.perhapsmoreimportantlyitmeantnewspapersthatco

uldbeboughtinsinglecopiesonthestreet.”可知，这种“便士报纸”针对大众的，在街上可以买的到报纸。分析选项可知，选项B符合题意，故选B。31.推理判断题。第二段“Thetrend,then,was‘pennypaper’”及最后一段“Then

ewtrendofnewspapersfor‘themanonthestreet’didnotbeginwell.Someoftheearlyventureswereimmediatelyfailures.Publishersalreadyinbusiness,pe

oplewhoownersofsuccessfulpapers,hadlittledesirestochangethetradition.Ittookafewyouthfulanddaringbusinessme

ntogettheballrolling.”可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。已经进入商业领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便

士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。分析选项可知，A项符合题意，故选A。Passage7【2019年全国卷III】Monkeysseemtohaveawaywithnumbers.AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhe

susmonkeystoassociate26clearlydifferentsymbolsconsistingofnumbersandselectiveletterswith0-25dropsofwaterorjuiceasareward.Theresearchersthentestedh

owthemonkeyscombined—oradded—thesymbolstogetthereward.Here'showHarvardMedicalSchoolscientistMargaretLivingstone,wholed

theteam,describedtheexperiment:Intheircagesthemonkeyswereprovidedwithtouchscreens.Ononepartofthescreen

,asymbolwouldappear,andontheothersidetwosymbolsinsideacirclewereshown.Forexample,thenumber7wouldflashononesideofthescreenandtheothe

rendwouldhave9and8.Ifthemonkeystouchedtheleftsideofthescreentheywouldberewardedwithsevendropsofwaterorjuice;iftheywentf

orthecircle,theywouldberewardedwiththesumofthenumbers—17inthisexample.Afterrunninghundredsoftests,theresearc

hersnotedthatthemonkeyswouldgoforthehighervaluesmorethanhalfthetime,indicatingthattheywereperformingacalculation,notjustmemorizingthevalueofea

chcombination.Whentheteamexaminedtheresultsoftheexperimentmoreclosely,theynoticedthatthemonkeystendedtounderestimate(低估)asumcomparedwithasinglesy

mbolwhenthetwowerecloseinvalue—sometimeschoosing,forexample,a13overthesumof8and6.Theunderestimationwassystematic:Whenaddingtwonumbers,themonk

eysalwayspaidattentiontothelargerofthetwo,andthenaddedonlyafraction(小部分)ofthesmallernumbertoit."Thisindicatesthatther

eisacertainwayquantityisrepresentedintheirbrains,"Dr.Livingstonesays.“Butinthisexperimentwhatthey'redoingispayi

ngmoreattentiontothebignumberthanthelittleone.”32.Whatdidtheresearchersdotothemonkeysbeforetestingthem?A.Theyfed

them.B.Theynamedthem.C.Theytrainedthem.D.Theymeasuredthem.33.Howdidthemonkeysgettheirrewardintheexperiment

?A.Bydrawingacircle.B.Bytouchingascreen.C.Bywatchingvideos.D.Bymixingtwodrinks.34.WhatdidLivingstone'steamfindaboutthemonkeys?A.T

heycouldperformbasicaddition.B.Theycouldunderstandsimplewords.C.Theycouldmemorizenumberseasily.D.Theycouldholdtheiratten

tionforlong.35.Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?A.Entertainment.B.Health.C.Education.D.Science.【答案】32.C33.B34.A35.D【语篇解读】这是一篇说明

文。研究发现：猴子可以进行基本的加法运算。文章对研究的经过和结论做了介绍和分析。32.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhesusmonkeys…Theresearchesthentestedhow

…”可知，在对这些猴子进行测试之前，研究者们对它们进行了培训。故C选项正确。33.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Intheircagesthemonkeyswereprovidedwithtouchscreen

…Ifthemonkeystouchedtheleftsideofthescreen,theywouldberewardedwithsevendrops…;iftheywentforthecircle,theywouldberewardedwith…”可知，当猴子触摸屏幕左边时，它们会得到7滴

水或者果汁的奖励；当它们触摸屏幕的另一端（即画着圆圈的部分）时，它们会得到17滴水或果汁的奖励。由此可知，猴子是通过触摸屏幕得到奖励的。B选项正确。34.细节理解题。根据第四段“Themonkeyswouldgoforthehighervaluesmorethanhalfthetime,indi

catingthattheywereperformingacalculation,notjustmemorizingthevalueofeachcombination”和第五段中的“Whenaddingtwonumbe

rs…”可知，猴子会在超过一半的时间内选择更高的值，这意味着它们在进行计算，而不仅仅是记住每一个组合的值。由此可知，A选项正确：猴子能够进行基本的加法计算。由此亦可以排除C选项。35.推理判断题。通读整篇文章可知，

该文介绍的是哈佛医学院的科学家MargaretLivingstone领导的一个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果。这属于“科学研究”范畴，故该文应出现在报纸的“科学”板块。故D选项正确。Passage8【2019年浙江卷6月】Californiahaslost

halfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrossha

sdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynorthernc

oasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55per

cent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMclntyre,anecologistwhowasthele

adauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.Aggressivewildfirecontro

lhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源).ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforests

doneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,Mclntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteven

inwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsuf

feredthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertre

esweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampn

essofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪).Sincethe1930s,Mclntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperat

ures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.27.Whatisthesec

ondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCalifo

rniaforests.D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.28.Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?A.Ecol

ogicalstudiesofforests.B.Banningwoodcutting.C.Limitinghousingdevelopment.D.Firecontrolmeasures.29.Whatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageac

cordingtoMclntyre?A.Inadequatesnowmelt.B.Alongerdryseason.C.Awarmerclimate.D.Dampnessoftheair.30.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Califor

nia'sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B.CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC.WhyAretheBigTr

eesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D.PatrickMclntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia【语篇解读】本文为说明文，根据一项研究表明，自2

0世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，气候变化似乎是其主要因素。27.A主旨大意题。在第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响，故选A。28.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Agg

ressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources（资源）.可知，野火控制在控制

了森林大火的同时，使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，它们与大树争夺资源，这对大树产生了不利的影响，故选D。29.C【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaters

tressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,…,andearliersnowmelt,…可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是气温的上升，以及较早的融雪，故选C。30.A【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，

文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项A符合题意。Passage9【2019年北京卷】Theproblemofrobocallshasgottensobadthatmany

peoplenowrefusetopickupcallsfromnumberstheydon'tknow.Bynextyear，halfofthecallswereceivewillbescams(欺诈).Wearef

inallywakinguptotheseverityoftheproblembysupportinganddevelopingagroupoftools，appsandapproachesintendedt

opreventscammersfromgettingthrough.Unfortunately，it'stoolittle，toolate.Bythetimethese“solutions"(解决方案)becomewidelyavailable，scammer

swillhavemovedontocleverermeans.Inthenearfuture，it'snotjustgoingtobethenumberyouseeonyourscreenthatwillbeindoubt.Soon

youwillalsoquestionwhetherthevoiceyou'rehearingisactuallyreal.That'sbecausethereareanumberofpowerfulvoicemanipulation(处理)andautomationtechnologiestha

tareabouttobecomewidelyavailableforanyonetouse.Atthisyear'sI/OConference,acompanyshowedanewvoicetechnologyabletoproducesuchaconvincin

ghuman–soundingvoicethatitwasabletospeaktoareceptionistandbookareservationwithoutdetection.Thesedevelopmentsareli

kelytomakeourcurrentproblemswithrobocallsmuchworse.Thereasonthatrobocallsareaheadachehaslesstodowithamountthanp

recisionAdecadeofdatabreaches(数据侵入)ofpersonalinformationhasledtoasituationwherescammerscaneasilylearnyourmother'sname，

andfarmore.Armedwiththisknowledge.they'reabletocarryoutindividuallytargetedcampaignstocheatpeople.Thismeans.forexample，thatascammerc

ouldcallyoufromwhatlookstobeafamiliarnumberandtalktoyouusingavoicethatsoundsexactlylikeyourbankteller

's，rickingyouinto"confirming"youraddress，mother'sname，andcardnumber.Scammersfollowmoney，socompanieswillbetheworsthit.Alotofbusinessisstilldone

overthephone，andmuchofitisbasedontrustandexistingrelationships.Voicemanipulationtechnologiesmayweakenthatgradually.Wenee

dtodealwiththeinsecurenatureofourtelecomnetworks.Phonecarriersandconsumersneedtoworktogethertofindwaysofdeterminingandcommunicatingwhat

isreal.Thatmightmeaneitherdevelopingauniformwaytomarkvideosandimages,showingwhenandwhotheyweremadeby.orabandoningpho

necallsaltogetherandmovingtowardsdata-basedcommunications—usingappslikeFaceTimeorWhatsApp,whichcanbetiedtoyouridentity.Credibilityishardtoea

rnbuteasytolose,andtheproblemisonlygoingtoharderfromhereonout.38.Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesolutionstoproblemofrobecalls?A.Panicked.B.Con

fused.C.Embarrassed.D.Disappointed.39.takingadvantageofthenewtechnologies，scammercan______.A.aimatvictimspreciselyB.d

amagedatabaseseasilyC.startcampaignsrapidlyD.spreadinformationwidely40.Whatdoesthepassageimply?A.Honestyisthebestpolicy.B.Technolog

iescanbedouble-edited.C.Therearemoresolutionsthanproblems.D.Credibilityholdsthekeytodevelopment.41.Whichof

thefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.WheretheProblemofRobocallsIsRootedB.WhoIstoBlamefortheProblemofRoboeallsC.

WhyRobocallsAreAbouttoGetMoreDangerousD.HowRobocallsAreAffectingtheWorldofTechnology【答案】38.D39.A40.B41.C【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主

要介绍了自助语音电话给人们带来的危险的状况.。38.D【解析】观点态度题。根据第一段中的“Wearefinallywakinguptotheseverityoftheproblembysupportingan

ddevelopingagroupoftools,appsandapproachesintendedtopreventscammersfromgettingthrough.Unfortunately,it’stoolittle,toolate.Bythetimethe

se“solutions”becomewidelyavailable,scammerswillhavemovedontoclevermeans”可知，最后，我们通过支持和开发一组旨在防止欺诈者通过的工具、应用程序和方法，认识到了问题的严重性。

不幸的是，我们的努力太少了，也太晚了。在这些“解决方案”被广泛使用的时候，骗子将转移到更巧妙的手段上。由此推知，作者认为这些“解决办法”对于解决问题起不了什么作用，因此作者感到很“失望”。故D选项正确。39.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Th

ereasonthatrobocallsareaheadachehaslesstodowithamountthanprecision.Adecadeofdatabreachesofpersonalinformationhasl

edtoasituationwherescammerscaneasilylearnyourmother’sname,andfarmore.Armedwiththisknowledge,they’reabletocarryoutindividuallytarget

edcampaignstocheatpeople.Thismeans,forexample,thatascammercouldcallyoufromwhatlookstobeafamiliarnumbe

randtalktoyouusingavoicethatsoundsexactlylikeyourbankteller’s,trickingyouinto“confirming”youraddress,mot

her’sname,andcardnumber”可知，机器人通话之所以令人头痛，与其说与数量有关，不如说与精确度有关。长达十年的个人信息泄露已经导致了这样一种情况：骗子可以轻易地知道你母亲的名字，甚至更多。有了这些知识，他们就能够开展有针

对性的运动来欺骗人们。根据这些可知，利用这种新的技术，欺诈者们可以精确的确定他们行骗的目标。故A选项正确。40.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，这项语音技术可以产生一个听起来和人类非常相似的声音，它可以和

接待员进行交谈，进行预订。由此可知，这项新技术有其好的方面。根据第三段的叙述可知，欺诈者们可以利用这项新技术来进行欺诈行为。由此推知，这项新技术既可以发挥好的作用，也可能为坏人所利用，产生不好的作用，因此可以说它是一把双刃剑。故B选项正确。41.C【解析】主旨大意题。第一段提到：r

obocalls（机器人电话:自动拨号播放录音信息的推销电话）在未来变得会越来越严重，不仅仅是出现在你的手机屏幕上的电话号码令人怀疑，而且你会质疑听到的声音是否是真的。第二段介绍原因：语音操作与自动化技术的出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。

第三段介绍了语音操作和自动化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题更加严重。最后两段提出我们该如何应对这些问题。综上，文章第一段点明文章中心：机器人电话问题在未来会变得越来越严重。下文都是围绕这一话题展开的。故C

选项适合作标题。Passage10【2019年北京卷】Bytheendofthecentury，ifnotsooner，theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarming

climate，accordingtoanewstudy.Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becaus

eofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms，thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgr

eentoblue，dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas，whiler

educingitinotherspots，leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface，wheretheypullcarbondiox

ide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie，theyburycarboninthedeepocean，animportantprocessthathelpstore

gulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanand

canaffectphytoplanktongrowth，sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow，butalsonutrients.Stephani

eDutkiewicz，ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience，builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inawor

ldthatwarmsupby3℃，itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbeco

meevenbluer.Butinsomewaters，suchasthoseoftheArctic，awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton，andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyareth

equantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging.”shesaid，“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”42.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyab

out?A.Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.D.Theef

fortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.43.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Sensitive.B.BeneficialC.Signifi

cantD.Unnoticeable44.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.B.Dutkiewi

cz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchangesC.PhytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimateD.Oceanswithmorephytopl

anktonmayappeargreener.45.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage？A.ToassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchangesB.Toanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodch

ainC.ToexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceansD.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton【答案】42.B43.A44.D45.C【

语篇解读】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。气候变暖会改变海洋

的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。42.B【解析】段落大意题。第一段“Bytheendofthecentury.Ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstud

y.”可知，到本世纪末，一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。结合第二段“Attheheartphenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganismscalledph

ytoplankton.Becaustofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktonscreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreen

toblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentration”可知，这种现象的核心是一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光线的作用下在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。海洋的颜色从绿色到蓝色不等，这取决于海洋的类型

和浮游植物浓度。由此可推断出这两段主要叙述了海洋生物是海洋颜色变化的原因。分析选项可知B符合题意，故选B。43.A【解析】词义猜测题。根据划线词后的“Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcan

affectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunshineandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.”可知，气候变暖会改变海洋的主

要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长。由此可判断“Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swamningtrend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。可知A项正确。44.D【解析】推理判断题。

根据第四段“Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasth

oseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型预测，目前只有少量浮游植物的蓝色区域可能会变得更蓝。但是在一些水域，比如北极，气

候变暖会使浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，而这些水域会变得更绿了”。由此可推断，浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，浮游动植物就更多了，这些水域会变得更绿了。分析选项可知D项符合题意。45.C【解析】目的意图题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By

theendofthecentury.Ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoa

newstudy.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarningtrendWarmingchangesk

eycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,…”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释气候变化对

海洋的影响。故选C。Passage11【2019年江苏卷】Inthe1960s，whilestudyingthevolcanichistoryofYellowstoneNationalPark，BobChristiansenbecam

epuzzledaboutsomethingthat，oddly，hadnottroubledanyonebefore:hecouldn'tfindthepark'svolcano.Ithadbeenknownforalongtimeth

atYellowstonewasvolcanicinnature—that'swhataccountedforallitshotspringsandothersteamyfeatures.ButChristiansencouldn'tfindtheYellowstonev

olcanoanywhere.Mostofus，whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes，thinkoftheclassiccone(圆锥体)shapesofaFujiorKilimanjaro，whicharecreatedwheneruptingmagma(

岩浆)pilesup.Thesecanformremarkablyquickly.In1943，aMexicanfarmerwassurprisedtoseesmokerisingfromasmallpartofhisl

and.Inoneweekhewastheconfusedownerofaconefivehundredfeethigh.Withintwoyearsithadtoppedoutatalmostfourteenhun

dredfeetandwasmorethanhalfamileacross.AltogethertherearesometenthousandofthesevolcanoesonEarth，allbutafewhundredofthemextinct.Thereis，however，aseco

ndlesknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesn'tinvolvemountainbuilding.Thesearevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopeninasinglebig

crack，leavingbehindavasthole，thecaldera.Yellowstoneobviouslywasofthissecondtype，butChristiansencouldn'tfindthecalderaanywhere.Justatthistime

NASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh-altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthec

opiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakeaniceblow-upforoneofthevisitors'centers.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos，herealizedwhyhe

hadfailedtospotthecaldera;almostthewholepark-2.2millionacres—wascaldera.Theexplosionhadleftaholemorethanfortymilesacross—muchtoohugeto

beseenfromanywhereatgroundlevel.AtsometimeinthepastYellowstonemusthaveblownupwithaviolencefarbeyondthescaleofanythingknowntohu

mans.58.WhatpuzzledChristiansenwhenhewasstudyingYellowstone？A.Itscomplicatedgeographicalfeatures.B.Itsever-lastinginfluenceontou

rism.C.Themysterioushistoryofthepark.D.Theexactlocationofthevolcano.59.Whatdoesthesecond-paragraphmainlytalkabout？A.Theshapesofvolc

anoes.B.Theimpactsofvolcanoes.C.Theactivitiesofvolcanoes.D.Theheightsofvolcanoes.60.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"blow-up"inthelastparagraphmostpr

obablymean？A.Hot-airballoon.B.Digitalcamera.C.Bigphotograph.D.Bird'sview.[答案】58.D59.A60.C【语篇解读】本文为说明文。讲述了二十世纪六十年代BobChristiansen在研究黄石公园的火山

历史时，奇怪地发现到处看不到火山的影子，原来，这儿的火山并不是像我们大部分人想象的那种圆锥体形状的高耸的样子，而是一个巨大的洞，这个洞太大了以至于从地面上的任何地方都看不见。58.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一

句ButChristiansencouldn’tfindtheYellowstonevolcanoanywhere.可知，他困惑的是到处看不到火山。故选D。59.A【解析】主旨大意题。本段讲述了两种形状的火山，一种是通常人们所理解的由火山岩浆堆积形

成的圆锥体，还有一种极具爆发力的火山，它们会在一个大裂缝中爆裂，留下一个巨大的洞，故选A。60.C【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh

-altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesonthe

assumptionthattheymightmakeaniceblow-upforoneofthevisitors’centers.可知，美国国家航空和宇宙航行局为测试一些新的高海拔照相机而拍摄了黄石公园的照片。一位深思熟虑的官员把其中的一些照片副本转交给了公园管理部门，认为他们

可能会将其放大以供一个游客中心展示。故可知，此处意为将照片放大，选C。Passage12【2018年浙江卷11月】Themostwelcomesightonacold,wetwinternightinLondonisthefamiliars

hapeofaLondontaxicabapproachingwithitsyellow“forhire”signshiningbrightly.Thatshowsitisreadytopickyou

up.TravellingbytaxiinLondonisnotjustawayofgoingfromoneplacetoanother.Itisanexperiencetobeenjoyedandremembered.Themainreasonfor

thisisthedrivers,whoarecalled"cabbies."ManyofthemaretrueCockneys.ThismeanstheywerebornintheheartofLondonandspeaktheirownspecialdialect(方言)ofEn

glish.Allofthemknoweverystreetandfamousbuildinginthecity,andallofthemlovetotalk.Asimpletwenty-minuteJ

ourneyacrosstowncanbecomeveryinteresting.Youmayhaveadiscussionaboutthegovernmentanditsleadersorafriendlytalkaboutt

hedriver’sAuntyNellie!Onethingisforsure,itwillneverbeboring.Cabbiesknowallthelatestnewsaboutfilmstars,theRoyalFa

mily,governmentleaders,andpopularsingersoractorsandactresses.Theyalsoknowthebestplacestoeat,shopandrelax.Andtheycantake

youstraighttoanylargehotel,departmentstore,theatreormuseum.Theyknowtheshortestwaypossiblewithoutevenlookingatama

p,becauseeveryonewhowantstobecomeataxidrivermustpassaverydifficultexaminationinordertogetalicensetodriveataxi.Theexamiscalled“TheKnowledge.”I

tisawrittentest,andinitdriversareaskedtheshortestwayfromoneplacetoanother.Theymusttakeintoaccountthetimeofday

—inrushhour,alongerroute(路线)maybequicker—anddescribethebestway.Moreovertheymustneverforgettheone-waystreets!21．Fromwhatcanwet

ellthatsomeoneisaCockney?A．Theirinterest.B．Theirmanners.C．Theirspeech.D．Theirappearance.22．Whatdoestheauthorsuggestbymentioning"Au

ntyNellie"inparagraph2?A．Passengersarefullofcuriosity.B．Cabbies’topicsarewide-ranging.C．AuntyNellieispopularinLondon.D．Londonersa

refriendlytoeachother.23．Whatisthepurposeof"TheKnowledge"?A．Toqualifyonetodriveataxi.B．Toassessone’sdrivin

gskills.C．Totestdrivers’abilitytowrite.D．Tochecktaxidriversmemory.【答案】21．C22．B23．A【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了在伦敦坐出租车是一种值得享受和铭记的经历，伦敦出租车司机们友好健谈，对

伦敦非常熟悉，都是通过考试的合格司机。21．推理判断题。根据第二段ManyofthemaretrueCockneys.ThismeanstheywerebornintheheartofLondonandspeakthe

irownspecialdialect(方言)ofEnglish.Allofthemknoweverystreetandfamousbuildinginthecity,andallofthemlovetotalk.可知，真正的Cockneys出生在伦敦，说伦敦特殊的方言，

对伦敦地理熟悉且喜欢交谈。所以通过一个人的说话就能判断是不是Cockney。故选C。22．推理判断题。根据第二段中Asimpletwenty-minuteJourneyacrosstowncanbecomeveryinteresting.Youmayhaveadiscuss

ionaboutthegovernmentanditsleadersorafriendlytalkaboutthedriver’sAuntyNellie!可知，伦敦出租车司机能够让乘客旅途很有趣，可能会谈论政府和领导，也可能会谈论司机的家人。作者提到"AuntyNe

llie"是为了说明出租车司机的话题很广泛，他们很健谈。故选B。23．推理判断题。根据第三段everyonewhowantstobecomeataxidrivermustpassaverydifficultexaminationinordertogetalicensetodrive

ataxi.Theexamiscalled“TheKnowledge.”Itisawrittentest,andinitdriversareaskedtheshortestwayfromoneplacet

oanother.可知，TheKnowledge是出租车司机的资格考试，通过笔试测试司机对路线的熟悉程度，应变能力等。故选A。Passage13【2018年浙江卷11月】ThismonthmillionsofAmericankidscanforget

aboutclassroombellsandsetoffforgrandparents’homes,sleep-awaycampsandlifeguardstands.Butsummervacationhasn’

talwaysbeenabirthrightofU.S.schoolchildren.BeforetheCivilWar,schoolsoperatedononeoftwocalendars(日历),neitherofwhichincludedasummervacation.Rural(农村的)

schoolingwasdividedintosummerandwinterterms,leavingkidsfreetohelpwiththefarmworkinthespringplantingandfallharvestseasons.Urbanstudents,meanwhi

le,regularlyhadasmanyas48weeksofstudyayear,withonebreakperquarter.Inthe1840s,however,educationalreformerslikeHorace

Mannmovedtocombinethetwocalendarsoutofconcernthatruralschoolingwasnotenoughandthatoverusingofyoungmindscouldleadtonervousdisorders.Summerappeare

dastheobvioustimeforabreak：itofferedarestforteachers,fitinthefarmingcalendarandreduceddoctors’concernthatpacking

studentsintohotclassroomswouldpromotethespreadofdisease.Butpeople’sopinionaboutthemodernU.S.schoolyear,whichaverages180day

s,isstilldivided.Someexpertssayitspleasantbutlazysummerbreak,whichtookholdintheearly20thcentury,isoneofther

easonsmathskillsandgraduationratesofU.S.highschoolersrankedwellbelowaverageintwointernationaleducationreportspublishedin2007.Othersins

istthatwithchildrenunderincreasingpressuretodevotetheirdowntimetointernships(实习)orstudy,there’sstill

roomforaninstitutionthatprotectsthelazydaysofchildhood.24．WhatdidtheruralschoolcalendarbeforetheCivilWarallowchildrentodo?A．Enjoyasummervacation.B．

Takeabreakeachquarter.C．Have48weeksofstudyayear.D．Assisttheirparentswithfarmwork.25．Whatdidtheeducationalreformersdointhe1840s?A．Theyintroducedsumme

rvacation.B．Theyshortenedruralschoolterms.C．Theypromotedthestudyoffarming.D．Theyadvocatedhigherpayforteachers.26．Whyaresomepeopleunha

ppyaboutthemodernU.S.schoolyear?A．Itpushestheteacherstoohard.B．Itreducesthequalityofeducation.C．Itignoresscienceinstruction.D．Iti

ncludesnotimeforinternships.【答案】24．D25．A26．B【分析】本文是说明文，介绍了美国学校假期的设置，变化，暑假的设立过程及优缺点。24．细节理解题。根据第一段Rural(农村的)schoolingwasdividedintosummerandwinte

rterms,leavingkidsfreetohelpwiththefarmworkinthespringplantingandfallharvestseasons.可知，内战前的农村校历包括夏季学期和冬季学期，让孩子们在春

天播种和秋天收获时过假期帮助父母干农活。故选D。25．细节理解题。根据第二段Inthe1840s,however,educationalreformerslikeHoraceMannmovedtocombinethetw

ocalendarsoutofconcern……Summerappearedastheobvioustimeforabreak.可知，1840年代的教育改革提出了暑假休息的说法及各方面的原因，故选A。26．推理判断题。根据第三段Someexpertssayitspleasantbu

tlazysummerbreak,whichtookholdintheearly20thcentury,isoneofthereasonsmathskillsandgraduationratesofU.S.high

schoolersrankedwellbelowaverageintwointernationaleducationreportspublishedin2007.可知，针对现在的美国学年，根据2007年发表的两份国际教育报告，美国高中学生的数学能力和毕业率远低于平均水平

的现状，一些专家认为慵懒的暑假降低了教育质量。故选B。Passage14【2019年天津卷】Howdoesanecosystem（生态系统）work？Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentsp

eciesthewaytheyare？Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves？Tofindananswer，scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs，not

ingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.Withsuchmodels，scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfo

odwebs.Mostfoodwebs，forinstance，consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator（掠食动物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasi

ngleprey（猎物），thetwospeciesarestronglylinked；whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies，theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyw

eaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies，itcansurvivetheextinction（

灭绝）ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare，

theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.

Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable，wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystem

s.Inthe1960s，scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includings

peciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.In

theocean，wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale，whileonland，wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshaveg

reatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally，thesystemwouldtelluswhento

adapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackf

romtheborderline.Preventioniskey，scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint（临界点），itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.46.Whathavescie

ntistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs？A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.C.T

heapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.47.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswh

enapredator______A.hasawidefoodchoiceB.caneasilyfindnewpreyC.stickstoonepreyspeciesD.canquicklymovetoanotherplace48.Whatwi

llhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline？A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.

