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专题12阅读理解说明文、议论文1.(2023年新高考I卷C篇)Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksan
dwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.Todoso,Idividedthebookin
totwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople
’sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable,beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.Partoneconclud
esbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalo
nlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoub
elievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughca
rryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’ll
heartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyous
houldavoid.Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate(培养)asustainabledigitalminimalisml
ifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitude(独处)andthenecessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretor
eplacethetimemostnowspendonmindlessdeviceuse.Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesi
gnedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwords
foryourparticularcircumstances.8.Whatisthebookaimedat?A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.B.Advocatingasimpl
edigitallifestyle.C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems.D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.9.Whatdoestheunderlined
word“declutter”inparagraph3mean?A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.10.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?A.Theoreticalmodel
s.B.Statisticalmethods.C.Practicalexamples.D.Historicalanalyses.11.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinpa
rttwo?A.Usethemasneeded.B.Recommendthemtofriends.C.Evaluatetheireffects.D.Identifytheideasbehindthem.2.(2023年新高考I卷D篇)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatis
ticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Th
eexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequit
eaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewillten
dtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreac
curateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmore
technicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’
serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)on
thisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theavera
gesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theave
rageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtai
nedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudentstheresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheir
discussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,b
utitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningres
ultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecisi
on-makingareenormous.12.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicofthe
effect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.13.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif_____
___.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimat
eswerenotfullyindependent14.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Thei
ndividualestimates.15.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.3.(2023年新高考II卷C篇)ReadingArt:A
rtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundthe
world.Theimageofthereaderappearsthroughouthistory,inartmadelongbeforebooksaswenowknowthemcameintobeing.Inartists’representationsofbooksandr
eading,weseemomentsofsharedhumanitythatgobeyondcultureandtime.,Inthis“bookofbooks,”artworksareselectedandarra
ngedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforre
lationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed(描绘)aloneinmanysettingsandposes—absorbedinavolume,deepintho
ughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.Booksthemselvesmaybeusedsymbol
icallyinpaintingstodemonstratetheintellect(才智),wealthorfaithofthesubject.Beforethewideuseoftheprintingpress,booksweretreasu
redobjectsandcouldbeworksofartintheirownright.Morerecently,asbookshavebecomeinexpensiveoreventhrowaway,a
rtistshaveusedthemastherawmaterialforartworks—transformingcovers,pagesorevencompletevolumesintopaintingsandsculptures.Continueddevelopmen
tsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscerta
inlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmustbeacti
vatedbyauser:thecoveropened,thepagesparted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.Andincontrasttoourincreasinglynetwor
kedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,“off-line”activity.8.Wherei
sthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A.Anintroductiontoabook.B.Anessayontheartofwriting.C.Aguidebooktoamuseum.D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.9.
Whataretheselectedartworksabout?A.Wealthandintellect.B.Homeandschool.C.Booksandreading.D.Workandleisure.10.Whatdotheunderline
dwords“relateto”inparagraph2mean?A.Understand.B.Paint.C.Seize.D.Transform.11.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthee-reade
r?A.Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.B.Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.C.Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.D.Peoplenowrarelyhavethepa
tiencetoread.4.(2023年新高考II卷D篇)Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’rel
ucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwelln
essbenefitsofnatureforhumans,butanewstudyshowsthatwildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.Theresearchteamfocus
edonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractionthey
hadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions,coding(编码)experiencesintodifferentcategori
es.Forexample,oneparticipant’sexperienceof“Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile”wasassignedthecategories“sittingatbeach”and“listeningtowaves
.”Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsu
bmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife,walkingalongtheedgeofwater,andfollowinga
nestablishedtrail.Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakep
artintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeo
fwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theyca
nenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak.“We’retryingtogenerateal
anguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotect
naturesothatwecaninteractwithit,”saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.12.Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginning
ofthetext?A.Pocketparksarenowpopular.B.Wildnatureishardtofindincities.C.Manycitiesareoverpopulated.D.People
enjoylivingclosetonature.13.Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?A.Tocomparedifferenttypesofpar
k-goers.B.Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.C.Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.D.Tofindpatternsinthevisitors’summarie
s.14.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?A.Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.B.Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C.Thesam
enatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D.Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.15.Whatshouldbedonebeforewecaninterac
twithnatureaccordingtoKahn?A.Languagestudy.B.Environmentalconservation.C.Publiceducation.D.Interculturalcommunic
ation.5.(2023年浙江卷1月)AccordingtotheSolarEnergyIndustryAssociation,thenumberofsolarpanelsinstalled(安装)hasgrownrapidlyinthepastdecade,andithastogrowev
enfastertomeetclimategoals.Butallofthatgrowthwilltakeupalotofspace,andthoughmoreandmorepeopleaccepttheconceptofsolarenergy,fewlikelarge
solarpanelstobeinstallednearthem.Solardeveloperswanttoputuppanelsasquicklyandcheaplyaspossible,sotheyhaven’tgivenmuchthoughttowha
ttheyputunderthem.Often,they’llendupfillingtheareawithsmallstonesandusingchemicalstocontrolweeds.Theresultisthatm
anycommunities,especiallyinfarmingregions,seesolarfarmsasdestroyersofthesoil.“Solarprojectsneedtobegoodneighbors,”saysJordanMacknick,
theheadoftheInnovativeSitePreparationandImpactReductionsontheEnvironment(InSPIRE)project.“Theyneedtobeprotectorsoft
helandandcontributetotheagriculturaleconomy.”InSPIREisinvestigatingpracticalapproachesto“low-impact”solardevelopment,whichfocusesonestablishingandope
ratingsolarfarmsinawaythatiskindertotheland.Oneoftheeasiestlow-impactsolarstrategiesisprovidinghabitatf
orpollinators(传粉昆虫).Habitatloss,pesticideuse,andclimatechangehavecauseddramaticdeclinesinpollinatorpopulationsoverthepastcoupleofdecades
,whichhasdamagedtheU.S.agriculturaleconomy.Over28stateshavepassedlawsrelatedtopollinatorhabitatprotectionandpesticideuse.Conservation
organizationsputoutpollinator-friendlinessguidelinesforhomegardens,businesses,schools,cities—andnowthereareguidelinesforsolarfarms.Overthepastf
ewyears,manysolarfarmdevelopershavetransformedthespaceundertheirsolarpanelsintoashelterforvariouskindsofpollinators,resultinginsoi
limprovementandcarbonreduction.“Thesepollinator-friendlysolarfarmscanhaveavaluableimpactoneverythingthat’sgoingoninthelandscape,”saysMack
nick.32.Whatdosolardevelopersoftenignore?A.Thedeclineinthedemandforsolarenergy.B.Thenegativeimpactofinstallingsol
arpanels.C.Therisinglaborcostofbuildingsolarfarms.D.Themostrecentadvancesinsolartechnology.33.WhatdoesInSPIREaimtodo?A.Improvetheproductivityo
flocalfarms.B.Inventnewmethodsforcontrollingweeds.C.Makesolarprojectsenvironmentallyfriendly.D.Promotetheuseofsolare
nergyinruralareas.34.Whatisthepurposeofthelawsmentionedinparagraph4?A.Toconservepollinators.B.Torestrictsolardevelopment.C.Todiversifythe
economy.D.Toensurethesupplyofenergy.35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Pollinators:ToLeaveortoStayB.SolarEnergy:Hopefort
heFutureC.InSPIRE:ALeaderinAgricultureD.SolarFarms:ANewDevelopment1.(2022年新高考I卷)Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugul
a(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitatio
n.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;Icould
havemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asEli
zabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(
butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewate
r,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,it
wouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasth
earugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawbe
rriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredm
orethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaver
ottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.
