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考点14--推理判断之推断文章结构--练模拟--熟能生巧1.【广东省名校2022届高三年级下学期联合测试】Integrityisthequalityofbeinghonestandstrongaboutwhatyoubelievetoberight.Theco

nceptofintegrityhasplayedakeyroleinmoralphilosophythroughouthistoryandispromotedinallsocietiesbecauseofitsimportancetosocialrelations.Individuali

ntegrityisvitaltosociety,onethatenablespeopletomakeuseoftheircapacityforcriticalreflection,doesnotforcepeopletotakeupparticularrolesanddoe

snotencourageindividualstobetrayeachother.Besides,societiescanbefavorabletothedevelopmentofindividualintegrity.Ind

ividualintegritycanliftupthespiritsoftheentiresociety.Itcanshapethelivesofpeoplelivinginaparticularsociety,thelivesofallfellowpeoplea

nd,initsbroadestsense,eventhedestinyofanation.Bycontrast,ifthoselivinginthesocietyarecorrupt,itcouldhavebadeffects,jeopardizingt

hehealthymoralityofthesociety.Ontheotherhand,asocietycanbefavorabletothedevelopmentofindividualintegrity.Societyexpectsandrequiresi

ntegrity.Asocietyconsistingofpeopleofintegrity,andpeoplewhonevercompromiseontheirprinciples,couldhaveapositivemarkonthepersona

ldevelopmentonitsmembers.Beingapartofsuchamorallylivelycommunitycouldserveasabasisforabsorbingtraitsofgoodcharacter.Thiscouldbeofadistinctadvan

tagetoanyindividualsinthesociety.Nonetheless,somesocialstructuresareofthewrongsortforsomeindividuals

topursueintegrity.Ifthatisthecase,wehavetoaskquestionsaboutthemoralnatureofsocietyfirstbeforeraisingq

uestionsaboutindividualintegrity.Questionsaboutintegritymayturnouttobeaboutwhatkindofsocietyitis,ratherthanabouttherelationshipbetweenin

dividualinterestsandcharacteristicsofasociety.Thepursuitofadequateindividualintegrityoftendepends,notsomuchonund

erstandingwhooneisandwhatonebelievesandiscommittedto,butratherunderstandingwhatone’ssocietyisandimaginingwhatitcouldbe.Undernocircumstancescanw

eunderestimatetheimportanceofhumanintegrityinasociety.People,whoarehonest,trustworthy,compassionatea

ndcaring,arethefactorsdecisiveinthegrowthofindividualsaswellasthedevelopmentofasociety.12．Individualintegrityhasbeenvaluedinsocietybecause______.A．

ithelpsdevelopphilosophyB．itiscrucialtosocialrelationsC．itisthebasisofcriticalthinkingD．itensurespeople’sparticularroles13．Theund

erlinedword“jeopardizing”inParagraph2probablymeans“______”.A．strengtheningB．assessingC．influencingD．destroying14．Whatdoestheauthorbelieveac

cordingtothepassage?A．Individualintegrityreliesonwhatonehasfaithin.B．Thepursuitofindividualintegritychangeswithtime.C．Thenatureofsocietyisdecide

dbyeconomicdevelopment.D．Socialstructuresguidetheformationofindividualintegrity.15．Whichofthefollowingshowsthedeve

lopmentofideasinthepassage?CP:CentralPointP:PointSp:Sub-pointC:ConclusionA．B．C．D．【答案】12．B13．D14．D15．A【解析】本文是一篇议论

文，论述了诚信对个人和社会的重要性以及社会对个人诚信的影响。12．细节理解题。根据第一段“Individualintegrityisvitaltosociety,onethatenablespeopletomakeuseoftheircapacityforcriti

calreflection,doesnotforcepeopletotakeupparticularrolesanddoesnotencourageindividualstobetrayeachother.”（个人诚信对社会至关重要，它使人们能够利用自己的批判性反思能力，不强迫人们扮演特

定角色，也不鼓励个人背叛彼此）可知，个人诚信对社会是至关重要的，故选B。13．词义猜测题。根据划线词前的“Bycontrast,ifthoselivinginthesocietyarecorrupt,itcouldhavebadeffects,”可知，相反

，如果生活在社会中的人是腐败的，就会有不良的影响，进而危害社会的健康道德，由此可知，划线词词义为“危害、破坏”，故选D。14．细节理解题。根据第三段“Ontheotherhand,asocietycanbefavorabletothedevelopmentofindividualintegrity

.Societyexpectsandrequiresintegrity.Asocietyconsistingofpeopleofintegrity,andpeoplewhonevercompromiseontheirprinciples,couldhaveapositivem

arkonthepersonaldevelopmentonitsmembers.”（另一方面，一个社会可以有利于个人诚信的发展。社会期望并要求诚信。一个由诚信的人和从不在原则上妥协的人组成的社会，可能会在其成员的个人发展上留下积极的印记）可知，社会结构引导个人诚信的

形成，故选D。15．推理判断题。根据文章第一句“Integrityisthequalityofbeinghonestandstrongaboutwhatyoubelievetoberight.”（诚信是诚实和坚强的品

质并让你坚持你认为是正确的东西）；第一段“Individualintegrityisvitaltosociety,onethatenablespeopletomakeuseoftheircapacityforcriticalreflec

tion,doesnotforcepeopletotakeupparticularrolesanddoesnotencourageindividualstobetrayeachother.”（个人诚信对社

会至关重要，它使人们能够利用自己的批判性反思能力，不强迫人们扮演特定角色，也不鼓励个人背叛彼此）；第二段“Individualintegritycanliftupthespiritsoftheentiresociety.”（个人诚信可以振奋整个社会的精神）；第三段“Ontheotherh

and,asocietycanbefavorabletothedevelopmentofindividualintegrity.”（另一方面，社会可能有利于个人诚信的发展）；第四段“Nonetheless,somesocialstructuresareofthewrongsortforsom

eindividualstopursueintegrity.”（尽管如此，一些社会结构对于一些追求诚信的人来说是错误的）以及最后一段“Undernocircumstancescanweunderestimatetheimportanceofhumanintegrityinasociety.”（在任

