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专题15阅读理解议论文2024年Passage1【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】Iscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andarelisteningtoandvi

ewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswerstobothquestionsareoften

“no”.Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,anentertainmentmindset(心态)andatendencytomultit

askwhileconsumingdigitalcontent.Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamount

ofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpleta

sks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesf

romatext.Thedifferencesbetweenprintanddigitalreadingresultsarepartlyrelatedtopaper’sphysicalproperties.Withpaper,thereisaliterallayingonof

hands,alongwiththevisualgeographyofdistinctpages.Peopleoftenlinktheirmemoryofwhatthey’vereadtohowfarintothebookitwasorwhereit

wasonthepage.Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(

假说)”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotele

ssmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.Audio(音频)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglytu

rntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshav

edemonstratedthatwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorviewidenticalpieces.Digi

taltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.Howe

ver,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,ev

enwhentheycontainidenticalwords.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“shinethrough”inparagraph2mean?ASeemunlikelytol

ast.B.Seemhardtoexplain.C.Becomereadytouse.D.Becomeeasytonotice.29.Whatdoestheshallowinghypothesisassume?

.A.Readerstreatdigitaltextslightly.B.Digitaltextsaresimplertounderstand.C.Peopleselectdigitaltextsrandomly.D.Digitaltextsaresuitableforsocialmedi

a.30.Whyareaudioandvideoincreasinglyusedbyuniversityteachers?A.Theycanholdstudents'attention.B.Theyaremoreconvenienttoprepar

e.C.Theyhelpdevelopadvancedskills.D.Theyaremoreinformativethantext.31.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthelastparagraph?A

.Studentsshouldapplymultiplelearningtechniques.B.Teachersshouldproducetheirownteachingmaterial.C.Printtextscannotbeentirelyreplacedinedu

cation.D.Educationoutsidetheclassroomcannotbeignored.【答案】28.D29.A30.A31.C【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。【28题详解】词句猜测

题。根据前文“Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonsc

reen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“whenexperimentersmove

fromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginf

erencesfromatext.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shinethrou

gh应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallo

winghypothesis(假说)”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whic

hareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowinghypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适

合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowinghypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。【30题详解】细节理解题。根据第五

段“Audio(音频)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninga

nonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。【31

题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailablei

nprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallme

diaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相

同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故

选C项。Passage2【2024全国甲卷】“Ididn’tliketheending,”Isaidtomyfavoritecollegeprofessor.Itwasmyjunioryearofundergraduate,andIwasdoinganind

ependentstudyonVictorianliterature.IhadjustfinishedreadingTheMillontheFlossbyGeorgeEliot,andIwasheartbrokenwiththeending.Prof.

Gracie,withallhispatience,askedmetothinkaboutitbeyondwhetherIlikeditornot.HesuggestedIthinkaboutthedifferencebetweenendingsthatIwantedfort

hecharactersandendingsthatwererightforthecharacters,endingsthatsatisfiedthestoryeveniftheydidn’thaveatraditionallypositiveoutcome.Ofcourse,Iwouldha

vepreferredadifferentendingforTomandMaggieTulliver,buttheendingtheygotdidmakethemostsenseforthem.Thiswasanahamomentforme,andIneverthoughtab

outendingsthesamewayagain.Fromthenon,ifIwantedtoreadanendingguaranteedtobehappy,I’dpickupaloveromance.IfIwantedanendingIcouldn’tguess,I’dpickupamys

tery(悬疑小说).OnewhereIkindofknewwhatwasgoingtohappen,historicalfiction.Choosingwhattoreadbecameeasier.Butwritingthe

end—that’shard.It’shardforwritersbecauseendingscarrysomuchweightwithreaders.Youhavetobalancecreatinganendingthat'sunpredictable,butdoesn’tseem

tocomefromnowhere,onethatfitswhat’srightforthecharacters.That’swhythisissue(期)ofWriter’sDigestaimstohelpyoufigureou

thowtowritethebestendingforwhateverkindofwritingyou’redoing.Ifit’sshortstories,PeterMountfordbreaksdownsixtechniques

youcantrytoseewhichonehelpsyoustickthelanding.ElizabethSimsanalyzesthefinalchaptersoffivegreatnovelstoseewhatkeypointstheyincludea

ndhowyoucanadaptthemforyourwork.Thisissuewon’ttellyouwhatyourendingshouldbe—that’suptoyouandthestoryyou’retelling—buitmightprovidewhatyouneedtog

etthere.12.WhydidtheauthorgotoProf.Gracie?A.Todiscussanovel.B.Tosubmitabookreport.C.Toargueforawriter.D.Toaskforaread

inglist.13.WhatdidtheauthorrealizeafterseeingGracie?A.Writingisamatterofpersonalpreferences.B.Readersareoftencarriedawaybycharacter.C.Eachtyp

eofliteraturehasitsuniqueend.D.Astorywhichbeginswellwillendwell.14.Whatisexpectedofagoodending?AItsatisfiesreaders’taste.B.Itfitswi

ththestorydevelopment.C.Itisusuallypositive.D.Itisopenforimagination.15.WhydoestheauthormentionPeterMountfordandEl

izabethSims?A.Togiveexamplesofgreatnovelists.B.Tostressthethemeofthisissue.C.Toencouragewritingforthemagazine.D.Torecomme

ndtheirnewbooks.【答案】12.A13.C14.B15.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先通过作者与教授关于小说结局的讨论引发了对结局的思考，接着阐述了不同类型的文学作品结局的特点，最后提出了写作好的结局的重要性并介绍了《Writer’sDigest》杂志如何帮

助作家写出更好的结尾。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段““Ididn’tliketheending,”Isaidtomyfavoritecollegeprofessor.Itwasmyjunioryearofundergraduate,andIwasdoinganindepende

ntstudyonVictorianliterature.IhadjustfinishedreadingTheMill.ontheFlossbyGeorgeEliot,andIwasheartbroke

nwiththeending.Prof.Gracie,withallhispatience,askedmetothinkaboutitbeyondwhetherIlikeditornot.(“我不喜欢这个结局，”我对我最喜欢的大学教授说。那是我大三的时候，我正在做一项关于维多利亚文学的独立研

究。我刚刚读完乔治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，读到结尾我很伤心。格雷西教授耐心地让我考虑一下，不要只看我喜不喜欢)”可知，作者去找格雷西教授是为了讨论小说。故选A项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“Thiswasanahamome

ntforme,andIneverthoughtaboutendingsthesamewayagain.Fromthenon,ifIwantedtoreadanendingguaranteedtobehappy,I’dpi

ckupaloveromance.IfIwantedanendingIcouldn’tguess,I’dpickupamystery(悬疑小说).OnewhereIkindofknewwhatwasgoingtohappen,historicalfiction.Choosi

ngwhattoreadbecameeasier.(这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻，我再也没有想过同样的结局。从那时起，如果我想读一个保证幸福的结局，我就会选一部爱情小说。如果我想要一个我猜不到的结局，我会选一本神秘小说。一种是我知道会发生什么，历史小说。选择读什么变得更容易

了)”可知，见过格雷西教授后，作者意识到了每种类型的文学都有其独特的结局。故选C项。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Butwritingtheend—that’shard.It’shardfor

writersbecauseendingscarrysomuchweightwithreaders.Youhavetobalancecreatinganendingthat’sunpredictable,butdoesn’tseemtocomefromnowhere,onethatfitswh

at’srightforthecharacters.(但是写出结局——那很难。对作家来说很难，因为结局对读者来说意义重大。你必须平衡创造一个不可预测的结局，但这个结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定)”可知，人们对一个好结局的期望是结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的

设定，也就是符合故事的发展。故选B项。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“That’swhythisissue(期)ofWriter’sDigestaimstohelpyoufigureouthowtowritethebestendingforwhateverk

indofwritingyou’redoing.Ifit’sshortstories,PeterMountfordbreaksdownsixtechniquesyoucantrytoseewhichonehelpsyoustick

thelanding.ElizabethSimsanalyzesthefinalchaptersoffivegreatnovelstoseewhatkeypointstheyincludeandhowyoucanadaptthemfor

yourwork.(这就是为什么这期《Writer’sDigest》旨在帮助你找出如何为你正在写的任何类型的作品写出最好的结局。如果是短篇小说，彼得·蒙特福德分解了六种技巧，你可以尝试看看哪一种能帮助你完美着陆。伊丽莎白·西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看

看它们包含了哪些关键点，以及你如何将它们应用到你的作品中)”可知，作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊丽莎白·西姆斯是为了强调这期《Writer’sDigest》的主题，即帮助读者写出更好的结尾。故选B项。Passage3【2024北京卷】Thenotionthatweli

veinsomeoneelse’svideogameisirresistibletomany.Searchingtheterm“simulationhypothesis”(模拟假说)returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheun

iverseisacomputersimulation——aconceptthatsomescientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotasci

entificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetherit’strue.Wecan,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.The18

th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthatareunknowable.Wh

ileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptio

ns.Modernscienceshaverevealedthatourperceptualexperienceoftheworldistheresultofmanystagesofprocessingbyse

nsorysystemsandcognitive(认知的)functionsinthebrain.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappenswithinthisblackbox.Ifempirical(实证的)experiencefa

ilstorevealreality,reasoningwon’trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturalandpsy

chologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation.And

then,wecanshiftourinquiryfrom“Istheuniverseacomputersimulation?”to“Canwemodeltheuniverseasacomputersimulation?”Modellingrealityiswhatwedo

.Tofacilitateourcomprehensionoftheworld,webuildmodelsbasedonconceptualmetaphors(隐喻)thatarefamiliartous.InNewton’sera,weimagi

nedtheuniverseasaclock.InEinstein’s,weuncoveredthestandardmodelofparticle(粒子)physics.Nowthatweareintheinfor

mationage,wehavenewconceptssuchasthecomputer,informationprocessing,virtualreality,andsimulation.Unsurprisingly,thesenewconcep

tsinspireustobuildnewmodelsoftheuniverse.Modelsarenotthereality,however.Thereisnopointinarguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoranou

tputofcomputation.Allthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemoretoolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsight

fulwecanbecome.Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuildingpreviousscientificmodels,developingthe“computersimulation”metaphor-ba

sedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewardingexercise.28.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodobychallengingahypothesis?A.Ma

keanassumption.B.Illustrateanargument.C.Giveasuggestion.D.Justifyacomparison.29.Whatdoesthephrase“contingenton”underlinedinParagraph2prob

ablymean?A.Acceptedby.B.Determinedby.C.Awakenedby.D.Discoveredby.30.AsforKant’sargument,theauthoris_________.A.appreciativeB.doubtfulC.unconcerned