B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.D.Thepopulationsofothersp

ecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.49.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4？A.Uncontrolledhumanactiv

itiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.C.Speciesofcommercialva

luedominateotherspecies.D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.50.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintainthee

cologicalbalance？A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.C.Bybri

ngingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.【答案】46.B47.C48.D4

9.A50.D【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了一些在食物网运营的关键原则。科学家们说;因为一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，它们很难再回来。该系统将告诉我们何时适

应人类活动，这些活动正将生态系统推向崩溃，或者甚至允许我们将生态系统从边缘拉回来，预防是关键。46.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundo

utsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。故选B。47.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的Whenapredator(掠食动物)alwayse

atshugenumbersofasingleprey(猎物)，thetwospeciesarestronglylinked可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。故选C。48.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的Inthe196

0s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhad,asurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulatio

nsofotherspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。故选D。49.A【解析】推理判断题。根

据第四段的Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwoul

devenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。故选A

。50.D【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warmingsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoada

pthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.可知，早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态

平衡。故选D。2018年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2018年全国Ⅰ卷】GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscooki

ngupastorminherlatestrole–showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.InSav

eMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,

whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe’sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe’slearntintopracticeinhe

rownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11.“WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayrestaurant,”sheexp

lains.“Ipay£5foraportion(一份),butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodyc

anbuytakeawayfood,butsometimeswe’renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.”Theeight-partseries(系列节目),SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefo

otstepsofITV’sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfood

ourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpense,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight’sEasterspecialtheycometotheaidofafamilyinneed

ofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily’slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipe

s.24.WhatdoweknowaboutSusannaReid?A.Sheenjoysembarrassingherguests.B.Shehasstartedanewprogramme.C.Shedisl

ikesworkingearlyinthemorning.D.Shehashadatightbudgetforherfamily.25.HowdoesMattTebbutthelpSusanna?A.Hebuyscookingmaterialsforhe

r.B.Hepreparesfoodforherkids.C.Heassistsherincookingmatters.D.Heinvitesguestfamiliesforher.26.Whatdoesthea

uthorintendtodoinparagraph4?A.Summarizethepreviousparagraphs.B.Providesomeadviceforthereaders.C.Addsomebackgroundinfor

mation.D.Introduceanewtopicfordiscussion.27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.KeepingFitbyEatingSmartB.BalancingOurDailyDietC.M

akingYourselfaPerfectChefD.CookingWellforLess【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。24.B细

节理解题。根据文章第一段知道GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlate

strole可知，她开辟了一个新的节目。故选B。25.C细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttoffe

rstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday.可知，Susanna在MattTebbutt的帮助下，提供如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于

5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱。故选C。解题关键词：同义词表达withthehelpof和help。26.C写作意图题。根据文章第四段中的whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofh

ealthproductsonthemarket.可知，SaveMoney:GoodFood节目是SaveMoney:GoodHealth节目之后，给观众一些建议：如何从众多的市场上的健康产品中获取价值。故选C。27.D标题归纳题。根据文章的整体内容可知，文章作者一直在讲如

何用较少的钱做出好的食物。根据文章中的preparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.在资金紧张的情况下，准备可口且有营养的饭菜；howtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparing

recipesforunder£5perfamilyaday.如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱；howcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.我们自己做这种食物有多便宜；le

ssexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.不贵可仍然可口的食谱。可以推知D正确。【点睛】本篇文章学生感到比较难的是26题，很多学生不知道作者在说什么，不明白作者的意图，感到很茫然。根据文章中的SaveMoney:GoodFood,follow

sinthefootstepsofITV'sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,…可知作者是为读者介绍了SaveMoney这个节目是怎么来的，即是背景信息。Passage2【2018年全国Ⅰ卷】Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousan

dsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gathere

rs,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,0

00yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyoftho

sepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,in

dustrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especially

globalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,Spani

shandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralrul

eisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnu

mbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaal

oneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadyw

ellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinC

ameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(

one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.28.Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?A.Theyde

velopedveryfast.B.Theywerelargeinnumber.C.Theyhadsimilarpatterns.D.Theywerecloselyconnected.29.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”unde

rlinedinparagraph2?A.Complex.B.Advanced.C.Powerful.D.Modern.30.Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A.About6,800.B.A

bout3,400.C.About2,400.D.About1,200.31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.People’s

lifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolutio

n.【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。28.B推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers

,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother...whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmilli

onpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.可知，当世界以依靠狩猎为生的人居住的时候，小而联系紧密的群落形成了他们彼此之间独立的讲话模式。当世界上的人口数量不到一千万时，语言种类

达到了12000种。由此推知，当时的语言种类很多。故选B。29.C猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的dominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此

推知dominantlanguages意为：强有力的语言。故选C。30.B细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.和Themediannumber(中位数)ofs

peakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.可知，目前世界上大约有6800种语言，但是讲的人数少于6000人的占一半即3400.故选B。

31.C主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscom

ingandalotmoregoing.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。Passage3【2018年全国Ⅰ卷】Wemaythinkwe’reaculturethatgetsridofo

urworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(装置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That’sbadnewsforth

eenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesa

reusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutits

life–fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyu

sehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined199

2.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readerssho

wedupin2007.Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn’tthrowoutouroldones.“Theliving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids’roo

m,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,”saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosef

romfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We’renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices–wecontinuetousethem.Accordingtot

heanalysisofBabbitt’steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumption

andcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions(排放)morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat’sthesolution(解决方案)?Theteam’sdataonlywentupto2007,butther

esearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasa

tabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcompu

terscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.32.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A.Theyareenvironment-friendly.B.

Theyarenobetterthantheold.C.Theycostmoretouseathome.D.Theygooutofstylequickly.33.WhydidBabbitt’steamcondu

cttheresearch?A.Toreducethecostofminerals.B.Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.C.Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.D

.Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.34.Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?A.Thebox-setTV.B.Thetablet.C.TheLCDTV.D.Thed

esktopcomputer.35.Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?A.Stopusingthem.B.Takethemapart.C.Upgradethem.D.R

ecyclethem.【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高、不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。32.A观点态度题。根据文章第一段中的That’sbadnewsfortheenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutd

ateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.可知，使用旧的电子设备对环境和我们的钱包都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设备更多的能量。由此推知作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。故选A。33.

D细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrack

edtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife可知，Babbitt’steam研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。34.B细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的

Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumpt

ionby44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。35.A推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。Passage

4【2018年全国Ⅱ卷】ManyofusloveJulybecauseit’sthemonthwhennature’sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.Thesecolourfulandswee

tjewelsformBritishColumbia’sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although

,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticula

rlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).Theyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitamin

Aandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.Whencombinedwithberriesofslicesofoth

erfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispurpose,s

electripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,as

queezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperature

ofthefreezer.zx.x.kIfyouhaveajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrig

htaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren’sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.24.W

hatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?A.Theycontainprotein.B.TheyarehighinvitaminA.C.Theyhaveapleasanttaste.D.Theyarerichinantioxidants.25.Whyi

sfreshlemonjuiceusedinfreezingbananas?A.Tomakethemsmellbetter.B.Tokeeptheircolour.C.Tospeeduptheirripening.D.Toimprovetheirn

utrition.26.Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?A.Adessert.B.Adrink.C.Acontainer.D.Amachine.27.Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A.A

biologytextbook.B.Ahealthmagazine.C.Aresearchpaper.D.Atravelbrochure.【答案】24.C25.B26.D27.B【解析】本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文中讲述了人们热爱水果丰盛

的7月，这时候各种水果营养丰富且含有对人体有益的微量元素，尤其是香蕉。我们可以利用它做一些孩子喜欢的甜点或冰淇淋。24.细节理解题。题干问的是，作者喜欢樱桃什么。根据第二段中Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhoc

ares?（至于樱桃，因为它们很好吃谁在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故选C。25.细节理解题。根据第三段中的Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpr

eventthemturningbrown.可知，往香蕉上滴新鲜的柠檬汁是为了防止香蕉变成褐色，故新鲜的柠檬汁是被用来保持香蕉的颜色的。故选B。26.词义猜测题。根据最后一段中theylovefeedingthefruit

andfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香蕉放入到这台机器的上部，然后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故可以推出aj

uicer就是一台机器。故选D。27.文章出处题。文章首先指出七月是水果盛产的季节，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出我们可以用ajuicer为孩子们做一些甜点和冰激凌，故最可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。A项意为：生物教科书

；B项意为：一本健康杂志；C项意为：一篇研究论文；D项意为：一本旅游手册。故选B。Passage5【2018年全国Ⅱ卷】Teensandyoungerchildrenarereadingalotlessforfun,accordingtoaCommonSenseMed

iareportpublishedMonday.Whilethedeclineoverthepastdecadeissteepforteenreaders,somedatainthereportshowsthatreadingremainsabigpartofmanychildren’sli

ves,andindicateshowparentsmighthelpencouragemorereading.Accordingtothereport’skeyfindings,“theproportion(比例)whosaythe

y‘hardlyever’readforfunhasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to22percentand27percentrespectivelytoday.”Thereport

datashowsthatpleasurereadinglevelsforyoungerchildren,ages2—8,remainlargelythesame.Buttheamountoftime

spentinreadingeachsessionhasdeclined,fromclosertoanhourormoretoclosertoahalfhourpersession.Whenitcomestotechnologyandreading,ther

eportdoeslittletocounsel(建议)parentslookingfordataabouttheeffectofe-readersandtabletsonreading.Itdoespointoutthatmanyparentsstilllimitelectr

onicreading,mainlyduetoconcernsaboutincreasedscreentime.Themosthopefuldatasharedinthereportshowsclearevidenceofparentsservingase

xamplesandimportantguidesfortheirkidswhenitcomestoreading.Datashowsthatkidsandteenswhodoreadfrequently

,comparedtoinfrequentreaders,havemorebooksinthehome,morebookspurchasedforthem,parentswhoreadmoreoften,andparentswhosetasidet

imeforthemtoread.Astheendofschoolapproaches,andschoolvacationreadinglistsloom(逼近)ahead,parentsmighttakethischanceto

stepinandmaketheirownsummerreadinglistandplanafamilytriptothelibraryorbookstore.28.WhatistheCommonSenseMediareportprobablyabout?A.Children

’sreadinghabits.B.Qualityofchildren’sbooks.C.Children’safter-classactivities.D.Parent-childrelationships.

29.Wherecanyoufindthedatathatbestsupports"childrenarereadingalotlessforfun"?A.Inparagraph2.B.Inparagraph3.C.Inparagraph4.D.Inparagraph5.30.Whydo

manyparentslimitelectronicreading?A.E-booksareofpoorquality.B.Itcouldbeawasteoftime.C.Itmayharmchildren’sh

ealth.D.E-readersareexpensive.31.Howshouldparentsencouragetheirchildrentoreadmore?A.Actasrolemodelsforthem.B.Askthentowritebookreports.C.Se

tupreadinggroupsforthem.D.Talkwiththeirreadingclassteachers.【答案】28.A29.B30.C31.A【文章大意】据本周一公布的aCommonSenseMediarepor

t报告显示，青少年和年幼的孩子们读书的乐趣大大减少。文中从阅读的乐趣，阅读的时间，阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响等角度展示了该报告的内容。28.A【解析】推理判断题。题干问的是这篇报道可能是关于什么内容。根据整篇文章，我们可以看出

这篇报道讲述了孩子们阅读的乐趣，孩子们阅读的时间，孩子们阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响。A项意为：孩子们的阅读习惯；B项意为：孩子们所读书籍的质量；C项意为：孩子们的课后活动；D项意为：父母与孩子的关系。故选A。29.B【解析】推理判断题。根据

第三段中的theproportion(比例)whosaythey‘hardlyever’readforfunhasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to2

2percentand27percentrespectivelytoday.可知，很少为乐趣而阅读的人的比例已经分别从1984年的13岁的8%和17岁的9%上升到现在的22%和27%。也就是说，为乐趣而读书的人越来越少

了。故选B。30.C【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段最后一句manyparentsstilllimitelectronicreading,mainlyduetoconcernsaboutincreasedscreentime可知，许

多家长仍然限制电子阅读，主要是由于担心看一些电子屏幕的时间越来越多，也即是担心会伤害孩子们的健康。故选C。31.A【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段Themosthopefuldatasharedinthereportshowsclearevidenceofparentss

ervingasexamplesandimportantguidesfortheirkidswhenitcomestoreading.可知，有明显的证据表明，父母为孩子们做榜样并为孩子们作重要指导能培养孩子的阅读习惯。也即是说，父母可以通过给

孩子们作榜样来鼓励孩子们阅读的。故选A。Passage6【2018年全国Ⅲ卷】Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettlein

theseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isn

earalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotal

lcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness

(荒野).Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30,000.Dawsondidnothaveanyofthena

turalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow-coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.Th

epathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarming.Anavalanche(雪崩)onceclosedthep

ath,killing63people.FormanywhomadeittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20,00

0peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necess

itieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappoint

edpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCity

asquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpop

ulationis762.24.WhatattractedtheearlysettlerstoNewYorkCity?A.Itsbusinessculture.B.Itssmallpopulation.

C.Itsgeographicalposition.D.Itsfavourableclimate.25.WhatdoweknowaboutthosewhofirstdugforgoldinDawson?A.Two-thirdsofthemstayedthere.B.One

outoffivepeoplegotrich.C.Almosteveryonegaveup.D.Halfofthemdied.26.WhatwasthemainreasonformanypeopletoleaveDawson?A.Theyfoundthecitytoocrowded.B.Theyw

antedtotrytheirluckelsewhere.C.Theywereunabletostandthewinter.D.Theywereshortoffood.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Theriseandfallofacity.B.Thegoldru

shinCanada.C.Journeysintothewilderness.D.TourisminDawson.【答案】24.C25.B26.B27.A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Dawson这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。24.细节理

解题。根据文章第一段中Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecauseth

eyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.可知，人们选择

在河边或港口设城是因为交通方便，便于做生意。而纽约就是在哈德森河口附近的一个大港口，故纽约吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故C正确。25.细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About10

0ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.可知，在最初挖黄金的两万人中有4000人变富有，所以是五分之一的人变富了，故B正确。26.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中andwhenth

eyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.可知，人们离开Dawson的主要原因是听说在Alaska发现了黄金，也就是他们要

去别的地方寻找发财的机会。故B正确。27.主旨大意题。第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因，引出Dawson这一城市的兴起，第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，所以全文围绕Dawson这个城市的发展起伏。故

A正确。Passage7【2018年浙江卷6月】StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconside

rthathe’sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.Whatisevenmorei

nterestingisthatoneofStein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyen

dupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收银台).Thebagsareprohibitedins

ome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethatth

eirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Amongthebagmakers'argument:manycitieswithbansstillallowshopperstopurchasepaper

bags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergytoproduceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeuglytolookat,theyrepresentasmallp

ercentageofallgarbageonthegroundtoday.Theindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement:reusableshoppingba

gs.Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However,longer-lastingreus

ablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.Environmenta

listsdon'tdispute（质疑）thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebannedsomedaytooandwantshopperstousethesamereusablebagsforyears.24.WhathasSteve

nSteinbeenhiredtodo?A.Helpincreasegrocerysales.B.Recyclethewastematerial.C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks.D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbag

s.25.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inparagraph2referto?A.Bansonplasticbags.B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.C.Headachescausedbygarba

ge.D.Plasticbagshungintrees.26.Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers?A.Theyarequiteexpensive.B.Replacingthe

mcanbedifficult.C.Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags.D.Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy.27.Whatisthebesttitleforthet

ext?A.Plastic,PaperorNeitherB.Industry,PollutionandEnvironmentC.RecycleorThrowAwayD.GarbageCollectionandWasteCo

ntrol【答案】24.D25.A26.D27.A【文章大意】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。24.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段oneofStein'sjobsisdefendinganin

dustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.和第二段plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplane

tasmostpeopleassume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用StevenStein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选D。25.A【解析】词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Ste

venStein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bansonplasticbags，故选A。26.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段However,longer-lastingreusableb

agsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选D。27.A【解析】标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比

，Plastic,PaperorNeither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选A。Passage8【2018年浙江卷6月】Asculturalsymbolsgo,theAmericancarisquiteyoung.

TheModelTFordwasbuiltatthePiquettePlantinMichiganacenturyago,withthefirstrollingofftheassemblyline（装配线）onSeptember27,1908.Onlyelev

encarswereproducedthenextmonth.ButeventuallyHenryFordwouldbuildfifteenmillionofthem.ModernAmericawasbornontheroad,behindawheel.Theca

rshapedsomeofthemostlastingaspectsofAmericanculture:theroadsidediner,thebillboard,themotel,eventheham

burger.Formostofthelastcentury,thecarrepresentedwhatitmeanttobeAmerican—goingforwardathighspeedtofindnewworlds.Theroadnovel,theroadmovie,the

searethemosttypicalAmericanideas,bornofabundantpetrol,cheapcarsandanever-endinginterstatehighwaysystem,thelargest

publicworksprojectinhistory.In1928HerbertHooverimaginedanAmericawith“achickenineverypotandacarineverygarage.”Sincethen,thissoc

ietyhasmovedonward,neverlookingback,asthecartransformedAmericafromafarm-basedsocietyintoanindustrialpower.ThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamh

avehelpedtocreateaglobalecologicaldisaster.InAmericathedemandforoilhasgrownby22percentsince1990.Theproblemsofexcessive（过度的）energyconsumption,climate

changeandpopulationgrowthhavebeendescribedinabookbytheAmericanwriterThomasL.Friedman.Hefearstheworst,buthopesforthebest.Friedmanpointsoutt

hatthegreeneconomy（经济）isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.“Theabilitytodesign,buildandexportgreentechnologiesforproducingcleanwater,cleanairandhealthy

andabundantfoodisgoingtobethecurrencyofpowerinthenewcentury.”28.Whyishamburgermentionedinparagraph2?A.ToexplainA

mericans’lovefortravellingbycar.B.ToshowtheinfluenceofcarsonAmericanculture.C.TostressthepopularityoffastfoodwithAmericans.D.

TopraisetheeffectivenessofAmerica’sroadsystem.29.WhathastheuseofcarsinAmericaledto?A.Declineofeconomy.B.Environmentalproblems.C.Asho

rtageofoilsupply.D.Afarm-basedsociety.30.WhatisFriedman’sattitudetowardsAmerica’sfuture?A.Ambiguous.B.Doubtful.C.

Hopeful.D.Tolerant.【解析】28.B29.B30.C【文章大意】文章讲述了汽车在美国经济和文化上的重要作用，也指出了汽车带来的环境问题。28.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段ModernAmericawasborno

ntheroad,behindawheel.ThecarshapedsomeofthemostlastingaspectsofAmericanculture:theroadsidediner,thebillboard,them

otel,eventhehamburger.可知现代美国诞生于公路和汽车，汽车塑造了美国文化最持久的一些方面。Hamburger就是汽车塑造的美国文化的一个方面。用这个例子是在说明汽车对美国文化的影响，故选B。29.B【解析】细节理

解题。根据第四段ThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamhavehelpedtocreateaglobalecologicaldisaster.可知美国汽车的迅速发展，导致生态灾难。故选B。30.C【解析

】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的Hefearstheworst,buthopesforthebest.和最后一段中的Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy（经济）isachancetokeepAmericanstr

ength.可见Friedman虽然对未来担心，但抱有最好的希望，他指出了发展绿色积极的想法。可见Friedman对未来是充满希望的，故选C。Passage9【2018年北京卷】FindYourAdventureattheSpaceandAviation(航空)CenterIfyou’re

lookingforauniqueadventure,theSpaceandAviationCenter(SAC)istheplacetobe.TheCenteroffersprogramsdesignedtochallengeandinspirewithhand

s-ontasksandlotsoffun.Morethan750,000havegraduatedfromSAC,withmanyseekingemploymentinengineering,aviation,edu

cation,medicineandawidevarietyofotherprofessions.Theycometocamp,wantingtoknowwhatitisliketobeanastronautorapilot,andtheyleavewithre

al-worldapplicationsforwhatthey’restudyingintheclassroom.Forthetrainees,theprogramsalsoofferagreatwaytoearnmeritbadges(荣誉徽章).AtSp

aceCamp,traineescanearntheirSpaceExplorationbadgeastheybuildandfiremodelrockets,learnaboutspacetasksandtrysimulated(模拟)flyingt

ospacewiththecrewfromallovertheworld.TheAviationChallengeprogramgivestraineesthechancetoearntheirAviationbadge.Theylearntheprinciplesofflightandte

sttheiroperatingskillsinthecockpit(驾驶舱)ofavarietyofflightsimulators.TraineesalsogetagoodstartontheirWildernessSurvivalbadgeastheylearnab

outwater-andland-survivalthroughdesignedtasksandtheirsearchandrescueof＂downed＂pilot.Withalltheprograms,teamworkiskeyastraineeslearn

theimportanceofleadershipandbeingpartofabiggertask.zxx.kAllthisfunisavailableforages9to18.Familiescanenjoytheexpe

riencetogether,too,withFamilyCampprogramsforfamilieswithchildrenasyoungas7.Stayanhourorstayaweek—thereissomethingheref

oreveryone!Formoredetails,pleasevisitusonlineatwww.oursac.com.40.WhydopeoplecometoSAC?A.Toexperienceadventures.B.Tolookforjobsinavi

ation.C.Togetadegreeinengineering.D.Tolearnmoreaboutmedicine.41.ToearnaSpaceExplorationbadge,atraineeneedsto.A.flytospaceB.getanAviationba

dgefirstC.studytheprinciplesofflightD.buildandfiremodelrockets42.Whatisthemostimportantfortrainees?A.Leadership.B

.Teamspirit.C.Taskplanning.D.Survivalskills.【答案】40.A41.D42.B【解析】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航中心培训项目简介，命题时从读者的真实需求出发，着重考查培训项目的相关内容和特点。激发考生的航天梦想，探险精神和团队合作精神。

。40.细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句Ifyou’relookingforauniqueadventure,theSpaceandAviationCenter(SAC)istheplacetobe.可知

，人们来SAC是为了寻找与众不同的冒险体验，故选A。41.细节理解题。根据文章第三段AtSpaceCamp,traineescanearntheirSpaceExplorationbadgeastheybuildandfiremodelr

ockets,learnaboutspacetasksandtrysimulated(模拟)flyingtospacewiththecrewfromallovertheworld.可知，要想获得太空探险徽章需要建造和发射火箭模型，学习空间任务，尝试与飞行员模拟太空飞行等，故选D。

42.细节理解题。根据文章第四段Withalltheprograms,teamworkiskeyastraineeslearntheimportanceofleadershipandbeingpartofabiggertask.可知，对于受训者来说，团队合作

是关键，故团队精神是最重要的，故选B。Passage10【2018年北京卷】Plastic-EatingWormsHumansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfof

thatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋场),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,but

anewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthe

wormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshopping

bagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms’chewin

galonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊状物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.

14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms’stomachs.Theirfindingswerepublishedin

CurrentBiologyin2017.FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireveryda

yfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.＂Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,＂sheexpla

ins,＂Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.＂JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennesse

e,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,sh

efindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforby

itsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdow

nplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownonto

poftheplastic.＂43.Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B.Theyarenewlye

volvedcreatures.C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D.Theywindupinlandfills.44.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto.A.identifyothermeanso

fthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebreakdownspeed45.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparag

raphthatthechemicalmight.A.helptoraisewormsB.helpmakeplasticbagsC.beusedtocleantheoceansD.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture46.Whatisthemainpurpos

eofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.

D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.【答案】43.C44.B45.D46.C【解析】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了

新的途径。43.C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—

alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选C。44.B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythe

causeofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。故选B。45

.D【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂可以推断出

，Bertocchini希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。46.C【解析】写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句Sofarthereisnoeffectivewayt

ogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.可知，有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一

句Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂可知，Bertocchini希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作

意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选C。Passage11【2018年江苏卷】Ifyouwanttodisturbthecarindustry,you'dbetterhaveafewbilliondollars:M

om-and-popcarmakersareunlikelytobeatthebiggestcarcompanies.Butinagriculture,smallfarmerscangetthebestofthemajorplayers.Byconnectingdirectlywithc

ustomers,andbyrespondingquicklytochangesinthemarketsaswellasintheecosystems(生态系统),smallfarmerscankeeponestepahea

dofthebigguys.Astheco-founderoftheNationalYoungFarmersCoalition(NYFC,美国青年农会)andafamilyfarmermyself.Ihaveafront-rowseattotheinnovationsamongsm

allfarmersthataretransformingtheindustry.Forexample,taketheQuickCutGreensHarvester,atooldevelopedjustacoupleofyearsagobyayoungfarmer,Jonath

anDysinger,inTennessee,withasmallloanfromalocalSlowMoneygroup.Itenablessmall-scalefarmerstoharvest175poundsofgreenvegetab

lesperhour—ahugeimprovementoverharvestingjustafewdozenpoundsbyhand—suddenlymakingitpossibleforthelittleguystocompetewithlarge

farmsofCalifornia.Beforethetoolcameout,smallfarmerscouldn'ttouchthepriceperpoundofferedbyCaliforniafarms.Butnow,withthe

combinationofabetterpricepointandagenerallyfresherproduct,theycanstayinbusiness.Thesustainablesuccessofsmallfa

rmers,though,won'thappenwithoutfundamentalchangestotheindustry.Onecrucialfactorissecureaccesstoland.Competitionfromi

nvestors,developers,andestablishedlargefarmersmakesowningone'sownlandunattainableformanynewfarmers.From2004to2013,agricultural

landvaluesdoubled,andtheycontinuetoriseinmanyregions.Anotherchallengeformorethanamillionofthemostqualifi

edfarmworkersandmanagersisanon-existentpathtocitizenship—thegreatestbarriertobuildingafarmoftheirown.Withfarmersovertheag

eof65outnumbering(多于）farmersyoungerthan35bysixtoone,andwithtwo-thirdsofthenation'sfarmlandinneedofanewfarmer,wemustclearthepathfortalentedpeoplewil

lingtogrowthenation'sfood.Therearesolutionsthatcouldlightapathtowardamoresustainableandfairfarmeconomy,butfarmerscan'tclumsilyputthemtogetherbefore

us.WeattheNYFCneedbroadsupportasweurgeCongresstoincreasefarmlandconservation,aswepushforimmigrationreform,andasweseekpoli

ciesthatwillensurethesuccessofadiverseandambitiousnextgenerationoffarmsfromallbackgrounds.WithanewfarmbilltobedebatedinCongress,consumersmusttak

eastandwithyoungfarmers.61.Theauthormentionscarindustryatthebeginningofthepassagetointroduce.A.theprogressmadeincarindustryB.aspec

ialfeatureofagricultureC.atrendofdevelopmentinagricultureD.theimportanceofinvestingincarindustry62.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoillustratewiththeex

ampleinparagraph2?A.Loanstosmalllocalfarmersarenecessary.B.Technologyisvitalforagriculturaldevelopment.C.Co

mpetitionbetweensmallandbigfarmsisfierceD.Smallfarmersmaygainsomeadvantagesoverbigones.63.Whatisthedifficultyforthosenewfame

rs?A.Togainmorefinancialaid.B.Tohiregoodfarmmanagers.C.Tohavefarmsoftheirown.D.Towinoldfarmers’support.64.W

hatshouldfarmersdoforamoresustainableandfairfarmeconomy?A.SeeksupportbeyondNYFC.B.Expandfarmlandconservation.C.BecomemembersofNY

FC.D.Investmoretoimprovetechnology.【答案】61.B62.D63.C64.A【解析】本文为说明文，文章主要分析了美国小农场的特点及目前美国农业所面临的问题。61.推理判断题。根据文章第一句话Ifyouwanttodisturbthecari

ndustry,you'dbetterhaveafewbilliondollars:Mom-and-popcarmakersareunlikelytobeatthebiggestcarcompanies.可知一般人不可能

影响到汽车工业，而根据第二句话的but可知农业和工业是不同的，接下来就介绍了农业不同于工业的地方，故B正确。62.推理判断题。根据文章第二段第三句Itenablessmall-scalefarmerstoharves

t175poundsofgreenvegetablesperhour—ahugeimprovementoverharvestingjustafewdozenpoundsbyhand—suddenlymakingitp

ossibleforthelittleguystocompetewithlargefarmsofCalifornia.可以看出新农具的发明使得工作效率提高，使得小农民可以跟大农场竞争，再根据第二段最后一句可知

他们的价格更优惠，产品更新鲜使得农民更有优势，故选D。63.细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句话Anotherchallengeformorethanamillionofthemostqualifiedfarmworkersandmanage

rsisanon-existentpathtocitizenship—thegreatestbarriertobuildingafarmoftheirown.可知，新农民面临的最大挑战是无法获得公民身份，因此不能建设自己的农场，故选C。64.细节理解题。根

据文章最后一段第二句WeattheNYFCneedbroadsupportasweurgeCongresstoincreasefarmlandconservation,aswepushforimmigrationrefo

rm,andasweseekpoliciesthatwillensurethesuccessofadiverseandambitiousnextgenerationoffarmsfromallbackgrounds.可知NYFC需要广泛的支持，包括要求议会增加农田保护，推

动移民改革，探寻政策确保不同背景的新农民的成功等，所以为了保证农业经济的可持续发展农民需要寻求NYFC以外的很多方面的支持。故选A。Passage12【2018年天津卷】There’sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat’sbeginningtocomei

ntofocus:food.Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisn’tstoppingthere.FoodproductionWitha3D

printer,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandoth

at—ittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“re-createformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”f

reeingcookstocompleteothertasks.Inanotherrestaurant,allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3D-printed,ratherthanfarmtotabl

e.Sustainability(可持续性）Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtobera

isedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcouldprobablycontributetothesolution.So

meexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids(水解胶体)fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻类)andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients(烹饪原料).3Dprintingcan

reducefueluseandemissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock"food"thatlastsyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtransportationa

ndstoragerequirements.NutritionFuture3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity,said,“Foodprintingcoul

dallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyest

erday’sbreadfromthesupermarket,you’deatsomethingbakedjustforyouondemand.”ChallengesDespiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodpri

nting,theindustryhasmanychallengestoovercome.Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapaste(糊状物)befor

eaprintercanusethem,andtheprintingprocessisquitetime-consuming,becauseingredientsinteractwitheachotherinverycomplexways.Ontopof

that,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsareskepticalabou

t3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.46.Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintingbringtofoodproducti

on?A.Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes.B.Itsavestimeandeffortincooking.C.Itimprovesthecookingconditions.D.Itcontributestorestaurantdecorations.47

.Whatcanwelearnabout3DfoodprintingfromParagraphs3?A.Itsolvesfoodshortageseasily.B.Itquickensthetransportationoffood.C.Itn

eedsnospaceforthestorageoffood.D.Itusesrenewablematerialsassourcesoffood.48.AccordingtoParagraph4,3D-printedfood________.A.

ismoreavailabletoconsumersB.canmeetindividualnutritionalneedsC.ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarketsD.cankeepallthenutriti

oninrawmaterials49.Whatisthemainfactorthatprevents3Dfoodprintingfromspreadingwidely?A.Theprintingprocessiscomplicated.B.3Dfoodprintersaret

ooexpensive.C.Foodmaterialshavetobedry.D.Someexpertsdoubt3Dfoodprinting.50.Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.3DFoodPrintin

g:DeliciousNewTechnologyB.ANewWaytoImprove3DFoodPrintingC.TheChallengesfor3DFoodProductionD.3DFoodPrinting:FromFarmtoTable【答案】46.B47.D48.B49.C50.