何情况下，我们都不能低估一个人的诚信在社会中的重要性）可知文章是总分总的结构展开的，即：文章第一句话总说，第一、二、三、四段从两方面分说（一、二段是个人诚信影响社会的分论点；三、四段是社会影响诚信的分论点），最

后一段是结论，故选A。2.（北京四中高三期中）Thenewsocialrobots,includingJibo,Cozmo,KuriandMeccanoM.A．X.,bearsomeresemblancetoas

sistantslikeApple’sSiri,buttheserobotscomewithsomethingmore.Theyaredesignedtowinusovernotwiththeirsmartsbutwiththeirpersonality.Theyaresoldasco

mpanionsthatdomorethantalktous.Timemagazinehailed(称赞)therobotsthat“couldfundamentallyreshapehowweinteractwithma

chines.”Butisreshapinghowweinteractwithmachinesagoodthing,especiallyforchildren?Someresearchersinfavoroftherobotsdon’tseeaproblemwiththi

s.Peoplehaverelationshipswithmanykindsofthings.Somesayrobotsarejustanotherthingwithwhichwecanhaverelationships.Tosupporttheirargument,roboticistss

ometimespointtohowchildrendealwithtoydolls.Childrenanimate(赋予…生命)dollsandturnthemintoimaginaryfriends.Jibo,inasense,willbeonemoreimaginaryfri

end,andarguablyamoreintelligentandfunone.Gettingattachedtodollsandsociablemachinesisdifferent,though.Today’srobot

stellchildrenthattheyhaveemotions,friendships,evendreamstoshare.Inreality,thewholegoaloftherobotsisemotionaltrickery.Forin

stance,Cozmotherobotneedstobefed,repairedandplayedwith.BorisSofman,thechiefexecutiveofAnki,thecompanybehindC

ozmo,saysthattheideaistocreate“adeeperanddeeperemotionalconnection...Andifyouneglecthim,youfeelthepainofthat.”Whati

sthepointofthis,exactly?Whatdoesitmeantofeelthepainofneglectingsomethingthatfeelsnopainatbeingneglected,orto

feelangeratbeingneglectedbysomethingthatdoesn’tevenknowitisneglectingyou?Thisshouldnotbeouronlyconcern.Itistroublingthat

theserobotstrytoempathizewithchildren.Empathyallowsustoputourselvesintheplaceofothers,toknowwhattheyarefe

eling.Robots,however,havenoemotionstoshare,andtheycannotputthemselvesinourplace.Nomatterwhatroboticcreatures“s

ay”orsqueak,theydon’tunderstandouremotionallives.Theypresentthemselvesasempathymachines,buttheyaremissingthee

ssentialequipment.Theyhavenotbeenborn,theydon’tknowpain,ordeath,orfear.Robotthinkingmaybethinking,butrobotfeelingis

neverfeeling,androbotloveisneverlove.Whatisalsotroublingisthatchildrentakerobots’behaviortoindicatefe

elings.Whentherobotsinteractwiththem,childrentakethisasevidencethattherobotslikethem,andwhenrobotsdon’tworkw

henneeded,childrenalsotakeitpersonally.Theirrelationshipswiththerobotsaffecttheirself-esteem(自尊).Inonestudy,an8-year-oldboyconclude

dthattherobotstoppedtalkingtohimbecausetherobotlikedhisbrothersbetter.Forsolong,wedreamedofartificialintellig

enceofferingusnotonlysimplehelpbutconversationandcare.Nowthatourdreamisbecomingreal,itistimetodealwiththeemotionaldownsideoflivingwithrobotsth

at“feel.”1．HowarethenewsocialrobotsdifferentfromSiri?A．Theyareintendedtoteachchildrenhowtotalk.B．Theyaredesignedtoattractpeoplewith

theirsmarts.C．Theirmainfunctionistoevaluatechildren’spersonality.D．Theyhaveanewwaytocommunicatewithhumanbeings.2．InParagraph3Cozmoisusedasanexampleto

showthatthesocialrobots______.A．aredeeplyconnectedwithhumanbeingsB．areunabletobuildarealrelationshipwithch

ildrenC．aresoadvancedthattheycanfeelthepainofhumanbeingsD．arenotgoodenoughtocarryouttheinstructionsofchildren3．Theunderlinedphrase“essentialequipm

ent”inParagraph4refersto______.A．emotionB．painC．fearD．thinking4．Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage?I:Intro

ductionP:PointSp:Sub-point(次要点)C:ConclusionA．B．C．D．【答案】1．D2．B3．A4．B【解析】这是一篇议论文。新的社交机器人与以往机器人不同，他们不仅比我们聪明还有他们的个性。时代周刊称它彻底改变了我们

与机器互动的方式。但是对这种改变有的科学家赞同而有很多人也很担忧。1．推理判断题。由第一段中的第一句话可知，新的社交机器人与像苹果的Siri这样的助理有相同之处，但比它们有更多功能。再由第一段中的Timemagazinehailed(称赞)therobotsthat“couldfund

amentallyreshapehowweinteractwithmachines.可知，社交机器人彻底改变了我们与机器互动的方式，可以推知以一种新的方式与人们交流互动。故选D。2．推理判断题。Cozmo是第三段的举例

，举例肯定是用来证明本段或者其前边的观点的。本段的中心是“Gettingattachedtodollsandsociablemachinesisdifferent,though.（与洋娃娃相处与与社交

机器相处是不同的”。再由第三段最后一句句意“你觉得忽略了机器人而难受，但是机器人并不会感觉被忽略，或者你感觉机器人冷落了你而难受但是机器人根本不知道它冷落了你，这些意味着什么呢？”可知，社交机器人并不能真的跟小朋友建立感

情。故选B。3．猜测词义题。由划线单词后的“Theyhavenotbeenborn,theydon’tknowpain,ordeath,orfear.Robotthinkingmaybethinking,butrobotfeelingisneverfeeling,androbotloveis

neverlove.”可知，社交机器人不知道疼，死亡或害怕。社交机器人的思维可能是在想，但是他们的感觉从来不是感觉，他们的爱也从来不是爱。这句话是证明划线单词所在句子的论点的，他们是会同情的机器，但是他们缺少感情，导致他们所