D.disapproving31.Itisimpliedinthispassagethatweshould_________.A.comparethecurrentmodelswiththepreviousonesB.continueex

ploringtheclassicalmodelsinhistoryC.stoparguingwhethertheuniverseisasimulationD.turnsimulationsoftheuniverse

intorealitiesup.【答案】28.C29.B30.A31.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Searchingtheterm“simulationh

ypothesis”(模拟假说)returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulation——aconceptthatsom

escientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetherit’strue.We

can,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我

们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。【29题详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段“Ifempirical(实证的)experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwon

’trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturalandpsychologicalhistorie

s.Again,ablackbox.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingenton我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词con

ceptsandwords，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determinedby意义相近。故选B项。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“The18th-centuryphilosopherKantargued

thattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthatareunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists

,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptions.(18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实

是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation.(因此

，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Thereisnopointina

rguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoranoutputofcomputation.Allthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscov

eries.Andthemoretoolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.(争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察

力)”以及第五段“Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuildingpreviousscientificmodels,developingthe“computersimulation”

metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewardingexercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应

该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。2023年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2023年全国乙卷】Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivi

legeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,h

asnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnot

onlyinwritingbutinthings.Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinman

ycaseswesimplycan’t.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon-literatehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBo

tanyBay,betweenCaptainCook’svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain’sr

ecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.Ifwewanttoreconstructw

hatwasactuallygoingonthatday,theshieldmustbequestionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewrittenreports.Inadditiontotheprob

lemofmiscomprehensionfrombothsides,therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.Tho

sewhoareonthelosingsideoftenhaveonlytheirthingstotelltheirstories.TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,allo

fwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whe

nweconsidercontact(联系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessaril

ytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobje

cts.12.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactssp

eaklouderthanwords.D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.13.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningCaptainCookinparagraph2?A.Hisreport

wasscientific.B.Herepresentedthelocalpeople.C.HeruledoverBotanyBay.D.Hisrecordwasone-sided.14.Whatdoestheunderlin

edword“conversation”inparagraph3referto?A.Problem.B.History.C.Voice.D.Society.15.Whichofthefollowingbooksisthet

extmostlikelyselectedfrom?A.HowMapsTellStoriesoftheWorldB.AShortHistoryofAustraliaC.AHistoryoftheWorldin100ObjectsD.HowArtWorksTellStori

es【答案】12.A13.D14.B15.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。【12题详解】主旨大意题。根

据文章第一段“Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoft

heworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievemen

ts,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来

讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段首

句“Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butin

manycaseswesimplycan’t.(理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合

的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain’srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawood

enshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.(在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男

子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。【14题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpe

opleofBeninandtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheob

jectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whenweconsidercontact(联系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesoci

etiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.(加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制

造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“Ifwearetofi

ndtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.(如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历

史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Ifyouwan

ttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseon

lysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权

的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetor

eadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.(如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而

推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。2022年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2022年全国甲卷】Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSyd

ney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbb

eaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30

s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentoursepa

rateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.“I’llmisstheseoldboats,”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean?”Iasked.“Oh,they’rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Ca

tamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.Butthat’sprogress,Iguess.”EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandpr

ogressarethewatchwords(口号),andtraditionsareincreasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian

,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildi

ngs.“Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself,”shesaid.“Wecan’tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It’saconflictthatwearen’tgettingany

betteratresolving(解决).”Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoun

gbusinessmannamedAnthony.“Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,”hetoldme.“WhatpeopleforgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustrali

a,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,theGreekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We’vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutw

ithadriveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It’saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”Heisright,butIcan’thelpwishingtheywouldkee

pthoseoldferries.12.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Sydney’sstrikingarchitecture.B.TheculturaldiversityofSydney.C.Thekeyto

Sydney’sdevelopment.D.Sydney’stouristattractionsinthe1960s.13.WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?A.Hegoestoworkbyboat.B.Helooksforwa

rdtoanewlife.C.Hepilotscatamaranswell.D.Heisattachedtotheoldferries.14.WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?A

.Itislosingitstraditions.B.Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.C.Itshouldexpanditspopulation.D.Itisbecomingmoreinternat

ional.15.Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A.Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.B.Acitybuiltonancientcult

uresismoredynamic.C.modernityisusuallyachievedatthecostofelegance.D.Compromiseshouldbemadebetweenthelo

calandtheforeign.【答案】12.D13.D14.A15.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。【12题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignifica

ntthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.(20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口)”以及“Butitistheharbo

rthatmakesthecity.(但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C项。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotSy

dneyferryboatsforaliving.(30岁出头的AndrewReynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生)”、第三段“I’llmisstheseoldboats.(我会想念这些旧船的)”以

及第五段“Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.(双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员AndrewReynolds喜

欢老式渡船。故选D项。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinth

e1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.(悉尼的官方历史学家ShirleyFitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多

它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，ShirleyFitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A项。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasi

tsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.(另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点)”以及最后一段“Hei

sright(他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。Passage2【2022年北京卷】Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately

.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’ve

alsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeept

hefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechco

mpanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakest

epstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheyca

n’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asq

uantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spot

ential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroug

hstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’st

andsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIread

hisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmhe

co-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesay

s,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatw

ewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwit

hothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyf

riendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.31.RegardingJohnson’sconcerns,theauthorfee

ls________.A.sympatheticB.unconcernedC.doubtfulD.excited32.WhatleadstoTaylor’soptimismaboutquantumcomputing?A.Hisdominanceinphysics.B.Thecompetit

ioninthefield.C.HisconfidenceinPyQuantum.D.Theinvestmentoftechcompanies.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone”inParagraph3mostprobab

lymean?A.Open.B.Cool.C.Useful.D.Resistant.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.IsJohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?B.IsQuantumComputingRed

efiningTechnology?C.WillQuantumComputersEverComeintoBeing?D.WillQuantumComputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?【答案】31

A32.C33.A34.D【解题导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。31.【解析】推理判断题。根据第三自然段“Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreat

tentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesaboutt

heirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.（随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误

导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信

约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的.担忧，作者是支持的。A.sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B.unconcerned不关心的；C.doubtful怀疑的；D.excited激动的。故选A。32.【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Thecompany

,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothav

ebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativel

ycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”（他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观

点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。33.【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallyproneto

hype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”（但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别pron

e被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A.Open.开放的；易受损害的；B.Cool.酷的；C.Useful.有用

的；D.Resistant.有抵抗力的。故选A。34.【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,asha

vemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheop

positedirection.Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.”（现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化

转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingto

advisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，

本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。Passage3【2022年天津卷第

二次】RalphEmersononcesaidthatthepurposeoflifeisnottobehappy,buttobeuseful,tobeloving,tomakesomedifferenceinheworld.Whileweapprec

iatesuchwordsofwisdom,werarelytrytofollowtheminourlives.Mostpeopleprefertoliveagoodlifethemselves,ignoringtheirresponsibilities

fortheworld.Thisnarrowperceptionofagoodlifemayprovideshort-termbenefits,butissuretoleadtolong-termharmandsuffering.Agoodli

febasedoncomfortandluxurymayeventuallyleadtomorepainbe-causewespoilourhealthandevenourcharacter,principles,ideals,and

relationships.Whatthen,isthesecretofagoodlife?Agoodlifeisaprocess,notastateofbeing:adirection,notadestination.Wehavetoearnagoodlifeb

yfirstservingotherswithoutanyexpectationinreturnbecausetheirhappinessistheverysourceofourownhappiness

.Moreimportantly,wemustknowourselvesinsideout.Onlywhenweexamineourselvesdeeplycanwediscoverourabilitiesandrecognizeourlimitations,andthenworkaccord

inglytocreateabetterworld.Thefirstrequirementforagoodlifeishavingalovingheart.Whenwedocertainrightthingsmerelyasaduty,wefindourjobsotiresom

ethatwe’llsoonburnout.However,whenwedothatsamejoboutoflove,wenotonlyenjoywhatwedo,butalsodoitwithaneffortlessfeeling.Howeve

r,lovealoneisinsufficienttoleadagoodlife.Lovesometimesblindsustothereality.Consequently,ourgoodintentionsmayn

otleadtogoodresults.Toachievedesiredoutcome,thosewhowanttodogoodtoothersalsoneedtoequipthemselveswithaccurateworldknowle

dge.Falseknowledgeismoredangerousthanignorance.Ifloveistheengineofacarknowledgeisthesteeringwheel(方向盘).Iftheenginelackspower,thcarca

n’tmove;ifthedriverlosescontrolofthesteering,aroadaccidentprobablyoccurs.Onlywithloveinheartandtherightknowledgeinmindcanweleadagoodlife.Withlovea

ndknowledge,wegoallouttocreateabetterworldbydoinggoodtoothers.Whenweseetheimpactofourgoodworkontheworldwegivemeanin

gtoourlifeandearnlastingjoyandhappiness.51.Whateffectdoesthenarrowperceptionofagoodlifehaveonus?A.Makingussimple-mindedB.Makingus

short-signted.C.Leadingusontoabusyroad.D.Keepingusfromcomfortandluxury.52.Accordingtotheauthor,howcanonegaintruehappiness?A.Through

maintaininggoodhealth.B.Bygoingthroughpainandsuffering.C.Byrecognizingone’sabilitiesandlimitations.D.Throughofferinghelpmuchneededby

others.53.AccordingtoParagraph4,doingcertainrightthingswithalovingheartmakesone________.A.lessselfishB.lessannoyingC.moremotivatedD.morere

sponsible54.Inwhatcasemaygoodintentionsfailtoleadtodesiredresults?A.Whenwehavewrongknowledgeoftheworld.B.Whenourlovefortheworldisinsu

fficient.C.Whenweareinsensitivetodangersinlife.D.Whenwestayblindtothereality.55.AccordingtoParagraph5,lifecanbem

adetrulygoodwhen________.A.inspiredbyloveandguidedbyknowledgeB.directedbyloveandpushedbyknowledgeC.purifiedbyloveandenrichedbyknowledgeD.pr

omotedbyloveanddefinedbyknowledge【答案】51B52.D53.C54.A55.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生而有益。【51题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“