A【解析】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。46.推理判断题。根据文章Foodproduction中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印

机做出复杂的巧克力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。47.细节理解题。根据文章第三段Someexpertsbelievep

rinterscouldusehydrocolloids(水解胶体)fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻类)andgrasstoreplacethefamiliarin

gredients(烹饪原料).可知，3D打印机可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。48.推理判断题。根据文章第四段Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likev

itamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物），从而可以推断出3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。49.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,b

ecausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏。故选C。50.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打

印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3DFoodPrinting:DeliciousNewTechnology，故选A。2017年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2017年新课标Ⅰ卷】Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstil

l（蒸馏器）isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.Developedbytwodoctors

intheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,it’sanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit’sallbutimpossible

tofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5＇5＇sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhap

sjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.Toconstru

ctaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher’sproductivit

y.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup—a

ndout—thesideofthehole.Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweigh

tingthesheet’scenterdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone(圆锥体)with45-degree-angledsides.Thelowpointofthesheet

mustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplas

tic.Groundwaterevaporates(蒸发)andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup.Whent

hecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon’thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.32.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarsti

llequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?A.It’sdelicate.B.It’sexpensive.C.It’scomplex.D.It’sportable.33.Whatdoestheu

nderlinedphrase＂thewatercatcher＂inparagraph2referto?A.Thetube.B.Thestill.C.Thehole.D.Thecup.34.Whatisthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?A.D

igaholeofacertainsize.B.Putthecupinplace.C.Weightthesheet’scenterdown.D.Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet.35.Whenasolarstillw

orks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom.A.theplastictubeB.outsidetheholeC.theopenairD.beneaththesheet【文章大意】本文主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏

器的方法，并介绍了它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。32.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句话Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittle

packandfastenedonyourbelt.可知制作蒸馏器的东西可以叠放在一个小包里，系在腰间，这说明制作蒸馏器的设备很轻便，portable表示＂轻便的；手提的＂，故选D。33.B【解析】词义猜测题。根据Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincr

easethewatercatcher’sproductivity可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。＂接水器＂指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用膜覆盖，整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D，但是就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可

以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围环境的变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。34.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweighti

ngthesheet’scenterdownwitharock.可知最后一步是weightingthesheet’scenterdownwitharock(放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它压下去)，故选C。35.D【解析】推理判断题。结

合第四段中的Groundwaterevaporates(蒸发)andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来，直到形成小水滴落在杯子

里，覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。Passage2【2017年新课标Ⅱ卷】TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecom

panyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenli

keacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheai

r.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.Around100peoplehavealreadyputdowna$10,

000deposittogetaTransitionwhentheygoonsale,andthosenumberswilllikelyriseafterTerrafugiaintroducestheTra

nsitiontothepubliclaterthisweekattheNewYorkAutoShow.Butdon’texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveways.It’sexpectedtocost$279,000.

Anditwon’thelpifyou’restuckintraffic.Thecarneedsarunway.Inventorshavebeentryingtomakeflyingcarssincethe1930s,accordin

gtoRobertMann,anairlineindustryexpert.ButMannthinksTerrafugiahascomecloserthananyonetomakingtheflyingcarareality.T

hegovernmenthasalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly.TheTransitionisnowgoingthroug

hcrashteststomakesureitmeetsfederalsafetystandards.MannsaidTerrafugiawashelpedbytheFederalAviationAdministration’sdecisi

onfiveyearsagotocreateaseparatesetofstandardsforlightsportaircraft,whicharelowerthanthoseforpilotsoflargerplanes.Terrafugiasaysanownerw

ouldneedtopassatestandcomplete20hoursofflyingtimetobeabletoflytheTransition,arequirementpilotswouldfindrelativelyeasytomeet.28.Whatis

thefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D.Thedesigners

oftheTransition.29.WhyistheTransitionunlikelytoshowupintoomanydriveways?A.Itcausestrafficjams.B.Itisdifficulttooperate.C.Itisveryexpensive.D.Itburn

stoomuchfuel.30.Whatisthegovernment’sattitudetothedevelopmentoftheflyingcar?A.Cautious.B.Favorable.C.Ambiguous.

D.Disapproving.31.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.FlyingCaratAutoShowB.TheTransition’sFirstFlightC.Pilots’DreamComingTrueD.FlyingCarClos

ertoReality【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普说明文。Terrafugia公司研制出飞行汽车并成功进行了第一次飞行,使飞行汽车成为现实更进一步。28.A【解析】考查段落大意。第一段的第二句"Theve

hicle...likeacar"介绍了飞行汽车Transition的构造,第一段的后半部分介绍了它的空中飞行速度、陆地行驶速度和油耗情况,这些都是飞行汽车的基本数据。故选A项。29.C【解析】考查细节理

解。根据第二段中的"Butdon’texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveways.It’sexpectedtocost$279,000"可知,该飞行汽车是非常贵的,所以不太可能大量出现在车道上。故选C项。30.B【解析】考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Thegove

rnmenthasalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly"可推知,政府对该项目是支持的。故选B项。31.D【解析】考查

主旨大意。根据第一段中的"TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwit

hinthenextyear"可知,Terrafugia公司的飞行汽车成功进行了第一次飞行,从而使飞行汽车更加接近现实。所以选D项。主旨大意题的解答要注意文章的首段和尾段,同时要结合文章中大部分内容所讲述的观点。文章中只提及Transi

tion会出现在NewYorkAutoShow,但这不是文章主要内容,故排除A项;B项只是飞行汽车的第一次飞行,过于片面;C项中的"Pilots’Dream"未在文中提及。Passage3【2017年新课标Ⅱ卷】Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdo

esn’tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthat

neighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplantspumpthrou

ghtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeing

attacked.It’saplant’swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighborsreact.Somepla

ntspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarena

turalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.Instudyafterstu

dy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant,buttheneighbors,relativelyspeaki

ng,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknewwhattodo.Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdon’tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacr

yofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto"overhear"thecry.Soinformatio

nwasexchanged,butitwasn’tatrue,intentionalbackandforth.CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate(亲密的)thanthewo

rldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.There’sawholelotgoingon.32.Whatdoesaplantdowhenitisunderattack?A.Itm

akesnoises.B.Itgetshelpfromotherplants.C.Itstandsquietly.D.Itsendsoutcertainchemicals.33.Whatdoestheauthor

meanby"thetablesareturned"inparagraph3?A.Theattackersgetattacked.B.Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.C.Th

eplantsgetreadytofightback.D.Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies.34.Scientistsfindfromtheirstudiesthatplantsc

an.A.predictnaturaldisastersB.protectthemselvesagainstinsectsC.talktooneanotherintentionallyD.helptheirneighborswhennecessary35.Whatcanweinferfrom

thelastparagraph?A.Theworldischangingfasterthanever.B.Peoplehavestrongersensesthanbefore.C.Theworldismorecomplexthanitseems.D.Peoplei

nDarwin’stimeweremoreimaginative.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了植物在受到昆虫的攻击时是如何进行自我保护的,同时引出世界比我们人类想象的要复杂得多这一观点。32.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段的"youngmapl

etreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjur

edpartsoftheplant"可知,当植物受到攻击时,它会产生一些化学物质。故选D项。33.A【解析】考查句意理解。根据第三段中的"Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch"可知,正吃午餐的袭击者变

成了午餐,也就是袭击者被攻击了。故选A项。34.B【解析】考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty"可知,植物能保护自

己抵抗昆虫。故选B项。35.C【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate(亲密的)thantheworldwecanseea

ndhear.Oursensesareweak"可推知,世界比它显现出来的更加复杂。故选C项。Passage4【2017年新课标Ⅲ卷】Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedto

YellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstone

wolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmu

chofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisap

pearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.Thed

isappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(来源)forthewolf—grewrapidl

y.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolve

s,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.Asearlyas1966,bio

logistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandco

yoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwith

aplantoreintroducethewolvers.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone

.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,w

hilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewheth

ertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.28.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.WildliferesearchintheUn

itedStates.B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstoneP

ark.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂displaced＂inparagraph2mean?A.Tested.B.Separated.C.Forcedout.D.Tracke

ddown.30.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?A.Damagetolocalecology.B.Adeclineinthepark’sincome.C.Preser

vationofvegetation.D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals.31.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?A.Doubtful.B.Pos

itive.C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.【答案】【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的故事。28.D【解析】主旨大意题。文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼

的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其原因以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼。29.C【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被

人类排挤走了。30.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知，灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破坏；土狼的数量快速增加，它们猎杀了大量的赤狐，赶走了海狸，由此可推断出灰狼的消失导致了当地生态平衡被破坏。31.B【解析】推理判断题。根据文章末段的最后一

句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验，因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。Passage5【2017年新课标Ⅲ卷】TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastle

Universityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed＂DriveLAB＂inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscove

rwherethekeystresspointsare.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell-beingamongolderpeople,leadingt

othembecomingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehi

cletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.Theseincludecustom-madenavigation(导航)tools,night

visionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:＂Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantf

orpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.＂＂Butweall

havetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandl

osingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.＂DrAmyGuo,th

eleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains:＂TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeypointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemig

htusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.＂Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin

30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We’relookingatthebenefitsofsystemsw

hichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.＂Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriver

sstaysaferbehindthewheel.＂32.WhatisthepurposeoftheDriveLAB?A.Toexplorenewmeansoftransport.B.Todesignnewtypesofcars.C.Tofindoutolderdriver’sp

roblems.D.Toteachpeopletrafficrules.33.WhyisdrivingimportantforolderpeopleaccordingtoPhilBlythe?A.Itkeepsthemindependent.B.

Ithelpsthemsavetime.C.Itbuildsuptheirstrength.D.Itcurestheirmentalillnesses.34.Whatdoresearchershopet

odoforolderdrivers?A.Improvetheirdrivingskills.B.Developdriver-assisttechnologies.C.Providetipsonrepairingtheircars.D.Organizeregularphysicalcheckup

s.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.AnewModelElectricCarB.ASolutiontoTrafficProblemsC.DrivingServicesforEldersD.KeepingOlderDri

versontheRoad【答案】【文章大意】为了了解老年司机所面临的问题，科研人员研制出DriveLAB，目的是能够帮助他们延长驾龄，从而保持积极、健康的生活方式。32.C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章首段的内容可知，研制DriveLAB的目的是为了更好地了解老年司机所面临的挑战。33.

A【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中PhilBlythe所说的＂...drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthav

ingtorelyonothers＂可知，在PhilBlythe看来，能够开车是老年人能够保持独立生活和自由外出的重要条件。34.B【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后三段的内容可知，研究人员希望能够通过研制一些司机辅助技术Whatissospec

ialaboutTOKNOWmagazine?Well,ithasnoadsorpromotionsinside—insteaditisjam-packedwithseriousideas.TOKNOWmakescomplexideasattractiveandaccessibletochild

ren,whocanbecomeinvolvedinadvancedconceptsandevenphilosophy（哲学）—andtheywillsoondiscoverthatTOKNOWfeelsmorelikeaclubthanjust

amagazine.What’sinside?Everymonththemagazineintroducesafreshnewtopicwitharticles,experimentsandcreativet

hingstomake—themagazinealsoexploresphilosophyandwellbeingtomakesureyoungreadershaveabalancedtakeonlife.来帮助老年司机延长

驾龄、享受更多的独立生活。35.D【解析】主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了科研人员通过把电动车改装成一款＂DriveLAB＂来研究如何帮助解决老年司机在开车时遇到的问题，以便延长他们独立生活的时间，提高他们的生活质量。Pas

sage6【2017年北京卷】Inspiringyoungminds!TOKNOWMagazineisabighitintheworldofchildren’spublishing,bringingauniquecombinationofchallengingideasandgo

odfuntoyoungfanseverymonth.Soundstoogoodtobetrue?Takealookonline—evidenceshowsthatthousandsofteachersandparentsknowagoodthingwhentheyseeitandreco

mmendTOKNOWtotheirfriends.HappyBirthdayAllYear!Whatcouldbemorefunthanagiftthatkeepscomingthroughtheletterboxeve

rymonth?Thefirstmagazinewithyourgiftmessagewillarriveintimeforthespecialday.SUBSCRIBENOW□AnnualSubscriptionEurope£55Re

stofWorld£65□AnnualSubscriptionwithGiftPackIncludesaMammothMap,aPassportPuzzleBooklet,andSubscriptionEurope£60RestofW

orld£70RefundPolicy—thesubscriptioncanbecancelledwithin28daysandyoucangetyourmoneyback.59.WhyisTOKNOWaspecialmag

azine?A.Itentertainsyoungparents.B.Itprovidesseriousadvertisements.C.Itpublishespopularsciencefictions.D.Itcombi

nesfunwithcomplexconcepts.60.WhatdoesTOKNOWofferitsreaders?A.Onlinecourses.B.Articlesonnewtopics.C.Lecturesonabala

ncedlife.D.Reportsonscientificdiscoveries.61.Howmuchshouldyoupayifyoumakea12-mouthsubscriptiontoTOKNOWwithgiftpackfro

mChina?A.£55.B.£60.C.£65.D.£70.62.SubscribersofTOKNOWwouldget.A.freebirthdaypresentsB.fullrefundwithin28daysC.membershipoftheTOKNOWclubD.c

hancestomeettheexpertsinperson【文章大意】文章介绍了一本杂志TOKNOWMagazine。59.D【解析】数字计算题。根据第一个方框内TOKNOWmakescomplexideasattractiveandac

cessibletochildren可知TOKNOW杂志让那些复杂的观点变得非常的有吸引力并且孩子们可以接受，有吸引力的东西肯定有趣，故可知答案为D。60.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二个方框内Everymonththemagazineintroducesafreshn

ewtopicwitharticles,experimentsandcreativethingstomake可知杂志每个月都会引入一个新观点，并配有文章、实验等，所以答案为B。61.D【解析】细节理解题。根据AnnualSubscr

iptionwithGiftPack中的IncludesaMammothMap,apassportPuzzleBooklet,andSubscriptionEurope£60RestofWorld£70，中国属于Res

tofWorld，故答案为D。62.B【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一句话RefundPolicy—thesubscriptioncanbecancelledwithin28daysandyoucangetyourmoneyback.可知订阅可在28天内取消，且全额退款，故答案为B。Passag

e7【2017年北京卷】Measles(麻疹),whichoncekilled450childreneachyearanddisabledevenmore,wasnearlywipedoutintheUnitedStates14yearsagob

ytheuniversaluseoftheMMRvaccine(疫苗).Butthediseaseismakingacomeback,causedbyagrowinganti-vaccinemovementandmisinformatio

nthatisspreadingquickly.Alreadythisyear,115measlescaseshavebeenreportedintheUSA,comparedwith189forallo

flastyear.Thenumbersmightsoundsmall,buttheyaretheleadingedgeofadangeroustrend.Whenvaccinationratesareveryhigh,astheystillareinthenationasawh

ole,everyoneisprotected.Thisiscalled＂herdimmunity＂,whichprotectsthepeoplewhogethurteasily,includingth

osewhocan’tbevaccinatedformedicalreasons,babiestooyoungtogetvaccinatedandpeopleonwhomthevaccinedoesn’twork.Butherdimmunitywor

ksonlywhennearlythewholeherdjoinsin.Whensomerefusevaccinationandseekafreeride,immunitybreaksdownandeveryoneis

inevenbiggerdanger.That’sexactlywhatishappeninginsmallneighborhoodsaroundthecountryfromOrangeCounty,California,where22measlescaseswererep

ortedthismonth,toBrooklyn,N.Y.,wherea17-year-oldcausedanoutbreaklastyear.Theresistancetovaccinehascontinuedfordecades,anditisd

rivenbyarealbutverysmallrisk.Thosewhorefusetotakethatriskselfishlymakeotherssuffer.Makingthingsworsearestatelawsthatmakeittooeasytooptout(决定不参

加)ofwhataresupposedtoberequiredvaccinesforallchildrenenteringkindergarten.Seventeenstatesallowparentstogeta

nexemption（豁免）,sometimesjustbysigningapapersayingtheypersonallyobjecttoavaccine.Now,severalstatesaremovingtotightenlawsbyaddingnewregulationsfor

optingout.Butnoonedoesenoughtolimitexemptions.Parentsoughttobeabletooptoutonlyforlimitedmedicalorreligiousr

easons.Butpersonalopinions?Notgoodenough.Everyoneenjoysthelife-savingbenefitsvaccinesprovide,butthey’llexistonlyaslongaseveryone

sharesintherisks.63.Thefirsttwoparagraphssuggestthat____________.A.asmallnumberofmeaslescasescanstartadangeroustrendB.theoutbreakofmeaslesat

tractsthepublicattentionC.anti-vaccinemovementhasitsmedicalreasonsD.informationaboutmeaslesspreadsquickly64.Herdimmunityworkswe

llwhen____________.A.exemptionsareallowedB.severalvaccinesareusedtogetherC.thewholeneighborhoodisinvolvedinD.newregulationsareaddedto

thestatelaws65.Whatisthemainreasonforthecomebackofmeasles?A.Theoveruseofvaccine.B.Thelackofmedicalca

re.C.Thefeaturesofmeaslesitself.D.Thevaccineopt-outsofsomepeople.66.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.Tointroducetheideaofexemption.B.Todiscussmetho

dstocuremeasles.C.Tostresstheimportanceofvaccination.D.Toappealforequalrightsinmedicaltreatment.【答案】63A64C65D66C【文章大

意】本文主要是介绍了麻疹在历史上带来的危害，以及为什么会发生这样的情况。63.A【解析】文章第二段的首句既是对第一段的总结，又是第二段的中心句，由此可知答案为A。64.C【解析】根据第三段Butherdimmuni

tyworksonlywhennearlythewholeherdjoinsin.可知只有所有人都参与了才会有用，故选C。65.D【解析】根据第一段Butthediseaseismakingacomeback,causedbyagrowinganti-vaccinemovementan

dmisinformationthatisspreadingquickly.可知，那些反对疫苗的人导致的麻疹的复发，故选D。66.C【解析】本文主要是介绍了麻疹在历史上带来的危害，以及为什么会有这样的情况，最根本原因还是那些不注射疫苗的人导致的，故本文的目的是强调疫苗的作用，故选C。Pas

sage8【2017年江苏卷】Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother’svoicefromthatofafe

malestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning(胎教),birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk:Orni

thologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch(孵化).New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheir

mom’scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abiologistatFlindersUni

versityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundove

randoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular"feedme!"

call.Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds,theresearcherssoughtthered-backedfairywren,anotherspecies

ofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentif

iedbeggingcallsbyanalyzingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymother

sandchicks,rankingthembysimilarity.Itturnsoutthatbabyred-backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheirmoms.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheire

ggs,themoresimilarwerethebabies’beggingcalls.Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmo

m’svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood.Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurologi

cal(神经系统的)strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn."Asaparent,doyouinvestinqualitychildren,ordoyouinvestinchildrent

hatareinneed?"Kleindorferasks."Ourresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality."58.TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means"".A.bethew

orstB.bethebestC.bejustasbadD.bejustasgood59.WhatareKleindorfer’sfindingsbasedon?A.Similaritiesbetweenthecallsofmomsandchicks.B.Theobservation

offairywrensacrossAustralia.C.ThedatacollectedfromQueensland’slocals.D.Controlledexperimentsonwrensandotherbirds.60.Emb

ryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich.A.canreceivequalitysignalsB.areinneedoftrainingC.fittheenviro

nmentbetterD.maketheloudestcall【答案】58.B59.A60.C【解析】文章大意：文章介绍了鸟类在胎教方面的超凡本领。实验发现鸟儿在孵化时不停地鸣叫是为了教会以后出生的雏鸟歌唱的本领，从而挑

选出能够适应环境的雏鸟。58.B【解析】根据第二段＂whentheerrswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers＂可知，鸟儿在孵化小鸟的时候，鸣叫对未出生的小鸟有很大影响，它们被孵化后也能发出

类似的声音，说明鸟儿很擅长胎教。59.A【解析】根据第三段＂theresearcherssoughtthered-backedfairywren,anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.＂

可知，研究人员并未在全澳洲范围展开调查，排除B项；未对其它鸟类进行记录研究，排除D项。根据倒数第三段中的＂Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks,rankingthembysimil

arity.＂可知，A项正确。60.C【解析】根据倒数第二段中的＂thebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmom’svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood＂和最后一段＂Ourr

esultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.＂可知，模仿母鸟模仿得最好的雏鸟得到最多的食物，研究结果表明，母亲会选择质量好的雏鸟。由此可知，胎教帮助母鸟辨别出那些适应环境较好的孩子。P

assage9【2017年江苏卷】Anewcommoditybringsaboutahighlyprofitable,fast-growingindustry,urgingantitrust(反垄断)

regulatorstostepintocheckthosewhocontrolitsflow.Acenturyago,theresourceinquestionwasoil.Nowsimilarconcernsarebei

ngraisedbythegiants(巨头)thatdealindata,theoilofthedigitalage.ThemostvaluablefirmsareGoogle,Amazon,FacebookandMic

rosoft.Alllookunstoppable.Suchsituationshaveledtocallsforthetechgiantstobebrokenup.Butsizealoneisnotacrime.Thegiants’successhasbene

fitedconsumers.Fewwanttolivewithoutsearchenginesoraquickdelivery.Farfromchargingconsumershighprices,manyoft

heseservicesarefree(userspay,ineffect,byhandingoveryetmoredata).Andtheappearanceofnew-borngiantssuggeststhatnewcomerscanmakewaves,too.

Butthereiscauseforconcern.Theinternethasmadedataabundant,all-presentandfarmorevaluable,changingthenatureofdataandcompetition.Googleinitiallyusedth

edatacollectedfromuserstotargetadvertisingbetter.Butrecentlyithasdiscoveredthatdatacanbeturnedintonewservices:translation

andvisualrecognition,tobesoldtoothercompanies.Internetcompanies’controlofdatagivesthemenormouspower.Sotheyhavea"God’seyeview"

ofactivitiesintheirownmarketsandbeyond.Thisnatureofdatamakestheantitrustmeasuresofthepastlessuseful.BreakingupfirmslikeGoogleinto

fivesmalloneswouldnotstopremakingthemselves:intime,oneofthemwouldbecomegreatagain.Arethinkisrequired—andasanewapproachstartstobecomeapparent

,twoideasstandout.Thefirstisthatantitrustauthoritiesneedtomovefromtheindustrialageintothe21stcentury.Whenconsideringamerger(兼并),forexam

ple,theyhavetraditionallyusedsizetodeterminewhentostepin.Theynowneedtotakeintoaccounttheextentoffirms’dataassets(资产)whenassessingtheimpacto

fdeals.Thepurchasepricecouldalsobeasignalthatanestablishedcompanyisbuyinganew-bornthreat.Whenthistakesp

lace,especiallywhenanew-borncompanyhasnorevenuetospeakof,theregulatorsshouldraiseredflags.Thesecondprincipleistoloose

nthecontrolthatprovidersofon-lineserviceshaveoverdataandgivemoretothosewhosupplythem.Companiescouldbeforcedtorevealtoconsumerswhatinformationt

heyholdandhowmuchmoneytheymakefromit.Governmentscouldorderthesharingofcertainkindsofdata,withusers’consent.Restart

ingantitrustfortheinformationagewillnotbeeasy.Butifgovernmentsdon’twantadataeconomycontrolledbyafewgiants,theymustactsoon.61.Whyist

hereacalltobreakupgiants?A.Theyhavecontrolledthedatamarket.B.Theycollectenormousprivatedata.C.Theynolongerprovidefreeser

vices.D.Theydismissedsomenew-borngiants.62.WhatdoesthetechnologicalinnovationinParagraph3indicate?A.Datagiants’te

chnologyisveryexpensive.B.Google’sideaispopularamongdatafirms.C.Datacanstrengthengiants’controllingposit

ion.D.Datacanbeturnedintonewservicesorproducts.63.Bypayingattentiontofirms’dataassets,antitrustregulatorscould.A.killanewthreatB.avoidthe

sizetrapC.favourbiggerfirmsD.chargehigherprices64.Whatisthepurposeoflooseningthegiants’controlofdata?A.Bigcompaniescouldrelie

vedatasecuritypressure.B.Governmentscouldrelievetheirfinancialpressure.C.Consumerscouldbetterprotecttheirpr

ivacy.D.Smallcompaniescouldgetmoreopportunities.【答案】61.A62.C63.B64.D【解析】文章大意：本文主要讲的是信息时代的信息数据的垄断现象。一些科技巨头Google,Amazon,Facebook,

Microsoft等对数据的垄断引来了有关部门的反垄断调查。61.A【解析】第二段＂Suchsituationshaveledtocallsforthetechgiantstobebrokenup.＂中的such指代上文介绍的公司现状，根据第一段

中的＂urgingantitrust（反垄断）regulatorstostepintocheckthosewhocontrolitsflow＂可知，督促反垄断管理者介入来调查控制数据市场的大公司。62.C【解析】根据第三段中的

＂Internetcompanies’controlofdatagivesthemenormouspower.Sotheyhavea＂God’seyeview＂ofactivitiesintheirownmarketsand

beyond.＂可知，互联网公司对数据的掌控使得它们拥有了很大的权力，说明数据会加强大公司的统治地位。63.B【解析】根据倒数第三段＂Thefirstisthatantitrustauthoritiesneedtomovefromtheindustrialageintothe21stc

entury.Whenconsideringamerger(兼并),forexample,theyhavetraditionallyusedsizetodeterminewhentostepin.Theynown

eedtotakeintoaccounttheextentoffirms’dataassets(资产)whenassessingtheimpactofdeals.＂可知，在考虑公司数据资产的基础上，反垄断监管机构会避免陷于规模陷阱。64.D【解析】根据倒数第二段Companiescould

beforcedtoconsumerswhatinformationtheyholdandhowmanymoneytheymakefromit.Governments...withusers’consen

t.＂可知，由于大公司垄断数据信息，不利于小公司更好地服务消费者，也不利于政府开展工作。弱化这种垄断将会给小公司带去更多的发展机会。Passage10【2017年天津卷】Supposeyou’reinarush,feelin

gtired,notpayingattentiontoyourscreen,andyousendanemailthatcouldgetyouintrouble.Realisationwillprobablysetinse

condsafteryou’veclicked“send”.Youfreezeinhorrorandburnwithshame.Whattodo?Herearefourcommonemailaccidents,andhowtorecov

er.Clicking“send”toosoonDon’twasteyourtimetryingtofindoutifthereceiverhasreadityet.Writeanotheremailasswiftlyasyoucanandsenditwithabri

eftitleexplainingthatthisisthecorrectversionandthepreviousversionshouldbeignored.WritingthewrongtimeThesooneryounotice,thebet

ter.Respondquicklyandbriefly,apologisingforyourmistake.Keepthetonemeasured:don’thandleittoolightly,aspeoplecanbeoffended,especiallyifyo

urerrorsuggestsamisunderstandingoftheirculture(i.e.incorrectorderingofChinesenames).Clicking“replyall”unintentional

lyYouaccidentallyreveal(透露)totheentirecompanywhatmenuchoicesyouwouldpreferatthestaffChristmasdinner,orwhatholi

dayyou’dliketotake.Inthisinstance,thebestsolutionistosendaquick,light-heartedapologytoexplainyourawkwardness.Butitcanquicklyrisetosomethingworse,wh

eneveryonestartshitting“replyall”tojoininalongandunpleasantconversation.Inthisinstance,stepawayfromyourkeyboardtoalloweveryonetocalmdown.S

endinganoffensivemessagetoitssubjectThemostawkwardemailmistakeisusuallycommittedinanger.Youwriteanunkindmessageabou

tsomeone,intendingtosendittoafriend,butaccidentallysendittothepersonyou’rediscussing.Inthatcase,asktospeakinperso

nassoonaspossibleandsaysorry.Explainyourfrustrationscalmlyandsensibly—seeitasanopportunitytoclearupanydifficultiesyoumayhavewiththisperson.36.Af

terrealisinganemailaccident,youarelikelytofeel____________.A.curiousB.tiredC.awfulD.funny37.Ifyouhavewrittenthewrongnameina

nemail,itisbestto____________.A.apologiseinaseriousmannerB.tellthereceivertoignoretheerrorC.learntowritethen

amecorrectlyD.sendashortnoticetoeveryone38.Whatshouldyoudowhenanunpleasantconversationisstartedbyyour“replyall”email?A.Tryofferingotherchoic

es.B.Avoidfurtherinvolvement.C.Meetotherstaffmembers.D.Makealight-heartedapology.39.Howshouldyoudealwiththeproblemcausedbyanoffensiveemail?A.Bypromis

ingnottooffendthereceiveragain.B.Byseekingsupportfromthereceiver’sfriends.C.Byaskingthereceivertocontrolhisanger.D.By

talkingtothereceiverfacetoface.40.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Definingemailerrors.B.Reducingemailmistakes

.C.Handlingemailaccidents.D.Improvingemailwriting.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文，介绍了因为失误而发错信息的补救方法。36.C【解析】考查推理判断。根据第

二段第二句Youfreezeinhorrorandburnwithshame.可知选C。37.A【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二个标题句Writingthewrongtime后面的内容Respondquicklyandbriefly,apologisingforyourmistake.Keepthe

tonemeasured:don’thandleittoolightly,aspeoplecanbeoffended,especiallyifyourerrorsuggestsamisunderstandingoftheirculture(i.e.incorrecto

rderingofChinesenames).可知选A。38.B【解析】考查推理判断。根据Inthisinstance,stepawayfromyourkeyboardtoalloweveryonetocalmdown可知选B。39.D

【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的Inthatcase,asktospeakinpersonassoonaspossibleandsaysorry可知选D。40.C【解析】考查主旨大意。前三段内容通过问问题和说明情况，并介绍处理邮件问题的具体方法，由此可以判断出本文主要讲的是处理邮件问题。

故选C。2016年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2016年新课标Ⅰ卷】GrandparentsAnsweraCallAsathird-generationnativeofBrownsville,Texas,MildredGarzaneverplannedtomoveaway.Evenwhen

herdaughterandsonaskedhertomovetoSanAntoniotohelpwiththeirchildren,shepolitelyrefused.OnlyafterayearoffriendlydiscussiondidMs.Gar

zafinallysayyes.Thatwasfouryearsago.Todayallthreegenerationsregardthemoveasasuccess,givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywoul

dhavehadinseparatecities.NostatisticsshowthenumberofgrandparentslikeGarzawhoaremovingclosertoadultchild

renandgrandchildren.Yetthereisevidencesuggestingthatthetrendisgrowing.EvenPresidentObama’smother-in-law,MarianRobi

nson,hasagreedtoleaveChicagoandmoveintotheWhiteHousetohelpcareforhergranddaughters.Accordingtoastudybygrandparents.Com,83perc

entofthepeoplesaidMrs.Robinson’sdecisionwillinfluencegrandparentsintheAmericanfamily.Two-thirdsbelievemorefamilieswillfollowthe

exampleofObama’sfamily.＂Inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn’tgetawayfromhomefarenoughforfastenoughtoprovewecoulddoito

nourown,＂saysChristineCrosby,publisherofGrand,amagazineforgrandparents.＂Wenowrealizehowimportantfamilyisandhowimportantitis＂tobenearthem,es

peciallywhenyou’reraisingchildren.＂Movingisnotforeveryone.Almosteverygrandparentwantstobewithhisorherg

randchildrenandiswillingtomakesacrifices,butsometimesitiswisertosaynoandvisitfrequentlyinstead.Havingyourgrandchildrenfarawayishard,espec

iallyknowingyouradultchildisstruggling,butgivingupthelifeyouknowmaybeharder.25.WhywasGarza’smoveasuccess?A.Itstrengthenedherfamilyties.B.Itimprov

edherlivingconditions.C.Itenabledhertomakemorefriends.D.Ithelpedherknowmorenewplaces.26.WhatwasthereactionofthepublictoMrs.Robinson’

sdecision?A.17%expressedtheirsupportforit.B.Fewpeoplerespondedsympathetically.C.83%believedithadabadinfluenc

e.D.Themajoritythoughtitwasatrend.27.WhatdidCrosbysayaboutpeopleinthe1960s?A.Theywereunsureofthemselves.B.Theyweree

agertoraisemorechildren.C.Theywantedtoliveawayfromtheirparents.D.Theyhadlittlerespectfortheirgrandparents.28.Whatdo

estheauthorsuggestthegrandparentsdointhelastparagraph?A.Makedecisionsinthebestinterestsoftheirown.B.Askth

eirchildrentopaymorevisitstothem.C.Sacrificefortheirstrugglingchildren.D.Gettoknowthemselvesbetter.【答案】25.A26.D27.