谓的感情是假的。所以划线单词词意为情感。A.emotion情感；B.pain疼痛；C.fear害怕；D.thinking想。故选A。4．篇章结构题。分析文章内容，第一段提出观点：社交机器人改变了我们与机器互动的方式。第二段提出一些支持这一

改变的专家的想法，第三段提出一些人对这一改变的担忧，并且第三段后半部分以及第四段、第五段分别是这些人的三点担忧。最后一段总结这一趋势面临的现状。所以文章提出观点后，分为支持和反对两个观点，反对方面又列出了三点担忧，最后一段总结。故选

B。3.（2020·北京西城·一模）TheImpossibleBurgerisentirelyfreeofmeat.Butitlooks,smells,feelsand—mostimportantly—taste

ssomuchlikerealhamburgerbeef.Infact,plant-basedburgeralternativeshavesetoffastrongresistancefromthebeefindustry.TheCenterforConsumerFreedom,anonp

rofitthatadvocatesonbehalfofthefastfoodandmeatindustrieshaslaunchedan“informational”campaigntargetingplant-basedmeats.Thecampaign

hasincludedTVandonlineads,aswellasprintadsinnewspapers.Theadsseemtoimplythatnotonlyisanartificialburgertooprocessed,but

thatitmightbeevenlesshealthythantheaveragebeefburger.Whileit’struethataplant-basedmeatalternativeisprocessedandit’strueth

ateatingoneisnotashealthyasapileofrawvegetables,it’sbesttotaketheadswithagenerouspinchofsalt.Forinstance,theadditi

vesandpreservativesinplant-basedmeathighlightedinoneadsuresoundscary.Whowantssomethingcalledtitaniumdioxide(二氧化钛)intheirmeal?Butthetrut

histhatadditivessuchasthoselistedintheadsareregularlyusedinallsortsofpackagedfoods.Andifmethylcellulose,af

oodthickener,soundsunpleasant,it’sreallynothingcomparedwithsalmonella(沙门菌)poisoningyoucangetfromregularmeat.Also,theadcampa

ignmissesthebiggerpoint.ChoosinganImpossibleorBeyondburgerisn’tjustabouteatinghealthy.Burgers,whethertheyaremadefro

mprocessedpeaproteinorprocessedmeat,willneverbeashealthyasorganicrawvegetables.What’sappealingistheprospectofenjoyingajuicybur

gerwithoutthebitteraftertasteofguilt.Let’sfaceit,therearehugeenvironmentalcoststoeatingcows.Cattleraisingiscontributingtoclimatechange,andnotjustbeca

usemethane(甲烷)fromcowsandcattleisresponsibleforabout14.5%ofgreenhousegas.Morebroadly,ourglobalfoodproductionsystemrele

asesmorethanathirdoftheworld’sgreenhousegases.Yetwecan’tseemtocontrolourmeatappetiteevenknowingthatlargeareasoftheAmazonforesthavebeenruined,and

continuetobecutdowntomakeroomformorecattletofeedthegrowingdemandforbeef.Humansalsoknowfullwellthatmanyanim

alsliveshort,cruellivesinawfulconditionsforthepurposeofbecomingfoodsforhumanstoenjoyatdinner.Aplant-basedmeatthatsatisfiesmeatdesiresanddeliverspr

oteinbutwithasmallerclimatefootprintisapotentialenvironmentalgamechangerandthereasonImpossibleFoodswasoneofthose

receivingtheU.N.GlobalClimateActionAwardin2019.Nowonderthemeatindustryisonguard.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedsent

enceinParagraph2mostprobablymean?A．Theseadsdeservelittleconsideration.B．Weshouldspreadthemessageoftheseads.C．We’dbetterbecautiousw

henreadingtheseads.D．Theseadstellpeoplealotaboutplant-basedburgers.2．Whatdoweknowaboutadditivesandpres

ervativesinplant-basedburgers?A．Theyarelikelytocausepoisoning.B．Theiruseiswithinthenormalrange.C．Somehavenotbeenusedinha

mburgers.D．Theyareusedtoensureburgerstastegood.3．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsplant-basedburgers?A．Supportive

.B．Neutral.C．Disapproving.D．Doubtful.4．Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage?I:IntroductionP:PointSp:Su

b-point(次要点)C:ConclusionA．B．C．D．【答案】1．C2．B3．A4．D【解析】这是一篇议论文。针对植物性汉堡的出现，牛肉行业强烈抵制,并例举了植物性汉堡诸多的问题；但作者认为植物性汉堡既能满足肉类需求，又能提供蛋白质

，且气候足迹更小，是一种潜在的环境改变者。1．词义猜测题。根据第三段中Forinstance,theadditivesandpreservativesinplant-basedmeathighlightedinoneadsuresoundscary.Whowantssome

thingcalledtitaniumdioxide(二氧化钛)intheirmeal?Butthetruthisthatadditivessuchasthoselistedintheadsareregularlyusedi

nallsortsofpackagedfoods.例如，一个广告中强调的植物性肉类的添加剂和防腐剂听起来确实很可怕。谁想在他们的饮食中加入二氧化钛？但事实是，诸如广告中所列的那些添加剂经常用于各种包装食品中。广告说的添加剂和防腐剂不一定其他食物中没有，因此可猜测，划线句it’sbesttota

ketheadswithagenerouspinchofsalt.意为“看这些广告时我们最好小心些。”故选C项。2．推理判断题。根据第三段中Butthetruthisthatadditivessuchasthoselistedintheadsareregularlyusedinallsortsof

packagedfoods.Andifmethylcellulose,afoodthickener,soundsunpleasant,it’sreallynothingcomparedwithsalmonella(沙门菌)poisoningyoucangetfromregular

meat.但事实是，诸如广告中所列的那些添加剂经常用于各种包装食品中。如果甲基纤维素，一种食物增稠剂，听起来让人不舒服，那它和你从普通肉类中得到的沙门氏菌中毒相比真的是微不足道。由此判断出，植物性汉堡中

的添加剂和防腐剂它们的使用在正常范围内。故选B项。3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Aplant-basedmeatthatsatisfiesmeatdesiresanddeliversproteinbutwithasmallerclimatefo

otprintisapotentialenvironmentalgamechangerandthereasonImpossibleFoodswasoneofthosereceivingtheU.N.GlobalClimateActionAwardin2019.Nowonderthemeat

industryisonguard.一种以植物为基础的肉类，既能满足肉类需求，又能提供蛋白质，但气候足迹更小，这是一种潜在的环境改变者，也是“不可能的食物”在2019年获得联合国全球气候行动奖的原因之一。难怪肉类行业如此