Thisnarrowperceptionofagoodlifemayprovideshort-termbenefits,butissuretoleadtolong-termharmandsuffering.(这种对美好生活

的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处，但肯定会导致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知，对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处，所以时间长了会让我们目光短浅、短视。故选B项。【52题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Wehavetoe

arnagoodlifebyfirstservingotherswithoutanyexpectationinreturnbecausetheirhappinessistheverysourceofourownhappiness.(我们必须先为他

人服务而不求回报，因为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知，我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。.【53题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However,whenwedothatsamejoboutoflove,wenotonl

yenjoywhatwedo,butalsodoitwithaneffortlessfeeling.(然而，当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时，我们不仅享受我们做的事情，而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知，带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情；越享受做某件事，做事越有动力。故选C项。【54题

详解】推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Falseknowledgeismoredangerousthanignorance.(虚假的知识比无知更危险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好

，也可能导致不好的、违背预期的结局。故选A项。【55题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Withloveandknowledge,wegoallouttocreateabetterworldbydoinggoodtoothers.(带

着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，有爱和知识，生活就会变得更美好。故选A项。2021年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2021年全国甲卷】Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinter

estedhumankindforcenturies.Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplore

thenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?I

nthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryi

swrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub—women,or

peopleofadifferentcolororbelief—theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix

,girlsarelesslikelythanboystosaythatmembersoftheirgender(性别)are“really,reallysmart.”Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Aroundagesi

xtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare“really,reallysmart.”Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbecomediscouraged

andgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunicat

ion,we'reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactor

s(因素)likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith“intelligence,creativity,pers

everance(毅力),andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.”12.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvictors'standardsf

orjoiningthegeniusclub?A.They'reunfair.B.They'reconservative.C.They'reobjective.D.They'restrict.13.Whatcanweinferaboutgirlsfr

omthestudyinScience?A.Theythinkthemselvessmart.B.Theylookuptogreatthinkers.C.Theyseegenderdifferencesearlierthanb

oys.D.Theyarelikelytobeinfluencedbysocialbeliefs14.Whyaremoregeniusesknowntothepublic?A.Improvedglob

alcommunication.B.Lessdiscriminationagainstwomen.C.Acceptanceofvictors'concepts.D.Changesinpeople'ssocialpositions.15.Whatisthebe

sttitleforthetext?A.GeniusesThinkAlikeB.GeniusTakesManyFormsC.GeniusandIntelligenceD.GeniusandLuck【答案】12.A1

3.D14.A15.B【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。【12题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段的“Itissai

dthathistoryiswrittenbyvictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebyg

eniusesoutsidetheclub-women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief-theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.(据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当

俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段的“Eve

nworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief.Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare“rea

lly,reallysmart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右

就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we’reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswhereve

rtheyappear.(在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Whoisage

nius?（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith“intelligence,creativity,perseverance,andsimplegeniuses,whoareab

letochangetheworld.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有

多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。Passage2【2021年全国乙卷】Whenalmosteveryonehasamobilephone,whyaremorethanhalfofAustralianhomesstil

lpayingforalandline（座机）?Thesedaysyou’dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn’townamobileph

one.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirpocket.Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere,anytime.Still,55percentofAust

ralianshavealandlinephoneathomeandonlyjustoveraquarter（29%）relyonlyontheirsmartphonesaccordingtoasurvey（调查）.OfthoseAustrali

answhostillhavealandline,athirdconcedethatit’snotreallynecessaryandthey’rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaythey

neveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies.Ithinkmyhomefallsintothatcategory.MorethanhalfofAustralianhomesarestillchoosingtost

ickwiththeirhomephone.Ageisnaturallyafactor（因素）—only58percentofGenerationYsstilluselandlinesnowandthen,comparedto84percentofBabyBoome

rswho’veperhapshadthesamehomenumberfor50years.Ageisn’ttheonlyfactor;I’dsayit’salsotodowiththemakeupofyourhouse

hold.GenerationXerswithyoungfamilies,likemywifeandI,canstillfinditconvenienttohaveahomephoneratherthanprovidingamobilephoneforevery

familymember.Thatsaid,tobehonesttheonlypeoplewhoeverringourhomephoneareourBabyBoomersparents,tothepointwherewe

playagameandguesswhoiscallingbeforewepickupthephone（usingCallerIDwouldtakethefunoutofit）.Howattachedareyoutoyourlandline?Howlonguntiltheygothewayofga

sstreetlampsandmorningmilkdeliveries?24.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusaboutmobilephones?A.Theirtargetusers.B.The

irwidepopularity.C.Theirmajorfunctions.D.Theircomplexdesign.25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“concede”inparagraph3mean?A.Admit.B.Argue.C.Remember

.D.Remark.26.WhatcanwesayaboutBabyBoomers?A.Theylikesmartphonegames.B.Theyenjoyguessingcallers’identity.C.Theykeepusinglandline

phones.D.Theyareattachedtotheirfamily.27.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthelandlinefromthelastparagraph?A.Itremainsafamilynecessity.B.Itwillfallou

tofusesomeday.C.Itmayincreasedailyexpenses.D.Itisasimportantasthegaslight.【答案】24.B25.A26.C27.B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固

定电话是非必需品的观点。【24题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Thesedaysyou'dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn'townamobilep

hone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirpocket.Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere,anytime.(现在你很难在澳大

利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。【25题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealand

line(在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it'snotreallynecessaryandthey'rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19perc

entsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies(固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有1

3%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A项。【2

6题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84percentofBabyBoomerswho'veperhapshadthesamehomenumberfor50years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相

同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“Thatsaid,tobehonesttheonlypeoplewhoeverringourhomephoneareourBabyBoomersparents(也就是说，老实

说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。【27题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Howattachedareyoutoyourlandline?Howlonguntiltheygothewayofgasstreet

lampsandmorningmilkdeliveries?(你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。P

assage3【2021年北京卷】Earlyfifth-centuryphilosopherSt．Augustinefamouslywrotethatheknewwhattimewasunlesssomeoneaskedhim．AlbertEinsteinaddedanot

herwrinklewhenhetheorizedthattimevariesdependingonwhereyoumeasureit．Today'sstate-of-the-artatomic（原子的）clockshaveprovenEinst

einright．Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequestionyou'reasking．Forgetabouttimeasanabsolute．Whatif

，insteadofconsideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimetoecology？Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstose

tthetempo（节奏）ofhumanlife？We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone，andrealizingthatweneedtomoder

ate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat？Recently，Iconceptualizeda

newapproachtotimekeepingthat'sconnectedtocircumstancesonourplanet，conditionsthatmightchangeasaresultofglobal

warming．We'renowbuildingaclockattheAnchorageMuseumthatreflectsthetotalflowofseveralmajorAlaskanrivers，whichar

esensitivetolocalandglobalenvironmentalchanges．We'veprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate．Iftheriversrunfa

sterinthefutureonaverage，theclockwillgetaheadofstandardtime．Iftheyrunslower，you'llseetheoppositeeffect．Theclockregistersbothsh

ort-termirregularitiesandlong-termtrendsinriverdynamics．It'sasortofobservatorythatrevealshowtheriversarebehavingfromtheirowntemporal

frame（时间框架），andallowsustowitnessthosechangesonoursmartwatchesorphones．AnyonewhooptstogoonAlaskaMeanRive

rTimewillliveinharmonywiththeplanet．Anyonewhoconsidersrivertimeinrelationtoatomictimewillencounteramajo

rimbalanceandmaybemotivatedtocounteractitbyconsuminglessfuelorsupportinggreenerpolicies．Evenifthismethodoftimekeepingisnovelinitsparticulars，earlya

griculturalsocietiesalsoconnectedtimetonaturalphenomena．Inpre-ClassicalGreece，forinstance，people“corrected”officialcalen

darsbyshiftingdatesforwardorbackwardtoreflectthechangeofseason．Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheirs

urvival．Likewise，rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmentalawareness．WhenSt．Augustineadmittedhisinabilitytod

efinetime，hehighlightedoneoftime'smostnoticeablequalities：Timebecomesmeaningfulonlyinadefinedcontext．Anytimekeepingsystemisv

alid，andeachisaspraiseworthyasitspurpose．31WhatisthemainideaofParagraph1？A.Timekeepingisincreasinglyrelatedtonature．B.Everyonecande

finetimeontheirownterms．C.Thequalitiesoftimevarywithhowyoumeasureit．D.Timeisamajorconcernofphilosophersandscientists．32.