C28.A【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了社会上很多老年人搬到离子女近的地方居住的一种趋势。同时也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择。25.A细节理解题。根据首段末句可知，MildredGarza搬到离孩子近的地方居住让他

们的关系更密切，一家人认为这是一个成功的事情。故选A。26.D细节理解题。根据第二段末句Two-thirdsbelievemorefamilieswillfollowtheexampleofObama’sfamily可知，很多人会受MarianRobinson的影

响，所以这会形成一种潮流。故选D。27.C细节理解题。根据第三段首句可知，在20世纪60年代人们都希望离开家，以此来证明自己的独立。故选C。28.A推理判断题。根据末段推知，作者建议人们要明智，不要为了孩

子而做出牺牲。故选A。考点：社会生活类短文阅读Passage2【2016年新课标Ⅰ卷】Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybethoughtful,ortheymaybeemptywhenaperso

nhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsa

sextremelyuncomfortable;thereforeattemptsmaybemadetofilleverygap(间隙)withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgrou

psvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingaperson’sneeds.ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartof

communicatingamongpeople,justassometraditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneoft

heseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops,whatmaybeimplied(暗示)isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasb

eensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecultures,silenceisacallforreflection.Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways

,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.

Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetweenpartiesaboutthetopicunderdis

cussion.However,Mexicansmayusesilencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersoninauthorityratherthanberudetothatpersonbyarguingw

ithhimorher.Instillanotheruse,personsinAsianculturesmayviewsilenceasasignofrespect,particularlytoanelderorapersoninauthori

ty.Nursesandothercare-giversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhentheycomeacrossthepersonalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencin

g.Nursesshouldrecognizetheirownpersonalandculturalconstructionofsilencesothatapatient’ssilenceisnotinterruptedtooearlyorallowedtogoon

unnecessarily.Anursewhounderstandsthehealing(治愈)valueofsilencecanusethisunderstandingtoassistintheca

reofpatientsfromtheirownandfromothercultures.32.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsilenceinconversations?A.Itimpliesanger.B.Itpromotesfriendship.C.

Itisculture-specific.D.Itiscontent-based.33.Whichofthefollowingpeoplemightregardsilenceasacallforcarefulthought?A.TheChinese.

B.TheFrench.C.TheMexicans.D.TheRussians.34.Whatdoestheauthoradvisenursestodoaboutsilence?A.Letitcontinueasthepatientple

ases.B.Breakitwhiletreatingpatients.C.Evaluateitsharmtopatients.D.Makeuseofitshealingeffects.35.Whatmaybetheb

esttitleforthetext?A.SoundandSilenceB.WhatItMeanstoBeSilentC.SilencetoNativeAmericansD.SpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGold【答案】32.C33.A34.D35.B【解析】试题分析：本文

是一篇说明文，主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同内涵。32.C细节理解题。根据文章首段首句Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups可知，作者认为沉默是有文化特性的。33.A细节理解题。根据第二段中whatma

ybeimpliedisthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing可知中国人认为谈话时人们沉默是在思考。34.D细节理解题。根据末段末句Anursewhounderstand

sthehealingvalueofsilencecanusethisunderstandingtoassistinthecareofpatients可知，作者建议护士要用沉默来治疗病人。故选D。35.B主旨大意题。文章主要

介绍了在不同文化背景下谈话期间的沉默的不同含义，由此判断B选项可以概括文章内容。故选B。考点：社会生活类短文阅读Passage3【2016年新课标Ⅱ卷】Readingcanbeasocialactivity.Thinkofthepeoplewhobelongtobookgroups.

Theychoosebookstoreadandthenmeettodiscussthem.Now,thewebsiteBookCrossing.comturnsthepageonthetraditionalide

aofabookgroup.Membersgoonthesiteandregisterthebookstheyownandwouldliketoshare.BookCrossingprovidesanidentificationnumbertostickinsidethebo

ok.Thenthepersonleavesitinapublicplace,hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachn

ewreaderwhofindsit.BrucePederson,themanagingdirectorofBookCrossing,says,"Thetwothingsthatchangeyourlifearethepe

opleyoumeetandbooksyouread.BookCrossingcombinesboth."Membersleavebooksonparkbenchesandbuses,intrainstationsandcoffeeshops.Whoeverfindstheirbook

willgotothesiteandrecordwheretheyfoundit.Peoplewhofindabookcanalsoleaveajournalentrydescribingwhattheythoughtofit.E-mailsarethensenttot

heBookCrosserstokeepthemupdatedaboutwheretheirbookshavebeenfound.BrucePedersonsaystheideaisforpeoplenottobeselfishb

ykeepingabooktogatherdustonashelfathome.BookCrossingispartofatrendamongpeoplewhowanttogetbacktothe"real"andnotthevirtual(虚拟).Thesiteno

whasmorethanonemillionmembersinmorethanonehundredthirty-fivecountries.9.Whydoestheauthormentionbookgrou

psinthefirstparagraph?A.Toexplainwhattheyare.B.TointroduceBookCrossing.C.Tostresstheimportanceofreading.D.Toencouragereaderstosharetheirid

eas.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"inParagraph2referto?A.Thebook.B.Anadventure.C.Apublicplace.D.Theidentific

ationnumber.11.WhatwillaBookCrosserdowithabookafterreadingit?A.Meetotherreaderstodiscussit.B.Keepitsafe

inhisbookcase.C.Passitontoanotherreader.D.Mailitbacktoitsowner.12.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.OnlineReading:

AVirtualTourB.ElectronicBooks:ANewTrendC.ABookGroupBringsTraditionBackD.AWebsiteLinksPeoplethroughBooks【语篇解读】本

文是一篇说明文,介绍了BookCrossing.com网站帮助喜爱读书的人们互相交流和传递图书的内容。9.B【解析】考查推理判断。根据第一段的"Now,thewebsiteBookCrossing.comt

urnsthepageonthetraditionalideaofabookgroup"可知,作者提到bookgroups是为了引出BookCrossing。故选B项。10.A【解析】考查代词指代。根据第二段中的"hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,tra

velingfarandwide..."可知,此处的"it"指的是"thebook"。故选A项。11.C【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"BookCrossingprovidesanidentif

icationnumbertostickinsidethebook.Thenthepersonleavesitinapublicplace,hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhof

indsit"可知,读完书之后,BookCrossers将会把它继续传递给其他的读者。故选C项。12.D【解析】考查主旨大意。根据第一段的最后一句"Now,thewebsiteBookCrossing.comturnsthepageonthetraditio

nalideaofabookgroup"以及其余的内容可知,本篇文章主要介绍了BookCrossing.com网站的功能及其创建的意义。故选D项。Passage4【2016年新课标Ⅲ卷】Ifyouareafruitgrower—orw

ouldliketobecomeone—takeadvantageofAppleDaytoseewhat’around.It’calledAppleDaybutinpracticeit’morelikeAppleMonth.TheDay

itselfisonOctober21,butsinceithascaughton,eventsnowspreadoutovermostofOctoberaroundBritain.Visitinganappleeventisagoodchanceto

see,andoftentaste,awidevarietyofapples.TopeoplewhoareusedtothelimitedchoiceofapplessuchasGoldenDeliciousandRoyalGalainsupermarkets,itca

nbequiteaneyeopenertoseetherangeofclassicalapplesstillinexistence,suchasDeciowhichwasgrownbytheRomans.Althoughitdoesn’ttasteofanythingspecial,it’ssti

llworthatry,asistheknobbly(多疙瘩的)Cat’Headwhichismoreofacuriositythananythingelse.Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspec

ificlocalconditions.OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette,butyou’llneedawarm,shelteredplace

withperfectsoiltogrowit,soit’apipedreamformostappleloverswhofallforit.Attheevents,youcanmeetexpertgrowersanddiscusswhichoneswillbestsui

tyourconditions,andbecausethesearefamilyaffairs,childrenarewellcateredforwithapple-themedfunandgames.Appl

eDaysarebeingheldatallsortsofplaceswithaninterestinfruit,includingstatelygardensandcommercialorchards(果园).If

youwanttohavearealorchardexperience,tryvisitingtheNationalFruitCollectionatBrogdale,nearFavershaminKent.28.Whatcanp

eopledoattheappleevents?A.Attendexperts’lectures.B.Visitfruit-lovingfamilies.C.Plantfruittreesinanorchard.D.Tastemanykindsofapples.29.Whatcanwelear

naboutDecio?A.Itisanewvariety.B.Ithasastrangelook.C.Itisrarelyseennow.D.Ithasaspecialtaste.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase＂apipedream＂inP

aragraph3mean?A.Apracticalidea.B.Avainhope.C.Abrilliantplan.D.Aselfishdesire.31.Whatistheauthor’purposeinwritingthetext?A.Toshowhowtogrow

apples.B.Tointroduceanapplefestival.C.Tohelppeopleselectapples.D.Topromoteappleresearch.【答案】28.D29.C30.B31.B【解析】

试题分析：作者向人们介绍了一个节日——AppleDay。由于这个节日非常受欢迎，现在已经演变成苹果月了。在英国，人们在十月份庆祝该节日，持续大约一个月的时间。28.D细节理解题。根据第二段中的＂Visitinganappleeventisagoodchancetosee,andof

tentaste,awidevarietyofapples.＂可知，参加相关庆祝活动的人们可以品尝各种各样的苹果，故选D。29.C推理判断题。A选项＂Decio是一种新品种＂与第二段中的＂itcanbe...stillinex

istence＂不一致，且由这句话可知Decio现在比较罕见，故C项正确；文中并未提及Decio的外形奇异，故B选项错误；D选项＂Ithasaspecialtaste.＂与第二段中的原文＂Althoughitdoes

n’ttasteofanythingspecial,it’sstillworthatry＂表述相反。30.B猜测词义题。根据第三段可知，OrleansReinette品种虽然口感好，但对种植环境和土壤要求高，因此对于大多数喜欢它的人来说，大饱口福只是一

种脱离实际的愿望，这与B项＂Avainhope＂(徒劳的希望)一致。31.B写作意图题。综合全文可知，作者向读者介绍了一个节日——AppleDay，并推荐人们参加这个节日，故选B。Passage5【2016年浙江卷】Ascientistworkingatherlabbench

andasix-month-oldbabyplayingwithhisfoodmightseemtohavelittleincommon.Afterall,thescientistisengagedin

seriousresearchtouncovertheverynatureofthephysicalworld,andthebabyis,well,justplaying...right?Perhaps,butsomedeve

lopmentalpsychologists(心理学家)havearguedthatthis"play"ismorelikeascientificinvestigationthanonemightthink.Takeacloserlookatthebabyplayingatthetabl

e.Eachtimethebowlofriceispushedoverthetableedge,itfallstotheground—and,intheprocess,itbringsoutimport

antevidenceabouthowphysicalobjectsinteract(相互作用):bowlsofricedonotfloatinmid-air,butrequiresupporttoremainstable.Itislikely

thatbabiesarenotbornknowingthisbasicfactoftheuniverse;noraretheyeverclearlytaughtit.Instead,babiesmayformanunderstandingofobjects

upportthroughrepeatedexperimentsandthenbuildonthisknowledgetolearnevenmoreabouthowobjectsinteract.Thoughtheirrangesandtoolsdiffer,thebaby’sin

vestigationandthescientist’sexperimentappeartosharethesameaim(tolearnaboutthenaturalworld),overallapproach(ga

theringdirectevidencefromtheworld),andlogic(aremyobservationswhatIexpected?).Somepsychologistssuggestthatyoungchildrenlearnaboutmorethanjustt

hephysicalworldinthisway—thattheyinvestigatehumanpsychologyandtherulesoflanguageusingsimilarmeans.Forexa

mple,itmayonlybethroughrepeatedexperiments,evidencegathering,andfinallyoverturningatheory,thatababyw

illcometoaccepttheideathatotherpeoplecanhavedifferentviewsanddesiresfromwhatheorshehas,forexample,unlikethechild,Mommyactuall

ydoesn’tlikeDovechocolate.Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn,but

italsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike?Psychologistshavesuggestedthatscienceasa

neffort—thedesiretoexplore,explain,andunderstandourworld—issimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood.Pe

rhapsevolution(进化)providedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworlds,andadultscientistssimplymakeuseofthesamedriv

ethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitive(认知的)systemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfiguringsomethingoutmayhavebeena

doptedbyadultscientists.Assomepsychologistsputit,"Itisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientistsarebigchildren."

50.Accordingtosomedevelopmentalpsychologists,.A.ababy’splayisnothingmorethanagameB.scientificresearchintobabie

s’gamesispossibleC.thenatureofbabies’playhasbeenthoroughlyinvestigatedD.ababy’splayissomehowsimilartoascientist’sexperi

ment51.WelearnfromParagraph2that.A.scientistsandbabiesseemtoobservetheworlddifferentlyB.scientistsandba

biesofteninteractwitheachotherC.babiesarebornwiththeknowledgeofobjectsupportD.babiesseemtocollectevide

ncejustasscientistsdo52.Childrenmaylearntherulesoflanguageby.A.exploringthephysicalworldB.investigatinghumanpsychologyC.repeati

ngtheirownexperimentsD.observingtheirparents’behaviors53.Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A.Theworldmaybemoreclearlyexplain

edthroughchildren’splay.B.Studyingbabies’playmayleadtoabetterunderstandingofscience.C.Childrenmayhavegreaterabilitytofigureoutthingsthanscientists.D.

One’sdriveforscientificresearchmaybecomestrongerashegrows.54.Whatistheauthor’stonewhenhediscussestheconnectionbetweenscientists’researchand

babies’play?A.Convincing.B.Confused.C.Confident.D.Cautious.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有共同之处。50.【答案】D【解析】根据文章第一段的buts

omedevelopmentalpsychologists(心理学家)havearguedthatthis“play”ismorelikeascientificinvestigationthanonemightthink

可知，心理学家觉得孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有些相似，故选D。51.【答案】D【解析】根据文章第二段的overallapproach(gatheringdirectevidencefromtheworld

)可知孩子也会像科学家一样收集证据，故选D。52.【答案】C【解析】根据文章第三段的“Forexample,itmayonlybethroughrepeatedexperiments,evidencegathering,a

ndfinallyoverturningatheory”可知，孩子可以通过重复自己的实验来学习语言的规律，故选C。53.【答案】B【解析】根据最后一段的“Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinv

estigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn,butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.”可知，研究孩子可以让人们更好地了解科学，故选B。54.【答案】D【解析】根据作

者在文中的用词appearto、用may来弱化绝对性的表达及通过引用其他人的观点somepsychologistsuggestthat可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选D。Passage6【2016年北京卷】CaliforniaCondor’sShockingRecoveryCalifornia

condorsareNorthAmerica’slargestbirds,withwind-lengthofupto3meters.Inthe1980s,electricallinesandleadpo

isoning(铅中毒)nearlydrovethemtodyingout.Now,electricshocktrainingandmedicaltreatmentarehelpingtorescuethesebigbirds.Inthelate1980

s,thelastfewcondorsweretakenfromthewildtobebred(繁殖).Since1992,therehavebeenmultiplereintroductionstothewild,andtherearenowmo

rethan150flyingoverCaliforniaandnearbyArizona,UtahandBajainMexico.Electricallineshavebeenkillingthemoff.＂Astheygoint

orestforthenight,theyjustdon’tseethepowerlines,＂saysBruceRideoutofSanDiegoZoo.Theirwingscanbridgethegapbetweenlines,r

esultinginelectrocution(电死)iftheytouchtwolinesatonce.Soscientistshavecomeupwithashockingidea.Tallpoles,placedinlarg

etrainingareas,teachthebirdstostayclearofelectricallinesbygivingthemapainfulbutundeadlyelectricshock.Beforethetrainingw

asintroduced,66%ofset-freedbirdsdiedofelectrocution.Thishasnowdroppedto18%.Leadpoisonoushasprovedmoredifficulttodealwith.W

hencondorseatdeadbodiesofotheranimalscontaininglead,theyabsorblargequantitiesoflead.Thisaffectstheirnervo

ussystemsandabilitytoproducebabybirds,andcanleadtokidney(肾)failuresanddeath.SocondorswithhighlevelsofleadaresenttoLosAngelesZoo,wheretheyaretr

eatedwithcalciumEDTA,achemicalthatremovesleadfromthebloodoverseveraldays.Thisworkisstartingtopayoff.The

annualdeathrateforadultcondorshasdroppedfrom38%in2000to5.4%in2011.Rideout’steamthinksthattheCaliforniacondors’averagesurvivaltimeint

hewildisnowjustundereightyears.＂Althoughthesemeasuresarenoteffectiveforever,theyarevitalfornow,＂hesays.＂Theyaretrulygoodbirdsthatarewortheveryeff

ortweputintorecoveringthem.＂63.Californiacondorsattractresearchers’interestbecausethey_________.A.areactiveatnightB.hadtobebredinthewild

C.arefoundonlyinCaliforniaD.almostdiedoutinthe1980s64.Researchershavefoundelectricallinesare_________.A.blockingcondors’journeyhomeB.bi

gkillersofCaliforniacondorsC.restplacesforcondorsatnightD.usedtokeepcondorsaway65.AccordingtoParagraph5,leadpoisonin

g_________.A.makescondorstoonervoustoflyB.haslittleeffectoncondors’kidneysC.canhardlybegottenridoffromcondors’bloodD.makesitdifficult

forcondorstoproducebabybirds66.Thispassageshowsthat_________.A.theaveragesurvivaltimeofcondorsissatisfactoryB.Rideout’sresearc

hinterestliesinelectricengineeringC.theeffortstoprotectcondorshavebroughtgoodresultsD.researchershavefoundthefinalanswerstotheproblem【答

案】63.D64.B65.D66.C【解析】试题分析：加州兀鹰是北美最大的鸟类，翼展可达3米。20世纪80年代，由于触电和铅中毒，加州兀鹰几乎绝迹。现在，正通过电击和药物治疗拯救加州兀鹰。63.D推理判断题。根据第三段＂Astheygointorestforthenight＂排除

A；根据第二段＂Inthelate1980s,thelastfewcondorsweretakenfromthewildtobebred(繁殖)＂可知，condors一直生活在野外，排除B；根据第二段＂morethan

150flyingoverCaliforniaandnearbyArizona,UtahandBajainMexico＂可知，不止加利福尼亚州有condors，排除C，故选D。64.B细节理解题。根据第三段＂Electric

allineshavebeenkillingthemoff...Theirwingscanbridgethegapbetweenlines,resultinginelectrocution(电死)iftheytouchtwolinesatonc

e.＂可知，兀鹰不知道停在电线上翅膀同时触到两根及两根以上电线会触电身亡，它们经常停在电线上休息，结果，很多兀鹰被电死了，故选B。65.D推理判断题。根据＂Thisaffectstheirnervoussystemsandabilitytoproduceb

abybirds,andcanleadtokidney(肾)failuresanddeath＂可知，摄入大量铅会刺激兀鹰的神经系统，影响它们的生育能力，导致肾衰竭和死亡，故选D。66.C推理判断题。根据＂ju

stundereightyears＂可知，在野外生存的兀鹰的平均寿命太短，排除A；根据＂Althoughthesemeasuresarenoteffectiveforever＂可知，目前采用的措施并不能永远有效，排除

D；根据第六段＂Theyaretrulygoodbirdsthatarewortheveryeffortweputintorecoveringthem.＂可知，Rideout团队的研究兴趣在于怎样挽救这一濒危物种，排除B。故选C。考点：环保类短文阅读Passage7【2016年江

苏卷】Chimps(黑猩猩)willcooperateincertainways,likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.Butbeyondtheminimumrequirementsassocialbeings,they

havelittleinstinct(本能)tohelponeanother.Chimpsinthewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularlydeclinetosharefoodwiththeirchildren,whoa

reablefromayoungagetogathertheirownfood.Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon’tnaturallysharefoodeither.Ifachimpisputinac

agewherehecanpullinoneplateoffoodforhimselfor,withnogreatereffort,aplatethatalsoprovidesfoodforaneighborinthenextcage,hewillpullatrandom—hejustdoesn

’tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.Chimpsaretrulyselfish.Humanchildren,ontheotherhand,arenaturallycooperative.Fromtheearliestages,they

desiretohelpothers,toshareinformationandtoparticipateinachievingcommongoals.ThepsychologistMichaelTomasellohasstudiedthiscooperativeness

inaseriesofexperimentswithveryyoungchildren.Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanunrelatedadultwithhandsfulltryingt

oopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught,butn

aturallypossessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinctsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestartedt

otraintheirchildrentobehavesocially.Anotheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenarerewarded.Athirdr

easonisthatsocialintelligencedevelopsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive(认知的)skills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.IntestsconductedbyTomasel

lo,thehumanchildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysicalworldtestsbutwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocia

lworld.Thecoreofwhatchildren’smindshaveandchimps’don’tiswhatTomasellocallssharedintentionality.Partofthisabili

tyisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butbeyondthat,evenveryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepa

rtofa"we",agroupthatintendstoworktowardasharedgoal.58.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexperimentwithchimps?A.Chimpsse

ldomcareaboutothers’interests.B.Chimpstendtoprovidefoodfortheirchildren.C.Chimpsliketotakeintheirneighbors’food.D.Chimpsnaturallysharefoodwitheachot

her.59.MichaelTomasello’stestsonyoungchildrenindicatethatthey_______.A.havetheinstincttohelpothersB.knowhowtoofferhelptoadultsC.knowtheworldbett

erthanchimpsD.trustadultswiththeirhandsfull60.Thepassageismainlyabout_________.A.thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildrenB

.waystotrainchildren’ssharedintentionalityC.cooperationasadistinctivehumannatureD.thedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildr

en【答案】58.A59.A60.C【解析】试题分析：本文从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能的原因。58.A推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的＂Ifachimpisputinacagewhereheca

npullinoneplateoffoodforhimselfor...Chimpsaretrulyselfish＂可知A项正确。59.A推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Hefindsthatifbabiesage

d18monthsseeanworriedadultwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.和第四段第一句Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp

,informandsharearenottaught,butnaturallypossessedinyoungchildren.可知A项正确。60.C主旨大意题。本文属于科普说明文，作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作

的本能的原因。A、B、D项都属于文章的部分内容，并非中心思想。故C项正确。Passage8【2016年江苏卷】ElNiño,aSpanishtermfor"theChristchild,"wasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermenwhonoticedthattheglo

balweatherpattern,whichhappenseverytwotosevenyears,reducedtheamountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.ElNiñosee

swarmwater,collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,orsometimestheotherwayround.The

weathereffects,bothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces.RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNiños,onbalance,thanth

eylose.AstudyfoundthatastrongNiñoin1997-98helpedAmerica’seconomygrowby$15billion,partlybecauseofbetteragriculturalharvests:farmersi

ntheMidwestgainedfromextrarain.Thetotalriseinagriculturalincomesinrichcountriesisgreaterthanthefallinpoorones.Bu

tinIndonesiaextremelydryforestsareinflames.Amulti-yeardrought(干旱)insouth-eastBrazilisbecomingworse.ThoughheavyrainsbroughtaboutbyElNiñomayreliev

ethedroughtinCalifornia,theyarelikelytocausesurfacefloodingandotherdisasters.ThemostrecentpowerfulNiño,in1997-

98,killedaround21,000peopleandcauseddamageworth$36billionaroundtheglobe.ButsuchNiñoscomewithmonthsofwarning,andsomuchisknownab

outhowtheyhappenthatgovernmentscanprepare.AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI),however,just12%ofdisaster-relieffun

dinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvance,ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.Thisisdespiteevidencethata

dollarspentonrisk-reductionsavesatleasttwoonreconstruction.Simpleimprovementstoinfrastructure(基础设施)canreduc

ethespreadofdisease.Bettersewers(下水道)makeitlesslikelythatheavyrainisfollowedbyanoutbreakofthediseaseofbad

stomach.Strongerbridgesmeanvillagesarelesslikelytobeleftwithoutfoodandmedicineafterfloods.Accordingtoapaperin2

011byMrHsiangandco-authors,civilconflictisrelatedtoElNiño’sharmfuleffects—andthepoorerthecountry,thestrongerthelink.Thoughtherelationshi

pmaynotbecausal,helpingdividedcommunitiestopreparefordisasterswouldatleastreducetheriskthatthosedisa

stersarefollowedbykillingandwoundingpeople.Sincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedto

ElNiño,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.61.WhatcanwelearnaboutElNiñoinParagraph1?A.ItisnamedafteraSouthAmericanfisherman.B.Ittakesplaceal

mosteveryyearallovertheworld.C.ItforcesfishermentostopcatchingfisharoundChristmas.D.Itseesthechangesofwat

erflowdirectionintheocean.62.WhatmayElNiñosbringabouttothecountriesaffected?A.Agriculturalharvestsinrichcountriesfall.B.Droughtsbecomemoreharmfultha

nfloods.C.Richcountries’gainsaregreaterthantheirlosses.D.Poorcountriessufferlessfromdroughtseconomically.63.Thedataprovided

byODIinParagraph4suggestthat.A.moreinvestmentshouldgotoriskreductionB.governmentsofpoorcountriesneedmorea

idC.victimsofElNiñodeservemorecompensationD.recoveryandreconstructionshouldcomefirst64.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?A.Toint

roduceElNiñoanditsorigin.B.ToexplaintheconsequencesofElNiño.C.ToshowwaysoffightingagainstElNiño.D.TourgepeopletoprepareforElNiño.【答案】61