警惕。由此判断出，作者是支持植物性汉堡的。故选A项。4．推理判断题。根据第一段中TheImpossibleBurgerisentirelyfreeofmeat.Butitlooks,smells,feelsand—mostimportantly—taste

ssomuchlikerealhamburgerbeef.Infact,plant-basedburgeralternativeshavesetoffastrongresistancefromthebeefindustry.可知是介绍引出植物性

汉堡；接下来Theadsseemtoimplythatnotonlyisanartificialburgertooprocessed,butthatitmightbeevenlesshealthythantheaveragebeefburger.提出了反对植物性汉堡的观点；第三段中i

t’sbesttotaketheadswithagenerouspinchofsalt提出了另一种观点，即植物性汉堡是可行的；第四和第七段是支持植物性汉堡的；第五和第六段是反对植物性汉堡；最后一段是作者的总结和看法。因此文章中思想的发展结构应该是选项D。故选D项。4.（2

021·天津市武清区杨村第一中学一模）Manyparentsworrythatshowingnegativeemotionsinfrontoftheirchildrenwillcausethemtosuffer.Forexample,ch

ildrenmayendupthinkingit'stheirfaultorsimply"catch"theemotion.Indeed,thisworryhasasoundbasis—thephenomenonof“emotionalcontagion"（情绪感染）isre

al,andonerecentstudyfoundthatparentscantransfertheirfearofgoingtothedentist,forexample,totheirchildren.Onthe

otherhand,thereisthenaturalideathatweshould“bereal"withourchildren,andthattheywillbenefitfromwatchingaparentwhostrugglesandeventuallydeal

swiththeirnegativeemotionslikeanyotherhumanbeing.Therearethreeconceptstoconsiderwhenitcomestoemotionaldisplayinfrontofchildren:

suppression（压抑），"uncontained"expression,andtalkingaboutemotions.Suppressionofemotioniswhenyouhidetheoutwardsi

gnsofanemotion.Unfortunately,itdoesn'tworkverywell—theactofsuppressingyouremotionactuallyincreasesyourbloodpress

ure.Observerscanpickuponyourdistressdespiteyoureffortstohideit,makingthemfeelstressed.Therecentresearchhasa

lsofoundthatwhenparentsfeelnegativeemotionsandkeepthemfromtheirchildren,theyexperiencelowerrelationshipqualityanddec

reasedresponsivenesstotheirchild'sneeds.Ontheotherhand,“uncontained"expressionofangerandsadnessbytheparentisalsonotsal

utaryforthechild.Uncontainedmeanshighintensityemotion,withnoattemptstoregulateortakeownershipofit.Shouting,sm

ashing（摔）thingsandblamingsomeoneelsefor"makingyouangry"areallexampleofthis.So,whatisthemiddleground?Thatwouldbetalkingaboutemotiontakingownershipo

fthemandshowingyourchildthatyouaretryingtodealwiththem.Classicresearchfoundthatsix-year-oldkidshadbetteremotionalunderstandingandperspecti

ve-takingskillsiftheirmothershadtalkedtothemabouttheiremotionsattheageofthree.Infact,themorethemothershadtalked,thebettertheoutcomewo

uldbe.Sonexttimeyoufeelsad,angryorfrustratedandyourchildiswatchingyouexpressingemotion,doexplainwhat'sg

oingonintermstheycanunderstand.1．Theauthorusestheexampleofgoingtothedentistmainlyto_______.A．explainp

arents'commonfearB．introducethetopicofnegativeemotionsC．showchildrenmaycatchparents'emotionsD．presenttheconsequencesoftransferr

ingnegativeemotions2．Ifamothersuppresses（(压抑)）heremotions,.A．shewillnotmakeherkidsfeelstressedB．shecanhideheremotionsfromherkidsC

．shewilloftenshoutatherkidsfornoreasonsD．shecan'trespondeffectivelytoherkids'needs3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"salutary"inParagraph4probablymean?

A．Enough.B．Beneficial.C．Necessary.D．Reliable.4．Whatistheauthor'sintentionofwritingthistext?A．Toencourageparentsto"berea

l"withourchildren.B．Tocallonparentstodevelopapositiveattitudetolife.C．Toinformparentsoftheconsequencesofnegativeemotions.D．Torecommendpare

ntstotalkaboutnegativeemotionswithchildren.5．What'sthestructureofthetext?A．B．C．D．【答案】1．C2．D3．B4．D5．B【解析

】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了许多父母担心在孩子面前表现出负面情绪会让孩子痛苦。研究表明这种担忧——“情绪传染”现象是真实存在的。但是父母应该真实地对待孩子，孩子可以处理这种负面情绪。1．推理判断题。根据第一段的Indeed,thisworryhasasoun

dbasis—thephenomenonof“emotionalcontagion"（情绪感染）isreal,andonerecentstudyfoundthatparentscantransferthei

rfearofgoingtothedentist,forexample,totheirchildren.(事实上，这种担心有坚实的基础——“情绪传染”现象是真实的，最近的一项研究发现，例如，父母可以把他们去看牙医的恐

惧转移给孩子。)可推断，作者使用看牙医的例子是为了说明孩子可以感染父母的情绪。故选C。2．推理判断题。根据第三段的Suppressionofemotioniswhenyouhidetheoutwardsignsofanemotion.Unfortuna

tely,itdoesn'tworkverywell—theactofsuppressingyouremotionactuallyincreasesyourbloodpressure.(抑制情绪是你隐藏情绪的外在迹象的时候，不幸的是，它不能很

好地起作用——抑制你的情绪实际上会增加你的血压。)可推断，如果一个母亲压抑她的情绪，她就不能有效地对孩子的需求做出反应。故选D。3．词句猜测题。根据下文Uncontainedmeanshighintensi

tyemotion,withnoattemptstoregulateortakeownershipofit.Shouting,smashing（摔）thingsandblamingsomeoneelsefor"makingyouangry"areallexampleofthis.

