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南京师大附中2022-2023学年度第2学期高一年级期中考试英语试卷注意事项考生在答题前请认真阅读本注意事项及各题答题要求。1.本试卷满分为150分,考试时间为120分钟。2.答卷前,务必将姓名、班级、学号
、考场号、座位号、准考证号填写在答题卡上。3.请用0.5毫米黑色签字笔按题号在答题卡指定区域作答,在其它位置作答一律无效。第一部分听力(共两节,满分20分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)听下面
5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1.Whatdidthemanhavefromthewoman’smother?A.Cucumbers.B
.Tomatoes.C.Pumpkins.2.Whatarethespeakersprobablydoing?A.Running.B.Fishing.C.Swimming.3.Whatdoesthewomanoffertodofortheman?A.Gi
vehimaride.B.Buysomemedicine.C.Makeanappointment.4.Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A.Secretary
andboss.B.Classmates.C.Studentandteacher.5.Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?A.Ataclothingstore.B
.Atarestaurant.C.Atasupermarket.第二节听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;
听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料,回答第6、7题。6.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A.Whatsportstheylike.B.Whentheylearnspor
ts.C.Howtheypracticesports.7.Whatdoesthewomanthinkofskateboarding?A.Itissuitableforeveryone.B.Itishelpfulinmakingfriends.C.
Itiseasytolearn.听第7段材料,回答第8、9题。8.WhathappenedtoBonzo?A.Helosthisball.B.Hefellterriblyill.C.Hehadanaccident.9.Howdoesthemanf
eelaboutwhathappened?A.Sorry.B.Thankful.C.Disappointed.听第8段材料,回答第10至12题。10.Whocanhearverywellaccordingtotheman?A.Thewoman’ssis
ter.B.Theman’sfather.C.Themanhimself.11.Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomando?A.Spendmoretimeoutside.B.Gotoseeadoctor.C.Checkherfamilyhistory.12.Whydo
esn’tthewomanwantahearingaid?A.Shedoesn’twanttolookold.B.Shedoesn’twanttospendthemoney.C.Shedoesn’twanttotaketheman’sadvice.听第9
段材料,回答第13至16题。13.Wheredidthemanjustarrive?A.Athisoffice.B.Athisschool.C.Inaschool.14.Whywasthemanlate?A.Helosthisway.B.Hestoppedon
theway.C.Hewasstuckintraffic.15.Wheredoesthemanwork?A.Inapolicestation.B.Inashoppingmall.C.Inaschool16.Whatwil
lthemandonext?A.Havesomethingtodrink.B.Takeoffhisuniform.C.Findaplacetopark.听第10段材料,回答第17至20题。17.WhendidMisterRoger’sNeighborhoodbe
gin?A.In1968.B.In1978.C.In2001.18.WhatdidFredRogerswanttocreatemostofall?A.Theshowstoteachpeoplesomething.B.Theshowstomakem
oneyforothers.C.Theshowstoentertainfamouspeople19.WhatdoweknowaboutFredRogers?A.Hethoughtparentsshouldlearnfromchildren
.B.Hehostedaninterviewshowlastingforayear.C.Hetaughtchildrenhowtotalkwiththeirparents.20.WhichofthesebookssoundslikeoneofFredRogers’boo
ks?A.MakingFriends.B.LookingforaJob.C.DrivingaCar第二部分阅读理解(共两节,满分60分)第一节(共20小题;每小题2.5分,满分50分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。A..RINGINGINYOUREARS?ENT
DOCTORDEVELOPEDTinnitusspecialistsarenowrecommendinganewmedicallybasedprogramwhichcanoffergenuinerelieffor
tinnitus-SoundTherapy!Ifyouhave:√Ringingintheears√Workrelatednoiseexposure√Dizzinessorvertigo(眩晕)√Difficultyhearingclearly√Blockedear/s√Sle
epingproblemsSoundTherapymaybetheanswer!CALL1300557796TolearnexactlyhowourprogramworksandgetaFREEDVDinfopackvisitourwebsitewww.myso
undtherapy.com/rdorcall1300557796anddiscussyourneedswithoneofourconsultants“IsuddenlyrealisedIdidn’thavetinnitusanymore!”KelvinPlemi
ng.PanelbeaterEffectiveTinnitusRelief-atlast!Everyyearmillionsofpeoplevisittheirdoctorscomplainingoftinnitus(ringingintheears),andm
ostaretoldthattheyjusthavetolearntolivewithit.Affectingapproximately20%ofthepopulation,tinnitusisastressfulcond
itionthatcancausesleeplessness,anxietyandsocialisolation.Itisoftenaccompaniedbydizziness,acertaindegreeofsoundsensitivit
y,blocked-earorhearingloss.Nowthereisanewhome-basedtreatmentwhichcomesfromtheresearchontheearandbrain.Ituseshighfrequencystim
ulation,throughmusic,torebuildandorganizebrainconnections.Theresult,formostlisteners,isrelieforreductionoftinnitusandrelatedcon
ditions.Benefitscanalsoincludebettersleep,clearerhearing.bettermemory,reliefofdizzinessandvertigo(眩晕)andageneral
feelingthatthebrainissharperandcommunicationiseasier.ForafreeDVDandinformationpackcalltheSoundTherapy
nationalenquirylineon1300557796.SoundTherapyINTERNIATIONPtyLtd1.Accordingtotheadvertisement,whichofthefollowingisTRUEoftinnitus?A.20%ofthesuffe
rersvisitdoctorsforit.B.Itmayresultinmanyhealthproblems.C.Itiscausedbysleeplessnessandanxiety.D.Tinnitusspe
cialistsmaylosehearing.2.HowdoestheSoundTherapyprogramwork?A.Byreducingone’sexposuretonoise.B.Byofferingpatientst
innitusreliefpills.C.Byhiringthebestdoctorsandresearchers.D.Byusingmusictoimprovebrainconnections.·3.Bycalling1300557796,one
can_______.A.discusswithENTdoctorsB.buysomeDVDinfopacksC.talktoaconsultantabouthisneedsD.participateinthe
programforfree【答案】1.B2.D3.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了耳鸣的症状、治疗方法和效果等。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据文章右栏第一段最后一句“tinnitusisastressfulconditionthatcancausesleeplessness,anxi
etyandsocialisolation.Itisoftenaccompaniedbydizziness,certaindegreeofsoundsensitivity,blocked-earorhearingloss.(耳鸣是一种有压力的疾病,它会导致失眠、焦虑和社会隔离。常伴有头晕、一定程
度的声音敏感、耳塞或听力损失)”可知,耳鸣常伴有其他的症状,可能会导致许多健康问题。故选B项。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据右栏第二段第二句“Itusehighfrequencystimulation,throughmusic,tore-buil
dandorganizebrainconnections.(它利用高频率的刺激,通过音乐,重建和组织大脑连接)”可知,声音疗法的原理是通过高频率的刺激,通过音乐重建和大脑的联系。故选D项。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据左侧最后一段“Tolearnexactlyhowourprogramworks
andgetaFREEDVDinfopack,visitourwebsitewww.mysoundtheraphy.com/rdorcall1300557796anddiscussyourneedswithoneofourconsultants.(要确切了解我们的计划如
何运作并获得免费的DVD信息包,请访问我们的网站www.mysoundtheraphy.com/rd或致电1300557796与我们的一位顾问讨论您的需求)”可知,打1300557796这个电话可以了解更多信息,获得免费DVD,还可
以与顾问探讨自己的详细需求。故选C项。BThere’sanewAIbot:ChatGPT,andyou’dbetterpayattention,evenifyouaren’tintoartificialintelligence.