TheauthorraisesthreequestionsinParagraph2mainlyto________．A.presentanassumptionB.evaluateanargumentC.highlightanexperimentD.

introduceanapproach33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage？A.Thosewhodonotgoonrivertimewillliveanimbalancedlife．B.Newwaysofmeasuringtimecanhelptocontrol

Earthsystems．.C.Atomictimewillgetaheadofrivertimeiftheriversrunslower．D.Moderntechnologymayhelptoshapetherivers’temporalfr

ame．34.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage？A.Itiscrucialtoimprovethedefinitionoftime．B.Afixedframewillmaketimemea

ningless．C.Weshouldliveinharmonywithnature．D.Historyisamirrorreflectingreality．【答案】31.B32.D33.C34.C【解析】【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。【

31题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequestionyou'reasking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间

是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。【32题详解】推理判断题。根

据第二段的“We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone，andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（调节）ouractions

ifwehopetoliveinbalance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat？(如果时间的定义

反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“Whatif，insteadofconsideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimetoecology？Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstosetthetempo

（节奏）ofhumanlife？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段的“We'veprog

rammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate．Iftheriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage，theclockwillgeta

headofstandardtime．Iftheyrunslower，you'llseetheoppositeeffect．（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度

较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。【34题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrol

Earthsystemswithengineeringalone，andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．(我

们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheirsurvival．Likewi

se，rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmentalawareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和

我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。Passage4【2021年天津卷第一次】Aboutfiveweeksago,Inoticedtheskinofourpetlizardwasgrowing

dusty.Itworriedme.Ireportedthestrangesurfaceontheskinofthelizardtomyhusbandandchildrenthenextmorning.Secondslater,ourlizarde

mergedfromitstankwithitsoldskinflowingbehindit.Ididn'tthinkaboutitmuchuntilamorninglastweekwhenIknockedmyfavoriteteapotoff

thetable.Itburstintohundredsofpieces.AsIsweptupthemess,Iwonderedwhywehadbeenbreakingsomanythingsoverthemonths.Thedestructionstarted

threemonthsago.Itwasmyhusband'sbirthday.Hehadjustlosthisjob.Theuncertaintywasstartingtowearonus,soIwanted

todosomethingspecial.“Let'smakeacakeforDad!”Icried.Mykidsscreamedwithjoy.Webaked,icedandsprinkledformo

stoftheday.Candlesonthecake!Balloonsonthewalls!Flowersonthetable!Twohoursbeforemyhusbandcamebackhomefromanotherjobinterview,myd

aughterclimbeduptograbaglassvasefromahighshelf.Itfellandcrashedbesidethecake.Tinypiecesofglasswereeverywhere.Sh

esobbedloudlyasIthrewthecakeaway.Myhusbandhadbananapuddingforhisbirthday.Threedaysago,thelightinourlivingroomsuddenlywe

ntout.Afterseveralfrustratinghoursofunsuccessfulattemptstofixit,myhusbandsuggestedwatchingtheMichaelJordandocumentaryseriesTheLastDance.Thepoignan

cyofJordanretiringfromhisbelovedbasketballtoplaybaseballandwhathadpushedhimtomakesuchatoughdecisiontookmebysurpri

se.AsIwatchedhimtakeoffhisbasketballuniformandreplaceitwithabaseballuniform,Isawhimleavingbehindthelayerthatnolongerserve

dhim,justasourlizardhad.Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.Buttheyhadtolivewithwhotheywereaftereverything

wasdifferent.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.Humansdonotshedskinaseasilyasotheranimals.Thebeginning

ofchangeisupsetting.Theprocessistiring.Damagechangesusbeforeweareready.Iseeourlizard,rawandnearlynew.Jordansaidthatnomatterhowiten

ds,itstartswithhope.Withourtender,hopefulskin,thatiswherewebegin.40．Whatcanwelearnaboutthepetlizardfro

mParagraph1?A．Itstankgrewdirty.B．Itsoldskincameoff.C．Itgotaskindisease.D．Itwentmissing.41．Whydidtheauthor'shusbandha

vebananapuddingforhisbirthday?A．Thebirthdaycakewasruined.B．Theauthormadegoodpuddings.C．Puddingwashisfavoritedessert.D．Theycouldn'taffordab

irthdaycake.42．WhydoestheauthormentionTheLastDanceinthepassage?A．Toproveatheory.B．Todefineaconcept.C．Todevelopth

etheme.D．Toprovidethebackground.43．Theunderlinedpart"leavingbehindthelayer"inParagraph8canbeunderstoodas.A．lettinggoofthepastB．lookingforanew

jobC．gettingridofabadhabitD．givingupanopportunity44．Whatdoestheauthormostlikelywanttotellus?A．Loveoffamilyhelpsussurvivegreathardshi

ps.B．It'snottheendoftheworldifwebreakthings.C．Weshouldmoveonnomatterwhathappens.D．Pastexperiencesshouldbetreasured.【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚

丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，直到作者看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了MichaelJordan的纪录片《最后的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为

人生的起点。40．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Ireportedthestrangesurfaceontheskinofthelizardtomyhusbandandchildrenthenextmorning.Second

slater,ourlizardemergedfromitstankwithitsoldskinflowingbehindit.(第二天早上，我向丈夫和孩子们报告了蜥蜴皮肤上奇怪的表面。几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，旧皮肤蜕了下来)”可知，宠物蜥蜴旧的皮肤脱落了。故选B。

41．细节理解题。根据第六段“Twohoursbeforemyhusbandcamebackhomefromanotherjobinterview,mydaughterclimbeduptograbaglassvasefromahighshelf.Itf

ellandcrashedbesidethecake.Tinypiecesofglasswereeverywhere.ShesobbedloudlyasIthrewthecakeaway.Myhusbandha

dbananapuddingforhisbirthday.(就在我丈夫参加另一场工作面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日吃了香蕉布丁)”可知，作者的丈夫过

生日吃了香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选A。42．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“ThepoignancyofJordanretiringfromhisbelovedbasketballtoplaybaseballandwhat

hadpushedhimtomakesuchatoughdecisiontookmebysurprise.AsIwatchedhimtakeoffhisbasketballuniformandreplaceitwithabaseballuniform,Isawhimleavingbe

hindthelayerthatnolongerservedhim,justasourlizardhad.Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.Buttheyhadtolivewithwhotheywereafterevery

thingwasdifferent.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.(Jordan从心爱的篮球退役，转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什么促使他做出如此艰难的决定，让我感到惊讶。当我看着他脱下篮球服，换

上棒球服时，我看到他脱下了那层不再适合他的衣服，就像我们的蜥蜴一样。他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”以及最后一段“Jordansaidthatnomatterhowitends,itsta

rtswithhope.Withourtender,hopefulskin,thatiswherewebegin.(Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知

，作者在文章中提到TheLastDance是为了展开文章关于放手过去，重新开始的主题。故选C。43．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.Buttheyhadtolivewith

whotheywereaftereverythingwasdifferent.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.(他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的

时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”可知，作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，意识到看到他放开了过去，把过去抛在脑后了。即画线词意思是“放开过去”。故选A。44．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段

“Humansdonotshedskinaseasilyasotheranimals.Thebeginningofchangeisupsetting.Theprocessistiring.Damagechangesusbeforeweareready.Iseeourliz

ard,rawandnearlynew.(人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。变革的开始令人不安。这个过程很累人。伤害在我们准备好之前就改变了我们。我看到了我们生嫩的、几乎是全新的蜥蜴)”以及最后一段“Jordansa

idthatnomatterhowitends,itstartswithhope.Withourtender,hopefulskin,thatiswherewebegin.(Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的

起点)”可推知，作者最有可能想告诉我们无论发生什么，我们都应该继续前进。故选C。Passage5【2021年天津卷第一次】Thereissomethingtobesaidforbeingageneralist,evenifyouareaspecialist.Knowi

ngalittleaboutalotofthingsthatinterestyoucanaddtotherichnessofawhole,well-livedlife.Societypushesustosp

ecialize,tobecomeexperts.Thisrequirescommitmenttoaparticularoccupation,branchofstudyorresearch.Thedrawbackt

obeingspecialistsisweoftencometoknowmoreandmoreaboutlessandless.Thereisagreatdealofpressuretomasterone'sfield.Youmaypurs

uetraining,degrees,orincreasinglevelsofresponsibilityatwork.Thenyoudiscoverthepressureofhavingtokeep

up.Somepeopleseemwillingtoworkaroundtheclockintheirnarrowspecialty.Butsuchcommitmentcanalsoweakenasenseoffreedom.Thesespecialistscouldworkatt

heofficeuntilteneachnight,thenlookbackandrealizetheywouldhavelovedtohavegonehomeandenjoyedthesweetnessoftheirfamilyandfriends,ortraveled

toexcitingplaces,meetinginterestingpeople.Masteringonethingtotheexclusion（排除）ofotherscanholdbackyourtru

espirit.Generalists,ontheotherhand,knowalotaboutawiderangeofsubjectsandviewthewholewithallitsconnections.Theyare

peopleofability,talent,andenthusiasmwhocanbringtheirbroadperspective（视角）intospecificfieldsofexpertise（专长）.The

doctorwhoisalsoapoetandphilosopherisasuperiordoctor,onewhocangivesomuchmoretohispatientsthanjustgoodmedicalskills.Th

ingsareconnected.Letyourexpertiseinonefieldfuelyourpassionsinallrelatedareas.Someofyourinterestsmaynotappeartobeconnec

tedbut,onceyouexploretheirdepths,youdiscoverthattheyare.MyeditorToni,whoisalsoawriter,haseditedseveralhistorybooks.S

hehasdecidedtostudyChinesehistory.FascinatedbythestructuralbeautyoftheForbiddenCityasapainter,sheisequallyinterestedt

olearnmoreaboutChinesephilosophy."Idon'tknowwhereitwilllead,butI'mexcitedI'monthispursuit."Theseexpansion

sintonewworldshelpusbygivingusnewperspectives.Webegintoseetheinterconnectednessofonethingtoanotherinallaspec

tsofourlife,ofourselvesandtheuniverse.Developbroad,generalknowledgeandexperience.Theuniverseisallyourstoexploreandenjoy.51．Tobe

comeaspecialist,onemayhaveto_____.A．narrowhisrangeofknowledgeB．avoidresponsibilitiesatworkC．knowmoreaboutthesocietyD．bro

adenhisperspectiveonlife52．ThespecialistsmentionedinParagraph3tendto______.A．treasuretheirfreedomB．travelaroundtheworldC．spendmosttimeworkingD．enjoy

meetingfunnypeople53．Accordingtotheauthor,asuperiordoctorisonewho_____.A．isfullyawareofhistalentandabilityB．isapurespecialistinmedicineC．s

houldlovepoetryandphilosophyD．bringsknowledgeofotherfieldstowork54．WhatdoestheauthorintendtoshowwiththeexampleofToni?A．Passionalo

nedoesnotensureaperson'ssuccess.B．In-depthexplorationmakesdiscoveriespossible.C．Everyonehasachancetosucceedintheirpursuit.D．Seeminglyunrelate

dinterestsareinawayconnected.55．Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．BeMoreaGeneralistThanaSpecialistB．SpecialistorGeneralist:HardtoDecideC．Tu

rnaGeneralistintoaSpecialistD．WaystoBecomeaGeneralist【分析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。51．推理判断题。文章第二段中提到“Thisrequirescommitmenttoapartic

ularoccupation,branchofstudyorresearch.Thedrawbacktobeingspecialistsisweoftencometoknowmoreandmoreaboutlessandless.（成为专家需要对特定的职业