“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedish
youwon’teat,”Curtinsays.24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyat
times.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.25.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.Moraldecline
.B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage.D.Worldwidestarvation.26.WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment.B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocle
anfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.27.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded.B.R
educefoodconsumption.C.Goshoppingonceaweek.D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.2.(2022年新高考I卷)Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLon
donarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeopl
e’swellbeing.Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereport
edareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerandhad
topreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthereagain
atnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentsco
meandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelook
ingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson
,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaofth
eprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”LynnLewis,directorofNot
tingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativ
eactivities.”28.Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?A.Toensureharmonyincarehomes.B.Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.C.Toraisemoneyformedicalresearc
h.D.Topromotetheelderlypeople’swelfare.29.HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?A.Shehaslearnednewlifeskills.B.Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.C
.Shehasrecoveredhermemory.D.Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A.Improve.B.
Oppose.C.Begin.D.Evaluate.31.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Itiswellreceived.B.Itneedstobemorecreative
.C.Itishighlyprofitable.D.Ittakesagestoseetheresults.3.(2022年新高考I卷)Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthe
common“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthat
diet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedth
atspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.
NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontt
eethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerlip
totheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.Theteamshowedthatthischan
geinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsod
idn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,witht
heuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyh
unter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround3
00,000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundstha
twefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amembero
ftheresearchteam.32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety.B.Itsdistribution.C.Itsquantity.D.Itsdevelopm
ent.33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirl
ipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.S
upportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethod
s.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.B
.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.4.(20
22年新高考II卷)Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoput
downtheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltexti
ngwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeople
aredrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted(分心)drivingwas"on
lyincreasing,unfortunately.""Bigchangerequiresbigideas."hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinc
tlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.
AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:Anoffic
erarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thete
chnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthe
booksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydri
vers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."8.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebanondrive
rs'textingintheUS?A.Ineffective.B.Unnecessary.C.Inconsistent.D.Unfair.9.WhatcantheTextalyzerhelpapoliceofficerfindout
?A.Whereadrivercamefrom.B.Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.C.Howfastadriverwasgoing.D.Whenadriverarrivedatthe
scene.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Advice.B.Data.C.Tests.D.Laws.11.Whatisasuitabletitleforthe
text?A.ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB.TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzerC.NewYorkBanningHand-HeldDevicesbyDrivers.D
.TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer-5.(2022年新高考II卷)Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficie
ntinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescan
startevensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr
.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidl
ife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levinean
dhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedint
otwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(无氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetim
esaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawrem
arkableimprovementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“And
thereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsof
thosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouh
aven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,a
ndnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywa
ssmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.12.WhatdoesLevin
ewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?A.Therightwayofexercising.B.Thecausesofaheartattack.C.Thedifficultyofkeepingfit.D.Theagingproc
essoftheheart.13.Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?A.Dietplan.B.Professional
background.C.Exercisetype.D.Previousphysicalcondition.14.WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?A.Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaero
bicexercise.B.High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.C.Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.D.Themore
exercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.15.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A.Makinguseofthefindings.B.Interview
ingthestudyparticipants.C.Conductingfurtherresearch.D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.6.(2022年浙江卷1月)TheUnitedStatesrosetoglobalpoweronthestrengthofit
stechnology,andthelifebloodthattechnologyhaslongbeenelectricity.Byprovidinglong-distancecommunicationandenergy,elect
ricitycreatedthemodemworld.Yetproperlyunderstood,theageofelectricityismerelythesecondstageintheageofsteam,whichbeganacenturyearlier.
"Itiscuriousthatnoonehasputtogetherahistoryofboththesteamandelectricrevolutions."writesMauryKleininhisbookThePowerMakers,
Steam,Electricity,andtheMenInventedModernAmerica.Klein,anotedhistorianoftechnology,spinsanarrativesolivelythatattimesitr
eadslikeanovel.Thestorybeginsinthelastyearsofthe18thcenturyinScotland,whereWattperfected"themachinethatchangedtheworld".Kleinwrites,"Am
ericadidnotinventthesteamengine,butoncetheygraspeditspasswordstheyputittomoreusesthananyoneelse."Meanwhile
,overthecourseof19thcentury,electricitywentfrommerecuriositytoabasicnecessity.Morseinventedacodeforsendi
ngmessagesoveranelectromagneticcircuit.Bellthengavethetelegraphavoice.Edisonperfectedanincandescentbullsthatbroughtelectr
iclightintotheAmericanhome.Mostimportantly,Edisonrealizedthatsuccessdependedonmasselectrification,whichheshowe
dinNewYorkCity.WithhelpfromTesla,Westinghouse'sfirmdevelopedasystemusingalternatingcurrent,whichsoonbecamethemajorformsofpowerd
elivery.Toframehisstory,KleincreatesthecharacterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsandelectricrevolution
sinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime.It'satechniquethathelpsturnalongnarrativeintoaninterestingone.4.WhatisKl
ein'sunderstandingoftheageofelectricity?A.Itiscloselylinkedtothesteamage.B.Itbeganearlierthanproperthought.