ThetoolisanAIchatbotsystemthatOpenAIreleasedinNovember2022toshowoffandtestwhataverylarge,powerfulAIsystemcanachieve.ChatGPTremembersthethread
ofyourdialogue,usingpreviousquestionsandanswerstoinformitsnextresponses.Itobtainsitsanswersfromhugevolum
esofinformationontheInternet.ChatGPTisbuiltontopoftheOpenAIGPT-3familyoflargelanguagemodelsusingboths
upervisedandreinforcementlearning(监督和强化学习).YoucanaskChatGPTanything,likeexplainingphysics,askingforbirthdaypartyideasandgettingprogramminghelp.Pe
rhapsit’snotsmartenoughtoreplaceallhumansyet,butitcanbecreative,anditsanswerscansounddownrightauthori
tative(权威的).Afewdaysafteritslaunch,morethan1millionpeopleweretryingoutChatGPT.UBSanalystLloydWalmsleyestimatedinF
ebruary2023thatChatGPTreached100millionmonthlyusersinJanuary,achievingin2monthswhattookTikTokabout9monthsandInstagramtwoandahalfyear
s.ChatGPTisfreetouseatthemomentbecauseitisstillinitsresearchstage.Butwhentoomanypeoplevisitthesite,it
overloadsandcan’tprocessyourrequest.Itjustmeansyoushouldtryitatalatertimewhenfewerpeoplearetryingtoacces
sit.Ifyouwanttoskipthewaitandhavereliableaccess,thereisanoptionforyou.AsofFeb.1,2023,OpenAIhasaChatGPTproplan,ChatGPTPlus,whichallowsuserstohavegene
ralaccessevenduringpeaktimes.Thisservicedoescomeatacostof$20/month.However,ChatGPTcannotreplaceGoogle.ChatGPTisanart
ificialintelligencebotthatprovidessolutionstoyourquestiors,butGoogleisasearchengineinwhichyoucansearchforasmu
chinformationaspossible.ChatGPThaslimitedknowledgeduetoitsprogrammingbutGooglehasunlimitedknowledgewhichisupdatedeve
ryday.4.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusaboutChatGPT?A.Itslanguagemodel.B.Itsworkingtheory.C.Itsdesigninspi
ration.D.Itsdevelopmentprocess.5.Whyarethefigureslistedinparagraph3?A.ToshowthepopularityofChatGPT.B.Tostressthehi
ghcostofinventingChatGPT.C.ToprovethenecessityofdevelopingChatGPT.D.Topresentthecreativityofartificia
lintelligence.6.WhatisChatGPTPlusintendedtodo?A.Toguideuserstoexperiencefreeservices.B.Toallownetsurferstoskipadvertisements.C.Tohe
lpresearchersdetectthefailureofthesystem.D.Toofferconsumerspriorityaccessduringpeakhours.7Whatisthelim
itationofChatGPTcomparedwithGoogle?A.Itoperatesbasedonlimiteddata.B.Itupdatesinformationatafixedtime.C.It
takesmoretimetosearchforsolutions.D.Itservesacertainnumberofcustomersatatime.【答案】4.B5.A6.D7.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了ChatGPT的出现,市场反应,
并对它的优点及弊端进行分析。【4题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“ChatGPTremembersthethreadofyourdialogue,usingpreviousquestionsandanswerstoinformitsnextresponses.Itderives
itsanswersfromhugevolumesofinformationontheInternet.ChatGPTisbuiltontopoftheOpenAIGPT-3familyoflargelanguagemodelsandisfine-tuned(amethodof
transferlearning)usingbothsupervisedandreinforcementlearning(监督和强化学习).(ChatGPT会记住你对话的线索,使用之前的问题和答案来告知它的下一个回答。它从互联网上的海量信息中获得答案。ChatGPT建立在OpenAIGPT-
3家族的大型语言模型之上,并使用监督学习和强化学习进行了微调)”可知,本段描述了ChatGPT的操作使用,告诉我们它的工作原理。故选B项。【5题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段中“Afewdaysafter
itslaunch,morethan1millionpeopleweretryingoutChatGPT.UBSanalystLloydWalmsleyestimatedinFebruary2023thatChatGPTreach
ed100millionmonthlyusersin.January,accomplishingin2monthswhattookTikTokabout9monthsandInstagramtwoandahalfyears.(C
hatGPT上线几天后,就有超过100万人在试用。UBS分析师LloydWalmsley在2023年2月估计,ChatGPT在1月份的月用户数达到了1亿,只用了两个月的时间,就完成了TikTok大约9个月和Instagram两年半的任务)”可知,本段所列数字显示Cha
tGPT非常受欢迎。故选A项。【6题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中“AsofFeb.1,2023,OpenAIhasaChatGPTproplan,ChatGPTPlus,whichallowsuserstohavegeneralaccesse
venduringpeaktimes.Thisservicedoescomeatacostof$20/month.(截至2023年2月1日,OpenAI推出了ChatGPT专业计划ChatGPTPlus,允许用户在高峰时段也能进行一般访问。这项服务的费用是每月20美元)”
可知,ChatGPTPlus的目的是在高峰时段给予用户优先访问权。故选D项。【7题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中“ChatGPThaslimitedknowledgeduetoitsprogrammingbutGooglehasunlimite
dknowledgewhichisupdatedeveryday.(由于它的编程,ChatGPT的知识有限,但谷歌有无限的知识,每天都在更新)”可知,与谷歌相比,ChatGPT局限性是基于有限的数据进行操作
。故选A项。CManyimportantdecisionscomedowntoachoicebetweenkeepingthesupposedsafetyandriskinggoingoutforachanc
eatgettingsomethingevenbetter.Thoughrisk-takingpreferencesvarybetweenindividuals,researchwithhumansshows
thatwe’reallgenerallylesswillingtotakerisksinsituationswithmoreambiguous(不确定的)outcomes.“Thefindingsh
ouldalsoapplytorisk-takinginchimps(黑猩猩),oneofourclosestevolutionary(进化的)ancestors,”saidHaux,fromMaxPlanckInstitutefor
HumanDevelopment.Totesttheevolutionaryrootsofhumanriskpreference,Hauxandhiscolleaguesmeasured55chimpslivinginreservesf
ortheirriskyandambiguouschoicesinanexperimentalsetting.Ineachtrial,theychoseaballfromoneoftwopots.Onepotwasalwayssafebecauseitcontainedtwoballsf
illedwithonepeanuteach.Intheriskycondition,thesecondpotalsocontainedtwoballs,butonewasfilledwithtwopeanutsandtheotherwithnothing.Int
heambiguouscondition,theballsinthesecondpotstillcontainedtworewardsornothing,butthechimpscouldn’tseethecontentsinthepot.Onaver
age,chimpschosetheriskypotoverthesafepot55%ofthetimebutchosetheambiguouspotoverthesafepotinjust25%oftrials.Thissuggeststha
tchimps,likehumans,prefertoavoidsituationswithambiguousversusknownrisks.“Structuralsimilaritiesinriskpreferencesofhum
ansandoneofourclosestlivingrelativesarelikelytoreflectadaptationstosimilarchangesinevolution.Whilemanyotherfactorsmayinfl
uencehumanrisk-takingpreferences,theparallelsbetweenhumanandchimpbehaviorsuggestthatevolutionaryadaptationshavehelpedsetaconsistent(一致的)baseline,”Ha
uxsaid.Futureworkwillcomparehowtherisk-takingpreferencesofchimpslivinginreservesmaydifferfromthoselivinginzoosorinthewild,aswellashowthe
ycomparetothoseofbonobos,anothercloseevolutionaryrelativeofhumans,Hauxadded.8.Whatwasthepurposeoftheresearchonchimps?A.Tocomparetheirintelligen
celevelwithhumans’.B.Toprovethatchimpsaremorewillingtotakerisks.C.Totestthetheevolutionaryrootsofhumanrisk
preference.D.Tofindoutthedifferencesbetweenhumansandchimps.9.Whichillustratestheriskyconditionintheexperimentalsetting?A.B.C.D.10.Wh
atdoestheunderlinedword“parallels”inparagraph4probablymean?A.Conflicts.B.Interactions.C.Misunderstandings.D.Similarities.11.W
hatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Hauxissatisfiedwiththecurrentresearch.B.Otheranimalswillbestudiedformoreevidence.C.Theresearchtopicwillbe
shiftedtoanotherfield.D.Bonoboswillbestudiedbecausetheyliveinthewild.【答案】8.C9.B10.D11.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。为了检验人类冒险偏好的进化根源,Haux和他的同事在一个实验环境中测量了55只生
活在保护区的黑猩猩的冒险和模糊选择。通过实验他们发现,黑猩猩和人类一样,更喜欢避免风险模糊的情况。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句“Totesttheevolutionaryrootsofhumanri
skpreference,Hauxandhiscolleaguesmeasured55chimpslivinginreservesfortheirriskyandambiguouschoicesinanexperimenta
lsetting.(为了检验人类冒险偏好的进化根源,Haux和他的同事们在实验环境中测量了55只生活在保护区的黑猩猩的冒险和模糊选择)”可知,对黑猩猩进行研究的目的是为了检验人类冒险偏好的进化根源。故选C项。【9题详解
】细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“Intheriskycondition,thesecondpotalsocontainedtwoballs,butonewasfilledwithtwopeanutsandtheot
herwithnothing.(在冒险的条件下,第二个罐子里也有两个球,但一个里面装满了两颗花生,另一个什么也没有)”可知,第二个图的内容与实验的描述项符合。故选B项。【10题详解】词义猜测题。根据第四段中Haux所说的第一句“Structuralsimilaritiesinriskpref
erencesofhumansandoneofourclosestlivingrelativesarelikelytoreflectadaptationstosimilarchangesinevolution.(人类和我们最亲近的亲缘动物之一在冒险偏好上的结构相似性可能反
映了对进化中类似变化的适应)”和单词parallel后面的“betweenhumanandchimpbehaviorsuggestthatevolutionaryadaptationshavehelpedsetac
onsistentbaseline(人类和黑猩猩之间的行为的……表明,进化适应有助于建立一致的基线)”可知,此处说的是人类和黑猩猩之间的相似性,parallels和上一句中的similarities是对应的。故选D项。【11题详解】推理判断题。根
据最后一段的内容“Futureworkwillcomparehowtherisk-takingpreferencesofchimpslivinginreservesmaydifferfromthoselivinginzoosorinthewild,aswellashowtheyco
mparetothoseofbonobos,anothercloseevolutionaryrelativeofhumans,Hauxadded.(Haux补充说,未来的工作将比较生活在保护区的黑猩猩与生活在动物园或野外的黑猩猩的冒险
偏好有何不同,以及它们与人类的另一个近亲——倭黑猩猩的冒险偏好有何不同)”可以推论出,研究人员还会研究其它动物以获得更多证据。故选B项。DIntheancientwalledcityofSana’a,mudskyscrapersrise
highintothesky.Thetoweringstructuresarebuiltentirelyoutofearthanddecoratedwithamazinggeometricpatterns.Thelocalmudarchitectureissouniquethatthecityha
sbeenrecognizedasaUNESCOWorldHeritagesite.“Asanoutstandingexampleofarchitecturereflectingthespatial(空间的)characteristicsoftheearlyyears,thecityinitsla