、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。）”根据“know…aboutlessandless”可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选A。52．细节理解题。第三段中提到“Somepeopl

eseemwillingtoworkaroundtheclockintheirnarrowspecialty.…Thesespecialistscouldworkattheofficeuntilteneachnight(有些人

似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工作。……这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)”由此可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。53．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“Thedoctorwhois

alsoapoetandphilosopherisasuperiordoctor,onewhocangivesomuchmoretohispatientsthanjustgoodmedicalskills.(这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他

能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。)”可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。54．推理判断题。文章第五段中提到“Thingsareconnected.Letyourexpertiseinonefi

eldfuelyourpassionsinallrelatedareas.Someofyourinterestsmaynotappeartobeconnectedbut,onceyouexploretheirdepths,youdiscoverth

attheyare.（事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）”；下文举出Toni的例子“MyeditorToni,whoisalsoawrite

r,haseditedseveralhistorybooks.ShehasdecidedtostudyChinesehistory.FascinatedbythestructuralbeautyoftheForbidde

nCityasapainter,sheisequallyinterestedtolearnmoreaboutChinesephilosophy.（我的编辑Toni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，

同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。）”由此可以推断，作者想通过Toni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。55．主旨大意题。文章第一段提出观点“Thereissomethingtobesaidforbeingagener

alist,evenifyouareaspecialist.”作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；文章第二段提出“Thedrawbacktobeingspecialistsisweoftencometoknowmoreandm

oreaboutlessandless.”说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四段中提到“Generalists,…,knowalotaboutawiderangeofsubjectsandviewthewholewithallitsconnecti

ons.”说明当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为“BeMoreaGeneralistThanaSpecialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）”。故选A。2020年阅读理解议论文P

assage1【2020年新课标Ⅱ】Ihaveaspecialplaceinmyheartforlibraries.IhaveforaslongasIcanremember.Iwasalwaysanenthusiast

icreader,sometimesreadinguptothreebooksadayasachild.Storieswerelikeairtomeandwhileotherkidsplayedballorwent

toparties,IlivedoutadventuresthroughthebooksIcheckedoutfromthelibrary.MyfirstjobwasworkingattheUkiahLibrarywhenIwas

16yearsold.ItwasadreamjobandIdideverythingfromshelvingbookstoreadingtothechildrenforstorytime.AsIgrewolderandbecameamother,thelibrar

ytookonanewplaceandanaddedmeaninginmylife.Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource(来源)ofentertainment.Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotot

helocallibrary,wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem.Ialwaysread,usingdifferentvoices,

asthoughIwereactingoutthestorieswithmyvoiceandtheylovedit!Itwasaspecialtimetobondwithmychildrenanditfilledthemwiththewondermentofbook

s.Now,IseemychildrentakingtheirchildrentothelibraryandIlovethattheexcitementofgoingtothelibrarylivesonformgenerationto

generation.Asanovelist,I’vefoundanewrelationshipwithlibraries.Iencouragereaderstogototheirlocallibrarywhentheycan’taffordtopurchaseabo

ok.Iseelibrariesasasafehaven(避风港)forreadersandwriters,abridgethathelpsputtogetherareaderwithabook.Libraries,intheirownway,helpfightbookpiracy(盗版行

为)and1thinkallwritersshouldsupportlibrariesinasignificantwaywhentheycan.Encouragereaderstousethelibrary.S

harelibraryannouncementsonyoursocialmedia.Frequentthemandtalkaboutthemwhenyoucan.32.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’srelationship

withbooksasachild?A.Cooperative.B.Uneasy.C.Inseparable.D.Casual.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“anaddedmeaning

”inparagraph3referto?A.Pleasurefromworkinginthelibrary.B.Joyofreadingpassedoninthefamily.C.Wondermentfr

omactingoutthestories.D.Acloserbonddevelopedwiththereaders.34.Whatdoestheauthorcallonotherwriterstodo?A.Sponsorbookfairs.B.Writeforsocialmedia.C

.Supportlibraries.D.Purchasehernovels.35.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Reading:ASourceofKnowledgeB.

MyIdeaaboutwritingC.Library:AHavenfortheYoungD.MyLoveoftheLibrary【解析】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者是一个热情的读者，孩提时热衷读书，第一份工作在图

书馆。有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去。作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，宣传图书馆。32.推理判断题。根据第一段的Iwasalwaysanenthusiasticreader，sometimesreadinguptothreebooksadayasachild.S

torieswerelikeairtomeandwhileotherkidsplayedballorwenttoparties.IlivedoutadventuresthroughthebooksIchecke

doutfromthelibrary.(我一直是一个热情的读者，孩提时，有时候每天读多达三本书。故事对我来说就像空气，而其他孩子则打球或参加聚会。我通过从图书馆借阅来的书籍经历冒险)可推断，作者小时候与书是密不可分的。

故选C。33.词句猜测题。根据上文AsIgrewolderandbecameamother可知，我长大了成了一位母亲，结合下文Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource(来源)ofentertainment.Itwasabi

gdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary,wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem(我有几个孩子，书是我们娱乐的主要来源。对于我们来说，坐上车去当地的图

书馆是件大事，在那里我的孩子们可以挑选要阅读的书或者想让我给他们读的书)可推断，作者成了母亲以后，带着孩子去图书馆，孩子挑选书籍来阅读，或者作者读给他们听，因此可知图书馆在作者的生活中又增添了新的意义，阅读的乐趣在家庭中代代相传”

。故选B。34.细节理解题。根据最后一段的Ithinkallwritersshouldsupportlibrariesinasignificantwaywhentheycan.Encouragereaderst

ousethelibrary.Sharelibraryannouncementsonyoursocialmedia.Frequentthemandtalkaboutthemwhenyoucan.(我认为所有的作家都

应该在他们可以的时候以有意义的方式支持图书馆。鼓励读者使用图书馆。在社交媒体上分享图书馆公告。可以的时候常去图书馆，谈论图书馆)可知，作者呼吁其他的作家们支持图书馆。故选C。35.主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章讲述了作者是一名热情地读者，孩提时喜欢阅读，工作在图书馆。

有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去，作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，宣传图书馆。因此推断全文围绕“作者对图书馆的爱”展开讲述。故D项“我对图书馆的爱”为最佳标题。故选D。Passage2【2020年北京

卷】CertainformsofAIareindeedbecomingubiquitous.Forexample,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareap

pearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother.Thesesystemsaresometimesfasterandmoreperceptivethanwehumansare.Buts

ofarthatisonlytrueforthespecifictasksforwhichthesystemshavebeendesigned.ThatissomethingthatsomeAIdev

elopersarenoweagertochange.Someoftoday’sAIpioneerswanttomoveonfromtoday’sworldof“weak”or“narrow”AI,tocreate“strong”or“full”AI,o

rwhatisoftencalledartificialgeneralintelligence(AGI).Insomerespects,today’spowerfulcomputingmachinesalreadymakeourbrainslook

weak.AGIcould,itsadvocatessay,workforusaroundtheclock,anddrawingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstoma

nyproblems.DM,acompanyfocusedonthedevelopmentofAGI,hasanambitionto“solveintelligence”.“Ifwe’resuccessful,”theirmissionstatementreads,“webel

ievethiswillbeoneofthemostimportantandwidelybeneficialscientificadvancesevermade.”SincetheearlydaysofAI,imaginationhasoutpacedwhatispos

sibleorevenprobable.In1965,animaginativemathematiciancalledIrvingGoodpredictedtheeventualcreationofan“ultra-intelligentmachine

…thatcanfarsurpassalltheintellectual(智力的)activitiesofanyman,howeverclever.”Goodwentontosuggestthat“thefirstultra-intel

ligentmachine”couldbe“thelastinventionthatmanneedevermake.”Fearsabouttheappearanceofbad,powerful,man-madeintelligentmach

ineshavebeenreinforced(强化)bymanyworksoffiction—MaryShelley’sFrankensteinandtheTerminatorfilmseries,forexample.ButifAIdoeseventuallyprovetobeou

rdownfall,itisunlikelytobeatthehandsofhuman-shapedformslikethese,withrecognisablyhumanmotivationssuchasaggression(敌对行为).Instead,Iag

reewithOxfordUniversityphilosopherNickBostrom,whobelievesthattheheaviestrisksfromAGIdonotcomefromadecisiontoturnagainstmankindbu

tratherfromadoggedpursuitofsetobjectivesattheexpenseofeverythingelse.ThepromiseanddangeroftrueAGIaregreat.Butallo

ftoday’sexciteddiscussionaboutthesepossibilitiespresupposesthefactthatwewillbeabletobuildthesesystems.And,havings

pokentomanyoftheworld’sforemostAIresearchers,IbelievethereisgoodreasontodoubtthatwewillseeAGIanytimesoo

n,ifever.42.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ubiquitous”inParagraphIprobablymean?A.Enormousinquantity.B.Changeabledaily.C.Stableinqu

ality.D.Presenteverywhere.43.WhatcouldAGIdoforus,accordingtoitssupporters?A.Helptotackleproblems.B.Makebrainsmoreactiv

e.C.Benefitambitiouspeople.D.Setuppowerfuldatabases.44.AsforIrvingGood’sopiniononultra-intelligentmachinestheauthoris____________.A.supportiveB.disap

provingC.fearfulD.uncertain45.WhatcanbeinferredaboutAGIfromthepassage?,A.Itmaybeonlyadream.B.Itwillcomeintobeingsoon.C.Itwillbecontrolledb

yhumans.D.Itmaybemoredangerousthanever.【答案】42.D43.A44.B45.A【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。【42题详解】词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的Forexample,algo

rithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andou

rsmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一

种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Presenteverywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。【43题详解】细节理解题。

根据第二段AGIcould,itsadvocatessay,workforusaroundtheclock,anddrawingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstomanyproblems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们