C.Itisalittle-studiedperiodofhistory.D.Itwillcometoanendsoonerorlater.5.WhatcanbeinferredaboutNed?A.HewasborninNewYorkCity.B.
Hewrotemanyincreasingstories,C.Hecreatedanelectricitycompany.D.Helivedmainlyinthe19thcentury.6.Whatisthetext
?A.Abiography.B.Abookreview.C.Ashortstory.D.Asciencereport.7.(2022年浙江卷1月)Thebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocume
ntedbutthere’sanewbonustoaddtotheever-growinglist.Newresearchersfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldb
enearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementiainlaterlife,andastheydid,itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.LeadresearcherDr.
HelenaHorder,oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden,said:"Thesefindingsareexcitingbecauseit’spossiblethatimprovingpeople'scardiovascular(心血
管的)fitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia."Forthestudy,191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntilthe
ywereexhaustedtomeasuretheirpeak(最大值的)cardiovascularcapacity.Theaveragepeakworkloadwasmeasuredat103watts.Atotalof40wom
enmetthecriteriaforahighfitnesslevel,or120wattsorhigher.Atotalof92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscategory;and59womenwereinthelowfitnesscate
gory,definedasapeakworkloadof80wattsorless,orhavingtheirexercisetestsstoppedbecauseofhighbloodpressure,
chestpainorothercardiovascularproblems.Thesewomenwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades.Duringthattime,44ofthewomendevelopeddem
entia.Fivepercentofthehighlyfitwomendevelopeddementia,comparedto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessand32percentofthewomenwithlowfitness."However
,thisstudydoesnotshowcauseandeffectbetweencardiovascularfitnessanddementia,itonlyshowsanassociation.Moreresea
rchisneededtoseeifimprovedfitnesscouldhaveapositiveeffectontheriskofdementiaandalsotolookatwhenduringalifetimeahighfitnesslev
elismostimportant."Shealsoadmittedthatarelativelysmallnumberofwomenwerestudied,allofwhomwereformSweden,sotheresultsmightnotbeapplicabletooth
ergroups.7.Whatisontheever-growinglistmentionedinthefirstparagraph?A.Positiveeffectsofdoingexercises.B.Exercisessu
itableforthemiddle-aged.C.Experimentalstudiesondiseases.D.Advantagesofsportywomanoverman8.Whydidtheresearcher
saskthewomentodobicycleexercise?A.Topredicttheirmaximumheartrate.B.ToassesstheircardiovascularcapacityC.Tochang
etheirhabitsofworkingoutD.Todetecttheirpotentialhealthproblems9.WhatdoweknowaboutDrHorder'sstudy?A.Ita
imedtofindacurefordementia.B.Datacollectionwasalengthyprocess.C.Someparticipantswithdrewfromit.D.Theresultsweref
arfromsatisfactory.10.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.MoreWomenAreExercisingtoPreventDemen
tiaB.Middle-AgedWomenNeedtoDoMoreExerciseC.FitWomenAreLessLikelytoDevelopDementiaD.BikingImprovesWomen'sCardi
ovascularFitness8.(2022年浙江卷6月)Allaroundtheworld,therearesmallchangestakingplace.Atthesideofroads,behindschoolplaygroun
dsandonallkindsofunlovedpiecesoflandacrosstownsandcities,tinyforestsbarelythesizeoftenniscourtsareappearing,makingagreatplacefo
rbothwildlifeandlocalpeoplewhomaynotnormallyhaveeasyaccesstonature.ThisistheTinyForestmovement,whichaimstoprovethatthebestthingsinlifereallydocome
insmallpackages.Tinyforestswerefirstpioneeredasaconceptinthe1970sbyDrMiyawaki,aJapanesebotanist.Ashewentontosharehisconceptwit
hothers,theideasoontookoffinIndiaandothercountriesbeforeeventuallyreachingEurope,whereitbecamepopularinplaceslikeFrance,BelgiumandtheNetherla
nds.Sohowdoesitwork?LouiseHartley,whoisleadingtheTinyForestprojectintheUK,explainsthattheprocessbeginsbyi
dentifyingareasinwhichatinyforestcouldhavethebiggestinfluence.“Wefocusonurbanareaswhereaccesstonatureisoftennotthateasy
”,saysHartley.“Weseeitasachancetotrytobreakthegrowingdisconnectbetweenpeopleandnature.”InaTinyForest,theremustbeaminimumo
f600trees,andthetreesareplantedmuchclosertogetherandwithoutchemicalsorfertilisers(肥料).Thereareusuallyaround30
differentkindsofall-nativetreespecies(物种).Thisvariety,coupledwiththefactthattinyforestsgrowuptotentimesfasterthanstandardfores
ts,meanstheyattractarichabundanceofwildlife.It’salsothoughtthattheseplacescouldhelpreducetheriskofflooding,removecarbonfromtheatmosphereandfightclim
atechange,aswellasimprovingthementalhealthofthoselivinglocally.4.WhatdoweknowabouttheTinyForestmovement?A.Ithasachievednotablesuccess.B.Iti
sledbynumberofschools.C.ItbeganinEuropeinthe1970s.D.Itwillspreadtothecountryside.5.WhatisthepurposeoftheprojectledbyHartleyintheU
K?A.Topromoteeco-tourism.B.Toimproveforestryresearch.C.Topopularisegardening.D.Togetpeopleclosetonature.6.Whatisspecialaboutthetree
sinaTinyForest?A.Theyaresmallinsize.B.Theyarethicklyplanted.C.Theyareforeignspecies.D.Theyareheavilyferti
lised.9.(2022年浙江卷6月)Manypeoplebelievethatworkingtothemaximumisthesecrettosuccess,butresearchhasfoundthatmoderation(适度)alsogetsresultsonthejob.In
astudyledbyEllenLangerofHarvardUniversity,researchersaskedpeopletotranslatesentencesintoanewamade-uplanguage.Subjectswhopra
cticedthelanguagemoderatelybeforehandmadefewererrorsthanthosewhopracticedextensivelyornotatall.Highlevelsofknowle
dgecanmakepeopletooattachedtotraditionalwaysofviewingproblemsacrossfieldsthearts,sciences,andpolitics.High
conscientiousnessisrelatedtolowerjobperformance,especiallyinsimplejobswhereitdoesn’tpaytobeaperfectionist.Howlongwestayo
ntheclockandhowwespendthattimeareundercarefulexaminationinmanyworkplaces.Theyoungbankerwhoeatslunchathisdeskisprobablyseenasago-getter,w
hilehiscolleagueswhochatoverarelaxedconference-roommealgetdirtylooksfromthecorneroffice.“Peoplefromculturesthatvaluerelationshipsmorethanours
doesareshockedbythethoughtofeatingaloneinfrontofacomputer”,saysArtMarkman,aprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofTexas,A
ustin.Socialinteractionhasbeenshowntoliftmood(情绪)andgetpeoplethinkinginnewdirectionsandinwaysthatcouldhelpim
proveanypost-luncheffort.Markmanalsopromotesoff-tasktime.“Partofbeingagoodthinkerisexperiencingthingsthatareseeminglyun
relatedtowhatyouareworkingonatthemomentbutgiveyoufreshideasaboutyourwork,”hesays.“Also,thereisalotofresearchshowingthata
positivemoodleadstohigherlevelsofproductivityandcreativity.So,whenpeopledothingstoincreasetheirlifesatisfaction,theyalsomaketh
emselvesmoreeffectiveatwork.”7.WhatdoesEllenLanger’sstudyshow?A.ItisworthwhiletobeaperfectionistB.Translationmake
speopleknowledgeable.C.Simplerjobsrequiregreatercaution.D.Moderateeffortproducesthebestresult.8.Theunde
rlinedword“go-getter”inparagraph3referstosomeoneWho_______.A.isgoodathandlingpressureB.workshardtobecomesucce
ssfulC.ahasanaturaltalentforhisjob.D.getsonwellwithhisco-workers9.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Agoodthinkerisabletoinspireotherpeople.B.E