.D62.C63.A64.D【解析】试题分析：本文介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后进行重新补救和恢复。61.D细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句ElNinosees

warmwater,collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,orsometimestheotherw

ayround.可知厄尔尼诺现象见证了海洋中水流方向的变化。故D正确。62.C细节理解题。根据第二段第二句RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNino,onbalance,thantheylo

se.可知富有国家从厄尔尼诺现象中得到的好处多于它带来的损失。C项正确。63.A推理判断题。根据第四段第三句AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI),however,just12%ofdi

saster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvance,ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.故A项正确。64.D目的意图题。根据最

后一句＂SincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNino,reducingtheirlossesneed

stobethepriority.＂各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。也就是说我们要事先做好准备。故D项正确。Passage9【2016年上海卷】Enough＂meaninglessdrivel＂.That’sth

emessagefromagroupofmembersoftheUKgovernmentwhohavebeenexamininghowsocialmediafirmslikeLinkedIngatherandusesocialmediadata.TheHouseofCommonsScien

ceandTechnologyCommittee’sreport,releasedlastweek,hasblamedfirmsformakingpeoplesignuptolongincomprehensiblelegalcont

ractsandcallsforaninternationalstandardorkitemark(认证标记)toidentifysitesthathavecleartermsandconditions.＂Theterma

ndconditionsstatementthatweallcarelesslyagreetoismeaninglessdriveltoanyone,＂saysAndrewMiller,thechairofthecommi

ttee.Instead,hesays,firmsshouldprovideaplain-Englishversionoftheirterms.Thesimplifiedversionwouldbecheckedbyathirdp

artyandawardedakitemarkifitisanaccuratereflectionoftheoriginal.Itisnotyetclearwhowouldadministerthescheme,buttheUKgovern

mentislookingatintroducingitonavoluntarybasis.＂weneedtothinkthroughhowwemakethatworkinpractice,＂saysMiller.Wouldwepaya

nymoreattentiontoakitemark?＂Ithinkifyouwentanddidthesurvey,peoplewouldliketothinktheywould,＂saysNigelShadboltattheU

niversityofSouthampton,UK,whostudiesopendata.＂Wedoknowpeopleworryalotabouttheinappropriateuseoftheirinformation.＂Butwhatwouldhappeninpracticeis

anothermatter,hesays.Otherorganisationssuchasbanksaskcustomerstosignlongcontractstheymaynotreadorunderstand,butMillerbelievessoc

ialmediarequiresspecialattentionbecauseitissonew.＂Westilldon’tknowhowsignificantthelong-termimpactisgoingtobeofunwisethingsthatki

dsputonsocialmediathatcomebackandbitethemin20years’time,＂hesays.Shadbolt,whogaveevidencetothecommitt

ee,saystheproblemisthatwedon’tknowhowcompanieswilluseourdatabecausetheirbusinessmodelsandusesofdataarestillevolving.Largecollectio

nsofpersonalinformationhavebecomevaluableonlyrecently,hesays.Theshockandangerwhenasocialmediafirmdoesso

methingwithdatathatpeopledon’texpect,evenifusershaveapparentlypermission,showthatthecurrentsituationisn’tworking.Ifproperl

yadministered,akitemarkontermsandconditionscouldhelppeopleknowwhatexactlytheyaresigningupto.Althoughtheywouldstillha

vetoactuallyreadthem.73.Whatdoesthephrase＂meaninglessdrivel＂inparagraphs1and3referto?A.Legalcontractsthatsocialmediafirmsmakepeoplesignupto.B.Wa

rningsfromtheUKgovernmentagainstunsafewebsites.C.Guidelinesonhowtousesocialmediawebsitesproperly.D.Insignificantdatacollectedbysoc

ialmediafirms.74.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatNigelShadboltdoubtswhether_______.A.socialmediafirmswouldconductasu

rveyonthekitemarkschemeB.peoplewouldpayasmuchattentiontoakitemarkastheythinkC.akitemarkschemewouldbeworkableonanationwidescaleD.thekitemarkwouldhe

lpcompaniesdeveloptheirbusinessmodels75.AndrewMillerthinkssocialmedianeedsmoreattentionthanbanksmainly

because_______.A.theirusersconsistlargelyofkidsunder20yearsoldB.thelanguageintheircontractsisusuallyhardertoundersta

ndC.theinformationtheycollectedcouldbecomemorevaluableinfutureD.itremainsunknownhowusers’datawillbet

akenadvantageof76.Thewriteradvisesusersofsocialmediato_______.A.thinkcarefullybeforepostinganythingonto

suchwebsitesB.readthetermsandconditionsevenifthereisakitemarkC.takenofurtheractioniftheycanfindakitemarkD.avoidp

rovidingtoomuchpersonalinformation77.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.Saynotosocialmedia?B.

Newsecurityrulesinoperation?C.Acceptwithoutreading?D.Administrationmatters!【答案】73.A74.B75.D76.B77.C【解析】试题分析：当我们在社交媒体上注册登记的时候，总会签署一些无意义的法律合

同，文章就此现象展开了讨论，并列举了多人的不同观点。73.A词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句可知很多社交媒体公司和用户签订了没有意义的法律合同。而这些合同是没有意义的废话，也起不到任何作用，很多用户根本没有仔细阅读合同的具体内容。故A正确。74.B推

理判断题。根据第五段前二句＂Wouldwepayanymoreattentiontoakitemark?＂Ithinkifyouwentanddidthesurvey,peoplewouldliketothinkth

eywould,＂及本段最后一句可知NigelShadbolt认为如果我们去做相关调查，人们会认为他们会很注意这些认证标记的，但在实际操作中又是另一回事。故B项正确。75.D推理判断题。根据第六段最后一句＂Westilldon’tknowhowsignifica

ntthelong-termimpactisgoingtobeofunwisethingsthatkidsputonsocialmediathatcomebackandbitethemin20years’time,＂hesays.可知

我们现在还不知道所签署的这些长期的无意义的合同未来会给他们带来什么样的影响。也不知道未来人们会怎么利用这样的信息。故D项正确。76.B推理判断题。根据文章最后一句Ifproperlyadministered,akitemarkon

termsandconditionscouldhelppeopleknowwhatexactlytheyaresigningupto.Althoughtheywouldstillhavetoactuallyreadthem.可知文章建议我们即使有认

证标志，我们也应该认真阅读那些无意义的合同中的条款和内容，我们要知道我们所签署的协议的具体内容。故B正确。77.C标题概括题。现在的网站中或者社交媒体软件中，我们在注册用户名或安装的时候，总会有一些合同或条约让我们

签署。很多人从来都没有详细阅读这些合同条款就签名了。文章就此话题展开讨论，作者提出我们应该仔细阅读条款内容，然后再签名。故C项＂Acceptwithoutreading?未阅读就接受?＂符合文章中心思想。其余三项与文章内容不贴切。Passage10

【2016年四川卷】InthedepthsoftheFrenchGuianeserainforest,therestillremainunusualgroupsofindigenous(土著的)people.Surprisingly,thesepeople

livelargelybytheirownlawsandtheirownsocialcustoms.Andyet,peopleinthisareaareinfactFrenchcitizensbecauseithasbeenacolo

ny(殖民地)oftheFrenchRepublicsince1946.Intheory,theyshouldlivebytheFrenchlaw.However,theirremotelocationsmeanthattheFrenchlawisoftenignoredorunknow

n,thusmakingthemintoaninterestingareaof"lawlessness"intheworld.Thelivesofthesepeoplehavefinallybeenrecordedthankstoth

eeffortsofaFrenchmanfromPariscalledGin.Ginspentfivemonthsinearly2015exploringthemostremotecornersofthisarea,whichsitsonth

eedgeoftheAmazonrainforest,withhalfitspopulationofonly250,000livinginitscapital,Cayenne."IhaveaspeciallovefortheFrenchGuianesepeopl

e.Ihaveworkedthereonandoffforalmosttenyears,"saysGin."I’vebeenabletokeepfirmfriendshipswiththem.ThusIhavebeenallowedtogainac

cesstotheirlivingenvironment.Idon’tseeitasalawlessland.ButratherIseeitasanareaoffreedom.""Iwantedtoshowt

heaudienceaphotographicrecordtouchingupontheuncivilizedlife,"continuesGin."Iprefertoworkinblackandwhite,whichallowsmetoshowdifferen

tspecificworldsmoreclearly."Hisblack-and-whitepicturespresentaworldalmostlostintime.Thesepicturesshowpeopleseeminglypushedintoaworld

thattheywereunpreparedfor.Theselocalcitizensnowhavetobalancetheirtraditionalself-supportinghuntinglifestylewiththelifestyleofferedbythemod

ernFrenchRepublic,whichbringswithitnotonlynecessarystatewelfare,butalsoalcoholism,betrayalandevensuicide.28.Whydoestheauthorfeel

surprisedabouttheindigenouspeopleinFrenchGuiana?A.TheyseldomfollowtheFrenchlaw.B.TheyoftenignoretheGuianesela

w.C.Theyareseparatedfromthemodernworld.D.TheyarebothGuianeseandFrenchcitizens.29.GinintroducesthespecialworldoftheindigenousGuianeseas___

_____.A.atourguideB.ageographerC.afilmdirectorD.aphotographer30.WhatisGin’sattitudetowardsthelivesofthein

digenousGuianese?A.Cautious.B.Doubtful.C.Uninterested.D.Appreciative.31.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Th

emodernFrenchlifestyle.B.Theself-supportinghunting.C.Theuncivilizedworld.D.TheFrenchRepublic.【答案】28.A29.D30.D31.A【解析】试题分析：本文通过一个摄影记者向人们展示了法国的圭亚那人，

和现代法国的生活风格给他们带来的影响。28.A推理判断题。根据第一段第二句Surprisingly,thesepeoplelivelargelybytheirownlawsandtheirownsocialcustoms.

（令人吃惊的是，这些人主要遵守他们自己的法律和社会风俗生活。）可知A项符合题意。29.D推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Iwantedtoshowtheaudienceaphotographicrecordtouchingupontheunciviliz

edlife,”（我想展示给观众一个摄影记录，让他们触摸到不文明的生活。）和第五段第一句Hisblack-and-whitepicturespresentaworldalmostlostintime.（他的黑白照片呈现了一个几乎失去的世界。）可知他是一个摄影师，故选D。30.D推理判断题。根

据第三段第一、二句“IhaveaspeciallovefortheFrenchGuianesepeople.Ihaveworkedthereonandoffforalmosttenyears,”（我对法国圭亚那人有一个特殊的爱。我在那里工作了将近十年了。）可知他对圭亚那人是心存感激的，故选D。

31.A词义猜测题。根据最后一段最后一句中thelifestyleofferedbythemodernFrenchRepublic可知后面的定语从句中it指现代法国的生活风格。故选A。考点：考查风土人情类阅读Passage11【2016年四川卷】Awa

rmdrinkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebestchoiceforthosewantingagoodnight’ssleep.Butnowastudyhasfoundi

treallydoeshelppeoplenodoff—ifitismilkedfromacowatnight.Researchershavediscoveredthat"nightmilk"containsmoremelatonin(褪黑

激素),whichhasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.Thestudy,byresearchersfromSeoul,SouthKorea,involvedmicebeingfedwithdriedmilkpo

wdermadefromcowsmilkedbothduringthedayandatnight.Thosegivennightmilk,whichcontained10timestheamountofme

latonin,werelessactiveandlessanxiousthanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime,accordingtothestudypublishedinTheJournalo

fMedicinalFood.Nightmilkquickenedthestartofsleepandcausedthemicetosleeplonger.Whiletheeffectofcowsmilkharvestedatdifferenttimehasnotbee

ntestedonhumansuptonow,takingmelatonindrugshasbeensuggestedtothosewhoarestrugglingtofallasleepatnight.Previousstudieshavealsoindicatedt

hatmilkcanbeexcellentforhelpingsleepbecauseofthecalciumcontent,whichhelpspeopletorelax.Milkisalsosugar-freeandadditive-freewithnutritionistsrecommend

ingskimmedmilkasthebestchoicebeforebedasitistheleastfattening.Themorefatyoutakeinbeforebedtime,thegreaterburdenyouwillputonyourbodyatnight.1.Accordin

gtothetext,themicefedwithdaytimemilk.A.startedsleepmoreeasilyB.weremoreanxiousC.werelessactiveD.wokeuplater2.Whichof

thefollowingistrueofmelatoninaccordingtothetext?A.It’sbeentestedonmicefortentimes.B.Itcanmakepeoplem

oreenergetic.C.Itexistsinmilkingreatamount.D.It’susedinsleepingdrugs.3.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.NightMilk

andSleepB.Fat,SugarandHealthC.AnExperimentonMiceD.MilkDrinkingandHealth4.Howdoestheauthorsupportthethemeofthetext?A.Bygivin

gexamples.B.Bystatingarguments.C.Byexplainingstatisticaldata.D.Byprovidingresearchresults.【文章大意】本文介绍了晚上喝牛奶和睡眠之间的关系。32.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段

第一句Thosegivennightmilk,whichcontained10timestheamountofmelatonin,werelessactiveandlessanxiousthanthosef

edwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime白天喝牛奶的老鼠会更焦虑一些。故选B。33.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第六段中的“takingmelatonindrugshasbeensuggestedtothosewhoarestruggl

ingtofallasleepatnight”可知D项符合题意。34.A【解析】主旨大意题。综合全文可知，本文讲的是晚上喝牛奶和睡眠之间的关系。故A项符合题意。35.D【解析】推理判断题。根据前三段中的Butnowastudy,Researchers

havediscoveredthat和Thestudy,byresearchersfromSeoul,SouthKorea可知作者是通过提供研究结果来支持文章主题的。故选D。考点：考查健康类阅读Passage12【2016年天津卷】WhenJo

hnwasgrowingup,otherkidsfeltsorryforhim.Hisparentsalwayshadhimweedingthegarden,carryingoutthegarbageanddeliveringnewspapers.ButwhenJohnre

achedadulthood,hewasbetteroffthanhischildhoodplaymates.Hehadmorejobsatisfaction,abettermarriageandwashealthier.Mostofall,

hewashappier.Farhappier.Thesearethefindingsofa40-yearstudythatfollowedthelivesof456teenageboysfromBoston.Thestudyshowedthat

thosewhohadworkedasboysenjoyedhappierandmoreproductivelivesthanthosewhohadnot.“Boyswhoworkedinthehomeorcommunitygainedcompetence(能力)andca

metofeeltheywereworthwhilemembersofsociety,”saidGeorgeVaillant,thepsychologist(心理学家)whomadethediscovery.“Andbecau

setheyfeltgoodaboutthemselves,othersfeltgoodaboutthem.”Vaillant’sstudyfollowedthesemalesingreatdetail.Interviewswererepeate

datages25,31and47.UnderVaillant,theresearcherscomparedthemen’smental-healthscoreswiththeirboyhood-activityscores.Pointswereawardedforpart

-timejobs,housework,effortinschool,andabilitytodealwithproblems.Thelinkbetweenwhatthemenhaddoneasboysandhowthe

yturnedoutasadultswassurprisinglysharp.Thosewhohaddonethemostboyhoodactivitiesweretwiceaslikelytohavewarmrelationswitha

widevarietyofpeople,fivetimesaslikelytobewellpaidand16timeslesslikelytohavebeenunemployed.TheresearchersalsofoundthatIQandfamilysocialandeconomicc

lassmadenorealdifferenceinhowtheboysturnedout.Working—atanyage—isimportant.Childhoodactivitieshelpachilddevelopresponsi

bility,independence,confidenceandcompetence—theunderpinnings(基础)ofemotionalhealth.Theyalsohelphimunderstandthatpeoplemustcooperateandworktoward

commongoals.Themostcompetentadultsarethosewhoknowhowtodothis.Yetworkisn’teverything.AsTolstoyoncesaid,“Onecanl

ivemagnificentlyinthisworldifoneknowshowtoworkandhowtolove,toworkforthepersononelovesandtoloveone’swork.”46.WhatdoweknowaboutJohn?A.He

enjoyedhiscareerandmarriage.B.Hehadfewchildhoodplaymates.C.Hereceivedlittlelovefromhisfamily.D.Hewasenviedbyoth

ersinhischildhood.47.Vaillant’swordsinParagraph2serveas_____________.A.adescriptionofpersonalvaluesandsocialvaluesB.ana

nalysisofhowworkwasrelatedtocompetenceC.anexampleforparents’expectationsoftheirchildrenD.anexplanationwhysomeboysgrewintohappymen48.Vaillant’steamobt

ainedtheirfindingsby_____________.A.recordingtheboys’effortinschoolB.evaluatingthemen’smentalhealthC.comparingdifferentsetsofsc

oresD.measuringthemen’sproblemsolvingability49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sharp”probablymeaninParagraph4?A.Quickto

react.B.Havingathinedge.C.Clearanddefinite.D.suddenandrapid.50.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Competentadultsknowmoreaboutlove

thanwork.B.Emotionalhealthisessentialtoawonderfuladultlife.C.Lovebringsmorejoytopeoplethanworkdoes.D.Independenceisth

ekeytoone’ssuccess.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章通过John的例子结合一个研究发现说明童年时期帮助做一些家务的孩子长大后会更快乐，更成功。46.A【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段的句子Hehadmorejobsatisfaction,abe

ttermarriageandwashealthier.可知，John享受他的事业和婚姻。故选A。47.D【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段的句子Boyswhoworkedinthehomeorcommunitygainedc

ompetence(能力)andcametofeeltheywereworthwhilemembersofsociety可知，第二段Vaillant的话是解释为什么一些男孩成长为快乐的人。故选D。48.C

【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段的句子theresearcherscomparedthemen’smental-healthscoreswiththeirboyhood-activityscores可知，Vaillant的团队获得他们的发现是通过对比不同的得分。故选C。49.C【

解析】考查词义猜测。根据第四段的句子Thelinkbetweenwhatthemenhaddoneasboysandhowtheyturnedoutasadultswassurprisinglysharp和下面一句可知，这里sha

rp的意思是“明确的，一定的”。故选C。50.B【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段的句子Onecanlivemagnificentlyinthisworldifoneknowshowtoworkandhowtolove,toworkforthepersononelovesandtol

oveone’swork可知，情感健康对于好的成年人生活非常重要。故选B。2015年阅读理解说明文Passage1【2015年新课标Ⅰ卷】SalvadorDali(1904—1989)wasoneofthemostpopula

rofmodernartists.ThePompidouCentreinParisisshowingitsrespectandadmirationfortheartistandhispowerfulpersona

litywithanexhibitionbringingtogetherover200paintings,sculptures,drawingsandmore.Amongtheworksandmasterworksonexhibitionthevisitorwillfindt

hebestpieces,mostimportantlyThePersistenceofMemory.ThereisalsoL’EnigmesansFinfrom1938,worksonpaper,objects,andproje

ctsforstageandscreenandselectedpartsfromtelevisionprogrammesreflectingtheartist’sshowmanqualities.ThevisitorwillentertheWorldofDalithroug

haneggandismetwiththebeginning,theworldofbirth.Theexhibitionfollowsapathoftimeandsubjectwiththevisitor

exitingthroughthebrain.TheexhibitionshowshowDalidrawstheviewerbetweentwoinfinities(无限),"Fromtheinfinitysmalltotheinfi

nitylarge,contractionandexpansioncominginandoutoffocus:amazingFlemishaccuracyandtheshowyBaroqueofoldpaintingthatheuse

dinhismuseum-theatreinFigueras,"explainsthePompidouCentre.Thefineselectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration(合作)withtheMuseoNacionalRei

naSofiainMadrid,Spain,andwithcontributionsfromotherinstitutionsliketheSalvadorDaliMuseuminSt.Petersburg,Florida.28.Whichofthe

followingbestdescribesDaliaccordingtoParagraph1?A.Optimistic.B.Productive.C.Generous.D.Traditional.29.WhatisDali’sThe

PersistenceofMemoryconsideredtobe?A.Oneofhismasterworks.B.Asuccessfulscreenadaptation.C.Anartisticcreationforthestage.D.One

ofthebestTVprogrammes.30.HowaretheexhibitsarrangedattheWorldofDali?A.Bypopularity.B.Byimportance.C.Bysizeandshape.D.By

timeandsubject.31.Whatdoestheword"contributions"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Artworks.B.Projects.C.Donations.D.Docume

nts.【解析】试题分析:本文主要介绍了最受欢迎的现代艺术家萨尔瓦多·达利的艺术作品在巴黎蓬皮杜艺术中心展览的细节。28.B细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句ThePompidouCentreinParisi

sshowingitsrespectandadmirationfortheartistandhispowerfulpersonalitywithanexhibitionbringingtogetherover200paintings,sculptures.drawingsand

more.可知达利的作品是多产的。故选B。29.A细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句Amongtheworksandmasterworksonexhibitionthevisitorwillfindthebestpieces,mostim

portantlyThePersistenceofMemory.可知ThePersistenceofMemory是他的木作一。故选A。30.D细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句Theexhibitionfollowsapathoftimeandsubjectwiththe

visitorexitingthroughthebrain.可知展览是根据时间和主题安排的。故选D。31.A词义推测题。根据文章最后一段Thefineselectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration(合E)

withtheMuseoNacionalReinaSofiainMadrid,Spain,andwithcontributionsfromotherinstitutionsliketheSalvadorD

aliMuseuminStPetersburg.可以推测出contribution为“艺术作品”之一。故选A。Passage2【2015年新课标Ⅰ卷】ConflictisonthemenutonightatthecaféLaChope.Thise

vening,asoneveryThursdaynight,psychologistMaudLehanneisleadingtwoofFrance’sfavoritepastimes,coffeedrinkingandthe＂talkingcure＂.He

retheyarelearningtogetintouchwiththeirtruefeelings.Itisn’talwayseasy.Thecustomers—somethirtyParisianswhopayjustunder$

2(plusdrinks)persession—carequicktointellectualize(高谈阔论),slowtoopenupandconnect.＂Youareforbiddentosay‘onefeels’or‘peop

lethink’＂Lehannetoldthem.＂Say‘Ithink,’‘Thinkme’.＂Acafésocietywherenointellectualizingisallowed?Itcouldn’tseemmoreun-French.ButLehanne’spsychol

ogycaféisaboutmorethanknowingoneself:It’stryingtohelpthecity’stroubledneighborhoodcafes.Overtheyears,Parisiancafesha

vefallenvictimtochangesintheFrenchlifestyle—longerworkinghours,afastfoodboomandayoungergeneration’sdesiretospendmoretimeatho

me.Dozensofnewthemecafesappeartochangethesituation.Cafesfocusedaroundpsychology,history,andengineeringarecatchingon,fi

llingtableswellintotheevening.Thecity’s＂psychologycafes＂,whichoffergreatcomfort,areamongthemostpopularplaces.Mi

ddle-agedhomemakers,retirees,andtheunemployedcometosuchcafestotalkaboutlove,anger,anddreamswithapsychologist.Andtheycomet

oLehanne’sgroupjusttolearntosaywhattheyfeel.＂There’sastrongneedinParisforcommunication,＂saysMauriceFrisch,acaféLaChoperegularwhoworks

asareligiousinstructorinanearbychurch.＂Peoplehavefewrealfriends.Andtheyneedtoopenup＂.Lehannesaysshe’d

liketoseepsychologycafesalloverFrance.＂Ifpeoplehadnormallives,thesecafeswouldn’texist,＂shesays.＂Iflifeweren’tabattle,

peoplewouldn’tneedaspecialplacejusttospeak.＂Butthen,itwouldn’tbeFrance.32.WhatarepeopleencouragedtodoatthecafeLaChope?A.Learnanewsu

bject.B.Keepintouchwithfriends.C.Showofftheirknowledge.D.Expresstheirtruefeelings.33.HowarecafesaffectedbyFrenchlifestylechanges?A.Theyarele

ssfrequentlyvisited.B.Theystayopenforlongerhours.C.Theyhavebiggernightcrowds.D.Theystarttoservefastfood.34.Whatarethemecafesexpecte

dtodo?A.Createmorejobs.B.Supplybetterdrinks.C.Savethecafebusiness.D.Servetheneighborhood.35.WhyarepsychologycafesbecomingpopularinParis?A.Theybri

ngpeopletruefriendship.B.Theygivepeoplespiritualsupport.C.Theyhelppeoplerealizetheirdreams.D.Theyofferaplatformforbusinesslinks

.【解析】试题分析:文章主要讲述了法国精神咖啡馆(psychologycafes)的社会意义和功能特色，以及在法国越来越受欢迎。32.D细节理解题。根据文章第一段第=句Heretheyarelearningt

ogetintouchwiththeirtruefeelings.可知在LaChope咖啡馆鼓励人们表达他们真正的情感。故选D。33.A细节理解题。根据文章第二段Overtheyears,Parisiancafeshavefallenvictimtoch

angesintheFrenchlifestyle-longerworkinghours,afastfoodboomandayoungergeneration'sdesiretospendmoretimeathome.知改变了更多时间呆在家里的更年轻一代人。故选A。34.C推理判断题。根据第二段D

ozensofnewthemecafesappeartochangethesituation.可以得出答案。故选35.B推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第一句话“Ifpeoplehadnormallives,thesecafeswou

ldn'texist”,shesays"Iflifeweren'tabattle,peoplewouldn'tneedaspecialplacejusttospeak"Butthem,itwouldn'tbeFrance可知心理咖啡馆在巴黎受欢迎的原因在于他们给予人们精神

上的支持。故选B。Passage3【2015年新课标Ⅱ卷】Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Expertssaythewayyoudesignyourhomecouldplayaroleinwhetheryoupackonthep

oundsorkeepthemoff.youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan.Openthecurtains

andturnupthelights.Darkenvironmentsaremorelikelytoencourageovereating,forpeopleareoftenlessself-conscious(难为情)whenthey’reinpoorlylitplaces–an

dsomorelikelytoeatlotsoffood.Ifyourhomedoesn’thaveenoughwindowlight,getmorelampsandfloodtheplacewithbrightness.Mindthecolors.Res

earchsuggestswarmcolorsfuelourappetites.Inonestudy,peoplewhoatemealsinablueroomconsumed33percentlessthanthose

inayelloworredroom.Warmcolorslikeyellowmakefoodappearmoreappetizing,whilecoldcolorsmakeuslesshungry.Sowhenit’stimetorepaint,goblue.