工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Helptotackle

problems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。【44题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段SincetheearlydaysofAI,imaginationhasoutpacedwhatispossibleorevenprobable.In1965,animaginativemathema

ticiancalledIrvingGoodpredictedtheeventualcreationofan“ultra-intelligentmachine…thatcanfarsurpassalltheintellect

ual(智力的)activitiesofanyman,howeverclever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为IrvingGo

od对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。【45题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And,havingspoken

tomanyoftheworld'sforemostAIresearchers,IbelievethereisgoodreasontodoubtthatwewillseeAGIanytimesoon,ifever.(而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分

的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“Itmaybeonlyadream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。Passage3【2020年江

苏卷】IwasinthemiddleoftheAmazon(亚马逊)withmywife,whowasthereasamedicalresearcher.Weflewonasmallplanetoafarawayvillage.Wedidnotspeakthel

ocallanguage,didnotknowthecustoms,andmoreoftenthannot,didnotentirelyrecognizethefood.Wecouldnothavef

eltmoreforeign.Wewereraisedonbooksandcomputers,highwaysandcellphones,butnowwewerelivinginavillagewithoutrunningwaterorelectrici

tyItwaseasyforustogotosleepattheendofthedayfeelingalittlemisunderstood.ThenoneperfectAmazonianevening,withmonkeyscallingfrombeyondthevillage

green,weplayedsoccer.Iamnotgoodatsoccer,butthateveningitwaswonderful.Everyoneknewtherules.Weallspokethesamelangua

geofpassesandshots.Weunderstoodoneanotherperfectly.Asdarknesscameoverthefieldandthematchended,thegoalkeeper,Juan,walkedovertomeandsaidinamat

ter-of-factway,“Inyourhome,doyouhaveamoontoo?”Iwassurprised.AfterIexplainedtoJuanthatyes,wedidhaveamoonand

yes,itwasverysimilartohis,Ifeltasortofawe(敬畏)atthepossibilitiesthatexistedinhisworld.InJuan’sworld,eachvillagecouldhaveitsownmoon.InJu

an’sworld.theunknownandundiscoveredwasvastandmarvelous.Anythingwaspossible.Inoursociety,weknowthatEarthhasonlyonemoon.Wehavelookedatourplane

tfromeveryangleandfoundallofthewildestthingslefttofind.Ican,frommycomputerathome,pullupsatelliteimagesofJuan’svillage.Therearenomore

continentsandnomoremoonstosearchfor,littlelefttodiscover.Atleastitseemsthatway.Yet,asIthoughtaboutJuan’squestio

n,Iwasnotsurehowmuchmorewecouldreallyruleout.Iam,inpart,anantbiologist,somythoughtsturnedtowhatweknowaboutinsectlifeandIknewthatmuchi

ntheworldofinsectsremainsunknown.Howmuch,though?Howignorant(无知的)arewe?Thequestionofwhatweknowanddonotknowconstantlybotheredme.Ibegancollectingnew

spaperarticlesaboutnewspecies,newmonkey,newspider…,andonandontheyappear.Mydrawerquicklyfilled.Ibeganaseconddrawerf

ormoregeneraldiscoveries:newcavesystemdiscoveredwithdozensofnamelessspecies,fourhundredspeciesofbacteriafoundinthehumanstomac

h.TheseconddrawerbegantofillandasitdidIwonderedwhethertherewerebiggerdiscoveriesoutthere,notjustspecies,butlifethatdependsonthings

thoughttobeuseless,lifeevenwithoutDNA.Istartedathirddrawerforthesebigdiscoveries.Itfillsmoreslowly,butallthesame,itfills.Inlookingin

tothestoriesofbiologicaldiscovery,Ialsobegantofindsomethingelse,acollectionofscientists,usuallybrill

iantoccasionallyhalf-mad,whomadethediscoveries.Thosescientistsveryoftenseethesamethingsthatotherscientistssee,buttheypaymoreattentiontoth

em,andtheyfocusonthemtothepointofexhaustion(穷尽),andattheriskoftheridiculeoftheirpeers.Inlookingforthestoriesofdiscovery,Ifoundthestoriesofthesep

eopleandhowtheirliveschangedourviewoftheworld.Wearerepeatedlywillingtoimaginewehavefoundmostofwhatislefttodiscover.Weusedt

othinkthatinsectswerethesmallestorganisms(生物),andthatnothingliveddeeperthansixhundredmeters.Yet,whensomethingnewturnsup,m

oreoftenthannot,wedonotevenknowitsname.65.HowdidtheauthorfeelonhisarrivalintheAmazon?A.Outofplace.B.Fullofjoy.C.Sleepy.

D.Regretful.66.WhatmadethatAmazonianeveningwonderful?A.Helearnedmoreaboutthelocallanguage.B.Theyhadaniceconversationwitheac

hother.C.Theyunderstoodeachotherwhileplaying.D.Hewonthesoccergamewiththegoalkeeper.67.WhywastheauthorsurprisedatJuan’squesti

onaboutthemoon?A.Thequestionwastoostraightforward.B.Juanknewsolittleabouttheworld.C.Theauthordidn’tknowhowtoans

wer.D.Theauthordidn’tthinkJuanwassincere.68.Whatwastheauthor’sinitialpurposeofcollectingnewspaperarticles?A.Tosortoutwhatwehave

known.B.TodeepenhisresearchintoAmazonians.C.Toimprovehisreputationasabiologist.D.Tolearnmoreaboutlocalcultures

.69.Howdidthosebrilliantscientistsmakegreatdiscoveries?A.Theyshiftedtheirviewpointsfrequently.B.Theyfo

llowedotherscientistsclosely.C.Theyoftencriticizedtheirfellowscientists.D.Theyconductedin-depthandclosestudies.70.Whatcouldbet

hemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?A.ThePossibleandtheImpossible.B.TheKnownandtheUnknown.C.TheCivilizedandtheUncivilized.D.TheIgnorantandth

eIntelligent.【文章大意】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者和妻子来到了亚马逊，妻子是一名医学研究者。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在生物多样性发现的过程中，作者意识到，很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的

。65.推理判断题。根据第一段“Wedidn’tspeakthelocallanguage,didnotknowthecustomsandmoreoftenthannot,didn’tentirelyrecognizethefood.Wecouldn’thavefeltm

oreforeign.”可知，我们不会说当地的语言，不了解当地的风俗习惯，而且往往我们不能完全认识食物，我们感觉非常陌生。由此可知，作者一到达亚马逊感觉格格不入。故选A项。66.细节理解题。根据第三段“Everyoneknewtherules.Weallspokethesamelangua

geofpassesandshots.Weunderstoodoneanotherperfectly.”可知，每个人都知道规则，在传球和射门方面，我们说着同样的语言，彼此非常了解。由此可知，踢球时他们的彼此理解使得

他们的亚马逊夜晚很美好。故选C项。67.推理判断题。根据第四段“InJuan’sworld,theunknownandundiscoveredwasvastandmarvelous.”可知，在胡安的世界里，未知的东西和未被发现的东西是浩瀚而神奇的。由此判断，胡安对这个世界

知之甚少。故选B项。68.推理判断题。根据第七段“Ibegancollectingnewspaperarticlesaboutnewspecies,newspider...,andonandontheyappear,mydrawe

rquicklyfilled,Ibeganaseconddrawerformoregeneraldiscoveries:newcavesystemdiscoveredwithdozensofnamelessspecies...Istartedat

hirddrawerforthesebigdiscoveries.”可知，我开始收集报纸上关于新物种、新蜘蛛的文章……它们源源不断地出现，我的抽屉很快就填满了。我开始用第二个抽屉来储存更普遍的发现:在

新的洞穴系统发现了几十个无名的物种……我还为这些重大发现准备了第三个抽屉。由此判断，作者收集报纸文章的初始目的是为了分类我们所知道的事情。故选A项。69.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“buttheypaymoreattentiontothem,andtheyfocusonthemtoth

epointofexhaustion,andattheriskoftheridiculeoftheirpeers.”可知，但他们更多地关注这些发现，他们把注意力集中在这些发现上直到精疲力竭的地步，冒着

被同龄人嘲笑的风险。由此可知，杰出的科学家进行深入细致的研究，做出重大的发现。故选D项。70.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者和妻子来到了亚马逊。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解到一些人对外部的世界并不

了解。在对这里的风土人情和多样化生物的研究过程中，作者提高了认识，意识到很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。所以短文的最佳标题为“已知和未知的事物”。故选B项。2019年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2019年江苏卷】Whocaresifpeoplethinkwronglytha

ttheInternethashadmoreimportantinfluencesthanthewashingmachine?Whydoesitmatterthatpeoplearemoreimpressedbythemo

strecentchanges?Itwouldnotmatterifthesemisjudgmentswerejustamatterofpeople'sopinions.However,theyhaverealimpacts,astheyresultinmisguidedus

eofscarceresources.ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)revolution,representedbytheInternet,hasmadesomerichcountriesw

ronglyconcludethatmakingthingsisso"yesterday"thattheyshouldtrytoliveonideas.Thisbeliefin"post-industrialsociety"hasledthosecoun

triestoneglecttheirmanufacturingsector(制造业)withnegativeconsequencesfortheireconomies.Evenmoreworryingly,thefascinationwit

htheInternetbypeopleinrichcountrieshasmovedtheinternationalcommunitytoworryaboutthe"digitaldivide"betweentherichcountriesandt

hepoorcountries.ThishasledcompaniesandindividualstodonatemoneytodevelopingcountriestobuycomputerequipmentandInternetfac

ilities.Thequestion,however,iswhetherthisiswhatthedevelopingcountriesneedthemost.Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethin

gssuchasdiggingwells,extendingelectricitynetworksandmakingmoreaffordablewashingmachineswouldhaveimprovedpeople'slivesmo

rethangivingeverychildalaptopcomputerorsettingupInternetcentresinruralvillages,Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymoreimportant,butma

nydonatorshaverushedintofancyprogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelativelong-termcostsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney

.Inyetanotherexample,afascinationwiththenewhasledpeopletobelievethattherecentchangesinthetechnologiesofcommunications

andtransportationaresorevolutionarythatnowweliveina"borderlessworld".Asaresult,inthelasttwentyyearsorso,manypeoplehavecometobelievethatwhatevercha

ngeishappeningtodayistheresultofgreattechnologicalprogress,goingagainstwhichwillbeliketryingtoturntheclockback.Belie

vinginsuchaworld,manygovernmentshaveputanendtosomeoftheverynecessaryregulationsoncross-borderflowsofcapital,labourandgoods,withpoorres

ults.Understandingtechnologicaltrendsisveryimportantforcorrectlydesigningeconomicpolicies,bothatthenationalandtheinte

rnationallevels,andformakingtherightcareerchoicesattheindividuallevel.However,ourfascinationwiththelatest,andourundervaluationofwhathasalr

eadybecomecommon,can,andhas,ledusinallsortsofwrongdirections.61.Misjudgmentsontheinfluencesofnewtechnologycanlea

dto__________.A.alackofconfidenceintechnologyB.aslowprogressintechnologyC.aconflictofpublicopinionsD.awas

teoflimitedresources62.TheexampleinParagraph4suggeststhatdonatorsshould__________.A.takepeople'sessentialneedsintoaccountB.m

aketheirprogrammesattractivetopeopleC.ensurethateachchildgetsfinancialsupportD.providemoreaffordableinternetfacilities63.W

hathasledmanygovernmentstoremovenecessaryregulations?A.Neglectingtheimpactsoftechnologicaladvances.B.