ndscapehasanextraordinaryartisticquality,”UNESCOwritesinitsdescriptionofSana’a.“Thebuildingsalsoshowexception
alcraftsmanship(工艺)intheuseoflocalmaterialsandtechniques.”EventhoughthebuildingsinSana’aarethousandsofyearso
ld,theancientstructuresarestillinhabitedtodayandmostremainprivatehouses.Itiseasytoseewhythesemudbuildingsh
avenotlosttheirappeal—theyarewell-insulated(隔热的),sustainableandextremelyadaptableformodernuse.“Itisthearchitectureofthefuture,”saysD
amluji,co-founderoftheMudBrickArchitectureFoundation.Architectsaroundtheworldarereviving(复兴)raw-earthconstructionastheyseektoconstruct
sustainablebuildingsthatcansurviveextremeweathereventssuchasflashfloodsandintenseheat.Couldthisancientformofarchitectureinfluencethe
designofourfuturehomes?Theconstructionindustryaccountsfor38%ofglobalcarbondioxideemissions.Thebuildingse
ctorhasanimportantroletoplayiftheworldistomeetthegoalofreachingnetzeroby2050.Concrete,acommonmodernconstructionmaterial,hasahugecarb
onfootprint.Replacingconcretewithlesspollutingmaterialsisimportanttoachievingourclimategoals,scientistswarn.Theancien
tmaterial,mud,couldbetheperfectsustainablereplacementforconcrete,accordingtoDamluji.Constructingwithmudhasaverylowimpactontheenvironmentandthemate
rialitselfisfullyrecyclable,shesays.“Ifyouwanttopulldownawallorchangethedesign,youcanrecycleallthematerials.”Anaddedbenefitisthatmudbuildingsar
ewarminthewinterandcoolinthesummer.Thisreducestheneedforairconditioningunits,whichconsumelargeamountsofelectricityandcontainrefri
gerants(制冷剂)thatmakeupgreenhousegasemissions.Mudstructuresarealsoincrediblystrongandresistanttoextreme
weather,suchasheatwaves,floodsanddroughts,whichscientistssaywillbecomemorefrequentandintenseastemperaturescontinu
etorise.Therefore,peoplewhowishtoliveinamodern,comfortablehomeshouldconsideronemadeofmud.Overall,itmakesforhighlyadvancedaswellassustain
abledesign.12.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,buildingsinSana’aare“unique”because.A.theyaretallandtowerovertheentirecityB.theirgeometricpat
ternscreateartisticfeelingsC.theyarebeautifullycraftedwithlocalresourcesD.theirfascinatinghistoryhasattractedmanytourists13.Which
ofthefollowingisTRUEaboutmudmaterialsaccordingtothepassage?A.Theycanreducethechanceofextremeweatherevents.B.Theycanbeidealforsus
tainableconstructionofthefuture.C.Theymightproducealotofgreenhousegasemissions.D.Theymightcausesubstantialtemperaturechanges.14.Itcan
beinferredfromthepassagethat________.A.mudmightbeanimportantsolutiontotheclimatecrisisB.themudbuildingsinSan
a’aarenolongersuitabletoliveC.rebuildingmudconstructionwouldtakegreateffortsD.mudhasbecomethefavouritematerialofarchitects15.What’stheauthor’sat
titudetowardsraw-earthconstructioninthebuildingindustry?A.Cautious.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.Supportive.16.What
mightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.HistoricCitiesMarkHumanCivilizationB.ConstructionIndustryThreatenClimateGoalsC.ModernArchitectureSurviveExtremeWea
therD.AncientMaterialMakeforFutureHouseDesigns【答案】12.C13.B14.A15.D16.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文以Sana’a具有特色的泥质城堡引入,主要介绍了泥浆这
种古老的材料可作为完美的可持续的建筑材料。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段的“Thetoweringstructuresarebuiltentirelyoutofearthanddecoratedwithamazinggeometricpatterns.Thelocalm
udarchitectureissouniquethatthecityhasbeenrecognizedasaUNESCOWorldHeritagesite.(这些高耸的建筑完全是用泥土建造的,装饰着引人注目的几何图案。当地的泥建筑非常独特,因此这座城市已被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产)”
和第二段的“Thebuildingsalsoshowexceptionalcraftsmanship(工艺)intheuseoflocalmaterialsandtechniques.(这些建筑还展示了
在使用当地材料和技术方面的卓越工艺)”可知,Sana’a的建筑的独特之处在于它们是用当地的资源进行精心装饰的。故选C。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段的“Itiseasytoseewhythesemudbuildingshavenotlosttheirappeal—theyarewell-in
sulated(隔热的),sustainableandextremelyadaptableformodernuse.“Itisthearchitectureofthefuture,”saysDamluji,co-founderoftheMudBrickArchitectureFoundation
.(很容易理解为什么这些泥建筑没有失去吸引力——它们隔热良好,可持续发展,非常适合现代使用。“这是未来的建筑,”泥砖建筑基金会的联合创始人Damluji说)”和第四段的“Architectsaroundtheworldarerevi
ving(复兴)raw-earthconstructionastheyseektoconstructsustainablebuildingsthatcansurviveextremeweathereventssuchasflashfloodsa
ndintenseheat.(世界各地的建筑师正在复兴生土建筑,因为他们寻求建造能够抵御暴洪和高温等极端天气事件的可持续建筑)”可知,泥土材料是未来可持续建设的理想选择。故选B。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Theconstructionindustryac
countsfor38%ofglobalcarbondioxideemissions.Thebuildingsectorhasanimportantroletoplayiftheworldistomeetthegoalofreachingnetzeroby2050.Concrete,acomm
onmodernconstructionmaterial,hasahugecarbonfootprint.Replacingconcretewithlesspollutingmaterialsisim
portanttoachievingourclimategoals,scientistswarn.(建筑业占全球二氧化碳排放量的38%。如果世界要实现到2050年实现净零排放的目标,建筑行业可以发挥重要作用。混凝土是一种常见的现代建筑材料,它的碳足迹非常大。科学家警告说,用污染更少的材料取代混
凝土对实现我们的气候目标至关重要)”和倒数第二段的“Theancientmaterial,mud,couldbetheperfectsustainablereplacementforconcrete,accordingtoDamluji.Constructingwith
mudhasaverylowimpactontheenvironmentandthematerialitselfisfullyrecyclable,shesays.(达姆利伊表示,这种古老的材料——泥浆,可能是混凝土的完美可持续替代品。她说,用泥浆建筑对环境的影响非常小,而
且材料本身是完全可回收的)”推知,泥浆可能是气候危机的重要解决方法。故选A。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Therefore,peoplewhowishtoliveinamodern,comfortablehomeshouldcon
sideronemadeofmud.Overall,itmakesforhighlyadvancedaswellassustainabledesign.(因此,想要住在现代舒适的房子里的人应该考虑用泥土做的房子。总的来说,它有助于高度先进和可
持续的设计)”推知,作者对建筑行业的生土建筑持支持态度。故选D。【16题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文,并结合第三段的“Itiseasytoseewhythesemudbuildingshavenotlosttheirappeal—theyarewell-insu
lated(隔热的),sustainableandextremelyadaptableformodernuse.“Itisthearchitectureofthefuture,”saysDamluji,co-f
ounderoftheMudBrickArchitectureFoundation.(很容易理解为什么这些泥建筑没有失去吸引力——它们隔热良好,可持续发展,非常适合现代使用。“这是未来的建筑,”泥砖建筑基金会的联合创始人Damluji说)”和最后一段“Therefore,peoplewhowi
shtoliveinamodern,comfortablehomeshouldconsideronemadeofmud.Overall,itmakesforhighlyadvancedaswellassustainabledesign.(因此,想
要住在现代舒适的房子里的人应该考虑用泥土做的房子。总的来说,它有助于高度先进和可持续的设计)”可知,本文主要介绍了泥浆这种古老的材料可作为完美的可持续的建筑材料。D项“古老的材料造就了未来的房屋设计”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。E
“Leaveheralone.”HansHubermannenteredthefray(争吵).Hisgentlevoicemadeitswayin,asslippingthroughacrowd.“Leavehertome.”Hemovedcloserandsatonthefl
oor,againstthewall.Thefloorwascoldandunkind.“Youknowhowtorollacigarette?”heaskedher,andforthenexthourorso,theysatintherisingpoo
lofdarkness,playingwiththetobaccoandthecigarettepapersandHansHubermannsmokingthem.Whenthehourwasup,Lieselcouldr
ollacigarettewell.Shestilldidn’thaveabath.Tomostpeople,HansHubermannwasbarelyvisible.Anun-specialperson.Certainly,hispaintingskillswereexcellent.Hism
usicalabilitywasbetterthanaverage.Somehow,though,andI’msureyou’vemetpeoplelikethis,hewasabletoappearasmerelypartofthebackground,even
ifhewasstandingatthefrontofaline.Hewasalwaysjustthere.Notnoticeable.Notimportantorparticularlyvaluable
.Thefrustrationofthatappearance,asyoucanimagine,wascompletelymisleading,let’ssay.Theredefinitelywasvalueinhim,anditdidnotgounnoticed
byLieselMeminger.(Thehumanchild—somuchclevererattimesthanthestupidadults.)Shesawitimmediately.Hismanner.Thequietairaroundhim.Whenheturnedthel
ightoninthesmall,humblewashroomthatnight,Lieselobservedthestrangenessofherfosterfather’s(养父)eyes.Theyweremadeofk
indness,andsilver.Likesoftsilver,melting.Liesel,uponseeingthoseeyes,understoodthatHansHubermannwasworthalot.WhenLieselfinallyhadabath,aftert
woweeksoflivingonHimmelStreet,Rosagaveheranenormoustighthug.Nearlychokingher,shesaid,“It’sabouttime!”Afterafewmonths,theywere
nolongerMrandMrsHubermann.Withafewtypicalwords,Rosasaid,“Nowlisten,Liesel—fromnowonyoucallmeMama.”Shethoughtamoment.“Whatdidyoucallyo
urrealmother?”Lieselansweredquietly.“AlsoMama.”17.WhatmightbethecauseofthefraybeforeHansinterruptedit?A.Lieselrefusedtohaveabath.B.Li
eselwasannoyedbyRosa’scooking.C.Lieselwantedtolearnhowtorollacigarette.D.LieselsufferedfromlivingwithHansandRosa.18.WhatdidLieselnoticeimmedia
telywhenshemetHans?A.Hismusicalability.B.Hispaintingskills.C.Hisbeinginvisible.D.Hispersonalqualities.19.Whichofthef
ollowingexpressionsbestdescribeLiesel?A.Shyandthoughtful.B.Sensitiveandclever.C.Naughtyandtough.D.Imaginativeandeasy-going.20.