xperienceunrelatedtoyourjobisuseless.C.Acheerfulmoodhelpsmakeacreativemind.D.Focusingonwhatyoudoraisesproductivity.10.Wh
atdoesthetextseemtoadvocate?A.Middle-of-the-roadworkhabits.B.Balancebetweenworkandfamily.C.Long-standingculturaltraditions.D.Harm
onyintheworkenvironment.10.(2022年北京卷卷)“Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.They
foundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomak
eitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmoveme
nt.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscr
ucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsu
med,andlookingathowthosethingsintersect(交叉)withhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosyst
emsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,the
ymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationsh
ipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutrition.InthelatestUNreportonglobalfoodsecurity,thenumberofundernourished(营养
不良)peopleintheworldhasbeenrising,despitegreatadvancesinnutritionscience.Trackingof150biochemicalsinfoodhasbeenimportantinrevealingt
herelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fatandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificia
lintelligence,somescientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicals—andthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Th
isshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituen
tpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpower.Butasso
meresearchersfind,thefoodsystemisnotanequalone.Agoodwaytoredress(修正)suchpowerimbalanceisformoreuniversitiestodowhatCrystaldidandteachstude
ntshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Moreresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirect
linesofresponsibilityandadoptasystemsapproach.Crystalknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwe
can’tenvision”.8.TheauthorusesthequestionunderlinedinParagraph1to________.A.illustrateanargumentB.highlightan
opinionC.introducethetopicD.predicttheending9.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefieldofnutrition?A.Thefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinkingha
sn’tbeenachieved.B.Therelationshipsamongplayershavebeenclarified.C.Machinelearningcansolvethenutritionproblem.D.Theimpactofnutritioncannotbequa
ntified.10.Asforsystemsthinking,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Itmaybeusedtojustifypowerimbalance.B.Itcanbeappliedtotacklechallenges
.C.Ithelpstoprovewhyhungerexists.D.Itgoesbeyondhumanimagination.11.(2022年北京卷)Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonm
ymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestcha
llengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeas
someonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcom
panieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer
,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersar
emakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresear
chers.”Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,wor
stofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.L
otsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johns
onsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQf
orQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutP
yQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplyt
oPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactful
problemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwha
twearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcer
tainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnso
n.11.RegardingJohnson’sconcerns,theauthorfeels________.A.sympatheticB.unconcernedC.doubtfulD.excited12.WhatleadstoTayl
or’soptimismaboutquantumcomputing?A.Hisdominanceinphysics.B.Thecompetitioninthefield.C.HisconfidenceinPyQuantum.D.The
investmentoftechcompanies.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.Open.B.Cool.C.Useful.D.Resistant.14.Whichwouldbethe
besttitleforthepassage?A.IsJohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?B.IsQuantumComputingRedefiningTechnology?C.WillQuantum
ComputersEverComeintoBeing?D.WillQuantumComputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?12.(2022年天津卷)Isittruethatourbrainaloneisresponsiblefohumancognition(认知)?W
hataboutourbody?Isitpossibleforthoughtandbehaviortooriginatefromsomewhereotherthanourbrain?PsychologistswhostudyEmbodiedCognition(
EC)asksimilarquestions.TheECtheorysuggestsourbodyisalsoresponsibleforthinkingorproblem-solving.Moreprecisely,themindsh
apesthebodyandthebodyshapesthemindinequalmeasure.Ifyouthinkaboutitforamoment,itmakestotalsense.Whenyousmellsometh
inggoodorhearamusingsounds,certainemotionsareawakened.Thinkabouthownewbornsusetheirsensestounderstandtheworldaroundthem.Theydon’thaveemotionssomuc
hasneeds—theydon’tfeelsad,they’rejusthungryandneedfood.Evenunbornbabiescanfeeltheirmothers’heartbeatsandthishasacalmingeffect.Intherealworld,they
crywhenthey’recoldandthengethugged.Thatway,theystarttoas-sociatebeingwarmwithbeingloved.Understandably,theoristshavebeenarguingfory
earsandstilldisagreeonwhetherthebrainisthenervecentrethatoperatestherestofthebody.OlderWesternphilosophersandmainstreamlanguageresearchersbel
ievethisisfact,whileECtheorisesthatthebrainandbodyareworkingtogetherasanorganicsupercomputer,processingeverythingandformingyourreactions.Furth
erstudieshavebackedupthemind-bodyinteraction.Inoneex-periment,testsubjects(实验对象)wereaskedtojudgepeopleafterbeinghanded
ahotoracolddrink.Theyallmadewarmevaluationswhentheirfingertipsperceivedwarmthratherthancoolness.Anditworkstheotherwaytoo;i
nanotherstudy,subjects’fingertiptemperaturesweremeasuredafterbeing“included”inor“rejected”fromagrouptask.Thosewhowereincludedfeltphysicallyw
armer.Forfurtherproof,wecanlookatthemetaphors(比喻说法)thatweusewithouteventhinking.Akindandsympatheticpersonisfrequentlyreferredtoasonewithasoftheartan
dsomeonewhoisverystrongandcalmindifficultsituationsisoftendescribedassolidasarock.Andthiskindofmetaphoricaluseiscommonacro
sslanguages.Nowthatyouhavetheknowledgeofmind-bodyinteraction,whynotuseit?Ifyou’rehavingabadday,awarmcupofteawillgiveyouaflashofpleasure.Ifyo
uknowyou’rephysicallycold,warmupbeforemakinganyinterpersonaldecisions.46.Accordingtotheauthor,thesignificanceoftheECtheo
ryliesin________.A.facilitatingourunderstandingoftheoriginofpsychologyB.revealingthemajorroleofthemindinhumancognitionC.offeringaclearer
pictureoftheshapeofhumanbrainD.bringingusclosertothetruthinhumancognition47.Wheredoesthenewborns’understandingoftheirsurroundingsstartfrom?A.Theirper
sonallooks.B.Theirmentalneeds.C.Theirinneremotions.D.Theirphysicalfeelings.48.TheexperimentsmentionedinParagraph4furtherprove________.A.