Believingthattheworldhasbecomeborderless.C.Ignoringthepowerofeconomicdevelopment.D.Over-emphasizingtheroleofinternationalcommunication.64.What

canwelearnfromthepassage?A.Peopleshouldbeencouragedtomakemoredonations.B.Traditionaltechnologystillhasaplacenowadays.C.Makingrightcaree

rchoicesiscrucialtopersonalsuccess.D.Economicpoliciesshouldfollowtechnologicaltrends.【答案】61.D62.A63.B64.B【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，

讲述对信息技术的过分迷恋对国家，对个人，对慈善事业都会有不利的影响。61.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段However,theyhavereakimpacts,astheyresultinmisgu

ideduseofscarceresources.可知，对信息技术的错误判断会导致有限资源的错误使用，也就是资源的浪费，故选D。62.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuchasdiggi

ngwells,extendingelectricitynetworksandmakingmoreaffordablewashingmachineswouldhaveimprovedpeople'slivesmorethangivinge

verychildalaptopcomputerorsettingupInternetcentresinruralvillages,Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymoreimp

ortant,butmanydonatorshaverushedintofancyprogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelativelong-termcostsandbenefitsofalterna

tiveusesoftheirmoney.可知，与其给那些贫困地区孩子笔记本电脑或者建网络中心，还不如给钱打井，铺电网或者生产他们买得起的洗衣机，这些东西更能改善他们的生活。作者不是说这些东西一定更重要，但是很多捐赠者没有仔细考虑捐赠的东西的长期成本，因

此作者建议捐赠者要考虑接受捐赠的人的实际情况，而不是一味地追求信息化，故选A。63.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段Inyetanotherexample,afascinationwiththenewhasl

edpeopletobelievethattherecentchangesinthetechnologiesofcommunicationsandtransportationaresorevolutionarythatnowweliveina"borde

rlessworld".以及Believinginsuchaworld,manygovernmentshaveputanendtosomeoftheverynecessaryregulationsoncross-borderflowsofcapital,labourandgoods,wi

thpoorresults.可知，对新东西的迷恋让人们认为如今通讯技术和交通的变革让我们生活在一个无国界的世界。正是认为我们生活在这样一个世界，很多政府取消了关于跨国界的资本、劳动力以及商品流动的法律法规，故

选B。64.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)revolution,representedbytheInternet

,hasmadesomerichcountrieswronglyconcludethatmakingthingsisso"yesterday"thattheyshouldtrytoliveonideas.Thisbeliefin"post-industr

ialsociety"hasledthosecountriestoneglecttheirmanufacturingsector(制造业)withnegativeconsequencesfortheireconomies.可知，对互联网呈现的通讯技术变

革的迷恋让很多富裕国家做出一个错误的结论，制造产品已经过时了，他们应该靠创意生活，因而忽略了制造业，从而对经济造成不利影响，故可知传统的技术依然传统的技术依然有它的地位，不能新兴的信息技术取代，故选B。Pass

age2【2019年天津卷】ImusthavealwaysknownreadingwasveryimportantbecausethefirstmemoriesIhaveasachilddealwithbooks.TherewasnotonenightthatIdon'tre

membermomreadingmeastorybookbymybedside.Iwasextremelyinspiredbytheelegantwaythewordssounded.Ialwayswantedtoknowwhatmymomwasreading.Hearingmomsay

,"Ican'tbelievewhat'sprintedinthenewspaperthismorning,"mademewanttograbitoutofherhandsandreaditmyself.Iwantedtobelik

emymomandknowallofthethingssheknew.SoIcarriedaroundabook,andeachnight,justtobelikeher,Iwouldpretendto

bereading.Thisishoweveryonelearnedtoread.Wewouldstartoffwithsentences,thenparagraphs,andthenstories.Itsee

medanunendingjourney,butevenasasix-year-oldgirlIrealizedthatknowinghowtoreadcouldopenmanydoors.Whenmomsaid,"TheC-A-N-D-Yishiddenonthetopsh

elf,"Iknewwherethecandywas.Myprogressinreadingraisedmycuriosity,andIwantedtoknoweverything.Ioftenfoundmyselftellingmymomtodrivemoreslowl

y,sothatIcouldreadalloftheroadsignswepassed.Mostofmyreadingthroughprimary,middleandhighschoolwasfactualreading.Ireadfork

nowledge,andtomakeA'sonmytests.Occasionally,Iwouldreadanovelthatwasassigned,butIdidn'tenjoythistypeofreading.Il

ikedfacts,thingsthatareconcrete.Ithoughtanythingabstractlefttoomuchroomforargument.Yet,nowthatI'mgrowingandtheworldIonceknewasbeingsosimpleisb

ecomingmorecomplex,Ifindmyselfneedingawaytoescape.Byopeninganovel,IcanleavebehindmyburdensandenterintoawonderfulandmysteriousworldwhereIamnowanewc

haracter.IntheseworldsIcanbecomeanyone.Idon'thavetowritedownwhathappenedorwhattechniquetheauthorwasusingwhenheorshewrotethis.Ijustreadt

orelax.We'retaughttoreadbecauseit'snecessaryformuchofhumanunderstanding.Readingisavitalpartofmylife.Readingsatisfiesmydesiretokeep

learning.AndI'vefoundthatthepossibilitiesthatliewithinbooksarelimitless.41.Whydidtheauthorwanttograbthenewspaperoutofmom'shands？A.Shewantedmomt

oreadthenewstoher.B.Shewasanxioustoknowwhathadhappened.C.Shecouldn'twaittotearthenewspaperapart.D.Shecouldn'thelpbutstopmomf

romreading.42.AccordingtoParagraph3，theauthor'sreadingofroadsignsindicates___________A.heruniquewaytolocat

eherselfB.hereagernesstodevelopherreadingabilityC.herefforttoremindmomtoobeytrafficrulesD.hergrowingdesi

retoknowtheworldaroundher.43.Whatwastheauthor'sviewonfactualreading？A.Itwouldhelpherupdatetest-takingskills.B.It

wouldallowmuchroomforfreethinking.C.Itwouldprovidetrueandobjectiveinformation.D.Itwouldhelpshapearealisticandseriousattitudetolif

e.44.Theauthortakesnovelreadingasawayto___________.A.exploreafantasylandB.developapassionforleaningC.learna

bouttheadultcommunityD.getawayfromaconfusingworld45.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage？A.TheMagicofReadingB.ThePleasureofR

eadingC.GrowingUpwithReadingD.ReadingMakesaFullMan【答案】41.B42.D43.C44.D45.C【语篇解读】本文为夹叙夹议文，作者讲述了自己的读书经历和感悟。41.B【解析】细节

理解题。根据第二段主题句Ialwayswantedtoknowwhatmymomwasreading.和Hearingmomsay…mademewanttograbitoutofherhandsandread

itmyself可知，作者一直想知道妈妈在读什么。作者抢过妈妈读的报纸，因为作者自己迫切想看一看报纸上写的内容，故选B。42.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段Myprogressinreadingraisedmycuriosity,andIwant

edtoknoweverything，可以推断出，让妈妈开车开慢一点，他能够读出所有路标，正是作者在阅读方面的进步引起了他的好奇心，想要了解周围的一切，故选D。43.C【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段第一句M

ostofmyreadingthroughprimary,middleandhighschoolwasfactualreading.Ireadforknowledge,andtomakeA’sonmytest.可知，小学和中学阶段的阅读都是事实性阅读，读书是为

了获取知识，考试得A。因此事实性阅读能够提供真实的客观的信息，故选C。44.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段Byopeninganovel,Icanleavebehindmyburdensandenterintoawon

derfulandmysteriousworldwhereIamnowanewcharacter.IntheseworldsIcanbecomeanyone.(打开一本小说，我可以摆脱我的负担，进入一个奇妙而神秘的世界，我现在是一个新的角色。在这个世界上，我可以成为任

何人。)可知，阅读小说可以让作者避开复杂的现实而投入到小说中的世界中去，故选D。45.C【解析】主旨大意题。根据上下文可知，作者以时间顺序回忆了自己的阅读经历和感悟，伴着阅读成长，故选项C符合题意。Passage3【2019年天津卷】Would

youBETonthefutureofthisman？Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfort

une.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning，andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven-knows-whatmotives，hedeterminestowriteabook.Thebookturnsoutt

obeonethathasappealedtotheworldformorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes，andthebookwasDonQuixote（《堂吉诃德》）.Andthestoryposesaninterestingques

tion:whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays，whileothersgotoseedlongbefore？We'veallknownpe

oplewhorunoutofsteambeforetheyreachlife'shalfwaymark.I'mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan'tallgetthere.I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavesto

ppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.Mostofus，infact

，progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandthenbecometrappedinit.Not

hingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But，ifwearewillingtolean，theopportunitiesareeverywhere.Thethingswelearni

nmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecan'tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchw

etrytoplease，somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus-anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm，w

ecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.However，wecanachievemeaningonlyif

wehavemadeacommitmenttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos（自我），whethertolovedones，tofellowhumans，towork，ortosomemoralconcept.Manyofusequ

ate（视……等同于）“commitment”withsuch“caring”occupationsasteachingandnursing.Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablecommi

tment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuchexcellencewhethertheyaredrivingatruck，orrunningastore-maketheworldbetterjustbybeingthekindofpeoplethey

are.They'velearnedlife'smostvaluablelesson.51.ThepassagestartswiththestoryofCervantestoshowthat_________.A.lossoffreedom

stimulatesone'screativityB.ageisnotabarriertoachievingone'sgoalC.miseryinspiresamantofightagainsthisfateD.disabilitycannotstopaman'spu

rsuitofsuccess52.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean？A.Endone'sstruggleforliberty.B.Wasteone'senergy

takingrisks.C.Misstheopportunitytosucceed.D.Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning.53.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph4？A.Thosewhoda

retotryoftengetthemselvestrapped.B.Thosewhotendtothinkbackcanhardlygoahead.C.Opportunityfavorsthosewithacuri

ousmind.D.Opportunityawaitsthosewithacautiousmind.54.WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph5？A.Atoughm

ancantoleratesuffering.B.Awisemancanlivewithoutself-pityC.Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim.D.Amanshouldlearnsuitablewaystodealwithlife