Don’tforgettheclock–ortheradio.Peoplewhoeatslowlytendtoconsumeabout70fewercalories(卡路里)permealthanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals.Beginkeeping

trackofthetime,andtrytomakedinnerlastat30minutes.Andwhileyou’reatit,actuallysitdowntoeat.Ifyouneedsom

ehelpslowingdown,turningonrelaxingmusic.Itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthroughameal.Downsizethedishes.Bigservingbowlsandplants

caneasilymakesusfat.Weeatabout22percentmorewhenusinga12-inchplateinsteadofa10-inchplate.Whenwechoosealarg

espoonoverasmallerone,totalintake(摄入)jumpsby14percent.Andwe’llpourabout30percentmoreliquidintoashort,wideglasst

hanatall,skinnyglass.25.Thetextisespeciallyhelpfulforthosewhocareabout____.A.theirhomecomfortsB.theirbodyshapeC.housebuyingD.healthyd

iets26.Ahomeenvironmentinbluecanhelppeople____.A.digestfoodbetterB.reducefoodintakeC.burnmorecaloriesD.regaintheirappetites27.Whatarepeoplea

dvisedtodoatmealtimes?A.Eatquickly.B.PlayfastmusicC.UsesmallerspoonsD.Turndownthelights28.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.IsYourHou

seMakingYouFat?B.WaysofServingDinnerC.EffectsofSelf-ConsciousnessD.IsYourHomeEnvironmentRelaxing?【解析】试题分析:你家的房子对你的身

材很有影响。长胖还是变瘦关键看你如何设计自己的家了。我们这里有很好的建议4条:1.房间要明亮，2.用冷色系会减少食欲;3.放一些舒缓的音乐就餐，4.用小的碗碟25.B推理判断题。根据全文第一段Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyour

dietplan.可知,要让你的家的设计成为你减肥计划的一部分。所以这篇文章对那些在乎自己的体型的人更有帮助。故选B。26.B细节理解题。根据第=段第二句话Inonestudy,peoplewhoatemealsinablueroo

mconsumed33percentlessthanthoseinayelloworredroom可知在蓝色的房间内人吃的食物相对在黄色或者红色房间少33%。暖色让人胃口大开，冷色让人感觉到不饿。故选B。27.C推理判断题。本题是在考查考生是否理解了4条建议。第4段Pe

oplewhoeatslowlytendtoconsumeabout70fewercalories(卡路里)permealthanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals.，说明吃得慢就吃得

少，吃得快就多，故A错；Ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown,turningonrelaxingmusic.说明放舒缓的音乐可以让人吃得慢，反之则快，故B错；第二段Darkenvironmentsaremorelikelytoencourageovereating,由此可知房

间暗会增加饮食，所以D错；最后一段Whenwechoosealargespoonoverasmallerone,totalintake(摄入)jumpsby14percent.用大勺和小勺吃饭，相差14%，故选C。28.A主旨大意题。根据文章的开头Your

housemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Expertssaythewayyoudesignyourhomecouldplayaroleinwhetheryoupackonthepound

sorkeepthemoff.youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.可知，你的家居环境既可以让你变胖也会让你变瘦。本文非常适合那些想减肥的人士来阅读。所以选A可以更

好地概括全文。Passage4【2015年浙江卷】Graphscanbeaveryusefultoolforconveyinginformation,especiallynumbers,percentages,andotherdata.Agraphgivestherea

derapicturetointerpret.Thatcanbealotmoreefficientthanpagesandpagesexplainingthedata.Graphscanseemfrightening,butreadingagraphisalotlikereadinga

story.Thegraphhasatitle,amainidea,andsupportingdetails.Youcanuseyouractivereadingskillstoanalyzeandunderstandgraphsjustlikeanyothertext.Mostgr

aphshaveafewbasicparts:acaptionorintroductionparagraph,atitle,alegendorkey,andlabeledaxes.Anactivereaderl

ooksateachpartofthegraphbeforetryingtointerpretthedata.Captionswillusuallytellyouwherethedatacamefrom(forexample,ascientificstudyof400

Africanelephantsfrom1980to2005).Captionsusuallysummarizetheauthor'smainpointaswell.Thetitleisveryimportant.Ittellsyouthemainideaofthegraphby

statingwhatkindofinformationisbeingshown.Alegend,alsocalledakey,isaguidetothesymbolsandcolorsusedinthegraph.Manygraphs,i

ncludingbargraphsandlinegraphs,havetwoaxesthatformacorner.Usuallytheseaxesaretheleftsideandthebottomofthegraph.Eachaxisw

illalwayshavealabel.Thelabeltellsyouwhateachaxismeasures.BarGraphsAbargraphhastwoaxesandusesbarstoshowamounts.InGraph1,weseethatthex-axisshowsgradest

hatstudentsearned,andthey-axisshowshowmanystudentsearnedeachgrade.Youcanseethat6studentsearnedanAbecausethebarforAstretchesupto6ontheve

rticalmeasurement.Thereisalotofinformationwecangetfromasimplegraphlikethis(SeeGraph1).LineGraphsAlinegraphlookssimilartoabargraph,butinsteadof

bars,itplotspointsandconnectsthemwithaline.Ithasthesamepartsasabargraph—twolabeledaxes—andcanbereadthesameway.Toreadalinegrap

h,it'simportanttofocusonthepointsofintersectionratherthanthelinesegmentsbetweenthepoints,Thistypeofgr

aphismostcommonlyusedtoshowhowsomethingchangesovertime.Hereisagraphthatchartshowfarabirdfliesduringthefirstf

ivedaysofitsspringmigration(SeeGraph2).Theunitofmeasurementforthex-axisisdays.Theunitofmeasurementforthey-axisiskilometers.Thusweca

nseethat,onthefirstday,thepipitflew20kilometers.ThelinesegmentgoesupbetweenDay1andDay2,whichmeansthatthebirdflewfartheronDay2.Ifthelinese

gmentangleddawn,asbetweenDay4andDay5,itwouldmeanthatthebirdflewfewerkilometersthanthedaybefore.Thislinegraphisaquick,visualwaytotellthereaderabout

thebird'smigration.PieGraphsAtypicalpiegraphlookslikeacircularpie.Thecircleisdividedintosections,andeach

sectionrepresentsafractionofthedata.Thegraphiscommonlyusedtoshowpercentages;thewholepierepresentsl00percent,soeachpieceisafractionofthewhole

.Apiegraphmightincludealegend，oritmightuseiconsorlabelswithineachslice.Thispiegraphshowsonmonth'sexpense(SeeGraph3).Food$25Movies

$12Clothing$36Savings$20Books$746.Whenusedinagraph，alegendis_____A.aguidetothesymbolsandcolorsB.anintroductionparagr

aphC.themainideaD.thedata47.WhatisthetotalnumberofstudentswhoearnedaCorbetter?A.4.B.6.C.10.D.20.48.Thebirdcoveredthelongestdistance

on_____A.Day1B.Day2C.Day3D.Day449.WhichofthefollowingcostAmymost?A.Food.B.BooksC.MoviesD.Clothing.【解析】试题分析：这是一篇说明文介

绍图表的类型以及相关作用，通过对条形图、线形图和饼形图的介绍，让学生学会读图，运用英语解决实际问题。46.A根据第三段可以得出答案，第三段出现了两次legend，第一次是在第一行alegendorkey，第二次是在第六行Alegend,alsocalle

dakey,isaguidetothesymbolsandcolorsusedinthegraph.”一个图例，也被称为一个关键，是一个指导图中使用的符号和颜色。“而且答案直接可以在第六行找到，与答案选项表述一样aguidetothesymbolsandcolors。48

.C不需要看文字说明，直接看图读图就可以得出答案。从曲线图可以得出答案是Day3。49.D不需要看文字说明，直接看图读图就可以得出答案。从扇形图可以得出Clothing占比例最多。Passage5【20

15年重庆卷】InancientEgypt,ashopkeeperdiscoveredthathecouldattractcustomerstohisshopsimplybymakingchangestoitsenvironment.Modernbusinesseshavebeenfoll

owinghislead,withmoretactics（策略）.Onetacticinvolveswheretodisplaythegoods.Forexample,storesplacefruitsandv

egetablesinthefirstsection.Theyknowthatcustomerswhobuythehealthyfoodfirstwillfeelhappysothattheywillbuymorejunkfood（垃圾食品）later

intheirtrip.Indepartmentstores,thewomen’sshoesectionisgenerallynexttothewomen’scosmetics(化妆品)section：whi

letheshopassistantisgoingbacktofindtherightsizeshoe,boredcustomersarelikelytowanderoverandfindsomecosmeticstheymightwanttotrylater.Bes

ides,businessesseektoappealtocustomers’senses.Storesnoticethatthesmellofbakedgoodsencouragesshopping,sotheymaketheirownbreadeachmorning

andthenfanthebreadsmellintothestorethroughouttheday.Musicsellsgoods,too.ResearchersinBritainfoundthatwhenFrenchmusicwasplayed

,salesofFrenchwineswentup.Whenitcomestothesellingofhouses,businessesalsousehighlyrewardingtactics.Theyfindthatcustomersmakedecisionint

hefirstfewseconduponwalkinginthedoor,andturnitintoabusinessopportunity.ACaliforniabuilderdesignedthestructureofitshousessm

artly.Whenenteringthehouse,thecustomerwouldseethePacificOceanthroughthewindows,andthenthepollthroughanopenstairwayleadingtothelowerle

vel.Theinstantviewofwateronbothlevelshelpedsellthese$10millionhouses.40.Whydostoresusuallydisplayfruitsandvegetablesinthefirstsecti

on?A.Tosavecustomerstimes.B.Toshowtheyarehighqualityfoods.C.Tohelpselljunkfood.D.Tosellthematdiscountprices.41.AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthe

followingencouragescustomerstobuy?A.Openingthestoreearlyinthemorning.B.DisplayingBritishwinesnexttoFrenchones.C.Invitingcustomerstoplaymusic.

D.Fillingthestorewiththesmelloffreshbread.42.WhatistheCaliforniabuilder’sstoryintendedtoprove?A.Thehousestructureisakeyfactorcustomersconsider.B.Them

orecostlythehouseis,thebetteritsells.[来源:Z.xx.k.Com]C.Anoceanviewismuchtothecustomers’taste.D.Agoodfirstimpressionincreasessales.43.

Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainhowbusinessesturnpeopleintotheircustomers.B.Tointroducehowbusinesseshavegrownfromthepast.C.

Toreportresearchesoncustomerbehavior.D.Toshowdishonestbusinesspractices.【解析】试题分析:本文在解释为什么要水果放要店里的最显眼的位置，目的是促进后面的

商业交易40.C推断题。根据第二段提到theyknowthatcustomerswhobuythehealthyfoodfirstwillfeelhappysothattheywillbuysomemorejunkfoodlaterintheirtrip为了是能够在稍后卖出

那些垃圾食品，故选C项。42.D推断题。根据最后一段提到Whenenteringthehouse,thecustomerwouldseethePacificOceanthroughtthewindows,andthethepoolthroughtanopenstair

wayleadingtothelowerlevel.Theinstantofwateronbothlevelshelpedsellthese$10millionhouses当人们进入房间，看到窗外的太平洋和游泳池时，销售业绩会增长，故选D项。43.A推断题。本文在解释为什么要水果放要

店里的最显眼的位置，目的是促进后面的商业交易，故选A项。Passage6【2015年重庆卷】Thevaluesofartisticworks,accordingtoculturalrelativism(相对主义),aresimply

reflectionsoflocalsocialandeconomicconditions.Suchaview,however,failstoexplaintheabilityofsomeworksofar

ttoexcitethehumanmindacrossculturesandthroughcenturies.HistoryhaswitnessedtheendlessproductionsofShakespeareanplaysineverymaj

orlanguageoftheworld.ItisneverraretofindthatMozartpacksJapaneseconcerthalls,asJapanesepainterHiroshigedoesParisgalleries.Uniqueworksofthiski

ndaredifferentfromtoday’spopularart,eveniftheybeganasworksofpopularart.Theyhavesetthemselvesapartintheirtimelessappealandwillprobablybeenjoyedforcen

turiesintothefuture.Ina1757essay,thephilosopherDavidHumearguedthatbecause“thegeneralprinciplesoftasteareuniform(不变的)inhumannature,

”thevalueofsomeworksofartmightbeessentiallypermanent.HeobservedthatHomerwasstilladmiredaftertwothousandyears.Worksofthistype,heb

elieved,spoketodeepandunvaryingfeaturesofhumannatureandcouldcontinuetoexistovercenturies.Nowresearchersareapplyingscientificmethodstothestud

yoftheuniversalityofart.Forexample,evolutionarypsychologyisbeingusedbyliteraryscholarstoexplainthelong-l

astingthemesandplotdevicesinfiction.Thestructuresofmusicalpiecesarenowopentoexperimentalanalysisasneverbefore.Resea

rchfindingsseemtoindicatethatthecreationbyagreatartistisaspermanentanachievementasthediscoverybyagreatscientist.52.Accordin

gtothepassage,whatdoweknowaboutculturalrelativism?A.Itintroducesdifferentculturalvalues.B.Itexplainstheh

istoryofartisticworks.C.Itrelatesartisticvaluestolocalconditions.D.Itexcitesthehumanmindthroughouttheworld.53.

InParagraph2,theartistsarementionedinordertoshowthat_______.A.greatworksofartcangobeyondnationalboundariesB.historygivesartworksspecialappealto

setthemapartC.popularartsarehardlydistinguishablefromgreatartsD.greatartistsareskilledatcombiningvariouscultures54.According

toHume,someworksofartcanexistforcenturiesbecause________.[来源:学。科。网Z。X。X。K]A.theyareresultsofscientificstudyB.the

yestablishsomegeneralprinciplesofartC.theyarecreatedbytheworld’sgreatestartistsD.theyappealtounchangingfeaturesofhumannature55.Wh

ichofthefollowingcanbestserveasthetitleofthepassage?A.AreArtisticValuesUniversal?B.ArePopularArtsPermanent?C.IsHumanNatureUnif

orm?D.IsCulturalRelativismScientific?【解析】试题分析:本文是说明文，主要介绍了根据文化相对主义，艺术作品在永恒受欢迎的原因是人类的审美具有共同性，并且就此展开说明。52.C推断题。根据第一段第一句话可知根据相对主义，艺术

作品就是把艺术的价值与当地的社会经济条件结合在一块，故选C项。53.A推断题。根据第二段提到第二行和第三行提到可知不会把莫扎特与日本的音乐进行比较，正如日本的画作与巴黎的画廊进行比较，艺术作品是没有国界的，故选A项。Passage7【2015年安徽卷】AsInternetusersbecomemo

redependentontheInternettostoreinformation,arepeoplerememberless?Ifyouknowyourcomputerwillsaveinformation,whystoreitinyourownpersonalmemory,your

brain?ExpertsarewonderingiftheInternetischangingwhatwerememberandhow.Inarecentstudy,ProfessorBetsySparrowconductedsomeexperimen

ts.SheandherresearchteamwantedtoknowtheInternetischangingmemory.Inthefirstexperiment,theygavepeople40unimportantf

actstotypeintoacomputer.Thefirstgroupofpeopleunderstoodthatthecomputerwouldsavetheinformation.Thesecondgroupunderstoodthatthecomputerwouldnotsavei

t.Later,thesecondgrouprememberedtheinformationbetter.Peopleinthefirstgroupknewtheycouldfindtheinformationagain,sotheydidn

ottrytorememberit.Inanotherexperiment,theresearchersgavepeoplefactstoremember,andtoldthemwheretofindtheinformationonthecomputer.Theinformat

ionwasinaspecificcomputerfolder(文件夹).Surprisingly,peoplelaterrememberthefolderlocation(位置)betterthanthefacts.Whe

npeopleusetheInternet,theydonotremembertheinformation.Rather,theyrememberhowtofindit.Thisiscalled"transactiv

ememory(交互记忆)".AccordingtoSparrow,wearenotbecomingpeoplewithpoormemoriesasaresultoftheInternet.Instead,c

omputerusersaredevelopingstrongertransactivememories;thatis,peoplearelearninghowtoorganizehugequantitiesofinformationsothattheyareabl

etoaccessitatalaterdate.Thisdoesn’tmeanwearebecomingeithermoreorlessintelligent,butthereisnodoubtthat

thewayweusememoryischanging.64.Thepassagebeginswithtwoquestionsto____________.A.introducethemaintopicB.showtheaut

hor’saltitudeC.describehowtousetheInternet.D.explainhowtostoreinformation65.Whatcanwelearnaboutthefirstexperiment?A.TheSparrow’steamtypedtheinfor

mationintoacomputer.B.Thetwogroupsrememberedtheinformationequallywell.C.Thefirstgroupdidnottrytoremembertheinformation.D.Thesecondgroupdidnotu

nderstandtheinformation.66.Intransactivememory,people____________.A.keeptheinformationinmindB.changethequantityofinformati

onC.organizeinformationlikeacomputerD.rememberhowtofindtheinformation67.WhatistheeffectoftheInternetaccordingtoSparrow’sresearch?A.Wear

eusingmemorydifferently.B.Wearebecomingmoreintelligent.[来源:学科网ZXXK]C.Wehavepoorermemoriesthanbefore.D.Weneedabetterwaytoaccessinformation

.【答案】64.A65.C66.D67.A65.C细节理解题。根据第二段“Peopleinthefirstgroupknewtheycouldfindtheinformationagain,sotheydidnottry

torememberit.”可知答案。66.D细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Rather,theyrememberhowtofindit.Thisiscalled"transactivememory(交互记忆)"”可知，在交互记忆里，人们记得怎样找到信息。67.A细节理解题

。根据最后一段“butthereisnodoubtthatthewayweusememoryischanging”可知，互联网对人们的记忆产生的影响是它改变了我们使用记忆力的方式。Passage8【2015年安徽卷】Thereareanextremelylargenumbero

fantsworldwide.Eachindividual(个体的)anthardlyweighsanything,butputtogethertheyweighroughlythesameasallofmank

ind.Theyalsolivenearlyeverywhere,exceptonfrozenmountaintopsandaroundthepoles.Foranimalstheirsize,antshavebeenastoni

shinglysuccessful,largelyduetotheirwonderfulsocialbehavior.Incolonies(群体)thatrangeinsizefromafewhundredtotensofmillions,theyorganizeth

eirliveswithacleardivisionoflabor.Evenmoreamazingishowtheyachievethisleveloforganization.Whereweusesound

andsighttocommunicate,antsdependprimarilyonpheromone(外激素),chemicalssentoutbyindividualsandsmelledortastedbyfellow

membersoftheircolony.Whenanantfindsfood,itproducesapheromonethatwillleadothersstraighttowherethefoodis.Whenanindividualantcomesu

nderattackorisdying,itsendsoutanalarmpheromonetowarnthecolonytoprepareforaconflictasadefenseunit.Infact,whe

nitcomestotheartofwar,antshavenoequal.Theyarecompletelyfearlessandwillreadilytakeonacreaturemuchlargerthanthemselves,attack

inginlargegroupsandovercomingtheirtarget.Suchistheirdevotiontothecommongoodofthecolonythatnotonlysoldierantsbutalsoworkerantswillsacrificethe

irlivestohelpdefeatanenemy.Behavinginthisselflessanddevotedmanner,theselittlecreatureshavesurvivedonEarthformorethan140millionye

ars,farlongerthandinosaurs.Becausetheythinkasone,theyhaveacollective(集体的)intelligencegreaterthanyouwouldexpe

ctfromitsindividualparts.68.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatantsare____________.A.notwillingtosharefoodB.notfoundaroundthepolesC.moresucc

essfulthanallotheranimalsD.toomanytoachieveanyleveloforganization69.Antscanusepheromonesfor____________.A.escapeB.communic

ationC.warningenemiesD.arranginglabor70.Whatdoestheunderlinedexpression"takeon"inParagraph3mean?A.Accept.B.Employ.C.Playwith.D.Fightagai

nst.71.Whichofthefollowingcontributesmosttothesurvivalofants?A.Theirbehavior.B.Theirsize.C.Theirnumber.D.Theirweight.【答案】68.B69.B70.D71.A【解析】

试题分析：文章主要讲的是蚂蚁。蚂蚁个体显得微不足道，但成群结队的蚂蚁却蕴含着巨大的力量。蚂蚁的数量加起来可以与人类的重量相匹敌。蚂蚁分布极为广泛，除了寒冷的山顶和两极地区，几乎到处都有它们的踪影。68.B细节理解题。根据第一段“Theyalsolivenearl

yeverywhere,exceptonfrozenmountaintopsandaroundthepoles.”可知答案，结冰的山顶和两极地区没有蚂蚁。71.A推理判断题。根据第一段“largelydueto

theirwonderfulsocialbehavior”和最后一段“Behavinginthisselflessanddevotedmanner,...theythinkasone,theyhaveacollective(集体的)intelligencegreater”可知，蚂蚁之所

以能够存活下来，是因为它们出色的社会行为。[来源:Zxxk.Com]Passage9【2015年安徽卷】Foodservesasaformofcommunicationintwofundamentalways.Sharingbrea

dorotherfoodsisacommonhumantraditionthatcanpromoteunityandtrust.Foodcanalsohaveaspecificmeaning,andplay

asignificantroleinafamilyorculture’scelebrationsortraditions.Thefoodsweeat—andwhenandhowweeatthem—areoftenuniquetoaparticularcultureormayevendifferbe

tweenrural(农村的)andurbanareaswithinonecountry.Sharingbread,whetherduringaspecialoccasion(时刻)oratthefa

milydinnertable,isacommonsymboloftogetherness.Manyculturesalsocelebratebirthdaysandmarriageswithcakesthatarecutandsh

aredamongtheguests.Earlyformsofcakeweresimplyakindofbread,sothistraditionhitsitsrootsinthecustomofsharing

bread.[来源:Z,xx,k.Com]FoodalsoplaysanimportantroleinmanyNewYearcelebrations.InthesouthernUnitedStates,piecesofcornbreadrepresentblocksofgoldforpro

sperity(兴旺)intheNewYear.InGreece,peopleshareaspecialcakecalledvasilopita.Acoinisputintothecake,whichsignifies(预示)succe

ssintheNewYearforthepersonwhoreceivesit.Manycultureshaveceremoniestocelebratethebirthofachild,andfoodcanplayasignificantrole.InChina,whe

nababyisonemonthold,familiesnameandwelcometheirchildinacelebrationthatincludesgivingred-coloredeggstoguests.Inman

ycultures,roundfoodssuchasgrapes,bread,andmooncakesareeatenatwelcomecelebrationstorepresentfamilyunity.Nutritionisnecessaryforlife,soi

tisnotsurprisingthatfoodissuchanimportantpartofdifferentculturesaroundtheworld.72.Accordingtothepassage,sha

ringbread____________.A.indicatesalackoffoodB.canhelptodevelopunityC.isacustomuniquetoruralareasD.hasitsrootsinbirthdaycelebrations73.Whatdoestheco

ininvasilopitasignifyforitsreceiverintheNewYear?A.Trust.B.Success.C.Health.D.Togetherness.74.Theauth

orexplainstheroleoffoodincelebrationsby____________.A.usingexamplesB.makingcomparisonsC.analyzingcausesD.describingprocesses75.Whatisthepassagemainly

about?A.Thecustomofsharingfood.B.Thespecificmeaningoffood.C.Theroleoffoodinceremonies.D.Theimportanceoffoodinculture.【答案】72.B73.B74

.A75.D73.B细节理解题。根据第三段“Acoinisputintothecake,whichsignifies(预示)successintheNewYear...”可知，硬币预示着来年的成功。74.A细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“InChina,whenababyisonemonthold..

.Inmanycultures,roundfoods”可知，作者主要使用了举例的方法来解释食物在庆祝中的角色。75.D主旨大意题。根据第一段“andplayasignificantroleinafamilyorcultu

re'scelebrationsortraditions”和第四段“Manycultureshaveceremoniestocelebrate”及最后一段“foodissuchanimportantpartofdifferentculturesaroundt

heworld.”可知，文章主要讲的是食物在不同文化中的作用。Passage10【2015年北京卷】LifeintheClearTransparentanimalsletlightpassthroughtheirbodiesthesamewaylightpassesthrou

ghawindow.Theseanimalstypicallylivebetweenthesurfaceoftheoceanandadepthofabout3,300feet—asfarasmostlightcanreach.Mos

tofthemareextremelydelicateandcanbedamagedbyasimpletouch.SonkeJohnsen,ascientistinbiology,says,＂Theseanimalsl

ivethroughtheirlifealone.Theynevertouchanythingunlessthey’reeatingit,orunlesssomethingiseatingthem.＂Andtheyareasclearasglass.How

doesananimalbecomesee-through?It’strickierthanyoumightthink.Theobjectsaroundyouarevisiblebecausetheyinteractwithlig

ht.Lighttypicallytravelsinastraightline.Butsomematerialsslowandscatter(散射)light,bouncingitawayfromitsoriginalpath

.Othersabsorblight,stoppingitdeadinitstracks.Bothscatteringandabsorptionmakeanobjectlookdifferentfromotherobjectsaroundit,soyoucanseeit

easily.Butatransparentobjectdoesn’tabsorborscatterlight,atleastnotverymuch.Lightcanpassthroughitwithoutbendingorstopping.Thatmeansatr

ansparentobjectdoesn’tlookverydifferentfromthesurroundingairorwater.Youdon’tseeit—youseethethingsbehindit.Tobecometransparent,ananimalneedst

okeepitsbodyfromabsorbingorscatteringlight.Livingmaterialscanstoplightbecausetheycontainpigments(色素)thatabsorbspecificcolorsoflight.

Butatransparentanimaldoesn’thavepigments,soitstissueswon’tabsorblight.AccordingtoJohnsen,avoidingabsorptionisactu

allyeasy.Therealchallengeispreventinglightfromscattering.Animalsarebuiltofmanydifferentmaterials—skin,fat,andmore—andl

ightmovesthrougheachatadifferentspeed.Everytimelightmovesintoamaterialwithanewspeed,itbendsandscatters.Transparenta

nimalsusedifferenttrickstofightscattering.Someanimalsaresimplyverysmallorextremelyflat.Withoutmuchtiss

uetoscatterlight,itiseasiertobesee-through.Othersbuildalarge,clearmassofnon-livingjelly-like(果冻状的)materi

alandspreadthemselvesoverit.Largertransparentanimalshavethebiggestchallenge,becausetheyhavetomakeallthedifferenttissuesinthei

rbodiesslowdownlightexactlyasmuchaswaterdoes.Theyneedtolookuniform.Buthowthey’redoingitisstillunknown.Onethingisclearforthesel

argeranimals,stayingtransparentisanactiveprocess.Whentheydie,theyturnanon-transparentmilkywhite.63.AccordingtoParagraph1,transparentan

imals__________.A.stayingroupsB.canbeeasilydamagedC.appearonlyindeepoceanD.arebeautifulcreatures64.Theunderlinedword＂dead＂inParagraph3

means__________.A.silentlyB.graduallyC.regularlyD.completely65.Onewayforananimaltobecometransparentist

o__________.A.changethedirectionoflighttravelB.gathermaterialstoscatterlightC.avoidtheabsorptionoflightD.growbiggertostoplight

66.Thelastparagraphtellsusthatlargertransparentanimals__________.A.movemoreslowlyindeepwaterB.staysee-throughevenafterdeathC.producemo

retissuesfortheirsurvivalD.takeeffectiveactiontoreducelightspreading65.C推理判断题。根据第五段第一句Tobecometransparent,ananimalneeds

tokeepitsbodyfromabsorbingorscatteringlight。可知，想变透明就要避免散射或吸收光线，因此其中的一个方法是C选项，避免光线的吸收。故选C。66.D推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句中的m

akeallthedifferenttissuesintheirbodiesslowdownlightexactlyasmuchaswaterdoes可以推断出D为正确答案。其中slowdown对应reduce。故选D。Passage11【2015年福建卷】Foodfestivalsaro

undtheworldStiltonCheeseRollingMayDayisatraditionaldayforcelebrations,butthe2,000EnglishvillagersofStiltonmustbetheonly

peopleintheworldwhoincludecheeserollingintheirannualplans.Teamsoffour,dressedinavarietyofstrangeandfunnyclothes

,rollacompletecheesealonga50-metrecourse.Ontheway,theymustnotkickorthrowtheircheese,orgointotheircompetitors’lane(赛道).Competitionisfiercea

ndthechiefprizeisacompleteStiltoncheeseweighingaboutfourkilos(disappointingly,butunderstandablythecheesesusedintheracearewoodenones).Allthecompetitor

sareservedwithbeerorportwine,thetraditionalaccompanimentforStiltoncheese.FieryFoodsFestival—TheHottestFestivalonEarthEveryyearmorethan10,000peoplehea

dforthecityofAlbuquerque,NewMexico.TheycomefromasfarawayasAustralia,theCaribbeanandChina,buttheyallshareacommonaddiction—foodthatis

notjustspicy,buthotenoughtomakeyourmouthburn,yourheadspinandyoureyeswater.TheirdestinationistheFieryFoodandBBQFestivalwhichisheldoveraperiodoft

hreeclayseveryMarch.Youmightliketotryachocolate-coveredhabaneropepper—officiallythehottestpepperintheworld—oranyoneofthe

thousandsofproductsthatareonshow.Butonething’sforsure—ifyoudon’tlikethefeelingofaburningtongue,thisfestivalisn’tforyou!LaTomatina—TheWorld’sBiggestFo

odFightOnthelastWednesdayofeveryAugust,theSpanishtownofBunolhostsEaTomatina—theworld’slargestfoodfight.Aweek-longcelebrationleadsuptoane

xcitingtomatobattleasthehighlightoftheweek’sevents.Theearlymorningseesthearrivaloflargetruckswithtomatoes—officialfight-startersgetthingsgoingb

ycastingtomatoesatthecrowd.Thebattlelastslittlemorethanhalfanhour,inwhichtimearound50,000kilogramsoftomatoeshavebeent

hrownatanyoneoranythingthatmoves,runs,orfightsback.Theneveryoneheadsdowntotherivertomakefriendsagain—andforamuch-neededwash!56.In

theStiltoncheeserollingcompetition,competitorsoneachteammust__________.A.wearvariousformalclothesB.rollaw

oodencheeseintheirownlaneC.kickorthrowtheircheeseD.usearealcheeseweighingaboutfourkilos57.WhereistheFieryFoodandBBQFestivalheld?A.InNewMexi

co.B.IntheCaribbean.C.InAustralia.D.InChina.58.ThecelebrationofLaTomatinalasts___________.A.threedaysB.sevendaysC.lessthanthreedaysD.morethanseve

ndays59.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.ThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingcompetitionisbeerorportwine.B.Morethan10,000Chines

etakepartintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.C.ThousandsofspicyfoodsareonshowintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.D.Anexciti

ngtomatobattletakesplaceatthebeginningofLaTomatina.【解析】[试题分析：本文是一篇说明文，分别讲述了英国、新墨西哥以及巴西的几个关于食物的传统节日。56.B细节理解题。根据第一段第二句Teamsoffour,dressedinavari

etyofstrangeandfunnyclothes,rollacompletecheesealonga50-metrecourse.可以知道，四个队伍，穿着滑稽搞笑的服装，在50米的路程中卷一个完整的奶酪。以及后面倒数第