environmentimpactshowwejudgeothersB.howbodytemperatureisrelatedtohealthC.themindandthebodyinfluenceeachotherD.howhumansinteractwiththeirsurr
oundings49.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoprovebycitingthemetaphorsinParagraph5?A.Humanspeechisalivewithmetaphors.B.Humansenseshavee
ffectsonthinking.C.Humanlanguageisshapedbyvisualimages.D.Humanemotionsareoftencomparedtonaturalmaterials.50.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwriti
ngthelastparagraph?A.Tosharewiththereaderwaystoreleasetheiremotions.B.Toguidethereaderontothepathtocareersuccess.C.Toencouragethereadert
oputECintopractice.D.Todeepenthereader’sunderstandingofEC.13.(2022年天津卷)RalphEmersononcesaidthatthepurposeoflifeisnottobehappy,buttobeuseful,tobe
loving,tomakesomedifferenceinheworld.Whileweappreciatesuchwordsofwisdom,werarelytrytofollowtheminourlives.Mostpeoplepr
efertoliveagoodlifethemselves,ignoringtheirresponsibilitiesfortheworld.Thisnarrowperceptionofagoodlifemayprovideshort-termbe
nefits,butissuretoleadtolong-termharmandsuffering.Agoodlifebasedoncomfortandluxurymayeventuallyleadtomorepainbe-causewespoilourhealthandevenourch
aracter,principles,ideals,andrelationships.Whatthen,isthesecretofagoodlife?Agoodlifeisaprocess,notasta
teofbeing:adirection,notadestination.Wehavetoearnagoodlifebyfirstservingotherswithoutanyexpectationinreturnbecausetheirhappines
sistheverysourceofourownhappiness.Moreimportantly,wemustknowourselvesinsideout.Onlywhenweexamineourselvesdeeply
canwediscoverourabilitiesandrecognizeourlimitations,andthenworkaccordinglytocreateabetterworld.Thefirstrequirementforagoodlifeis
havingalovingheart.Whenwedocertainrightthingsmerelyasaduty,wefindourjobsotiresomethatwe’llsoonburnout.However,whenwedothatsamejoboutofl
ove,wenotonlyenjoywhatwedo,butalsodoitwithaneffortlessfeeling.However,lovealoneisinsufficienttoleadagoodli
fe.Lovesometimesblindsustothereality.Consequently,ourgoodintentionsmaynotleadtogoodresults.Toachievedesiredoutcome,thosewho
wanttodogoodtoothersalsoneedtoequipthemselveswithaccurateworldknowledge.Falseknowledgeismoredangerousthanignorance.Ifloveist
heengineofacarknowledgeisthesteeringwheel(方向盘).Iftheenginelackspower,thcarcan’tmove;ifthedriverlosescontrolofthe
steering,aroadaccidentprobablyoccurs.Onlywithloveinheartandtherightknowledgeinmindcanweleadagoodlife.Withloveand
knowledge,wegoallouttocreateabetterworldbydoinggoodtoothers.Whenweseetheimpactofourgoodworkontheworldwegivemeaningtoourlifeandearnlastingjoyandha
ppiness.51.Whateffectdoesthenarrowperceptionofagoodlifehaveonus?A.Makingussimple-mindedB.Makingusshort-signted.C.Leadingusontoab
usyroad.D.Keepingusfromcomfortandluxury.52.Accordingtotheauthor,howcanonegaintruehappiness?A.Throughmaintaininggoodhealth.B.Byg
oingthroughpainandsuffering.C.Byrecognizingone’sabilitiesandlimitations.D.Throughofferinghelpmuchneededbyothers.53.AccordingtoParagraph4,doi
ngcertainrightthingswithalovingheartmakesone________.A.lessselfishB.lessannoyingC.moremotivatedD.moreresponsible54.Inwhatcasemaygoodinte
ntionsfailtoleadtodesiredresults?A.Whenwehavewrongknowledgeoftheworld.B.Whenourlovefortheworldisinsuff
icient.C.Whenweareinsensitivetodangersinlife.D.Whenwestayblindtothereality.55.AccordingtoParagraph5,lifecanbemadetrulyg
oodwhen________.A.inspiredbyloveandguidedbyknowledgeB.directedbyloveandpushedbyknowledgeC.purifiedbyloveande
nrichedbyknowledgeD.promotedbyloveanddefinedbyknowledge1.(2021年新高考I卷)Whentheexplorersfirstsetfootupontheconti
nentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakenca
reofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdec
adestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersanda
handfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,grea
tlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednat
iontookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(迁徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.Underthis
Act,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasde
signedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirect
oroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeve
ryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefug
eSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilli
ondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemo
stsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.28.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwat
ersports.C.Pollutionofrivers.D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagra
ph?A.Acquire.B.Export.C.Destroy.D.Distribute.30.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.B.Themigratorybirdshavef
lownaway.C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.31.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthete
xt?A.TheFederalDuckStampStoryB.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting2.(2021年新高考I卷)Po
pularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intellingence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmostever
ythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mental
stability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalit
ies,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsth
atcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whilea
cheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopu
larbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialth
anharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyemployers,educato
rsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunct
ionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopetha
tsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinscie
ncewilloffernewperspectives(视角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbo
thheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.32.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligenc
e?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest.B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson’smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills.D.Itreferstoaperson’spositivequalities.33.Whydoe
stheauthormention“doctor”and“cheater”inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule.B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Topresentafact.D.Tomak
eaprediction.34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable.B.Intolerant.C.Doubtful.D.Unclear.35.Whatdoes
thelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic.B.Expectationsforfuturest
udies.C.Itspracticalapplication.D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.3.(2021年天津卷)AtrialprojectbytheMontrealChildren's
Hospitalsuggestedthattheuseofmedicalhypnosis(催眠)canreducepainandanxietyinpatients.Theprojectalsoresultedinareductioninthea
mountofmedicinesusedtoperformmedical-imagingimaging(医学影像)procedures.“Duringtheexaminationchildrendon'tmove.Itworksperfec
tly.It'samazing,“saidJohanneL'Ecuyer,amedical-imagingtechnologistatthehospital.TheprojectwasinspiredbyaFrenchteamfromRouenUniversityHospitalCentrewh
ereexaminationsaredoneunderhypnosisinsteadofgeneralanesthesia(麻醉).AFrenchmedical-imagingtechnologist-alsoahypno
tist—wasinvitedtotrainafewmembersinthemedical-imagingdepartmentofthechildren'shospital.Inall,80examinationswereconducte
dfortheprojectbetweenJanuaryandSeptember,2019,focusingontheimagingproceduresthatwouldcauseanxiety.Hypnosisisnotastateofsleep
:Itisratheramodified(改变的)stateofconsciousness.Thetechnologistwillguidethepatienttothismodifiedstate—animaginarywor
ldthatwilldisassociateitselfmoreandmorefromtheprocedurethatfollows.“Thetechnologistmustbuildupastorywiththepatient,"Ms.
L'Ecuyersaid."Thepatientisleftwiththepowertochoosewhathewantstotalkabout.Doyouplaysports?Doyoulikegoingtothebeach?Weestablish
asubjectthatwewilldiscussthroughouttheprocedure."Everythingthathappensnextduringtheproceduremustberelate
dtothisstory—aninjection(注射)becomesthebiteofaninsect;theheatontheskinbecomesthesensationofthesunandamachinet
hatringsbecomesapolicecarpassingnearby.“Theimportantthingisthatthetechnologistassociateswhatishappeningoutsidethepatient'sbody
withwhatthepatientseesinhishead,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid."Itrequirescreativityonthepartofthetechnologist,imagination,alotofpatienceandkindness."Theprocedurea
ppealedtothestaffalotwhenitwasintroducedinJanuary.ItspreadlikewildfirethatsomeonefromFrancewasheretotrainthetechnolo
gists,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid.Sheaddedthatshehadalineofstaffatherdoorwantingtotakethetraining.51.Oneoftheresultsproducedbythetr
ialprojectis________.A.abetterunderstandingofchildrenB.lessuseofcertainmedicinesC.newmedical-imagingtec
hnologyD.animprovedreputationofthehospital52.TheFrenchtechnologistcametothechildren'shospitalto________.A.assistintreatingapatientB.carr
youthypnosistrainingC.startupanewdepartmentD.learnabouttheprocedure53.AccordingtoParagraph5,hypnosisworksby____
____.A.creatingaperfectworldforpatientsB.forcingpatientsintoastateofdeepsleepC.puttingpatientsintoanunconscio
usstateD.leadingpatients'consciousnessawayfromreality54.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestoryusedintheprocedur
e?A.Itshouldkeeppacewiththeprocedure.B.Itreflectsthepatient'screativity.C.Itisselectedbythetechnologist.
D.Ittellswhatdoctorsaredoingtothepatient.55.Theprocedurewasreceivedamongthestaffwith________.A.uncertaintyB.enthusiasmC.worryD.criticism56.Whati
sthepassagemainlyabout?A.Aneasywaytocommunicatewithpatients.B.Thestandardmethodofconductinghypnosis.C.Anintroductiono
fmedical-imagingtechnology.D.Theuseofhypnosisinmedical-imagingprocedures.4.(2021年1月浙江)Yourunintothegrocerystore
topickuponebottleofwater.Yougetwhatyouneed,headtothefront,andchoosethelinethatlooksfastest.Youchosewrong.Peoplewhoyousweargotinotherlineslon
gafteryouarealreadycheckedoutandofftotheparkinglot.1.Itturnsout,it'sjustmathworkingagainstyou;chances
are,theotherlinereallyisfaster.Grocerystorestrytohaveenoughemployeesatcheckouttogetalltheircustomersth
roughwithminimumdelay.2.Anysmallinterruption-apricecheck,achattycustomer-canhavedownstreameffects,holdingupanentir
eline.Iftherearethreelinesinthestore,delayswillhappenrandomlyatdifferentregisters.Thinkabouttheprobability:3.Soit'snotjustinyourmind:Ano
therlineprobablyismovingfaster.Researchershaveagoodwaytodealwiththisproblem.Makeallcustomersstandinonelong,snaking
line-calledaserpentineline-andserveeachpersonatthefrontwiththenextavailableregister.4.Thisiswhattheyd
oatmostbanksandfast-foodrestaurants.Withaserpentineline,alongdelayatoneregisterwon'tunfairlypunishthepeoplewh
olinedupbehindit.Instead,itwillslowdowneveryonealittlebitbutspeedupcheckoutoverall.5.Ittakesmanyregisterstokeeponeline
movingquickly,andsomestorescan'taffordthespaceormanpower.Sowhereveryournextwaitmaybe:Goodluck.A.Whydoesthisalw
aysseemtohappentoyou?B.Sowhydon'tmostplacesencourageserpentinelines?C.Someofthemayhavestoodinaqueueforalmostanhour
.D.Thechancesofyourlinebeingthefastestareonlyoneinthree.E.Howhighistheprobabilitythatyouareinthefastestwaitinglin
e?F.Withthreeregisters,thismethodismuchfasterthanthetraditionalapproach.G.Butsometimes,asonaSundayafternoon,thesystemgetsparticul
arlybusy.5.(2021年1月浙江卷)Atthestartofthe20thcentury,anAmericanengineernamedJohnElfrethWatkinsmadepredictionsaboutlifetoday.Hispredictionsaboutslowing
populationgrowth,mobilephonesandincreasingheightwereclosetothemark.Buthewaswronginoneprediction:thateverybodywouldwalk10milesaday
.Today,inAustralia,mostchildrenonaveragefall2,000stepsshortofthephysicalactivitytheyneedtoavoidbeingoverwei
ght.Intheearly1970s,40percentofchildrenwalkedtoschool,whilein2010,itwasaslowas15percent.Thedeclineisnotbecausewehaveallbecomelazy.Famil