(不包含意味着强烈的情绪，没有试图调整或拥有它。喊，砸东西和指责别人“让你生气”都是这方面的例子。)可推断，划线句表示：父母“不受约束”地表达愤怒和悲伤对孩子无益的。故划线词词义是：受益的。故选B。4．推理判断题。根据最后一段Sonexttimeyoufeelsad,angryorfru

stratedandyourchildiswatchingyouexpressingemotion,doexplainwhat'sgoingonintermstheycanunderstand.(因此，下次当你感到悲伤、愤怒或沮丧，而你

的孩子正在看着你表达情感时，请用他们能理解的术语解释发生了什么。)可推断，作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐家长与孩子谈论负面情绪。故选D。5．推理判断题。通读全文可知，一、二段阐述最近的一项研究发现，父母可以把他们的情绪转移给孩子。三、四、

五段阐述父母的情绪对孩子的影响，与孩子谈论情绪，找到中间地带；最后一段提出建议。故选B。5.（湖南永州·三模）Theorganicfoodhasgainedalotof[popularityastheyarebeing

consideredashealthierandtastier.Afairnumberofpeopleadvocatealarge-scaleshifttoorganicfarmingfromconventionalagriculture.Butthismightnotseemw

ell-founded.Sincethemid-19thcentury,conventionalindustrialagriculturehasbecomeincrediblyefficientonasimplelandtofoodbasis.Conventio

nalfarminggetsmoreandmorecroppersquarefootofland,whichcanmeanlesswildernessneedstobetransformedtofarmland.Tomakefarmingmoreeffi

cient,conventionalagricultureusesasignificantamountofsyntheticfertilizer（合成肥料）eachyear,andallthatnitrogen（氮）enabl

esmuchfasterplantgrowth.However,thecostispaidinvastpolluteddeadzonesatthemonthsofmanyoftheworld’srivers,becausemuchofthenitrogenendsuprunningo

ffthesoilandintotheoceans.Thisalsomakesconventionalfarmingoneofthemajorthreatstotheenvironment.Toweakentheenvironmentalimpactofagriculture,imp

rovesoilqualityaswellasproducehealthierfoods,somefarmershaveturnedtoorganicfarming.Environmentalistshavealsowelcomedorganicfoodasbetterfortheplanet

thanthefoodproducedbyagriculturalcorporations.Organicpractices---refusingartificialfertilizersandchemicalpesticides–areconsideredfarmoresustainable.

Salesoforganicfoodrose7.7%in2010,upto$26.7billion—andpeoplearemakingthosepurchasesfortheirmoralsensesasmuchastheirtongues.Yetanewmeta-an

alysisinNaturedoesthemathandcomestoahardconclusion:organicfarmingproduces25%fewercropsonaveragethanconventionalagricu

lture.IntheNatureanalysis,scientistsperformedananalysisof66studiescomparingconventionalandorganicmethodsacross34differentcropspeci

es,fromfruitstograins.Theyfoundthatorganicfarmingdeliveredaloweroutputforeverycroptype,thoughthedifferencevariedwidely.Forcrops

likefruittrees,organictrailed（落后于）conventionalagriculturebyjust5%.Yetformajorgraincropsandvegetables–allofwhichprovidetheworld’smaincalories–conven

tionalagricultureoutperformedorganicsbymorethan25%.Whatthatmeansisthatwhileorganicfarmingmaybemoresustainablethanco

nventionalagriculture,therearetrade-offs（此消彼长）witheach.Soanidealglobalagriculturesystemmayborrowthebestfrombothsystemsratherthanuph

oldingmerelyorganicorconventionalpractices.1．What’stheauthor’spurposeofwritingthepassage?A．Tocomparetwotypesoffarming.B．Tocriticizeconventi

onalagriculture.C．Todiscussthedevelopmentoffarming.D．Toargueforarealisticagriculturesystem.2．Whatdoweknowaboutconventionalfarming?

A．Itproducesmorecropswithfewerfertilizers.B．Itachievesefficiencyatahugecosttotheenvironment.C．Ifoffersalong-termsolutiontoglobaldemandf

orfood.D．Itperformsfarbetterforeachcroptypethanorganicfarming.3．Whatdoestheauthormostprobablyagreewith?A．Emplo

yingorganicfarmingtoplantrice.B．Adoptingorganicpracticestogrowpotato.C．Usingconventionalmethodstoplantcabbage.D．Applyingconventional

farmingtogrowingapple.4．Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthispassage?CP:CentralPointP:PointSp:Sub

-point（次要点）C:ConclusionA．B．C．D．【答案】1．D2．B3．C4．A【解析】本文论述有机食品越来越受欢迎，因为它们被认为更健康、更美味。一个理想的全球农业系统可以从两个系统中获得最好的利益，而不是仅

仅支持有机或常规的做法。1．D推理判断题。根据最后一段Whatthatmeansisthatwhileorganicfarmingmaybemoresustainablethanconventionalagriculture,therearetr

ade-offs（此消彼长）witheach.Soanidealglobalagriculturesystemmayborrowthebestfrombothsystemsratherthanupholdingmerelyorganicorconventionalpractices.可知作

者写这篇文章的目的是为了主张建立一个现实的农业体系。故选D。2．B推理判断题。根据第二段中Sincethemid-19thcentury,conventionalindustrialagriculturehasbecomeincredi

blyefficientonasimplelandtofoodbasis.和第三段最后一句Thisalsomakesconventionalfarmingoneofthemajorthreatstotheenvironment.可知，传统农业以巨大的成本对环

境产生效率。故选B。3．C推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中Forcropslikefruittrees,organictrailed（落后于）conventionalagriculturebyjust5%.Yetfor

majorgraincropsandvegetables–allofwhichprovidetheworld’smaincalories–conventionalagricultureoutperformedorganicsbymore

than25%.可知，作者最可能同意用传统的方法种植卷心菜。故选C。5．A细节理解题。根据第一段Theorganicfoodhasgainedalotofpopularityastheyarebeingcon

sideredashealthierandtastier.Afairnumberofpeopleadvocatealarge-scaleshifttoorganicfarmingfromconventionalagriculture.Butth

ismightnotseemwell-founded.可知这是句子的中心论点，“有机食品越来越受欢迎，因为它们被认为更健康、更美味。”；根据文章第二、三段阐述了conventionalagriculture的