Whatdoestheunderlinedsentence“Afterafewmonths,theywerenolongerMrandMrsHubermann.”mean?A.LieselstartedtocallthemHannsandRosa.B.Lieselwassentbacktoh
errealparents.C.Lieseladaptedherselftothenewfamily.D.LieselwasusedtoRosa’sstrangemanner.【答案】17.A18.D19.A20.C【解析】【导语】本文是小说《偷书贼》的节选。文章介绍了Liesel
融入新家庭的过程,并介绍了HansHubermann和RosaHubermann的人物特点。【17题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Whenthehourwasup,Lieselcouldrollacigarettewell.Shestilldidn’thaveabath.(时间到了,Li
esel可以很好地卷一支烟了。她仍然没有洗澡)”和倒数第三段“WhenLieselfinallyhadabath,aftertwoweeksoflivingonHimmelStreet,Rosagaveheranenormoustighthug.Nearlychok
ingher,shesaid,“It’sabouttime!”(在Himmel街住了两个星期后,Liesel终于洗了个澡,Rosa紧紧地拥抱了她一下。她哽咽着说:“是时候了!”)”可推知,Hans介入前,她们争吵的原因是Liesel拒绝洗澡。故选A。【18题详解】推理
判断题。根据第五到七段“Theredefinitelywasvalueinhim,anditdidnotgounnoticedbyLieselMeminger.(Thehumanchild—somuchclevererattimesthanthestupidadults.)Shesa
witimmediately.Hismanner.Thequietairaroundhim.(他身上肯定有价值,LieselMeminger也注意到了这一点。(人类的孩子——有时比愚蠢的成年人聪明得多。)她立刻就看出来了。他的态度。他安静的神态)
”可推知,Liesel遇到Hans时立刻注意到了他的个人品质。故选D。【19题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“WhenLieselfinallyhadabath,aftertwoweeksoflivingonHimmelStreet,Rosa
gaveheranenormoustighthug.(在Himmel街住了两个星期后,Liesel终于洗了个澡,Rosa紧紧地拥抱了她一下)”和倒数第二段的“Afterafewmonths,theywerenolongerMrandMrsH
ubermann.(几个月后,他们不再是Hubermann先生和Hubermann太太了)”可知,Liesel一开始到这个家很拘束,并且经历了几个月才适应。由此推知,Liesel比较害羞。根据最后一段“Liesela
nsweredquietly.“AlsoMama.”(Liesel安静地回答。“还是叫妈妈。”)”以及第二段黑体字部分的“Herwayofshowingitjusthappenedtobestrange.Itinvolvedbashingherwithwoodenspoo
nandwordsfromtimetotime.(她的表现方式恰好很奇怪。其中包括不时用木勺打她以及用言语抨击她)”可知,尽管养母偶尔打骂她,但LieselMeminger还是愿意叫她妈妈。由此推知,LieselMeminger是善解人意、体贴的。故选A。【20题
详解】词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段的“Withafewtypicalwords,Rosasaid,“Nowlisten,Liesel—fromnowonyoucallmeMama.”Shethoughtamoment.“Whatdidyouc
allyourrealmother?”(几句平常典型的话后,Rosa说:“听着,Liesel,从现在起你叫我妈妈。”她想了一会儿。“你怎么称呼你的亲生母亲?”)”可知,几个月后Rosa接纳了Liesel,
让她叫自己妈妈,这意味着Liesel慢慢适应了这个家庭。由此猜测“Afterafewmonths,theywerenolongerMrandMrsHubermann.”的意思是“Liesel适应了这个新的家庭”。故选C。第二节(共5小
题;每小题2分,满分10分)阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Somepeopleprefertohaveabitetoeatbeforehittingthegym,knownasafedworkout.Others
wouldliketowaituntilafterexercisingtorefueltheirbodies,calledafastedworkout.___21___Manyexpertssaythere
’snoeasyanswerbecauseitdependsontheperson.Ifyouwantenergyandstrengthforanidealworkout,youneedfuel.Afedworkoutwillprovi
deyourbodywithpower.Eatingbeforeexercisemayhelpyousustainlongersessionsandliftheavierweights.___22___Musclepreservatio
nisalsoanessentialcomponentofstrengtheningyourbody.Nitrogen(氮)iscriticalforprocessingproteinthatbuildshealthymuscl
es.Peopletendtoloselessnitrogenduringafedworkoutthanafastedone.Manyfitnessenthusiastsarenotonboardwiththisidea.Theyreportfeelingsickandinactivew
hiletryingtoexerciseaftereating.Withafastedworkout,youmaynotgettheusualindigestion.Expertsforfastedworkoutsf
urtherclaimthateatingafterwardsmakesyourbodyuseitsfatreservesforenergy,meaningyouwillburnmorefat.___23___Itcancaus
easuddendropinyourbloodglucose(葡萄糖)levels,andyoumayfeeldizzy.Youmayevenbemorelikelytoovereat.___24___N
otallfoodsarecreatedequal.Forexample,ifyouchooseafedworkout,you’llprobablylosealotofwaterduringanintensetrai
ning,soyoushouldconsiderdrinkingsomebeforehand.Withafastedworkout,itwouldhelpifyouhadsomenutritionrightafteryoursession
iscomplete.Drinksomewater.Then,havealightmealornutritionalsnack.Decidingwhentoeatforanidealworkoutisapersonalchoice.Bothfastedworkoutsan
dfedactivitieshavetheirbenefitsandshortcomings.___25___A.However,afastedworkoutmightnotworkforyou.B.Howyourbodyw
illrespondisbasedonyourworkoutintensity.C.Thesebenefitscanresultinburningmorefatandshapingaslimmerbody.D.Toeatornottoeat,thatisthequestiononmanyf
itnessenthusiasts’minds.E.Thinkthoroughlyanddiscusswithyourfitnessinstructorbeforetakingachoice.F.Knowingwhattoeatforanidealworkoutisju
stasimportantasknowingwhentoeat.G.Apersondoinga30-minutesessionadaymaynothaveaproblemwithfastedworkouts.【答案】21.D22.C23.A24.F25.E【解析】【导语】这
是一篇议论文。文章讨论了进食锻炼和快速锻炼的优缺点,告诉人们在做出选择之前,彻底地考虑并与自己的健身教练讨论。【21题详解】根据上文“Somepeopleprefertohaveabitetoeatbef
orehittingthegym,knownasafedworkout.Otherswouldliketowaituntilafterexercisingtorefueltheirbodies,calledafaste
dworkout.(有些人喜欢在去健身房之前先吃点东西,这被称为“进食锻炼”(fedworkout)。另一些人则喜欢等到运动结束后再给身体补充能量,这被称为禁食锻炼。)”和下文“Manyexpertssaythere’snoeasyanswerbecauseitdependsonthe
person.(许多专家说这个问题没有简单的答案,因为这取决于个人。)”可知,空处提出关于“锻炼前吃或者不吃这个问题”。D项中地“thequestion”和下文的“answer”对应。D项:Toeatornottoeat,tha
tisthequestiononmanyfitnessenthusiasts’minds.(吃还是不吃,这是许多健身爱好者心中的问题。)符合语境。故选D。【22题详解】根据上文“Eatingbeforeexercisemayhelpyousustainlongersessionsandlifthe
avierweights.(运动前吃点东西可以帮助你坚持更长时间,举起更重的重量。)”可知,此处说明了运动前吃东西的好处,与C项的“Thesebenefits”对应。C项:Thesebenefitscanresultinburningmorefatandshapingaslimmerbod
y.(这些好处可以燃烧更多的脂肪,塑造更苗条的身材。)符合语境。故选C。【23题详解】根据上文“Expertsforfastedworkoutsfurtherclaimthateatingafterwardsmakesyourbodyuseitsfatreservesforener
gy,meaningyouwillburnmorefat.(研究快速运动的专家进一步声称,在快速运动之后吃东西会让你的身体把储存的脂肪用作能量,这意味着你会燃烧更多的脂肪。)”和下文“Itcancauseasuddendropinyourbloodg
lucoselevels,andyoumayfeeldizzy.(它会导致你的血糖水平突然下降,你可能会感到头晕。)”可知,上文提到快速运动的好处,下文提到快速运动的危害,上下文之间形成转折关系。A项:However,afastedworkoutmightnotwork
foryou.(然而,快速锻炼可能并不适合你。)符合语境。故选A。【24题详解】根据下文“Notallfoodsarecreatedequal.(并不是所有的食物都生而一样。)”可知,空处提到锻炼应该吃什么很重要。F项:Knowingwhattoeatforanidealworkouti