iesarepressedfortime,manywithbothparentsworkingtopayfortheirhouse,oftenworkinghoursnotoftheirchoosing,livingincar-
dependentneighborhoodswithlimitedpublictransport.Theothersideofthecoinisequallyadeprivation:forhealthandwell-being,aswe
llaslostopportunities(机会)forchildrentogettoknowtheirlocalsurroundings.Andforparentstherearelostopportunitie
stowalkandtalkwiththeiryoungscholarabouttheirday.Mostparentswillhaveeagerlyaskedtheirchildabouttheirday,onlytomeetwi
tha“good”,quicklyfollowedby"I'mhungry".Thisisalsomyexperienceasamother.Butsomewhereoverthedailywalkmoreaboutmyson'sdayc
omesout.Ihearhimmakingsenseoffriendshipanditslimits.Thisistheunexpectedandrareparentalopportunitytohearmore.Manyprimarysch
oolssupportwalkingschool-busroutes(路线),withdaysofregular,parent-accompaniedwalks.Doingjustoneoftheseafewtimesaweek
isbetterthannothing.Itcanbetoughtobeginandtakesalittleplanning-runningshoesbythefrontdoor,lunchesmadethenightbefore,umbrellaso
nrainydaysandhatsonhotones-butit'scertainlyworthtrying.41.WhydoestheauthormentionWatkins'predictionsinthefirstparagrap
h?A.Tomakecomparisons.B.Tointroducethetopic.C.Tosupportherargument.D.Toprovideexamples.42.WhathascausedthedecreaseinAustralian
children'sphysicalactivity?A.Plainlaziness.B.Healthproblems.C.Lackoftime.D.Securityconcerns.43.Whydoestheauthorfindwalki
ngwithhersonworthwhile?A.Shecangetrelaxedafterwork.B.Shecankeepphysicallyfit.C.Shecanhelpwithherson'sstudy.D.She
canknowhersonbetter.6.(2021年1月浙江卷)Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzees(黑猩猩)usetocommunicate.They
saywildchimpscommunicate19specificmessagestooneanotherwitha"vocabulary"of66gestures.Thescientistsdiscov
eredthisbyfollowingandfilminggroupsofchimpsinUganda,andexaminingmorethan5,000incidentsofthesemeaningfulexchanges.DrCatherineHoba
iter,wholedtheresearch,saidthatthiswastheonlyformofintentionalcommunicationtoberecordedintheanimalkingd
om.Onlyhumansandchimps,shesaid,hadasystemofcommunicationwheretheydeliberatelysentamessagetoanothergroupmember."That'swhat'ssoamazingaboutchimpge
stures,"shesaid."They'retheonlythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespect.”Althoughpreviousresearchhasshownthatapesandmonkeyscanunderstandc
omplexinformationfromanotheranimal'scall,theanimalsdonotappeartousetheirvoicesintentionallytocommunicatemessages.Thiswasasignifica
ntdifferencebetweencallsandgestures,DrHobaitersaid.Chimpswillchecktoseeiftheyhavetheattentionoftheanimalwithwhichtheywishtocommunicate.Inonecase,am
otherpresentsherfoottohercryingbaby,signaling:"Climbonme."Theyoungsterimmediatelyjumpsontoitsmothersbackandtheytravelofftogether."Theb
igmessagefromthisstudyisthatthereisanotherspecies(物种)outthere.thatismeaningfulinitscommunication,sothat'snotuniquetohumans,"saidDrHob
aiter.DrSusanneShultz,anevolutionarybiologistfromtheUniversityofManchester,saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekin
gtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But,sheadded,theresultswere"alittledisappointing"."Thevaguenessof
thegesturemeaningssuggestseitherthatthechimpshavelittletocommunicate,orwearestillmissingalotoftheinformationcontainedintheirgesturesandactions,"
shesaid."Moreover,themeaningsseemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalconveywithnon-verbalcommunication.So,itseemsthegulfre
mains."44.WhatdochimpsandhumanshaveincommonaccordingtoDrHobaiter?A.Memorizingspecificwords.B.Understandingcomplex
information.C.Usingvoicestocommunicate.D.Communicatingmessagesonpurpose.45.WhatdidDrShultzthinkofthestudy?A.Itwaswelldesignedbu
tpoorlyconducted.B.Itwasagoodtrybutthefindingswerelimited.C.Itwasinspiringbuttheevidencewasunreliable.D.Itwasafailureb
utthemethodsdeservedpraise.46.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"gulf"inthelastparagraphmean?A.Difference.B.Conflict.C.Balance.D.C
onnection.47.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ChimpanzeebehaviourstudyachievedabreakthroughB.Chimpanze
esdevelopedspecificcommunicationskillsC.Chimpanzees:thesmartestspeciesintheanimalkingdomD.Chimpanzeelanguage:communicationgest
urestranslated7.(2021年6月浙江卷)Ifyouevergettheimpressionthatyourdogcan"tell"whetheryoulookcontentorannoyed,youmaybeontosomething.Dogsma
yindeedbeabletodistinguishbetweenhappyandangryhumanfaces,accordingtoanewstudyResearcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages(
图像)ofthesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfofth
eperson'sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimagesto
tallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapi
ctureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthumanfac
esduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage."Wecanruleoutthatthedogssimplydistinguishbetweenthepicturesbasedonasimplecue,suchasthesightofteeth,"s
aidstudyauthorCorsinMuller."Instead,ourresultssuggestthatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthe
sameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes.""Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidently
concludethatatleastsomedogscandistinguishhumanfacialexpressions,"MullertoldLiveScience.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeab
ilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans."Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesint
heirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,"andthisexposurehasprovidedthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbe
tweenthem,Mullersaid.8.Thenewstudyfocusedonwhetherdogscan_________.A.distinguishshapesB.makesenseofhumanfacesC.feelhapp
yorangryD.communicatewitheachother9.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestudyfromparagraph2?A.Researcherstestedthe
dogsinrandomorder.B.Diversemethodswereadoptedduringtraining.C.PicturesusedinthetwostagesweredifferentD.Thedogswerephotographedbeforethelest.10.
Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Asuggestionforfuturestudies.B.Apossiblereasonforthestudyfindings.C.Amajorlimitationoft
hestudyD.Anexplanationoftheresearchmethod.8.(2021年北京卷)Hundredsofscientists,writersandacademicssoundedawarningtohumanityinanopenletterpublishedla
stDecember:Policymakersandtherestofusmustengageopenlywiththeriskofglobalcollapse.Researchersinmanyareashaveprojectedt
hewidespreadcollapseas“acrediblescenario(情景)thiscentury”.Asurveyofscientistsfoundthatextremeweatherevents
,foodinsecurity,andfreshwatershortagesmightcreateglobalcollapse.Ofcourse,ifyouareanon-humanspecies,collapse
iswellunderway.Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrol
ledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Notverylongago,itwasalsounthinkablethataviruswouldshutdownnationsandthatsa
fetynetswouldbeprovensodisastrouslylackinginflexibility.Theinternationalscholars’warningletterdoesn'tsayexactlywhatcollapsewilllooklikeorwheni
tmighthappen.Collapseology,thestudyofcollapse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrendsandwiththemthedangersofeverydaycivilizat
ion.Amongthesignatories(签署者)ofthewarningwasBobJohnson,theoriginatorofthe“ecologicalfootprint”concept,whichmeasuresthetotalamountofenvironme
ntalinputneededtomaintainagivenlifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,“itseemsthatglobalcollapseiscertaintohappeninsomeform,po
ssiblywithinadecade,certainlywithinthiscentury,”Johnsonsaidinanemail.“Onlyifwediscusstheconsequencesofourbiophysicallimits,”theDecemb
erwarninglettersays,“canwehavethehopetoreducetheirspeed,severityandharm”.Andyetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobe
ignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.Asapoetwrote,Manisavictimofdope(麻醉品)Intheincurableformofhope
.Thehundredsofscholarswhosignedtheletterareintent(执着)onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness.“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueo
fcollapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”28.Whatdoesthe
underlinedword“germane”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Scientific.B.Credible.C.Original.D.Relevant.29.Asforth
epublicawarenessofglobalcollapse,theauthoris________.A.worriedB.puzzledC.surprisedD.scared30.Whatcanwelearnfromthis
passage?A.Thesignatoriesmaychangethebiophysicallimits.B.Theauthoragreeswiththemessageofthepoem.C.Theissueofcollapseisbeingpri
oritized.D.Theglobalcollapseiswellunderway.9.(2021年北京卷)Earlyfifth-centuryphilosopherSt.Augustinefamouslywroteth
atheknewwhattimewasunlesssomeoneaskedhim.AlbertEinsteinaddedanotherwrinklewhenhetheorizedthattimevariesdependingonwherey
oumeasureit.Today'sstate-of-the-artatomic(原子的)clockshaveprovenEinsteinright.Evenadvancedphysicscan'td
ecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequestionyou'reasking.Forgetabouttimeasanabsolute.Whatif,insteadofconsideringtim
eintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimetoecology?Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstosetthetempo(节奏)ofhumanlife?We'reincreasinglyaware
ofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone,andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate(调节)ouractionsifwehopetolivein
balance.Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat?Recently,Iconceptualizedanewapproachtotimekeepingthat'sconnectedtocircumstancesonourplanet,co
nditionsthatmightchangeasaresultofglobalwarming.We'renowbuildingaclockattheAnchorageMuseumthatreflects
thetotalflowofseveralmajorAlaskanrivers,whicharesensitivetolocalandglobalenvironmentalchanges.We'veprogrammedit
tomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate.Iftheriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage,theclockwillgetaheadofstandardti
me.Iftheyrunslower,you'llseetheoppositeeffect.Theclockregistersbothshort-termirregularitiesandlong-termtrendsinriverdynamics.It'sas
ortofobservatorythatrevealshowtheriversarebehavingfromtheirowntemporalframe(时间框架),andallowsustowitnessthosechangesonoursmartwatchesorphones.An
yonewhooptstogoonAlaskaMeanRiverTimewillliveinharmonywiththeplanet.Anyonewhoconsidersrivertimeinrelationtoatomictimewillencounteramajorimbalan
ceandmaybemotivatedtocounteractitbyconsuminglessfuelorsupportinggreenerpolicies.Evenifthismethodoftimekeepi
ngisnovelinitsparticulars,earlyagriculturalsocietiesalsoconnectedtimetonaturalphenomena.Inpre-ClassicalGreece,forinstance,people
“corrected”officialcalendarsbyshiftingdatesforwardorbackwardtoreflectthechangeofseason.Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheirsurvival.Like
wise,rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmentalawareness.WhenSt.Augus
tineadmittedhisinabilitytodefinetime,hehighlightedoneoftime'smostnoticeablequalities:Timebecomesmeaningfulonlyinadefinedcontext.Anytim
ekeepingsystemisvalid,andeachisaspraiseworthyasitspurpose.31WhatisthemainideaofParagraph1?A.Timekeepingisincreasinglyrelatedtonature.B
.Everyonecandefinetimeontheirownterms.C.Thequalitiesoftimevarywithhowyoumeasureit.D.Timeisamajorconcernofphilosophersandscientists.32.
TheauthorraisesthreequestionsinParagraph2mainlyto________.A.presentanassumptionB.evaluateanargumentC.highlightanexperimentD.introduceanappro
ach33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Thosewhodonotgoonrivertimewillliveanimbalancedlife.B.Newwaysofmeasuringtime
canhelptocontrolEarthsystems.C.Atomictimewillgetaheadofrivertimeiftheriversrunslower.D.Moderntechnologymayhelptoshape
therivers’temporalframe.34.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage?A.Itiscrucialtoimprovethedefinitionoftime.B.Afixedframewillma
ketimemeaningless.C.Weshouldliveinharmonywithnature.D.Historyisamirrorreflectingreality..获得更多资源请扫码加入享学资源网微信公众号www.xiangxue100.com