观点；根据第四段和第五、六段阐述了从conventionalagriculture向organicfarming的转变，以及新的研究发现；文章最后一段得出了结论，一个理想的全球农业系统可以从两个系统中获得最好的贷款，而不是仅仅支持有机或常规的做法。由

此可知A项符合题意。6.【山西省祁县中学高三8月月考】Thereisalwaysnolackofordinarypeopletakingactionforextraordinarychange.AghanOscarisjustamongthem.Thirtee

nyearsago,Aghan.botheredbytheever-increasingquantityofplastincwasteinthislow-incomesuburbofNairobi,decid

edtofindawaytorecycleit.Nouhiscompany.ContinentalRenewableEnergyCo.Ltd(COREC)producespolesforuseinconstruction,farmingandroadsigns.Sofarhe'sso

ld96,000,andhesayshispotentialiorgrowthislimitedonlybytheconsiderableexpenseofsettingupplasticrecyclingplants.Mo

stofAghan'scustomersarefarmersanddeveloperswhoonceusedwoodenfencepoles.Customerssaytheyhaveotherbenefitsaswell."Ihavef

encedmypieceoflandthreetimesusingwoodposts,butmostofthetimethefencewasvandalized(故意破坏)byvillagerswhoused

thepostsasfirewood."saidCalebKapten.Nowplasticpostshavestoppedtheproblem,hesaid.TheKenyaNationalHighwaysAuthor

ityisoneofCORECsbiggestcustomers.Itapproachedthecompanyafterroadsignswerevandalizedbycriminalswhosoldthemetalpolestosteelmanufacturingcompani

es.Aghanreckons(估计)thatCOREC'sproductshavesavedthegovernmentmillionsofshillings,besidespreventingroadaccidents.AndhealsopointsoutthatCORE

Chasbeenabletoconservelargenumbersoftreesbyproducingplasticpoles.WhenAghanstartedthisrecyclingbusinessin2003,mostofhisemployeeswerehisfamil

ymembersduetofinancialconstraint(限制).Nowheemploys250youngpeopletocollectplasticwaste.Fiftymoreyouthsworkontheproductionline

,wherethewasteissortedaccordingtoqualitybeforebeingcrushedandwashed,meltedandcastintodifferentshapes.Thepolesarethenarrangedbyshapean

dsizeforsaleintheyardoftherecyclingplant.1.What'sthebiggestchallengeofAghan'sfuturecareer?A.Thepoortechnologyinrecycling.B.Thehighcostofbuildingfact

ories.C.increasingpilesofplasticwaste.D.Thelimitedpolicysupportinrecycling.2.HowwasCalebKapten'sproblemfinallysolved?A.Hegave

upfencinghisland.B.HeguardedthelandmorecarefullyC.HereplacedthewoodpostswithplasticonesD.HegotsomedonatedmetalPosts.3.W

hatdoesthelastparagraphsuggest?A.GreatdifficultyfacingAghanB.Striclstandardsofplasticpoles.C.Variouswaysofmakingplast

icpoles.D.Thecomplexprocessofrecyclingplasticwaste4.Whichbestshowsthestructureofthetext?A.B.C.D.【答案】1.B2.C3.D4.D【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。受日益增多的

塑料垃圾所扰的Aghan创办了自己的公司来解决这个问题他们回收利用废弃塑料来生产塑料杆儿用于建筑、农业和交通领域。1.B细节理解题。根据文章第二段hispotentialforgrowthislimitedon

lybytheconsiderableexpenseofsettingupplasticrecyclingplants.可知，未来事业面临的最大挑战是建造塑料回收工厂的费用过高。故选B。2.C细节理解题。根据文章第三段的内容尤其是Now

plasticpostshavestoppedtheproblem,hesaid.可知，CalebKapten的问题因使用塑料杆儿来代替木杆儿而得到解决。故选C。3.D推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的内容尤其是Nowheemploys250youngpe

opletocollectplasticwaste.Fiftymoreyouthsworkontheproductionline,wherethewasteissortedaccordingtoqualitybefore

beingcrushedandwashed,meltedandcastintodifferentshapes.Thepolesarethenarrangedbyshapeandsizeforsaleintheyardoftherecy

clingplant.可知，他雇佣很多年轻人来收集塑料垃圾，另外有许多年轻人在生产线上工作，对废物进行分类，然后粉碎、清洗、熔化和铸造，最后出售。从而推断出，将废弃塑料回收再利用需要耗费巨大的人力其过程复杂繁琐。故选D。4.D推理判断题。通读全文可知第一段属于主旨段，引出本文的

话题；第二段讲的是Aghan创办了自己的公司，生产用于建筑、农业和路标的塑料杆儿；第三段和第四段分别介绍塑料杆儿在农业和交通领域的应用，属于对第二段内容的扩展；第五段主要介绍这种塑料杆儿的生产过程，与第二段是并

列关系。故选D。7.【江苏省南京市金陵中学期末】Ase-cigarettesbecomemorepopular,fewerpeoplearetakingupsmokingtraditionalcigarettes.Butcane-cigarettes,anelectro

nicnicotinedeliverysystem,helppeoplequitsmokingaltogether?Theanswerisprobablyyes.AstudyledbyMatthewCarpenter,apr

ofessorattheMedicalUniversityofSouthCarolinafoundthate-smokerstendtosmokelessandhaveincreasedquitattempts.Inthepilotstudy,Carpenterevaluatede-ci

garettesintermsofusage,productpreference,changesinsmokingbehaviorsandnicotineexposure.Ninetysubjectswereevaluated：45wererandomizedtousee-

cigarettes,and45wererandomizedtoacontrolgroup.Everyonewasfollowedoveraperiodoffourmonths.Thestudywaspublishedin