二句括号里面的内容,butunderstandablythecheesesusedintheracearewoodenones，这个奶酪是木头的。故选B59.C细节理解题。根据文章第二段倒数第二个破折号后面的文字oranyoneofthethousandsofproductsthatare

onshow.可以知道你可以任意品尝展出的上千种的食物。故选CPassage12【2015年福建卷】Lifecanbesowonderful,fullofadventureandjoy.Itcanalsobefullofchalleng

es,setbacks(挫折)andheartbreaks.Whateverourcircumstances,wegenerallystillhavedreams,hopesanddesires—thatlittlesomethi

ngmorewewantforourselvesandourlovedones.Yetknowingwecanhavemorecanalsocreateaproblem,becausewhenwegotoc

hangethewaywedothings,upcometheoldpatternsandpitfalls(陷阱)thatstoppedusfromseekingwhatwewantedinthefir

stplace.Thistensionbetweenwhatwefeelwecanhaveandwhatwe’reseeminglyabletohaveistheniggling(烦人的)suffering

,theanxietywefeel.Thisiswhereweusuallythinkit’seasiertojustgiveup.Butwe’renevermeanttoletgoofthepartofusthatknowswecanhavemore.Theinte

lligencebehindthatknowingisus—therealus.It’sthepartthatbelievesinlifeanditspossibilities.Ifyoudropthat,youbegintofeelalittle"

dead"insidebecauseyou’redropping"you".So,ifwehavethiscapabilitybutsomehowlifeseemstokeepusstuck,howdowebreakt

hesepatterns?Decideonanewcourseandmakeonedecisionatatime.Thisisgoodadviceforanewadventureorjustgettingthroughtoday

’schallenges.While,deepdown,weknowwecandoit,ourmind—orthemindsofthoseclosetous—usuallysayswecan’t.Thatisn’tareasontostop,it’sjustthemind,that

littlemanorwomanonyourshoulder,tryingtotalkyououtofsomethingagain.Ithasdoneitmanytimesbefore.It’sall

aboutstartingsimpleanddoingitnow.Decideandactbeforeoverthinking.Whenyoudothisyoumayfeelalittle,orlarge,releasefrom

thejailofyourmindandyou’llbeonyourway.68.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatweshould______________.A.slowdownandliveasimplelifeB.bec

arefulwhenwechoosetochangeC.sticktoourdreamsunderanycircumstancesD.becontentwithwhatwealreadyhave69.Whatisthekeytobreakingtheoldpatterns?A.Tofocuso

neverydetail.B.Todecideandtakeimmediateaction.C.Tolistentothoseclosetous.D.Tothinktwicebeforeweact.70.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheunderl

inedpartinthelastparagraph?A.Escapefromyourpunishment.B.Realizationofyourdreams.C.Freedomfromyourtens

ion.D.Reductionofyourexpectations.71.Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?A.It’seasierthanwethinktogetwhatwewant.B.It’simportan

ttolearntoacceptsufferingsinlife.C.It’simpracticaltochangeourwayofthinking.D.It’sharderthanweexpecttofollowanewcourse.【解析】试题分析：本文是

一篇说明文，作者介绍了在我们想要放弃的时候改变这种模式的一种方法就是重新选择目标并且迅速作出决定。70.C分析推断题。根据划线句子可知其本意是逃出你内心的牢笼。结合上文中在过多思考之前快速决定和行动可以推测这个划线句子是指要从过多考

虑的焦虑中解放自己。故选C71.A分析推断题。从全文来看，作者主要是想要强调果断的行动而不是空想来实现自己的梦想和欲望，故选A.比起想要成功，行动更加容易。Passage13【2015年福建卷】Groupexerciseisoneofthemosteffectiveway

stoimprovephysicalfitnessandsustain(保持)ahealthylifestyle.Groupexerciseischallenging,yetfunandempowering!Ofcourseeveryoneknow

sthatexerciseisgoodforthebody.However,studieshaveshownthatwhenexerciseisperformedingroups,it’snotonlygreatforimprovingphysicalhealthbu

tforpsychologicalhealth.It’sanopportunitytobesocial,releaseendorphins（内啡肽）,andimproveyourstrength.Additio

nally,groupexercisecreatesacommunityfeelandthesharedcommongoalmotivatesparticipantstoworkhard.Theinstrumentalsup

portoftakingonafitnessjourneywithothersprovesmoreeffectivethangoingtothegymalone.Anotherbeneficialaspectofgroupexerciseistheinformationalsupportpart

icipantsreceivefromtheinstructor.Manypeoplefearthegymbecausetheyfeellostanddon’twanttoembarrassthemselves.Ifyoufeelyoucanrelate,thengrouptrai

ningisanevenbetteroptionforyou.It’sagreatopportunitytolearnmoreaboutfitnessthroughtheclearinstructionandsupervis

ion(监管)ofafitnessinstructor.Ifyou’retiredofwanderingaroundthegymwastingtimeandbecomingbored,youcanattendanupbeatgroup

fitnessclassthat’llkeepyourworkoutontrack.Don’tletfitnessfrightenyou!Ifyou’reseriousaboutwantingtoliveahealthylif

estyle,it’sextremelyimportanttosurroundyourselfwithpeoplewho’llprovideyouwiththeproperemotionalsupport.

Iwouldn’tscoldanyonefordecidingtopartyonweekendsandinturnIwouldn’texpectanyonetogiveoffencetomeforfoc

usingonmyhealth.Surroundyourselfwithpeoplewhouplift,encourageandunderstandyou!Makefitnessevenmorefunbytryingsomethingnewor

anygroupfitnessclass,withafriend.Plantogoforajogtogether.Thentryafunhealthyrestaurantorfreshjuicebar!Fit

nesscanbebothfunandsocial!Surroundingyourselfwithpeoplewho’llprovideyouwithrespectandsupportcanbeverybeneficialwhileworkingtowardsreachinghealth

andfitnessgoals.First,decidetodoitforyourselfandworktowardsstayingpositive.Thenmakesurethepeopleyousurroundyoursel

fwitharesupportive.Don’tletnegativityruinyourmotivation.72.Thefirstparagraphfocuseson__________.A.thegreatestchallengeofgroupexercis

eB.themosteffectivewaytoimprovephysicalfitnessC.thecontributionofgroupexercisetopsychologicalhealthD.thesharedc

ommongoalinperformingexerciseingroups73.Theunderlinedword"upbeat"inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans"___________".

A.cheerfulB.averageC.seriousD.temporary74.Whenitcomestoemotionalsupport,theauthorthinksitnecessary___________.A.tosustainacolorfullifestyl

eB.topartyonweekendswithpositivepeopleC.totryafunhealthyrestaurantregularlyD.tosurroundyourselfwithsupportivepeople75.Whatwoul

dbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.SeekingSupportB.SupportingHealthC.ImprovingYourStrengthD.BuildingUpFitness【解析】试题分析：本

文是一篇说明文，主要是在介绍团体运动的好处。和其他人一起运动可以和他人交流从而获得支持，也能够得到一些无形的好处。74.D细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句Surroundingyourselfwithpeoplewho'llprovideyou

withrespectsupportcanbeverybeneficialwhileworkingtowardsreachinghealthandfitnessgoals.在以健康为目标锻炼的时候和那些你能够给你尊敬和支持的人们在一起是很有益处的，故选D75.B分析推断题。文章的主要内容

是在说团体运动的好处，团体运动包含的好处主要是因为大家在一起运动，不仅生理上会有一些好处，而且团内其他成员会给你支持，教练也会给你们一些信息上的支持，故选BPassage14【2015年广东卷】Itwas

oncecommontoregardBritainasasocietywithclassdistinction.Eachclasshaduniquecharacteristics.Inrecentyears,manywritershavebegu

ntospeakofthe‘declineofclass’and‘classlesssociety’inBritain.Andinmoderndayconsumersocietyeveryoneisconsideredtobemiddleclass.Butpronou

ncingthedeathofclassistooearly.Arecentwide-rangingstudyofpublicopinionfound90percentofpeoplestillplacingthemselvesinaparticularclass;73

percentagreedthatclasswasstillavitalpartofBritishsociety;and52percentthoughttherewerestillsharpclassdifferences.Thus,classmaynotbeculturall

yandpoliticallyobvious,yetitremainsanimportantpartofBritishsociety.Britainseemstohavealoveofstratification.Oneunchangin

gaspectofaBritishperson’sclasspositionisaccent.Thewordsapersonspeakstellherorhisclass.AstudyofBritishaccentsduringthe

1970sfoundthatavoicesoundinglikeaBBCnewsreaderwasviewedasthemostattractivevoice.Mostpeoplesaidthisaccentsou

nded‘educated’and‘soft’.Theaccentsplacedatthebottominthisstudy,ontheotherhand,wereregional(地区的)cityaccen

ts.Theseaccentswereseenas‘common’and‘ugly’.However,asimilarstudyofBritishaccentsintheUSturnedtheseresultsupsidedownandplacedsomeregionalaccentsas

themostattractiveandBBCEnglishastheleast.ThissuggeststhatBritishattitudestowardsaccenthavedeeprootsandarebasedonclassprejudice.Inrecentyears,how

ever,younguppermiddle-classpeopleinLondon,havebeguntoadoptsomeregionalaccents,inordertohidetheirclassorigins.Thisisanindic

ationofclassbecomingunnoticed.However,the1995popsong‘CommonPeople’putsforwardtheviewthatthoughamiddle-classpersonmay‘wanttolivelikecommonpe

ople’theycanneverappreciatetherealityofaworking-classlife.41.ArecentstudyofpublicopinionshowsthatinmodernBrit

ain.A.itistimetoendclassdistinctionB.mostpeoplebelongtomiddleclassC.itiseasytorecognizeaperson’sclassD.peopl

eregardthemselvessociallydifferent42.ThewordstratificationinParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto.A.varietyB.divisionC.authorityD.qualification43.Thestu

dyintheUSshowedthatBBCEnglishwasregardedas________.A.regionalB.educatedC.prejudicedD.unattractive44.Britishattitudestowardsaccent___

_____.A.havealongtraditionB.arebasedonregionalstatusC.aresharedbytheAmericansD.havechangedinrecentyears45.Whatisthemainideaofthepassag

e?A.Themiddleclassisexpanding.B.Aperson’saccentreflectshisclass.C.ClassisakeypartofBritishsociety.D.Eachclasshasuniquechar

acteristics.42.B词义猜测题。根据短文第三段的内容可知，根据一项关于英国社会阶级是否开始消亡的调查可知，绝大多数人仍然认为英国社会中存在不同的阶级，这是英国社会中重要的一部分。由此可知，英国人好像对阶级划分非常热衷。stratifi

cation划分，跟B选项是同义词，故选B。43.D细节理解题。根据第四段中However,asimilarstudyofBritishaccentsintheUSturnedtheseresultsupsidedownandplacedsomeregionalaccentsasth

emostattractiveandBBCEnglishastheleast.可知，美国关于英语口音的调查结果正好和英国的调查结果相反，他们认为一些地方口音是最吸引人的，而BBC的英语是最不吸引人的，故选D。Passage15【2015

年湖北卷】Hilversumisamedium-sizedcitybetweenthemajorcitiesofAmsterdamandUtrechtintheGooiareaofNorthHolland,theNetherlands.Unlik

emostoftheNetherlands,Hilversumisactuallyinahillyareawiththesoilmostlyconsistingofsand.OncecalledtheGardenofAmst

erdam,itstillattractstravelerstocomeovertocycleandwalkthroughthesurroundingforests.Theyvisititforare

laxingdayofffromtheurbanmadness.ForDutchpeople,Hilversumisallabouttextile(纺织)andmediaindustries,andmodernarchite

cture.Inhistory,Hilversumwaslargelyanagriculturalarea.Dailylifewasmarkedbyfarming,sheepraisingandwoolproduction.ArailwaylinktoAmsterd

amin1874attractedrichtradersfromAmsterdamtoHilversum.Theybuiltthemselveslargevillas(别墅)inthewoodedsurroundings

ofthetown.OneofthefamiliesmovinginwastheBrenninkmeijers,currentlythewealthiestfamilyoftheNetherlands.Theymovedinafterbigsuccessinthetext

ileindustryandaidedasubstantialtextileindustryinHilversum.Butthetextileboomlastedonlyseveraldecades.Thelastfactoryclosedinthe1960s.Thechangetoa

mediaeconomystartedin1920,whentheNederlandseSeintoestellenFabriek(NSF)establishedaradiofactoryinHilv

ersum.Mostradiostationssettledinthelargevillasintheleafyareasofthetown.Televisiongaveanotherpushtothelocaleconomy.Hilversumbecamethemediacapitalo

ftheNetherlands,andDutchtelevisionstarsmovedintotheleafyneighborhoodssurroundingthetown.Intheearly1900s,modernarchitectsW.M.D

udokandJ.DuikerplacedhundredsofremarkablebuildingsinHilversum.Thesemodernarchitecturalmasterpieces(杰作)aresoma

nythatHilversumalmostfeelslikeanopenairmuseum.Dudokaloneshapedmostof20thcenturyHilversumandapproximately75buildin

gsstillbearhisuniquecharacteristics.Hismasterpiece,HilversumTownHall,wasbuiltin1928-1931.Ithaswideinternationalfameandisincludedinmanyarchitectur

etextbooks.Thebuildinghasaremarkableshapeandlookslikeacombinationof“blocks”.Actually,onemaystarthisjourneyofmodernarchitecturebywalkingorbikin

gtheW.M.DudokArchitecturalRouteinHilversum.59.HilversumisdifferentfrommostoftheNetherlandsinthat______.A.ith

asalargepopulationB.itiscutofffrombigcitiesC.ithasmanybeautifulgardensD.itisinahillyareawithsandysoil60.Whatwastheg

reatestcontributionoftheBrenninkmeijerstoHilversum?A.BuildingarailwaylinktoAmsterdamB.HelpingitstextileindustrytodevelopC.C

onstructinglargevillasforthepoorD.Assistingitsagriculturalindustry61.ThebeginningofthemediaindustryinHilversumwasmar

kedbytheestablishmentof______.A.aradiofactoryB.themedialcapitalC.aradiostationD.aTVstation62.WhatisknownaboutW.M.Dudok’sHilversumTownHall?A.Itcons

istsofapproximately75buildingsB.ItlookslikeanopenairmuseuminthecityC.ItisaclassicexampleinarchitecturetextbooksD

.Ithasshapedmostof20thcenturyHilvesum.61.A细节理解题。根据第三段首句“Thechangetoamediaeconomystartedin1920,…establishedaradiofactoryinHilversum”可知Hilversum传媒

业兴起的兴起是以一家无线电厂的建立为标志的。故选A项。62.C推理判断题。根据最后一段倒数第三、四句“Hismasterpiece…Ithaswideinternationalfameandisincludedinman

yarchitecturetextbooks”可知W.M.Dudok’sHilversumTownHall是建筑教科书中的一个典范。故选C项。Passage16【2015年湖北卷】Theoddnessoflifeinspaceneverq

uitegoesaway.Herearesomeexamples.Firstconsidersomethingassimpleassleep.Itspositionpresentsitsownchallenges.Themainquestio

niswhetheryouwantyourarmsinsideoroutsidethesleepingbag.Ifyouleaveyourarmsout,theyfloatfreeinzerogravity,

oftengivingasleepingastronautthelookofafunnyballet（芭蕾）dancer.“I’maninsideguy,”MikeHopkinssays,whoreturnedfromasix-monthtourontheInternationalSpaceSt

ation.“Iliketobewrappedup.”Onthestation,theordinarybecomesstrange.TheexercisebikefortheAmericanastronautshasnohandlebars.Ita

lsohasnoseat.Withnogravity,it’sjustaseasytopedalviolently.Youcanwatchamoviewhileyoupedalbyfloatingamicrocomputeranywhereyouwant.Butstationresiden

tshavetobecarefulaboutstayinginoneplacetoolong.Withoutgravitytohelpcirculateair,thecarbondioxideyouexhale(呼气)ha

satendencytoformaninvisible（隐形的）cloudaroundyourhead.Youcanendupwithwhatastronautscallacarbon-dioxideheadache.LeroyChiao,54,

anAmericanretiredastronautafterfourflights,describeswhathappensevenbeforeyoufloatoutofyourseat.”Yourinnerearthin

ksyour’refalling.Meanwhileyoureyesaretellingyouyou’restandingstraight.Thatcanbeannoying—that’swhysomepeoplefeel

sick.”Withinacoupledays—trulyterribledaysforsome—astronauts’brainslearntoignorethepanickysignalsfromtheinnerear,andspa

cesicknessdisappears.Spacetravelcanbesodelightfulbutatthesametimeinvisiblydangerous.Forinstance,astrona

utslosebonemass.That’swhyexerciseisconsideredsovitalthatNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA)putsitrightonthe

workdayschedule.Thefocusonfitnessisasmuchaboutscienceandthefutureasitisaboutkeepinganyindividualastronautshealthy.N

ASAisworriedabouttwothings:recoverytimeonceastronautsreturnhome,and,moreimportantly,howtomaintainstrengthandfitnessforthetwoandahalfyearsormor

ethatitwouldtaketomakearound-triptoMars.63.Whatisthemajorchallengetoastronautswhentheysleepinspace?A.Decidingonapropersleepposi

tionB.Choosingacomfortablesleepingbag[来源:学科网]C.SeekingawaytofallasleepquicklyD.Findingarighttimetogotosleep.64.Theastronautswillsufferfr

omacarbon-dioxideheadachewhen_____.A.theycirclearoundontheirbikesB.theyusemicrocomputerswithoutastopC.theyexerciseinon

eplaceforalongtimeD.theywatchamoviewhilepedaling65.Someastronautsfeelsickonthestationduringthefirstfewdaysbecause_____.A.theirs

ensesstopworkingB.theyhavetostandupstraightC.theyfloatoutoftheirseatsunexpectedlyD.theirbrainsreceivecontradictorymessages66.OneoftheNASA’smajo

rconcernsaboutastronautsis_____.A.howmuchexercisetheydoonthestationB.howtheycanremainhealthyforlonginspaceC.whethertheycanrecoverafterreturn

inghomeD.whethertheyareabletogobacktothestation63.A细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句“Firstconsidersomethingassimpleassl

eep.Itspositionpresentsitsownchallenges.”可知在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。故选A项。64.C细节理解题。根据第三段中“Butstationresiden

tshavetobecarefulaboutstayinginoneplacetoolong.…Youcanendupwithwhatastronautscallacarbon-dioxideheadache”可知宇航员在一个地方运动久

了会出现碳毒性头痛。故选C项。65.D细节理解题。根据第四段中“Yourinnerearthinksyou’refailing.Meanwhileyoureyesaretellingyouyou’re

standingstraight.Thatcanbeannoying-that’swhysomepeoplefeelsick.”可知宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。故选D项。66.B细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第一、二句“Thefocusonfitnessisa

smuchaboutscienceandthefutureasisaboutkeepinganyindividualastronauthealthy…NASAisworriedabouttwothings:…and,moreimportan

tly,howmaintainstrengthandfitness…”可知美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。故选B项。Passage17【2015年湖南卷】Initsearlyhistory,Chi

cagohadfloodsfrequently,especiallyinthespring,makingthestreetssomuddythatpeople,horses,andcartsgotstuck.Anoldjokethatwaspo

pularatthetimewentsomethinglikethis:AmanisstuckuptohiswaistinamuddyChicagostreet.Askedifheneedshelp,hereplies,"No,thanks.I’vegotagoodhors

eunderme."Thecityplannersdecidedtobuildanundergrounddrainage(排水)system,buttheresimplywasn’tenoughdifference

betweentheheightofthegroundlevelandthewaterlevel.TheonlytwooptionsweretolowertheChicagoRiverorraisethecity.

AnengineernamedEllisChesbroughconvincedthecitythatithadnochoicebuttobuildthepipesabovegroundandthencoverthemwithdirt.Thisraisedthelevelofthecity’s

streetsbyasmuchas12feet.Thisofcoursecreatedanewproblem:dirtpracticallyburiedthefirstfloorsofeverybuildinginChicago.Buildingowners

werefacedwithachoice:eitherchangethefirstfloorsoftheirbuildingsintobasements,andthesecondstoriesintomainfloors,orhoistthe

entirebuildingstomeetthenewstreetlevel.Smallwood-framebuildingscouldbeliftedfairlyeasily.Butwhataboutlarge,heav

ystructuresliketheTremontHotel,whichwasasix-storybrickbuilding?That’swhereGeorgePullmancamein.Hehaddeveloped

somehouse-movingskillssuccessfully.ToliftabigstructureliketheTremontHotel,Pullmanwouldplacethousandsofjackscrews(螺旋千斤顶)beneaththebui

lding’sfoundation.Onemanwasassignedtooperateeachsectionofroughly10jackscrews.AtPullman’ssignaleachmanturnedhisjackscrewthesameamou

ntatthesametime,therebyraisingthebuildingslowlyandevenly.Astonishingly,theTremontHotelstayedopenduringtheentireoperation,

andmanyofitsguestsdidn’tevennoticeanythingwashappening.Somepeopleliketosaythateveryproblemhasasolution.ButinChicago’searlyhisto

ry,everyengineeringsolutionseemedtocreateanewproblem.NowthatChicago’swastewaterwasdrainingefficientlyintotheChicagoRiver,thecity’snext

stepwastocleanthepollutedriver.61.Theauthormentionsthejoketoshow_______.A.horseswerefairlyusefulinChicagoB.Chicago’sstre

etswereextremelymuddyC.ChicagowasverydangerousinthespringD.theChicagopeoplewereparticularlyhumorous62.ThecityplannerswereconvincedbyEllisCh

esbroughto_______.A.getridofthestreetdirtB.lowertheChicagoRiverC.fightagainstheavyfloodsD.buildthepipesabo

veground63.Theunderlinedword"hoist"inParagraph4means"_______".A.changeB.liftC.repairD.decorate64.Whatcanweconcludeaboutthemovin

goperationoftheTremontHotel?A.Itwentonsmoothlyasintended.B.Itinterruptedthebusinessofthehotel.C.ItinvolvedPullmanturni

ngtenjackscrews.D.Itseparatedthebuildingfromitsfoundation.65.ThepassageismainlyaboutearlyChicago’s_______.A.popularlifestylesa

ndtheirinfluencesB.environmentaldisastersandtheircausesC.engineeringproblemsandtheirsolutionsD.successfulbusinessmenandtheirachievements【答案】61．

B62．D63．B64．A65．C【解析】试题分析：本文讲述了芝加哥城的问题和改造方案61．B;细节推理题。根据文章的第一段第一句话：Inearlyhistory,Chicagohadfloorsfrequently,especiallyinthespring,mak

ingthestreetssomuddythatpeople,horses,andcartsgotstuck.可知芝加哥因为洪水的经常泛滥导致大街上总是泥泞不堪，行人，马和车全部都堵在路上。所以作者提及那个玩笑是为了突出芝加哥这一特点，故选B64

．A;细节推理题。根据倒数第二段中的倒数第二句话：AtPullman’ssignaleachmanturnedhisjackscrewthesameamountatthesametime,therebyraisingthebuildin

gslowlyandevenly.(在Pullman的指导下，每个人同时抬起他们手中的千斤顶，因此建筑就被慢慢地、平整地抬起来了)可知A项正确,故选A65．C;主旨大意题。文章的第一段就提出芝加哥城所存在

的问题，接下来的段落讨论了解决这个问题的一些方法，最后一段讲到这些方法虽然解决当前的问题，但是随之而来的又会冒出一些新的问题有待解决。故文章大致上讲述的是建造的问题与解决办法，故选CPassage18【2015年湖南卷】Haveyourp

arentseverinspectedyourroomtoseeifyoucleaneditproperly?Imaginehavingyourentirehouse,garage,andyardinspectedatanytime—withnowar

ning.Inspectionswerearegularpartoflighthouse(灯塔)living,andakeeper’sreputationdependedontheresults.Af

ewtimeseachyear,aninspectorarrivedtolookovertheentirelightstation.Theinspectionsweresupposedtobeasurprise,butkeeperssometimesh

adadvancenotice.Oncelighthouseshadtelephones,keeperswouldcalleachothertowarnthattheinspectorwasapproaching.Af

terboatsbeganflyingspecialflagsnotingtheinspectorwasaboard,thekeeper’sfamilymadeitagametoseewhocouldnoticetheboatfirst.Assoonassomeonespottedthebo

at,everyonewoulddolast-minutetidyingandchangeintofancyclothes.Thekeeperthenscurriedtoputonhisdressuniformandcap.Childrenofkeepersrememberinspecto

rswearingwhiteglovestoruntheirfingersoverdoorframesandwindowsillslookingfordust.Despitetheseriousnatureofinspections,theyre

sultedinsomefunnymoments.BettyByrnesrememberedwhenhermotherdidnothavetimetowashallthedishesbeforeaninspection.Atthetime

,peopledidnothavedishwashersintheirhomes.Inanefforttocleanupquickly,Mrs.Byrnestossedallthedishesintoabigbreadpan,coveredthemwithac

loth,andstuckthemintheoven.Iftheinspectoropenedtheovendoor,itwouldlooklikebreadwasbaking.Heneverdid.Oneday,GlennFurst’

smotherputoilonthekitchenfloorjustbeforetheinspectorenteredtheirhouse.Likefloorwax,theoilmadethefloorsshinyandhelpedprote

ctthewood.Thistime,though,sheusedalittletoomuchoil.WhentheinspectorextendedhishandtogreetGlenn’smother,heslippedonthe

freshlyoiledsurface."Hecameacrossthatfloorwavinghisarmslikeayoungbirdattemptingitsfirstflight,"Glennlaterwrote.Afterhesteadiedhimself,heshookGl

enn’smother’shand,andtheinspectioncontinuedasthoughnothinghadhappened.66.WhatdoesParagraph1tellusabou

ttheinspectionatthelightstation?A.Itwascarriedoutonceayear.B.Itwasoftenannouncedinadvance.C.Itwasimportantforthe

keeper’sfame.D.Itwasfocusedonthegarageandyard.67.Thefamilybeganmakingpreparationsimmediatelyafter.A.oneofthememberssawtheboatB.awarningcallreachedth

elighthouseC.thekeeperputonthedressuniformandcapD.theinspectorflewspecialflagsinthedistance[来源:Z*xx*k.Com]68.Mrs.By

rnesputthedishesintheovenbecausethiswould.A.resultinsomefunB.speedupwashingthemC.makeherhomelooktidyD.bea

demandfromtheinspector69.Iftheinspectorhadopenedtheovendoor,hewouldhaveseen.A.anemptypanB.manycleandishesC.piecesofbakedbreadD.aclothcoverings

omething70.Theinspectorwavedhisarms.A.totryhisbesttokeepsteadyB.toshowhissatisfactionwiththefloorC.toextendawarmgr

eetingtoGlenn’smotherD.toexpresshisintentiontocontinuetheinspection【答案】66．C67．A68．C69．D70．A68．C;细节理解题。根据倒数第

二段的第二句话:BettyByrnesrememberedwhenhermotherdidnothavetimetowashallthedishesbeforeaninspection.可知没有时间在检查之前去洗所有的碗，所以Mrs.Byrnes将所有的碗都丢进了烤箱避免被ins

pector发现。故选C69．D;细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的倒数第三行：Mrs.Byrnestossallthedishesintoabigbreadpan,coveredthemwithacloth,andstuckth

emintheoven.可知当inspector打开烤箱的时候他只会看到一块盖着布的某物，故选D70．A;细节推理题。根据最后一段倒数第三行：Afterhesteadiedhimself,heshookGlenn’smother’shand,andtheinspection

continuedasthoughnothinghadhappened.可知inspector挥动着他的双手保持平衡。故选APassage19【2015年江苏卷】IntheUnitedStatesalone,over100millio

ncell-phonesarethrownawayeachyear.Cell-phonesarepartofagrowingmountainofelectronicwastelikecomputersandpersonaldi

gitalassistants.Theelectronicwastestreamisincreasingthreetimesfasterthantraditionalgarbageasawhole.Electronicdevicescontainva

luablemetalssuchasgoldandsilver.ASwissstudyreportedthatwhiletheweightofelectronicgoodsrepresentedbypreciousmeta

lswasrelativelysmallincomparisontototalwaste,theconcentration(含量)ofgoldandotherpreciousmetalswashigherinso-callede-wastethaninnaturallyoccurringminer

als.Electronicwastesalsocontainmanypoisonousmetals.Evenwhenthemachinesarerecycledandtheharmfulmetalsremoved,therecyclingprocessofteniscarriedoutinpoo

rcountries,inpracticallyuncontrolledwayswhichallowmanypoisonoussubstancestoescapeintotheenvironment.Creating

productsoutofrawmaterialscreatesmuchmorewastematerial,upto100timesmore,thanthematerialcontainedinthefinishedproducts.Consideragainthecell-phone