sjustasimportantasknowingwhentoeat.(知道理想的锻炼应该吃什么和知道什么时候吃一样重要。)符合语境。故选F。【25题详解】根据上文“Decidingwhentoeatf
oranidealworkoutisapersonalchoice.Bothfastedworkoutsandfedactivitieshavetheirbenefitsandshortcomings.(决定何时进食进行理想的锻炼是个人的选择。禁食锻炼和进食锻炼都有各自的优点和缺点。)”
可知,本段讨论的是如何做出决定的问题,E项中的“beforetakingachoice.”与主旨对应。E项:Thinkthoroughlyanddiscusswithyourfitnessinstructorbeforetakingachoice.(在做出选择之前,彻底地考虑
并与你的健身教练讨论。)符合语境。故选E。第三部分语言知识运用(共两节,满分25分)第一节完形填空(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的
最佳选项。Severalyearsago,aneighborkidkickedafootballandbrokeabasementwindowofmyhouse.Duetolackofmoney,I____26____itup,thi
nkingI’dgettoitsomeday.Overtheyears,Ihadplannedtoupgradetoenergy-efficientwindows.Butwiththeframe(窗框
)rusted(锈)andfirmly____27____inthefoundation,whoeverdiditwouldneedtocutitoutbyhand.Itwouldbea____28____processandthereweresixofthosewindowsintheho
use.Thecostwasestimatedat$1,500.Itwassimply____29____.Honestly,the____30____ofthatwindowateatmeforyears.IknewIneededtofixit,butIhad____
31____thedifficultysomuchinmymindthatIputitoffagainandagain.ThenIhadajobchangeandneededtosellthehousebeforemovingaway.B
utitwasalmost____32____tofindabuyeriftherewasabrokenwindow.SoIpulledofftheboardstofacethisthinghead-on.Igrabbedsom
erustremover,____33____itaroundtheframeofthewindow,andgaveitapull.Tomyastonishment,iteasily____34____Itookthewind
owdowntown.Itonlycostme$12.Icouldhave_____35_____theproblemforonly$12whenitoccurred,butIletitbothermeforfiveyears!_____36
_____,thisisn’tjustaboutmywindow.Manyofuslivewithbrokenwindowsofonetypeoranother.Theyarethingsthatseriouslyaffectour_
____37_____oflife.Ifyourecognizeyourbrokenwindow,don’t_____38_____tomendit.Itmayturnouttobe_____39_____thanexpected.
Usuallywesuffermorein_____40_____thaninreality.26.A.toreB.boardedC.packedD.made27.A.lostB.mixedC.buriedD.stuck28A.brain-burningB.labo
r-consumingC.energy-wastingD.risk-taking29.A.outofreachB.beyondcontrolC.athandD.inamess30.A.decisionB.confusionC.thoughtD.riddle31.A
.takenupB.heldupC.brokenupD.builtup32.A.shamefulB.impossibleC.pointlessD.unfair33.A.fixedB.heldC.spread
D.wrapped34.A.brokeB.fellC.missedD.moved35.A.ignoredB.addressedC.delayedD.considered36.A.ActuallyB.FrequentlyC.Unexpectedly
D.Luckily.37.A.meaningB.paceC.wayD.quality38.A.attemptB.tendC.hesitateD.pretend39.A.easierB.tougherC.cheaperD.quicker40.A.practiceB.imaginationC.p
hilosophyD.memory【答案】26.B27.D28.B29.A30.C31.D32.B33.C34.D35.B36.A37.D38.C39.A40.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者讲述了自己家的窗户被打破后,没有及时修理,但这个问题困扰他多年,最后发现只需要12美元就
可以解决这个问题,因此告诫人们要及时修补生活中的漏洞,否则会影响生活质量。【26题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意:由于经济原因,我用木板堵住被打破的窗户,打算以后再修。A.tore撕碎;B.boarded用木板覆盖;C.packed打包;D.made制作。根据上文“anei
ghborkidkickedafootballandbrokeabasementwindowofmyhouse.Duetofinancialproblems”和下文“SoIpulledofftheboards”可知,窗户被打破了,由于经济原因,作者只好先用木板堵住。故选B。【27题详解】考查动词
词义辨析。句意:但是由于窗框生锈了,牢固地卡在地基里。无论谁做都必须用手将其凿出来。A.lost失去;B.mixed混合;C.buried埋葬;D.stuck卡住。根据下文“whoeverdiditwouldneedtochisel(凿)itou
tbyhand”可知,由于窗框生锈了,牢固地卡在地基里,必须用手凿出来。故选D。【28题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:那将是一个费力的过程,因为房子里总共有6个那样的窗户。A.brain-burning
烧脑的;B.labor-consuming费力的;C.energy-wasting浪费能量的;D.risk-taking冒险的。根据上文“whoeverdiditwouldneedtochisel(凿)itoutbyhand”可知,6个窗户要用手凿出来,
这将是一个费力的工作。故选B。【29题详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意:那样的预算我是够不着的。A.outofreach够不着;B.beyondcontrol失控;C.athand在手边;D.inamess一团糟。根据上文“Thecostwasestimatedat﹩15,000.”可知,作者由于经
济原因,那样的预算太高,他够不着。故选A。【30题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意:坦率地讲,窗户的问题困扰了我多年。A.decision决定;B.confusion困惑;C.thought想法;D.riddle谜。根据下文“IknewIneededtofixit,butIhad____6____th
edifficultysomuchinmymindthatIputitoffagainandagain.”可知,是否要去修窗户的想法困扰着作者。故选C。【31题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意:我知道我需要
解决它,但我已经在脑海中建立了这么多的困难,我一次又一次地拖延。A.takenup占据,从事;B.heldup耽搁,支撑;C.brokenup破裂;D.builtup增进,建立。根据上文“Itwouldbea____3____p
rocessandthereweresixofthosewindowsinthehouse.Thecostwasestimatedat$1,500.Itwassimply____4____.”可知,作者在自己的脑海中建立了很多困难。故选D。【32题详解】考查形容词
词义辨析。句意:但是,如果窗户破着,找到买主是不可能的。A.shameful可耻的;B.impossible不可能的;C.pointless无意义的;D.unfair不公平的。根据上文“ThenIhadajobchangeandneededtosellthehousebeforemovi
ngaway.”可知,由于工作改变,作者需要卖房。但是如果窗户破着,找到买主是不可能的。故选B。【33题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意:我抓了一些除锈的东西,散布到窗户的框架上,用力一拉。A.fixed固定,修理;B.held拿
,持有;C.spread使散开,散布;D.wrapped包裹。根据上文“Igrabbedsomerustremover”和下文“aroundtheframeofthewindow”可知,是将除锈的东西撒到窗户的框架上,spread
“使散开”符合题意。故选C。【34题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意:令我惊奇的是,窗户的框架很容易被移动。A.broke打破;B.fell倒下;C.missed错过;D.moved移动。根据下文“Itookthewindowdowntown.”可知,作者将拆下的窗户拉到市区,由此
可知窗户的框架很容易被移动。故选D。【35题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意:我本应该当问题出现的时候就去解决,但是我却延误了5年。A.ignored忽略;B.addressed设法解决;C.delayed延误;D.considered考虑。根据下文“butIl
etitbothermeforfiveyears!”可知,作者让问题延误了5年,才去设法解决。故选B。【36题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意:实际上,这不仅仅是我的窗户问题。A.Actually实际上;B.Consequently因此;C.Frequently频繁地;
D.Luckily幸运地。根据下文“Manyofuslivewithbrokenwindowsofonetypeoranother”可知,我们许多人都忍受着不同类型的破窗户问题。由此可知,实际上,这不仅仅是一
个窗户问题。故选A。【37题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意:那些是影响我们生活质量问题的事情。A.meaning含义;B.pace速率;C.way路,方法;D.quality质量。根据上文“Manyofuslivewithbrokenw