CancerEpidemiologyinNovemberandisoneofthefewrandomizedstudiesintheU.S.toexaminetheeffectsofe-cigarettes.Resu

ltsshowedthatwhensmokersweregivene-cigarettes,uptakewasstrong.Manyparticipantsratedthee-cigarettessimilartotheirusualpro

duct,suggestingthate-cigarettesmightgivesmokersasuitablealternativetocombustible（燃烧的）cigarettes.E-cigarettesoffersignificantlylessexpos

uretoharmfultoxicantsandthereforearesafer.Peopleusinge-cigarettesthroughoutthestudysmokedanaverageof37percentfewerci

garettes,ascomparedtothoseinthecontrolgroup,showingapositiveeffectwhenmakingtheswitchandpotentiallyservingasatooltohelpsmokersqu

it.That'sgoodnewsforCarpenterandhiscolleagues.Smokingistheleadingcauseofcancerandhasanegativeimpactontheeffectivenessofcanc

ertreatments.Peoplewhoquitsmoking,regardlessoftheirages,havesubstantialgainsinlifeexpectancy（预期寿命）comparedwiththosewhocontinuetosmoke.Carpentercautio

nsthatwhilee-cigarettesmayhelppeoplesmokelessorevenquit,theyarenotforeveryone."Itisimportanttoprotectnon-smokers,particularlyadolescents,fromsta

rtinganynicotine-containingproduct."Morethan1,500varietiesofe-cigarettesarenowavailable,includingdifferentlooks,high-techpowersettingsandmanyflavors.

Allthesemakethemmoreappealingtokids.Infact,e-cigarettesaremorepopularthanconventionalcigarettesamongyouth."Alltheseshouldraiseouralarmbells,"hesa

id.E-cigaretteswereonlyrecentlyregulatedbytheFoodandDrugAdministration.Largelymanufacturedoverseas,thequalityc

ontrolprocessvaries,hesays.Withoutenoughinformationtoanswerthelong-termpublichealthissuesofe-cigarettes,research

erslikeCarpenterareawareoftheimportanceoffurtherstudiesonthelatesttobaccotrends.Combustiblecigaretteshavebeenaroundformanydecades.E-cigarettesh

avenot,andthesciencehasalotofquestionslefttoanswer,hesaid.1.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutProfessorCarpenter'sexperiment

one-cigarettes?A.Thetestgroupsincludeconventionalsmokers,e-smokersandnon-smokers.B.E-cigarettesexposesmokerstofewerpoisonoussubstances.C.Manyp

articipantsdon'tthinke-cigarettesasgoodastraditionalones.D.Itisoneofthefewstudiestotesttheeffectsofsmoking.2.A

fterreadingthepassage,wemayinferthat_______.A.moste-cigarettesmokerswillfinallygiveupsmokingB.therearemoree-smoker

sthantraditionalsmokesintheUSAC.manyadolescentsareattractedtoe-cigarettesduetotheirlowpricesD.carpenterisworriedabo

utthee-cigarettes'popularityamongchildren3.Whatcanbeconcludedfromthelastparagraph?A.E-cigarettesarefacedwithmanyproblemsandneedmorestudy.B.TheU.S.g

overnmentshouldstrengthenitsregulationovere-cigarettes.C.Smokersshouldbecautiousbecauseofe-cigarettes'lowquality.D.Researchersareconcerne

daboute-cigarettes'harmtopeople'shealth.4.Whatisthestructureofthepassage?___（①to⑦representParagraphs1to7）【点评】本文是一篇科教类阅读,文章主要介绍了随着电子烟越来越流行,越来越

少的人开始吸传统香烟.但是电子烟,一个电子尼古丁递送系统,能帮助人们完全戒烟吗?答案可能是肯定的.南卡罗莱纳医科大学的教授马修•卡彭特（MatthewCarpenter）领导的一项研究发现,电子烟民倾向于减

少吸烟,并增加戒烟的次数.【答案】BDAB【解析】1.B.细节理解题.根据"E-cigarettesoffersignificantlylessexposuretoharmfultoxicantsandthereforearesafer"可知电子烟使吸烟者暴露在

更少的有毒物质中.故选B.2.D.细节理解题.根据"Itisimportanttoprotectnon-smokers,particularlyadolescents,fromstartinganynicotine

-containingproduct.""可知carpenter担心电子烟在儿童中的受欢迎程度.故选D.3.A.推理判断题.根据"Combustiblecigaretteshavebeenaroundformanyde

cades.E-cigaretteshavenot,andthesciencehasalotofquestionslefttoanswer,hesaid.可知电子烟面临着许多问题,需要更多的研究.故选A.4.B.

推理判断题.纵览全文可知第一段和最后一段是总写电子烟,第二三四段主要介绍了电子烟的好处、五六段介绍了电子烟不适合儿童,所以文章的结构是B选项.故选B.8.【2020届山东省淄博市高三下学期一模】Theproductionofco

ffeebeansisahuge,profitablebusiness,but,unfortunately,full-sunproductionistakingovertheindustryandbringingaboutal

otofdamage.Thechangeinhowcoffeeisgrownfromshade-grownproductiontofull-sunproductionendangerstheveryexistenceof,certainan

imalsandbirds,andevendisturbstheworld’secologicalbalance.Onalocallevel,thedamageoftheforestrequiredbyfull-sunfie

ldsaffectsthearea’sbirdsandanimals.Theshadeoftheforesttreesprovidesahomeforbirdsandotherspecial(物种)th

atdependonthetrees’flowersandfruits.Full-suncoffeegrowersdestroythisforesthome.Asaresult,manyspecialarequicklydyingout

.Onamoregloballevel,thedestructionoftherainforestforfull-suncoffeefieldsalsothreatens(威胁)humanlife.Medicalres

earchoftenmakesuseoftheforests'plantandanimallife,andthedestructionofsuchspeciescouldpreventresearchers

fromfindingcuresforcertaindiseases.Inaddition,newcoffee-growingtechniquesarepoisoningthewaterlocally,andeventual

lytheworld'sgroundwater.Bothlocallyandglobally,thecontinuedspreadoffull-suncoffeeplantations(种植园)couldmeanthedest

ructionoftherainforestecology.Thelossofshadetreesisalreadycausingaslightchangeintheworld'sclimate,andstudiesshowthatlossofoxygen-givingtreesalsolea

dstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.Moreover,thenewgrowingtechniquesarecontributingtoacidic(酸性的)soilconditions.Itisobviousthatthewaymuchco

ffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsmanyaspectsoflife,fromthelocalenvironmenttotheglobalecology.Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpurchaseshade-growncoff

eewheneverpossible,althoughatahighercost.Thefuturehealthoftheplanetandmankindissurelyworthmorethananinexpensivecupofcoffee.5.Whatcanwel

earnaboutfull-suncoffeeproductionfromParagraph4?A.Itlimitsthespreadofnewgrowingtechniques.B.Itleadstoairp

ollutionandglobalwarming.C.Itslowsdownthelossofshadetrees.D.Itimproveslocalsoilconditions.6.Thepurposeofthetextisto.A.entertainB.adv

ertiseC.instructD.persuade7.Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?A.Anagriculturalmagazine.B.Amedicaljournal.C.Anengineeringtextbook.D.Ato

uristguide.8.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?A.B.C.D.【答案】5.B6.D7.A8.A【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产给环境和生态带来的种种危害，呼吁人们不要购买这种咖啡