,andimaginetheminesthatproducedthosemetals,thefactoriesneededtomaketheboxandpackaging(包装)itcamein.Manywas

tesproducedintheproducingprocessareharmfulaswell.TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencynotesthatmostwasteisdange

rousinthat"theproduction,distribution,anduseofproducts—aswellasmanagementoftheresultingwaste—allresultingreenhousegasrele

ase."Individualscanreducetheircontributionbycreatinglesswasteatthestart—forinstance,buyingreusableproductsand

recycling.Inmanycountriestheconceptofextendedproducerresponsibilityisbeingconsideredorhasbeenputinplaceasanincentive(动机)forreducing

waste.Ifproducersarerequiredtotakebackpackagingtheyusetoselltheirproducts,wouldtheyreducethepackagingint

hefirstplace?Governments’incentivetorequireproducerstotakeresponsibilityforthepackagingtheyproduceisusuallybasedonmo

ney.Why,theyask,shouldcitiesortownsberesponsibleforpayingtodealwiththebubblewrap(气泡垫)thatencasedyourtelevision?Fromthegovernment

s’pointofview,aprimarygoaloflawsrequiringextendedproducerresponsibilityistotransferboththecostsandthephysicalresponsibilityofwast

emanagementfromthegovernmentandtax-payersbacktotheproducers.58.BymentioningtheSwissstudy,theauthorintendsto

tellusthat________.A.theweightofe-goodsisrathersmallB.e-wastedeservestobemadegooduseofC.naturalmineralscontainmorepreciousmetalsD.thepercentageofprec

iousmetalsisheavyine-waste59.Theresponsibilityofe-wastetreatmentshouldbeextended________.A.fromproducerstogovernmentsB.

fromgovernmentstoproducersC.fromindividualstodistributorsD.fromdistributorstogovernments60.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Theincreasei

ne-waste.B.Thecreationofe-waste.C.Theseriousnessofe-waste.D.Themanagementofe-waste.【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇科普说明文。文章主要介绍

了电子垃圾的产生、危害以及相关解决措施。58.B推理判断题。文章第一段告诉我们，每年有大量废弃电子产品被随意丢弃。紧接着第二段首句指出：电子设备中含有有用的金属，如金和银，并用Swissstudy佐证这一观点，因此可以推知电子垃圾值得充分利用。故选B项。59.B细节理解题。文章第六、七、八三段围

绕“生产者责任延伸”展开的，最后一段做了总结，根据“aprimarygoaloflawsrequiringextendedproducerresponsibilityistotransferboththec

ostsandthephysicalresponsibilityofwastemanagementfromthegovernmentandtax-payersbacktotheproducers”可知B项正确，是对该句的同义压缩。故选B项。60.D主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章先描述了废

弃电子产品被随意丢弃这一现象，接着指出电子垃圾的可以用价值和潜在风险，主要是由于对废弃电子产品的管理不善造成的，最后呼吁政府和生产商对此承担一定的责任。故选D项。Passage20【2015年江苏卷】FreedomandResponsibilityFreedom’schall

engeintheDigitalAgeisaserioustopic.Wearefacingtodayastrangenewworldandweareallwonderingwhatwearegoingtodowithit.Some2,500yearsag

oGreecediscoveredfreedom.Beforethattherewasnofreedom.Thereweregreatcivilizations,splendidempires,butnofreedomanywhere.EgyptandBab

ylonwerebothtyrannies,oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses.InGreece,inAthens(雅典),alittlecityinalittlecountry,therewe

renohelplessmasses.AndAthenianswillinglyobeyedthewrittenlawswhichtheythemselvespassed,andtheunwritten,whichmustbeobeyedi

ffreemenlivetogether.Theymustshoweachotherkindnessandpityandthemanyqualitieswithoutwhichlifewouldbeverypainfulunlessonechosetolivealon

einthedesert.TheAtheniansneverthoughtthatamanwasfreeifhecoulddowhathewanted.Amanwasfreeifhewasself-controlled.Tomakeyoursel

fobeywhatyouapprovedwasfreedom.Theyweresavedfromlookingattheirlivesastheirownprivateaffair.Eachonefeltresponsibleforthew

elfareofAthens,notbecauseitwasforcedonhimfromtheoutside,butbecausethecitywashisprideandhissafety.Theessentialbeliefofthefirstfreegovernmenti

ntheworldwaslibertyforallmenwhocouldcontrolthemselvesandwouldtakeresponsibilityforthestate.Butdiscoveringfreedomisnotlikediscoveringcomp

uters.Itcannotbediscoveredonceforall.Ifpeopledonotprizeit,andworkforit,itwillgo.Constantwatchisitsprice.Athenschanged.Itw

asachangethattookplacewithoutbeingnoticedthoughitwasoftheextremeimportance,aspiritualchangewhichaffectedthewholestate.IthadbeentheAthenian’sprideandj

oytogivetotheircity.Thattheycouldgetmaterialbenefitsfromherneverenteredtheirminds.Therehadtobeacompletechangeofattitudebeforetheycouldloo

katthecityasanemployerwhopaidhercitizensfordoingherwork.Nowinsteadofmengivingtothestate,thestatewastogive

tothem.Whatthepeoplewantedwasagovernmentwhichwouldprovideacomfortablelifeforthem;andwiththisastheprimaryobject,ideasoffreedomandself-reliancea

ndresponsibilitywereneglectedtothepointofdisappearing.Athenswasmoreandmorelookedonasacooperativebusinesspossessedofgreatwealthinw

hichallcitizenshadarighttoshare.Athensreachedthepointwhenthefreedomshereallywantedwasfreedomfromresponsibility.Therecouldbeonlyoneresul

t.Ifmeninsistedonbeingfreefromtheburdenofself-dependenceandresponsibilityforthecommongood,theywouldceasetobefree.Responsibilityist

hepriceeverymanmustpayforfreedom.Itistobehadonnootherterms.Athens,theAthensofAncientGreece,refusedresponsibility

;shereachedtheendoffreedomandwasnevertohaveitagain.But,"theexcellentbecomesthepermanent,"Aristotlesaid.Athenslostfreedomforever,butfreedomwas

notlostforeverfortheworld.AgreatAmerican,JamesMadison,referredto:"Thecapacity(能力)ofmankindforself-government."Nodoubt

hehadnotanideathathewasspeakingGreek.Athenswasnotinthefarthestbackgroundofhismind,butoncemanhasagreatandgoodidea,itisnevercomple

telylost.TheDigitalAgecannotdestroyit.Somehowinthisorthatman’sthoughtsuchanidealivesthoughunconsideredbytheworldo

faction.Onecanneverbesurethatitisnotonthepointofbreakingoutintoactiononlysurethatitwilldososometime.65.Whatdoestheunder

linedword"tyrannies"inParagraph2referto?A.Countrieswheretheirpeopleneedhelp.B.Powerfulstateswithhigher

civilization.C.Splendidempireswherepeopleenjoyfreedom.D.Governmentsruledwithabsolutepower.66.Peoplebelievinginfreedomarethosewho_________.A.r

egardtheirlifeastheirownbusinessB.seekgainsastheirprimaryobjectC.behavewithinthelawsandvaluesystemsD.treatotherswithkindnessandpity67.Whatchangeinat

titudetookplaceinAthens?A.TheAtheniansrefusedtotaketheirresponsibility.B.TheAtheniansnolongertookprideinthe

city.C.TheAtheniansbenefitedspirituallyfromthegovernment.D.TheAthenianslookedonthegovernmentasabusines

s.68.Whatdoesthesentence"Therecouldbeonlyoneresult."inParagraph5mean?A.Athenswouldcontinuetobefree.B.Athenswouldceasetohavefreedom.C.Freedomwo

uldcomefromresponsibility.D.FreedomwouldstopAthensfromself-dependence.69.WhydoestheauthorrefertoAristotleandMadison?A.Theauthorishopefulaboutfreedo

m.B.Theauthoriscautiousaboutself-government.C.TheauthorisskepticalofGreekcivilization.D.Theauthorisproudofman’scapacity.70.Whatistheauthor’sunders

tandingoffreedom?A.Freedomcanbemorepopularinthedigitalage.B.Freedommaycometoanendinthedigitalage.C.Freedomshouldhavepriorityoverresponsibility

.D.Freedomneedstobeguaranteedbyresponsibility.【解析】试题分析：这是一篇历史文化类说明文。文章讲述了自由的起源、演变和它在古代文化下的形态和缺陷，以及数字化世界给自由带来

的挑战。65.D词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句子后半句“oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses”可知tyrannies是指拥有绝对统治权的政府。故选D项。68.B句意理解题。根据第五段第三句“Ifmeninsistedonbei

ngfreefromtheburdenofself-dependenceandresponsibilityforthecommongood,theywouldceasetobefree”可知唯一的结果就是雅典人不再享有自由。故选B项。69.A细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“Athenslostf

reedomforever,butfreedomwasnotlostforeverfortheworld.”及“Athenswasnotinthefarthestbackgroundofhismind,butonce

manhasagreatandgoodidea,itisnevercompletelylost.TheDigitalAgecannotdestroyit.”可知作者并没有因此而失去信心，相反对自由充满了希

望。故选A项。70.D观点态度题。作者通过雅典人对自由态度变化的对比，得出自由需要责任的保证这一结论，故选D项。Passage21【2015年陕西卷】Theproductionofcoffeebeansisahuge,profitableb

usiness,but,unfortunately,full-sunproductionistakingovertheindustryandbringingaboutalotofdamage.Thechangein

howcoffeeisgrownfromshade-grownproductiontofull-sunproductionendangerstheveryexistenceofcertainanimalsandbirds,andevendisturbstheworld’seco

logicalbalance.Onalocallevel,thedamageoftheforestrequiredbyfull-sunfieldsaffectsthearea’sbirdsandanimals.Theshadeofthefores

ttreesprovidesahomeforbirdsandotherspecies(物种)thatdependonthetrees’flowersandfruits.Full-suncoffeegrowersdestroythisforesthome.Asares

ult,manyspeciesarequicklydyingout.Onamoregloballevel,thedestructionoftherainforestforfull-suncoffeefieldsalsothreatens(威胁)humanlife.Medic

alresearchoftenmakesuseoftheforests’plantandanimallife,andthedestructionofsuchspeciescouldpreventresearchersfromfi

ndingcuresforcertaindiseases.Inaddition,newcoffee-growingtechniquesarepoisoningthewaterlocally,andeventuallytheworld’sgroundwater.B

othlocallyandglobally,thecontinuedspreadoffull-suncoffeeplantations(种植园)couldmeanthedestructionoftherainforestecology.Th

elossofshadetreesisalreadycausingaslightchangeintheworld’sclimate,andstudiesshowthatthelossofoxygen-givingtreesalsol

eadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.Moreover,thenewgrowingtechniquesarecontributingtoacidic(酸性的)soilconditions.Itisobviousthatthewaymuchcoffeei

sgrownaffectsmanyaspectsoflife,fromthelocalenvironmenttotheglobalecology.Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpur

chaseshade-growncoffeewheneverpossible,althoughatahighercost.Thefuturehealthoftheplanetandmankindissurelyworthmorethananinexpensivecupofc

offee.54.Whatcanwelearnaboutfull-suncoffeeproductionfromParagraph4?A.Itlimitsthespreadofnewgrowingtechniques.B.Itleadstoairpollutio

nandglobalwarming.C.Itslowsdownthelossofshadetrees.D.Itimproveslocalsoilconditions.55.Thepurposeofthetextisto.A.ente

rtainB.advertiseCinstructD.persuade58.Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?A.Anagriculturalmagazine.B.Amedicaljournal.C.Anengineeringtextbook.D.

Atouristguide.59.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?（P：Paragraph)【解析】试题分析：文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产给环境和生态带来的种种危害，呼吁人们不要购买这种咖啡，而要买对环境有利的产品。56

.推理判断题。文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产会带来的破坏，应该是出自一本农业杂志，故选A。57.文章结构题。文章第一段介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题，二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏，第五段说服人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡，所以是

总分总的结构，故选A。Passage22【2015年陕西卷】Parentswhohelptheirchildrenwithhomeworkmayactuallybebringingdowntheirsc

hoolgrades.Otherformsofparentalinvolvement,includingvolunteeringatschoolandobservingachild’sclass,alsofailtohelp,acc

ordingtothemostrecentstudyonthetopic.Thefindingschallengeakeyprincipleofmodernparenting(养育子女)whereschoolsexpectthemtoactaspartnersintheirchildren

’seducation.Previousgenerationsconcentratedongettingchildrentoschoolontime,fed,dressedandreadytolearn.KeithRobinson,theauthorofthestudy,

said,"Ireallydon’tknowifthepublicisreadyforthisbuttherearesomewaysparentscanbeinvolvedintheirkids’educationthat

leadstodeclinesintheiracademicperformance.Oneofthethingsthatwereconsistentlynegativewasparents’helpwithhomework."Robinsonsuggestedthatmaybebecausep

arentsthemselvesstruggletounderstandthetasks."Theymayeithernotrememberthematerialtheirkidsarestudyingnow,orinsomecasesne

verlearntitthemselves,butthey’restillofferingadvice."Robinsonassessedparentalinvolvementperformanceandfoundoneofthemostdamagingthi

ngsaparentcoulddowastopunishtheirchildrenforpoormarks.Ingeneral,about20%ofparentalinvolvementwaspositive,abou

t45%negativeandthereststatisticallyinsignificant.Commonsensesuggestsitwasagoodthingforparentstogetinvolve

dbecause"childrenwithgoodacademicsuccessdohaveinvolvedparents",admittedRobinson.Buthearguedthatthisdidnotprovepare

ntalinvolvementwastherootcauseofthatsuccess."AbigsurprisewasthatAsian-Americanparentswhosekidsaredoingsow

ellinschoolhardlyinvolved.Theytookamorereasonableapproach,conveyingtotheirchildrenhowsuccessatschoolcouldimprovetheirlives."58.Theu

nderlinedexpression"parentalinvolvement"inParagraph1probablymeans________.A.parents’expectationonchildren’shealthB.parents’participatio

ninchildren’seducationC.parents’controloverchildren’slifeD.parents’planforchildren’sfuture59.WhatisthemajorfindingofRob

inson’sstudy?A.Modernparentsraisechildreninamorescientificway.B.Punishingkidsforbadmarksismentallydamaging.C.Parentalinvo

lvementisnotsobeneficialasexpected.D.Parentsarenotabletohelpwithchildren’shomework.60.TheexampleofAsian-Americanparentsimpliesthatparents

should________.A.helpchildrenrealizetheimportanceofschoolingB.setaspecificlifegoalfortheirchildrenC.spendmoretimeimprovingtheirownlivesD.

takeamoreactivepartinschoolmanagement【解析】试题分析：文章介绍和很多人预期不同的是父母过度地参与孩子的教育未必有好的效果。父母应该帮助孩子意识到学校教育的重要性。58.句意理解题。根据第

一段的句子：Otherformsofparentalinvolvement,includingvolunteeringatschoolandobservingachild’sclass,可知“parentali

nvolvement”指的是“父母参与孩子的教育”，故选B。Passage23【2015年四川卷】AcrossBritain,burnttoastwillbeservedtomothersinbedthismorningasoldersonsanddaughtersrushto

delivertheirsupermarketbunchesofflowers.But,accordingtoanewstudy,weshouldbeplacingahighervalueonmotherhoodallye

ar.Mothershavelongknownthattheirhomeworkloadwasjustasheavyaspaidwork.Now,thenewstudyhasshownthatifthey

werepaidfortheirparentallabours,theywouldearnasmuchas£172,000ayear.Thestudylookedattherangeofjobsmothersdo,aswe

llasthehourstheyareworking,todeterminethefigure.Thiswouldmaketheiryearlyincome£30，000morethanthePrimeMinisterearns.Byanalysingthenumbers,itfoundthe

averagemotherworks119hoursaweek,40ofwhichwouldusuallybepaidatastandardrateand79hoursasovertime.Afterquestioning1,000motherswit

hchildrenunder18,itfoundthat,onmostdays,mumsstartedtheirroutineworkat7amandfinishedataround11pm.Tocalculatejusthowmuchmoth

erswouldearnfromthatlabour,itsuggestedsomeoftherolesthatmumscouldtakeon,includinghousekeeper,part-timelawyer,personaltrainerandentertai

ner.Beingapart-timelawyer,at£48.98anhour,wouldprovetobethemostprofitableofthe“mumjobs”,withpsychologist（心理学家）acl

osesecond.Italsoaskedmothersaboutthechallengestheyface,with80percentmakingemotional（情感的）demandasthehardestthingaboutmotherhood.Overathirdofm

umsfelttheyneededmoretrainingandaroundhalfsaidtheymissedgoingoutwithfriends.Thestudyshowsmothersmatteral

lyearlongandnotjustonMother’sDay.Theemotional,physicalandmentalenergymothersdevotetotheirchildrencanbenever-ending,butchildrenarealsosourcesof

greatjoyandhappiness.Investing（投入）intimeforparentingandraisingrelationshipsismoneywellspent.38.HowmuchwouldamotherearnayearifworkingasthePrimeMinis

ter?A.￡30,000.B.￡142,000.C.￡172,000.D.￡202,000.39.Thebiggestchallengeformostmothersisfrom.A.emotionaldemandB.lowpayforworkC.heavyworkloadD.lackoftr

aining40.Whatisstressedinthelastparagraph?A.Mothers’importanceshowsinfamilyallyearlong.B.Thesacrificesmothersmakearehuge

butworthwhile.C.Mothers’devotiontochildrencanhardlybecalculated.D.Investingtimeinparentingwouldbringafinancialreturn.41.Whatcanweconcludef

romthestudy?A.Mothers’workinghoursshouldbelargelyreduced.B.Mothersshouldbalancetheirtimeforworkandrest.C.Mothers’labourisofahigher

valuethanitisrealised.D.Mothersshouldbefreedfromhouseworkforsociallife.【解析】这是一篇写在母亲节的文章，在母亲节这一天，每个人都会对母亲做出一些事，比如一束

花等等，但是作者认为，母亲这一职业值得全年的关注，因为它包含太多。38.B细节理解题。根据文章的theywouldearnasmuchas＄172,000ayear.以及Thiswouldmaketheiryearlyincome￡3000morethanthePrim

eMinisterearns.可知，总理的工资是172000-30000=142000。故选择B。41.C推理判断题。根据文章第一段的But,accordingtoanewstudy,weshouldbeplacingahighervalueonmot

herhoodallyear.可知，作者认为母亲的重要性应该得到更多的关注，故选择C。Passage24【2015年四川卷】Theircheerysongbrightensmanyawinter'sday.Butrobinsareindangerofwear

ingthemselvesoutbysingingtoomuch.Robinsaresingingallnight—aswellasduringtheday,British-basedresearcherssay.Davi

dDominoni,ofGlasgowUniversity,saidthatlightfromstreetlamps,takeawaysignsandhomesisaffectingthebirds'biologicalclocks,leadingtothembeingwideawakew

hentheyshouldbeasleep.DrDominoni,whoisputtingcamerasinsidenestingboxestotracksleepingpatterns,saidlackofsleepcouldputthebirds'healthatris

k.Hisstudyshowsthatwhenrobinsareexposedtolightatnightinthelab,itleadstosomegenesbeingactiveatthewrongtimeofday.Andt

hemorebirdsareexposedtolight,themoreactivetheyareatnight.Hetoldpeopleataconference,"Therehavebeenacoupleofstudiessugges

tingtheyareincreasingtheirsongoutputatnightandduringthedaytheyarestillsinging.Singingisacostlybehaviourandi

ttakesenergy.Sobyincreasingtheirsongoutput,theremightbesomecostsofenergy."Anditisnotjustrobinsthatarebeingkeptawake

byartificiallight.Blackbirdsandseagullsarealsobeingmorenocturnal.DrDominonisaid,"InGlasgowwhereIlive,gullsareaseriousprobl

em.Ihavepeoplecomingtomesaying‘Youarethebirdexpert.Canyouhelpuskillthesegulls?'.Duringthebreeding(繁殖)season,betw

eenAprilandJune,theyareveryactiveatnightandverynoisyandpeoplecan'tsleep."AlthoughDrDominonihasonlystudiedlightpollut

ion,otherresearchconcludedthatrobinslivinginnoisycitieshavestartedtosingatnighttomakethemselvesheardoverloudnoise.However,somebirdsthrive(兴旺)innoisye

nvironments.AstudyfromCaliforniaPolytechnicStateUniversityfoundmorehummingbirdsinareaswithheavyindustrialmachinery.Itisthoughtthattheyareca

pitalisingontheirpredators(天敌)fleeingtoquieterareas.42.AccordingtoDrDominoni'sstudy,whatcausesrobinstos

ingsomuch?A.Thebreedingseason.B.ThelightinmodemlifeC.Thedangerousenvironment.D.Thenoisefromheavymachinery.43.Whatistheresearc

hers'concernovertheincreaseofbirds'songoutput?A.Theenvironmentmightbepolluted.B.Thebirds'healthmightbe

damaged.C.Theindustrycostmightbeincreased.D.Thepeople'shearingmightbeaffected.44.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"nocturnal"inParagraph5me

an?A.Activeatnight.B.Inactiveatnight.C.Activeduringtheday.D.Inactiveduringtheday.45.Whydosomebirdsthriveinnoisyenvironments?A.Becausethe

rearefewerdangers.B.Becausethereismorefoodtoeat.C.BecausethereislesslightpollutionD.Becausetherearem

oreplacestotakeshelter.【解析】试题分析：本文主要介绍了一项研究调查的结果，由于人类制造的光线问题，越来越多的鸟类如知更鸟在晚上也会唱歌，这极大地影响了鸟的健康。42.B细节理解题。根据文章第二段的DavidDominoni,ofGl

asgowUniversity,saidthatlightfromstreetlamps,takeawaysignsandhomesisaffectingthebirds'biologicalclock,leadingtothem

beingwideawake可知选择B。45.A细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的Itisthoughtthattheyarecapitalisingontheirpredators(天敌)fleeingt

oquieterareas.可知，它们的天敌都去了安静的地方，故选择A，指在这些工业区，天敌更少，也就是危险更少。Passage25【2015年四川卷】NooneissurehowtheancientEgyptian

sbuiltthepyramidsnearCairo.Butanewstudysuggeststheyusedalittlerock‘n’roll.Long-agobuilderscouldhaveatt

achedwoodenpolestothestonesandrolledthemacrossthesand,thescientistssay.“Technically,Ithinkwhatthey’reproposingis

possible,”physicistDanielBonnsaid.PeoplehavelongpuzzledoverhowtheEgyptiansmovedsuchhugerocks.Andthere’snoobviousanswer.Onaverag

e,eachofthetwomillionbigstonesweighedaboutasmuchasalargepickuptruck.TheEgyptianssomehowmovedthestoneblockstothe

pyramidsitefromaboutonekilometeraway.ThemostpopularviewisthatEgyptianworkersslidtheblocksalongsmoothp

aths.Manyscientistssuspectworkersfirstwouldhaveputtheblocksonsleds(滑板).Thentheywouldhavedraggedthemalongpaths.

Tomaketheworkeasier,workersmayhavelubricatedthepathseitherwithwetclayorwiththefatfromcattle.Bonnhasnowtestedthisideabybuild

ingsmallsledsanddraggingheavyobjectsoversand.Evidencefromthesandsupportsthisidea.Researchersfoundsmallamountsoffat,aswellasala

rgeamountofstoneandtheremainsofpaths.However,physicistJosephWestthinkstheremighthavebeenasimplerway,wholedthe

newstudy.Westsaid,“Iwasinspiredwhilewatchingatelevisionprogramshowinghowsledsmighthavehelpedwithpyramidcon

struction.Ithought,‘Whydon’ttheyjusttryrollingthethings?’”Asquarecouldbeturnedintoaroughsortofwheelbyattachingwoodenpolestoitssides,herealize

d.That,henotes,shouldmakeablockofstone“aloteasiertorollthanasquare”.Sohetriedit.Heandhisstudentstiedsomepolestoeachoffoursidesof

a30-kilogramstoneblock.Thatactionturnedtheblockintosomewhatawheel.Thentheyplacedtheblockontheground.Theywrappedoneendofaropearoundtheblockan

dpulled.Theresearchersfoundtheycouldeasilyrolltheblockalongdifferentkindsofpaths.Theycalculatedthatrollingtheblockrequiredaboutasmuchforceasmovi

ngitalongaslippery(滑的)path.Westhasn’ttestedhisideaonlargerblocks,buthethinksrollinghasclearadvantagesoversliding.Atleast

,workerswouldn’thaveneededtocarrycattlefatorwatertosmooththepaths.46.It’swidelybelievedthatthestoneblocksweremovedtothepyramidsiteby______.A.

rollingthemonroadsB.pushingthemoverthesandC.slidingthemonsmoothpathsD.draggingthemonsomepoles47.Theunderlinedpart“lubricate

dthepaths”inParagraph4means____.A.madethepathswetB.madethepathshardC.madethepathswideD.madethepathsslipper

y48.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph7referto?A.Rollingtheblockswithpolesattached.B.Rollingthebl

ocksonwoodenwheels.C.Rollingpolestomovetheblocks.D.Rollingtheblockswithfat.49.WhyisrollingbetterthanslidingaccordingtoWest?A.Becausemorefo

rceisneededforsliding.B.Becauserollingworkcanbedonebyfewercattle.[来源:学科网ZXXK]C.Becauseslidingonsmoothroadsismor

edangerous.D.Becauselesspreparationonpathsisneededforrolling.50.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Anexperimentonwaysofmovingblockstothepyramidsite.B.A

napplicationofthemethodofmovingblockstothepyramidsite.C.Anargumentaboutdifferentmethodsofmovingblockstothepyramidsite

.D.Anintroductiontoapossiblenewwayofmovingblockstothepyramidsite.47.D词义猜测题。根据第四段的Tomaketheworkeasier,以及下文的eitherwithwetcla

yorwiththefatfromcattle.可知，这样做是为了让路更加平滑，故选择D。48.A词义猜测题。这是考查指代词的指代内容，由于是指代词，可知内容应该在上文，根据第六段的内容可知，选择A，意为把杆绑在石

块上，然后滚动石块。49.D细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的workerswouldn’thaveneededtocarrycattlefatorwatertosmooththepaths.可知，滚动石块不需要有准备工作，故选择D

。50.D主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章主要讲述了一种新的把石块移动到金字塔地址的方法，故选择D。Passage26【2015年天津卷】Whetherinthehomeortheworkplace,socialrobotsa

regoingtobecomealotmorecommoninthenextfewyears.Socialrobotsareabouttobringtechnologytotheeverydayworldina

morehumanizedway,saidCynthiaBreazeal,chiefscientistattherobotcompanyJibo.Whilehouseholdrobotstodaydothenormalhousework,soc

ialrobotswillbemuchmorelikecompanionsthanmeretools.Forexample,theserobotswillbeabletodistinguishwhensomeoneishappyorsad.Thisallow

sthemtorespondmoreappropriatelytotheuser.TheJiborobot,arrangedtoshiplaterthisyear,isdesignedtobeapersonalizedassistant.Youc

antalktotherobot,askitquestions,andmakerequestsforittoperformdifferenttasks.Therobotdoesn’tjustdelivergen

eralanswerstoquestions;itrespondsbasedonwhatitlearnsabouteachindividualinthehousehold.Itcandothingssuchasremindinganelderlyfamilymembertotakemedicine

ortakingfamilyphotos.Socialrobotsarenotjustfindingtheirwayintothehome.Theyhavepotentialapplicationsineverythingfromeducationtohealthcare

andarealreadyfindingtheirwayintosomeofthesespaces.FellowRobotsisonecompanybringingsocialrobotstothemarket.Thecompany’s“Oshbot”robotisbuilttoassi

stcustomersinastore,whichcanhelpthecustomersfinditemsandhelpguidethemtotheproduct’slocationinthestore.Itca

nalsospeakdifferentlanguagesandmakerecommendationsfordifferentitemsbasedonwhatthecustomerisshoppingfor.Themoreinte

ractiontherobothaswithhumans,themoreitlearns.ButOshbot,likeothersocialrobots,isnotintendedtoreplaceworkers,buttoworkalo

ngsideotheremployees.“Wehavetechnologiestotrainsocialrobotstodothingsnotforus,butwithus,”saidBreazeal.

41.Howaresocialrobotsdifferentfromhouseholdrobots?A.Theycancontroltheiremotions.B.Theyaremorelikehumans.C.Theydothenormalhousework.D.Theyrespondtouse

rsmoreslowly.42.WhatcanaJiborobotdoaccordingtoParagraph3?A.Communicatewithyouandperformoperations.B.Ans

weryourquestionsandmakerequests.C.Takeyourfamilypicturesanddelivermilk.D.Obeyyourordersandremindyoutotakepills.43.WhatcanOshbotworkas

?A.Alanguageteacher.B.Atourguide.C.Ashopassistant.D.Aprivatenurse.44.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthatsocialrobotswill______

______.A.trainemployeesB.beourworkmatesC.improvetechnologiesD.taketheplaceofworkers45.Whatdoesthepassagemainlypresent

?A.Anewdesignideaofhouseholdrobots.B.Marketingstrategiesforsocialrobots.C.Informationonhouseholdrobots.D.Anintrodu

ctiontosocialrobots.【解析】试题分析：文章大意：文章主要介绍了社会机器人的功能与作用。41.B细节理解题。根据文章第二段Whilehouseholdrobotstodaydothenormalhousework,socialrobotswillbemuchmore

likecompanionsthanmeretools.可知社会机器人更像人或不是纯粹的工具。故选B。42.D细节理解题。根据文章第二段“hisactiontokeephisbalanceagainstthestrongwindsmadeforsomeheart－stoppin

g(令人担忧的)momentsfortheaudience.”可知选D。