indowsofonetypeoranother”可知,我们许多人都忍受着不同类型的破窗户问题。而这些问题影响我们生活质量。故选D。【38题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意:如果你认识到你的窗户破了,要毫不犹豫地去修理。A.attempt尝试;B.tend趋向于;C.hesi
tate犹豫;D.pretend假装。根据上文“Ifyourecognizeyourbrokenwindow”可知,如果你认识到你的窗户破了,要毫不犹豫地去修理。故选C。【39题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:(及时修理的话)结果比预料的要容易。A.easier更容易的;B.toug
her更困难的;C.cheaper更便宜的;D.quicker更快的。根据上文“Ifyourecognizeyourbrokenwindow,don’t____13____tomendit.”可知,作者建议问题出现时要赶紧解决,应该是结果比预料的要容易。故选A。【40题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意
:通常情况下,我们在想象中受到的苦要比现实中的要多。A.practice陈习;B.imagination想象;C.philosophy哲理;D.memory记忆。根据下文“thaninreality”结合作者5年以来一直想象着处理窗户问题很麻可知
,这里将想象中受到的苦和现实中的苦进行比较。故选B。第二节短文填空(共10小题;每小题1分,满分10分)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Youalreadyknowthatsmokingisbadforyouandthatdrin
kingtoomuchalcoholmay____41____(short)yourlife.Nowanewstudysaysthatspendingtoomuchtimeinachairandnothavingenoughsleepshouldjoi
nashortlistofbehaviors____42____(know)toincreaseyourriskofprematuredeath.Sittingforalongtimeandlackofsleepweredamagingintheirownway
,butwhencombinedwithmoretraditionalriskfactors,____43____hadamultipliereffectthatmadeanearlydeathfarmorelikely.Th
efindings,publishedinthejournalPLOSMedicine,makeclearthat“someriskbehaviorstendtocometogetherand____44____thejointriskcouldbe
muchhigherthanthesumoftheindividualrisks”.Forinstance,smokingwasthemostdangerousriskfactoramongthesixstudied.Thesmallnumberofpeoplefor____45____smoki
ngwastheironlybadhabitwere90percentmorelikelytodieduringthecourseofthestudythanwerepeoplewithpracticedcleanlivingineveryaspect.P
eoplewhoreportedhighalcoholconsumptionastheironlyriskfactordidnotseem____46____(put)theirlivesindanger.Butforthosew
hocombinedheavydrinkingwithsmoking,theriskofprematuredeathwasdoubled.Andwhenlackofsleep____47____(add)tothemix,thelikelihoo
dofanearlydeathwasnearlyfivetimes____48____(great)eventhoughlackofsleepbyitselfhadonlyalighteffect____49____death.Consideringfactors
suchasage,gender,educationandotherfactors,theresearcherssaw____50____clearpattern.Itwasaperson’sbadlifestylethatcontributedtohisorher
riskofprematuredeath.【答案】41.shorten42.known43.they44.that45.whom46.toput##tobeputting##tohaveput47.wasadded4
8.greater49.on50.a【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了懒惰和缺乏睡眠会缩短你的寿命,尤其是当两者结合在一起时,风险可能远远高于单个风险的总和。【41题详解】考查动词。句意:你已经知道吸烟有
害健康,酗酒可能会缩短你的寿命。情态动词may后接动词原形,表示“缩短”用动词shorten。故填shorten。【42题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:现在一项新的研究表明,长时间坐在椅子上和睡眠不足会增加过早死亡的风险。分析句子成分可
知,宾语从句的谓语动词为“shouldjoin”,所以提示词应为非谓语动词,与逻辑主语ashortlistofbehaviors为动宾关系,应用过去分词。故填known。【43题详解】考查代词。句意:久坐和睡眠
不足本身就有危害,但当它们与更传统的风险因素结合在一起时,会产生乘数效应,使早死的可能性大大增加。分析句子成分可知,but后的分句中,主句缺少主语,结合句意应为代词they指代前文提到的“Sittingforalongtime”和“lack
ofsleep”。故填they。【44题详解】考查宾语从句。句意:发表在《公共科学图书馆·医学》(PLOSMedicine)杂志上的研究结果明确指出,“一些风险行为往往会结合在一起,且联合风险可能远远高于单个风险
的总和”。分析句子成分可知,动词短语makeclear后接了两个宾语从句,第二个宾语从句成分和意义都完整,所以用只起连接作用的that,且不可以省略。故填that。【45题详解】考查定语从句。句意:在研究过程中,一小部分吸烟是
唯一坏习惯的人死亡的可能性比在各方面都有实际清洁生活的人高90%。分析句子成分可知,“for_______smokingwastheironlybadhabit”应为定语从句,修饰先行词people,关系词替代先行词在定语从句中充当介词“for”的宾语,应用关系代词whom。故填whom。【4
6题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:那些将大量饮酒作为唯一危险因素的人似乎并没有将自己的生命置于危险之中。固定搭配seemtodosth.“似乎做某事”。因“大量饮酒”动作与“生命置于危险之中”动作先后情况
不明显,所以可以用todo;也可以用tobedoing表示前后动作几乎同时进行;也可用tohavedone表示先后动作顺序。故填toput/tobeputting/tohaveput。【47题详解】考查时态和语态。句意:如果再加上睡眠不足,早死的可能性会增加近5倍,尽管睡眠
不足本身对死亡的影响很小。分析句子成分可知,空处为时间状语从句的谓语动词,根据主句谓语动词was判断为一般过去时,且主语lackofsleep和add之间是被动关系,应用一般过去时的被动语态;主语不可数,助动词用was
。故填wasadded。【48题详解】考查形容词比较级。句意同上。结合上下文语境可知,此处是把睡眠不足导致早死的风险和一般情况作对比,应用great的比较级greater作表语。故填greater。【49题详解】考查介词
。句意同7小题。结合句意表达“对……有影响”应用haveaneffecton。故填on。【50题详解】考查冠词。句意:句意:考虑到年龄、性别、教育程度等因素,研究人员发现了一个清晰的模式。pattern“模式”是可数名词单数形式,此处是泛指,应添加不定冠词,且clear的发
音是辅音音素开头,应用a。故填a。第四部分课内语言知识运用(共四节,满分45分)第一节语法知识填空(共6小题;每小题1分,满分6分)根据句子内容,在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。51.Starbucks,whichisoneofthelargestcof
feehousechainsacrosstheglobe,________(keep)itsstoresopenonallmajorholidays.(所给词的适当形式填空)【答案】keeps【解析】【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。
句意:星巴克是全球最大的咖啡连锁店之一,在所有重大节日都开门营业。根据句意和定语从句的时态是一般现在时可知,该句子应该用一般现在时;再由主语Starbucks可知,谓语动词应该用第三人称单数形式。故填keeps。52.Aft
erschoolwewenttothereadingroomtodosomereading,onlytobetoldthatit________(decorate).(所给词的适当形式填空)【答案】wasbeingdecorated【解析】【分析】【详解】考查时态语态。句意:放学后我们去阅览室
读书,结果被告知阅览室正在装修。根据主句中的went判断是过去时间,that引起的宾语从句中缺少谓语,当时正在被装修,所以用一般过去时的被动语态was/werebeingdone.故填wasbeingdecorated.53.Hopefullyin2025wewillnolo
ngerbee-mailingeachother,forwe_______(develop)moreconvenientelectroniccommunicationtoolsbythen.(所给词适当形式填空)【答案】willhavede
veloped【解析】【详解】考查动词时态。句意:在2025年我们有望不再互相发电子邮件了,因为到那时我们就已经开发出更便捷的电子交流工具了。根据时间状语bythen(相当于by2025)可知,设空处需用将来完成时。故填wi
llhavedeveloped。54.China'shigh-speedrailways_____(grow)from9,000to25,000kilometersinthepastfewyears.(所给词的适当形式填空)【答案】havegrown【解析】【详解】考查动词的时
态。句意:在过去的几年里,中国的高铁已经从9,000千米发展到了25,000千米。根据题干中的时间状语inthepastfewyears可知,句中谓语动词的时态用现在完成时,又因提示词和逻辑主语之间表示主
动关系。故填havegrown。55.Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswho________(trap)inthemountainsfortwodays.(所给词的适当形式填空)【答案】hadbee
ntrapped【解析】【详解】考查时态语态。句意:一位救援人员冒着生命危险救了两名被困在山里两天的游客。分析句子可知,twotourists为先行词,作定语从句的主语,且与谓语为被动关系。trap所表示的动作发生在riskedhislife之前,所以本句为过去完成时的被动语态。故填hadbee
ntrapped。56.TheXi’anCityWall________(build)originallytoprotectthecityintheTangdynastyandhasnowbeencompletelyrestored.(