，而要买对环境有利的产品。5.B细节理解题。根据文章第四段的句子Thelossofshadetreesisalreadycausingaslightchangeintheworld'sclimate,

andstudiesshowthatlossofoxygen-givingtreesalsoleadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.（遮阳树的丧失已经引起了世界气候的轻微变化，研究表明，给氧树的丧失也会导致空气污染

和全球变暖。）可知阳光充足的咖啡生产会带来空气污染和全球气温变暖，故选B。6.D推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的句子Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpurchaseshade-growncoffee

wheneverpossible,althoughatahighercost.（但消费者的确可以选择。他们可以在可能的情况下购买遮阳咖啡，尽管成本较高。）可知，作者的意图是劝说人们购买阴凉处种植的咖啡，这样对环境是有好处的，故选D。7.

A推理判断题。纵观全文可知，文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产会带来的破坏，应该是出自一本农业杂志，故选A。8.A推理判断题。文章第一段介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题，二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏，第五段说服人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡，所以是总分总

的结构，故选A。9.（重庆巴蜀中学高三阶段练习）Gettingyourchildrentostoplyingischallenging.Therearemanyinfluences(TV,movies,videogamesandsomegreatbooks

)inwhichliesarecommon.Childrenseeparentslietoothers,ifonlytobepolite.MostparentsaddtothatwithtalesaboutthelivesandactivitiesofSantaClausortheTo

othFairy,ortoallayfears.(“Thiswillnothurt!”)Parentsdothisoutoflove,butforsomechildren,lyingcanbecomeaproblem.Themostcommonreactionstochildrenwholi

eareexplainingwhyitiswrongandpunishment.Butaswaysofchangingbehavior,theseareineffective.However,whatcountsistopraise.Youcouldaskyourchildtosayso

methingthathappenedatschoolthatistrue.Itisnotcriticalwhatthatis.Thisisaboutpractice.Whenyourchildcomplies,praise

himenthusiastically.Bespecific:“Thatwasgreat!YoutoldmewhathappenedjustlikeIasked.Wow!”andgiveyourchildahugorahighfive.Ifyourchildsayssomethin

gtrueinthecourseofherday,praisethatbehaviortoo.Aimforoneortwointeractionslikethisaday.Ifyouhappento“catch”yourchildinalie,bematter-of-factinyourdis

approval.Saysomethinglike,“Thatisnottrueandcouldgetyouintroubleoutsideofthehoe;itisbettertosaythetruth.”Besides,youshoulds

etagoodexampletoyourkidsandtellthetruthexplicitly.Thiscouldbeaboutsomethingthathappenedwhenyouwereachildorsomethi

ngthathappenedduringtheday.Itneednotbedramatic.Anotheroptionistoplayagameatdinner.Eachpersontellsonething

thatwastruethatday.Again,givealittlepraisetothechildwhonormallyliesifsheplaysalong.Inmostinstances,childrenareunlikelytochangebeh

aviorordeveloptheconductyouwant.Thatdoesnotmeanignoring,lyingorlettingitgo.Rather,useverymildpunishment(lightreprimand,shortlossofprivilege,abrieftim

e-out).Moresevere,harshorenduringpunishments(shouting,takingawaysomethingforaweek,hitting)arenotmoreeffectiveinactuall

ychangingthefrequencyoflying.Trytheseproceduresfortwotothreeweeksandseewhereyouare.Usuallytheycanbedroppedbythen.Itisunlikelythatlyingwillbecomple

telyremoved,butwiththerightencouragement,itcanbedramaticallylessened.9．Whichpunishmentisrelativelyineffective?A．Abrieftime-out.B．Lightrep

rimand.C．Shortlossofprivilege.D．Takingawaysomethingforaweek.10．Whatcanweconcludefromthepassage?A．Parentscantellliessometimes.

B．Lyingwilldisappearthoroughly.C．Punishmentcanchangebehaviors.D．Praisingyourkidsalotisbeneficial.11．Whichof

thefollowingcouldserveasthebesttitle?A．IsLyingaProblem?B．CanKidsStopLying?C．WhatCanYouDoWhenKidsTelllies?D．HowCanYouPunishYourKidsforLying

?12．Whichbestshowsthestructureofthetext?A．B．C．D．【答案】9．D10．A11．C12．B【解析】让你的孩子不再说谎，也许是一件很有挑战性的事情。通过此文，我们可以学习到，孩子说谎我们应该做些什

么。9．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段Moresevere,harshorenduringpunishments(shouting,takingawaysomethingforaweek,hitting)arenotmor

eeffectiveinactuallychangingthefrequencyoflying.可知，大叫、把东西拿走一个星期和打等严厉的惩罚相对是无效的。故选D。10．推理判断题。根据文章第一段Childrenseeparentslietoothers,

ifonlytobepolite.MostparentsaddtothatwithtalesaboutthelivesandactivitiesofSantaClausortheToothFairy,ortoallayfears.(“

Thiswillnothurt!”)Parentsdothisoutoflove,butforsomechildren,lyingcanbecomeaproblem.可知，父母说谎往往是出于礼貌或爱。从而可以推断出，父母有时候可以说谎。故选A。11．主旨大意题。根据文章大意

：让你的孩子不再说谎，也许是一件很有挑战性的事情。通过此文，我们可以学习到，孩子说谎我们应该做些什么。可知选C。12．篇章结构题。第一段是中心段，第二至四段分别讲让孩子停止说谎的方法，第五段是总结。故选B。获得更多资源请扫码加入享学资

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