所给词的适当形式填空)【答案】wasbuilt的【解析】【详解】考查时态语态。句意:西安城墙最初是在唐代修建的,用于保护城市,现已完全修复。空处为and并列句的谓语动词,陈述过去的事情,且主语TheXi’anCityWall和build是被动关系,应用一般过去时的被动语态,主语是单数。故
填wasbuilt。第二节单词填空(共20小题;每小题1分,满分20分)根据句子内容和首字母提示,写出所缺单词,使句子意思完整、语法正确。每空一词。57.Somecyclistsmakethea___
_____thattrafficlawsdonotapplytothem,butthisisnottrue.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】assumption##ssumption【解析】【详解】考查名词。句意:一些骑自行车的人认为交通法不适用于他们,但事实并非如此。根据首字母提示和
句意可知,名词assumption“假定”符合题意,作宾语,抽象概念不可数。故填assumption。58.Tom________herweight,shesimplychoosesfruitsandvegetablesoverfatsandsweets.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】m
aintain##aintain【解析】【详解】考查动词。句意:为了保持体重,她只选择水果和蔬菜,而不是脂肪和糖果。根据首字母提示和句意可知,动词maintain“维持”符合题意,空处填其原形和to构成不定式,作目的状语。故填maintain。59.Shewasveryi________in
theinterviewandamazedalltheinterviewerswithherdepthofknowledge.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】impressive##mpressive【解析】【详解】考查形容词。句意:她在面试中给人留下
了深刻的印象,她的知识深度让所有面试官都感到惊讶。根据首字母提示和句意可知,形容词impressive“令人印象深刻的”符合题意,作表语。故填impressive。60.Thepolicethinkthevideotapemayholdso
mevitalcuestothei________ofthekiller.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】identity##dentity【解析】【详解】考查名词。句意:警方认为录像带可能为凶手的身份提供了一些重要线索
。根据首字母提是和句意可知,名词identity“身份”符合题意,作宾语,根据killer可知名词用单数形式。故填identity。61.ThetermCosplaycomesfromJapanandismadeupof“c________”and“play”.(根据
首字母单词拼写)【答案】costume##ostume【解析】【详解】考查名词。句意:Cosplay这个词来自日本,由“costume”和“play”两个词组成。根据句意和所给首字母c分析句子可知,空格处应该填入一个以字母c开头的名词,且意义
为“服装,戏装”,所以应该用名词costume。故填costume。62.ColumbusDayisnowofficiallyo________onthesecondMondayinOctoberinUSA.(根据
首字母单词拼写)【答案】observed##bserved【解析】【详解】考查动词和语态。句意:现在,美国官方将哥伦布日定为每年10月的第二个星期一庆祝。根据首字母提示和句意可知,动词observe“庆祝”符合题意,和主语ColumbusDay是被动关系,应用其过去分词observ
ed和is构成一般现在时的被动语态。故填observed。63.TheUN’sroleinp________peaceisincreasinglythefocusofinternationalattentio
n.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】promoting##romoting【解析】【详解】考查动词。句意:联合国在促进和平方面的作用日益成为国际社会关注的焦点。根据首字母提示和句意可知,动词promote“促进”符合题意,
介词in后用其动名词形式作宾语。故填promoting。64.WiththesuccessfullaunchofDongfanghong-1in1970,Chinastarteditse________
intospaceandhasbecomeoneofthemajorspacepowersintheworld.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】exploration##xploration【解析】【详解】考查名词。句意:1970年,随着东方红一号的成功发射,
中国开始了太空探索,已成为世界主要太空大国之一。根据首字母提示和句意可知,名词exploration“探索”符合题意,作宾语,抽象概念不可数。故填exploration。65.Tobea________toakeyuniversity,allthestudentsinseniorthreeare
makingeveryefforttoprepareforthecomingnationalexam.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】admitted##dmitted【解析】【详解】考查动词。句意:为了被一所重点大学录取,所有高三的学生都在竭尽全力为即将到来的全国考试做准备。根
据首字母提示和句意可知,动词admit“准许进入”符合题意,beadmittedto“被录取”是固定短语,因此空处填过去分词。故填admitted。66.Youareoneofthemostexcellentexamplesofsuccess.Warmestc________on
yourgreatvictory.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】congratulations##ongratulations【解析】【详解】考查名词。句意:你是成功的最佳范例之一。热烈祝贺你取得巨大胜利。根据首字母提示和句意可
知,名词congratulation“祝贺”符合题意,可数名词,常用复数形式。故填congratulations。67.Ihavelearnedmanylanguages,butI’venotm____
____theminthewayaprofessionalinterpreterortranslatorhas.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】mastered##astered【解析】【详解】考查动词。句意:我学过很多语言,但我还没有像专业口译员或翻译人员那样掌握它
们。根据句意和所给首字母m以及空格前的have分析句子可知,空格处应该填入一个以字母m开头的动词过去分词形式,构成现在完成时,且意义为“掌握”,所以应该用mastered。故填mastered。68.Theactressperformedso
wellthattheaudiencecheeredandc________theirhandsexcitedly.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】clapped##lapped【解析】【详解】考查动词和时态。句意:这位女演员表演得如此出色,以至于观众们兴
奋地欢呼和拍手。根据首字母提示和句意可知,动词clap“鼓掌”符合题意,和cheered并列作谓语,也用一般过去时。故填clapped。69.Doyouknowhowmuchpainwesufferwhenweathletesgeti
________andstillhavetocompete?(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】injured##njured【解析】【详解】考查形容词。句意:你知道当我们运动员受伤还要比赛时,我们会承受多大的痛苦吗?根据首字母提示和句意可知,形容词injured“受伤的”符合题意,作表语。
故填injured。70.Thegovernmentyesterdaya________tothemediaplanstocreateamillionnewjobs.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】announced##nnounced【解析】【详解】考查动词和时态。句意:政府昨天向媒体宣
布了创造100万个新工作岗位的计划。根据首字母提示和句意可知,动词announce“宣布”符合题意,作句子谓语动词,根据时间状语yesterday判断用一般过去时。故填announced。71.Assoo
nastheprofessorsteppedoutoftheroom,theboystoodupands________hisarms,complaininghowsimpleandboringthelecturewas.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】swung##wung【解析】【详解
】考查动词和时态。句意:教授一走出房间,男孩就站了起来,挥舞着手臂,抱怨讲座多么简单和无聊。根据首字母提示和句意可知,动词swing“挥动,挥舞”符合题意,和stoodup并列作主句谓语动词,陈述过去的事情,应用一般过去时。故填swung。
72.Tomakelifeinteresting,weneedtobreakoutfromourdailyr________anddosomethingexciting.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】routine##outine【解析】【详解】考查名词。句意:
为了让生活变得有趣,我们需要从日常生活中解脱出来,做一些令人兴奋的事情。根据首字母提示和句意可知,名词routine“乏味生活,日常生活”符合题意,作宾语,不可数。故填routine。73.Theevidence
givenincourtdidn’tgowithwhathehadp________toldthem.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】previously##reviously【解析】【详解】考查副词。句意:法庭上提供的证据与他之前告诉他们的不一致。根据句意和所
给首字母p分析句子可知,空格处应该填入一个以字母p开头的副词作状语,修饰后面的told,且意义为“先前,之前”,所以应该用副词previously。故填previously。74.Thereisnoroadaheadofusbutt
heroadwillcomeintoe________afterwewalkthrough.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】existence##xistence【解析】【详解】考查名词。句意:我们面前没有路,但我们走过之
后路就形成了。根据首字母提示和句意可知,名词existence“存在”符合题意,作宾语,comeintoexistence“建立,成立,存在”是固定短语。故填existence。75.Wecanmissthetruebeautyandw
isdominpeoplewhoatfirstglancelooko________.(根据首字母单词拼写)【答案】ordinary##rdinary【解析】【详解】考查形容词。句意:我们可能会错过那些乍一看很普通的人身上真
正的美丽和智慧。根据首字母提示和句意可知,形容词ordinary“普通的”符合题意,作表语。故填ordinary。76.Forlessf________emails,usehiorheywithoutaname,ordon’tuseagreetingatall.(根据首字母单词拼写)【
答案】formal##ormal【解析】【详解】考查形容词。句意:对于不太正式的电子邮件,使用不带名字的hi或hey,或者根本不使用问候语。根据句意和所给首字母f可知,空格处应该填入一个以字母f开头的形容词作定语,修饰后面的名词emails,且意义为“正式的”,所以应该用形容词for
mal。故填formal。第三节词组填空(共10小题;每小题1分,满分10分)根据句子内容和括号中所给出的中文意思,写出所缺词组,使句子意思完整、语法正确,每空一词。77.Hehadmadealotofresearch.________________(不足为奇)hekne
wsomuchaboutit.(根据汉语提示完成句子)【答案】①.No②.wonder【解析】【详解】考查固定短语。句意:他做了大量的研究。难怪他知道这么多。根据汉语提示,“不足为奇”可以用固定短语nowonder表示。故填Nowonder。78.Inth
ehistoryofeducation,humansmadeaspecialeffortto________________(使世代相传)theirvaluabletraditions.(根据汉语提示完成句子)【答
案】①.pass②.down【解析】【详解】考查动词短语。句意:在教育史上,人类为传承他们宝贵的传统做出了特殊的努力。根据句意和所给汉语提示可知,空格处应该填入一个动词短语,其意义为“使世代相传”,所以应该用短语passdown;再由空格前的不定式符合
to可知,pass应该用原形。故填passdown。79.TheDoubleNinthFestival________________(适逢)theninthdayoftheninthmonthint
heChineselunarcalendar.(根据汉语提示完成句子)【答案】①.falls②.on【解析】【详解】考查固定搭配、时态和主谓一致。句意:重阳节是在中国农历九月初九。根据句意和汉语提示分析句子可
知,空格处应该填入一个动词短语作谓语,且意义为“适逢(日期)”,所以应该用动词短语fallon;句子陈述客观事实,该句子应该用一般现在时;因为主语是theDoubleNinthFestival,所以谓语动词应该用单数形式。
故填①falls;②on。80.Growingup,IhadpeopletellingmeIwastooslow,though,withanIQof150+at17,I’m________________(绝不)stupid.(根据汉语提示完成句子)【答案】①.anything②.but【解析
】【详解】考查短语。句意:在我的成长过程中,有人告诉我,我太慢了,尽管我17岁时智商达到150+,但我并不愚蠢。根据汉语提示可知,短语anythingbut“绝不”符合题意。故填anything;but。8
1.Hewastakenawaybythepoliceashewassaidtohavegot________________(被卷入)amurdercase.(根据汉语提示完成句子)【答案】①.involve
d②.in【解析】【详解】考查动词短语。句意:他被警察带走了,因为据说他卷入了一起谋杀案。“被卷入”用动词短语getinvolvedin表示,句中使用了其不定式的完成式形式tohavegotinvolve
din,表示动词已经发生。故填involvedin。82.Withthemostimportantfestivalapproaching,therewasgreatexcitement_______________
_(如期而至).(根据汉语提示完成句子)【答案】①.coming②.around【解析】【详解】考查固定短语。句意:随着最重要的节日的临近,大家都很兴奋。根据句意和汉语提示,空格处应该填入一个短语作定语,修饰前面的名词excitement,且意义为“如期而至
”,所以应该用短语comearound,comearound和名词excitement之间是主动关系,所以应该用comingaround。故填comingaround。83.Ifyou’rethetypetoignorethesignsthatyou
’re______________________(身体不适),maybeastrangenightmarewillprovethepoint.(根据汉语提示完成句子)【答案】①.under②.the③.weath
er【解析】【详解】考查短语。句意:如果你是那种忽视身体不适迹象的人,也许一场奇怪的噩梦就能提醒你生病了。根据汉语提示可知,短语undertheweather符合题意,作表语。故填under;the;weather。84.Thenewresearchindicatesthatdoingenough
exercisecould________________(弥补)someoftheunhealthyimpactsofbadsleep.(根据汉语提示完成句子)【答案】①.make②.up【解析】【详解】考查短语。句意:新的研究表明,做足够的运动可以弥补睡眠不足带来的一些不健康影响
。根据汉语提示可知,动词短语makeup符合题意,情态动词could后接动词原形。故填make;up。85.Theyholdmanykindsofactivities________________________(向……表示敬意)oldpeople,wishingthem
goodhealthandalonglife.(根据汉语提示完成句子)【答案】①.in②.honor##honour③.of【解析】【详解】考查固定短语。句意:他们举办各种活动来向老人表达敬意,祝愿他们身体健康、长寿。根据汉语提示可知,短语inh
onor/honourof“向……表示敬意”符合题意,作状语。故填in;honor/honour;of。86.Theproductwasdeveloped__________(来回应)customerdemand.(根据汉语提示填空)【答案】i
nresponseto【解析】【详解】考查固定短语。句意:该产品是应客户需求而开发的。根据句意及句子分子可知,句子主句为Theproductwasdeveloped,故设空处“来回应”需用固定短语inrespon
seto,在句中作伴随状语。故填inresponseto。第四节句子翻译(共3小题;每小题3分,满分9分)87.研究表明锻炼改善某些大脑功能,这意味着你可以通过锻炼来提高自己的学业表现。(汉译英)【答案】Studiessh
owthatexerciseimprovescertainbrainfunctions,whichmeansyoucanimproveyouracademicperformancebyexercising.【解析】【详解】考查宾语从句和定语从句。分析句子可
知,“研究表明……”是主句,主语“研究”用复数名词studies,谓语动词“表明”用show,描述现在的情况,用一般现在时态;“锻炼改善某些大脑功能,这意味着你可以通过锻炼来提高自己的学业表现”是宾语从句,用连词that引导该从句;其中“锻炼改善某些大脑功能”是宾语从句中主句,主语“锻炼”用名
词exercise,谓语“改善”用动词improve,主语是不可数名词,谓语用一般现在时单数形式improves,宾语“某些大脑功能”用certainbrainfunctions表示;“这意味着你可以通过锻炼来提高自己的学业表现”处理为定语从句中,修饰前面整个句子,“锻炼改善某些
大脑功能”这一情况在定语从句中作主语,用关系代词which引导该定语从句,作主语,从句谓语“意味着”用动词单数形式means,宾语“你可以通过锻炼来提高自己的学业表现”处理为宾语从句,其中谓语动词“提高”用improve,宾语“学业表现”用youracademicperformance是,
方式状语“通过锻炼”用介词短语byexercising。综上,全句译为:Studiesshowthatexerciseimprovescertainbrainfunctions,whichmeansyoucanimprov
eyouracademicperformancebyexercising.88.太极深深地扎根于中国的阴阳学说,人们认为阴和阳构成对立统一,彼此不能独立存在。(定语从句,neither)(汉译英)【答案】TaiChiisdeepl
yrootedintheChinesedoctrineofYinandYang,wherepeopleholdthatYinandYangformaunityofoppositesandneitherexists
independentlyofeachother.【解析】【详解】考查定语从句和不定代词。分析句子可知,“太极深深地扎根于中国的阴阳学说”是主句,主语“太极”用TaiChi,“扎根于”用动词短语berootedin,陈述客观事实用一般现在时态isrootedin
,状语“深深地”用程度副词deeply,宾语“中国的阴阳学说”用theChinesedoctrineofYinandYang;根据句意,“人们认为阴和阳构成对立统一,彼此不能独立存在”可处理为定语从句,修饰主句中先行词theChinesedoctrineofYinandY
ang,先行词在定语从句中作地点状语,意为“在中国的阴阳学说中”,是“模糊地点”,用关系副词where引导该定语从句;定语从句中“人们认为”是主句,用peoplehold表示,“阴和阳构成对立统一,彼此不能独立存在”是宾语从句
,用连词that引导,其中“阴和阳构成对立统一”与“彼此不能独立存在”是两个并列分词,用连词and连接;第一分句“阴和阳构成对立统一”中主语“阴和阳”用YinandYang,谓语动词“构成”用form,陈述客观事实用一般现在时态,宾语“对立统一”用aunit
yofopposites;第二分句“彼此不能独立存在”表示否定,主语YinandYang省略,可用否定不定代词neither作主语,表“两者都不”,谓语“存在”用动词exist,不定式代词neither作主谓,谓语动词用单数形式exists,状语
“彼此独立”用independentlyofeachother表示。综上,全句译为:TaiChiisdeeplyrootedintheChinesedoctrineofYinandYang,wherepeopleholdthatYinand
Yangformaunityofoppositesandneitherexistsindependentlyofeachother.89.中秋节的满月被认为是代表着家庭的团聚,家人们即使住得很远也要回来。(汉译英)【答案】ThefullmoononMid-
AutumnFestivalisconsideredtorepresentfamilyreunion,andfamilieswillcomebackeveniftheylivefaraway.【解析】【详解】考查时态、短语和从句。句子陈述客观
事实,基础时态为一般现在时;“中秋节的满月被认为是代表着家庭的团聚,家人们要回来”处理为and连接的并列句;主语“满月”表达为fullmoon,后置定语“在中秋节”表达为onMid-AutumnFestival,谓语“被认为
是……”表达为beconsideredtobe,“代表”表达为represent,宾语“家庭团聚”表达为familyreunion,分句谓语动词“回来”表达为comeback;“即使住得很远”处理为evenif引导的让步状语从句,谓语“住”表达为live,状语“很远”表达为faraway。综
上,故翻译为ThefullmoononMid-AutumnFestivalisconsideredtorepresentfamilyreunion,andfamilieswillcomebackeveniftheylivef
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