55.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage？A.Toprovideguidanceonleadingameaningfuladultlife.B.Tostresstheneedofshoulderingresponsibilit

iesatwork.C.Tostatetheimportanceofgeneratingmotivationforlearning.D.Tosuggestawayofpursuingexcellencein

ourlifelongcareer.【答案】51.B52.D53.C54.D55.A【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。51.B【解析】推理判断题。第一段讲述塞

万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。..52.D【解析】词义猜测题。

根据第三段I’mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinions

thatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知runoutofsteam可知，停止学习，故选D。53.C【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段welosethe

senseofwonder.But,ifwearewillingtolearn,theopportunitiesareeverywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知，机会总是留给那些好奇心的人，故选C。54.D

【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段welearntobearwiththethingswecan’tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenevergo

ingtoloveus—anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的

，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。55.A【解析】主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活

，故选A。2018年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2018年全国Ⅱ卷】We’veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedonth

eirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.What’stheproblem?It’spossiblethatweallh

avecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It’smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit’sawkwardandchallenging,

orwethinkit’sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssa

yit’saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’t

forgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn’tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(润滑剂

)forsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.＂Almoste

verygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,＂heexplains.＂Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommun

icatewiththem.＂Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninte

raction(互动)withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificant

lyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.＂It’snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,＂saysD

unn.＂Butinteractionswithperipheral(边缘的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.＂Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostranger

sfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingst

artswithsmalltalk.＂Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,＂hesays.32.Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstpa

ragraph?A.Addictiontosmartphones.B.Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C.Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrange

rs.D.Impatiencewithslowservice.33.WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?A.Showinggoodmanners.B.Relati

ngtootherpeople.C.Focusingonatopic.D.Makingbusinessdeals.34.Whatdoesthecoffee-shopstudysuggestaboutsmalltal

k?A.Itimprovesfamilyrelationships.B.Itraisespeople’sconfidence.C.Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk.D.Itmakespeoplefeelgood.35.Whatisth

ebesttitleforthetext?A.ConversationCountsB.WaysofMakingSmallTalkC.BenefitsofSmallTalkD.UncomfortableSilence【答案】32.C33.B34.D35.

C【解析】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。32.

推理判断题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：

沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人之间缺乏沟通。D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。33.推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句“Thekeytosuccessf

ulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此

推断C符合题意。A项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B项意为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为：做商业交易。故选B项。34.推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极

情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。35.主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场

合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。

点睛：我们在做阅读理解时，尽量找出每段的主讲内容（可能是一句话或是一个短语），这样有利于整篇文章的把握，有利于做文章大意题。如35题，很显然本文讲的不是重要性也不是方法更不是沉默，所以ABD都可以轻松排除。Passage2【2018年全国Ⅲ卷】Adul

tsunderstandwhatitfeelsliketobefloodedwithobjects.Whydoweoftenassumethatmoreismorewhenitcomestokidsandt

heirbelongings?ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless.Ifoundthepre-holidaysagoodtim

etoencourageyoungchildrentodonateless-usedthings,anditworked.Becauseofourefforts,ourdaughterGeorgiadiddecidetodonatealargebagoftoystoalittlegirlwhos

emotherwasunabletopayforherholidayduetoillness.Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金）

(ourkindergartendaughterisseriousaboutbecomingadoctor)Forweeks,I'vebeenthinkingofbigger,deeperquestions:Howdowemakeitahabitforthem?Andhowdo

wetrainourselvestohelpthemlivewith,need,anduseless?Yesterday,Isatwithmyson,Shepherd,determinedtotestmyowntheoryonthis.Idecidedtoplaywithhimwithon

lyonetoyforaslongasitwouldkeephisinterest.Iexpectedthatonetoywouldkeephisattentionforaboutfiveminutes,tenminutes,ma

x.Ichosearedrubberball-simple,universallyavailable.Wepassedit,hetriedtoputitinhismouth,hetriedbouncingit,rollingit,sittingonit,throwingit.It

wastotally,completelyenoughforhim.BeforeIknewitanhourhadpassedanditwastimetomoveontolunch.Webothbecameabsorbedinthesimplicityofplayi

ngtogether.HehadmyfullattentionandIhadhis.Mylittleexperimenttofindjoyinasingleobjectworkedforbothofus.32.Wha

tdothewords“moreismore”inparagraph1probablymean?A.Themore,thebetter.B.Enoughisenough.C.Moremoney,moreworrie

s.D.Earnmoreandspendmore.33.WhatmadeGeorgiaagreetosellsomeofherobjects?A.SavingupforherholidayB.RaisingmoneyforapoorgirlC.Addi

ngthemoneytoherfundD.Givingthemoneytoasickmother34.WhydidtheauthorplaytheballwithShepherd?A.TotryoutanideaB.Toshowaparent'sloveC.Totra

inhisattentionD.Tohelphimstartahobby35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TakeItorLeaveItB.ALessonfromKidsC.LiveMorewithLessD.ThePl

easureofGiving【答案】32.A33.C34.A35.C【解析】这是一片夹叙夹议文。文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐的做法。32.词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句…Ica

nhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless可以推断出，人们通常认为越多越好。故选A。33.细节理解题。根据文章第二段中Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhe

nwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金)可知，当我们承诺给她把卖玩具的钱放到她的教育基金里时，她同意卖玩具。故选C。34.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句Mylittleexperimentto

findjoyinasingleobjectworkedforbothofus.表明，跟Shepherd玩球是为了测试自己的一种想法是否可行。故选A。35.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段可知，作者想要教会孩子

howtolivemorewithless，而二三段是作者的尝试，故C作标题适合。【点睛】高考中词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新意；还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读

理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。词义猜测主要的解题策略有：语境猜词、语法猜词和常识猜词。语境既上下文。由

于上下文中的生词不是孤立存在的，其词义与句中其它词的词义或具体的语境有着密切的联系。因此在阅读过程中，许多生词的词义可以充分利用上下文中相关的词汇，短语并结合具体的语境来推测。此题中第一题为词义猜测题。根据文章第一段的第三句thegoodnewsisthatIcan…可以推断出，前

后语义相反，后句中是livemorewithless，所以前句应该是“越多越好”的意思。Passage3【2018年北京卷】PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself-drivingrobot

carshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist’sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentof

MotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewa

yforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshould

benoted,isn’tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It’shardtopredic

twhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcitie

s,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdri

verlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cu

temissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetom

akesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlessc

ars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromwo

rkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.

Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Instea

dofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpe

opletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫车)services.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissugg

estedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbone

missionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基础设施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandch

eapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservic

es,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题).Butdriverlessca

rownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.zxxkPolicymakersshouldstart

thinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn’textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportation

systemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesigne

dtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.47.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdri

verlesscarscan__________.A.helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblemsB.providebetterservicestocustomersC.causedamagetoourenviro

nmentD.makesomepeoplelosejobs48.Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor’smajorconcern?A.Safety.B.Sideeffects.C.Aff

ordability.D.Management.49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂fielded＂inParagraph4probablymean?A.Employed.B.Re

placed.C.Shared.D.Reduced.50.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Sympathetic.【

答案】47.A48.D49.A50.B【解析】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。47.推理判断题。根据第二段Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverles

scars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenie

nt,affordablemobilityoptions.可知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选A。48.推理判断

题。根据文章第一段Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorf

orworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话Thecarofth

efutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。49.词义猜测题。根据第四段Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmo

stcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题).可知，

鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A.Employed被应用；B.Replaced被取代；C.Shared被分享；D.Reduced被减少。故选A

。50.观点态度题。根据文章最后一段Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,an

dmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.中的advancement，movemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.

以及planforit可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选B。点睛：根据用词风格，推断情感态度。一篇好的文章，其用词风格常常直接流露或蕴含作者的内心世界和情感态度。所以阅读时要善于捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词句或短语，捕捉那些烘托气氛，渲染情感的词句，进而很好地洞察作者

的思想倾向，是支持、反对抑或中立？对于选项而言，要分清选项中的褒义词、中性词和贬义词，以此对照全文。如本题最后一题为观点态度题，根据文中reducecarbonemissions，cutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基础设施)andope

rations40%，appealing，comfortable，advancement，movemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.，等词汇可以推断出作者对无人驾驶汽车持积极态度。故选B。Passage4【2018年江苏卷】Inthe1760s,MathurinRozeo

penedaseriesofshopsthatboasted(享有)aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsommé.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup,Roze'schainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordining

out,whichhelpedtoestablishRozeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant.Today,scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchaboutre

staurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat:dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta(意大利面食)whenthei

rplatesmatchedtheirfood.Whenadark-coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone,customersrecognizeditassweeterandmoretasty.Ligh

tingmatters,too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness,theycouldn'ttellhowmuchthey'dhad:thosegiven

extra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse,nonethewiser—theydidn’tfeelfuller,andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.Timeismoney,butthatprinci

plemeansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.Unlikefast-foodplaces,finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandspe

nd.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround:putonsomeMozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical,ratherthanpop,musicwasplaying,

dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect:dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草)stayedlongerandspentmoretha

nthosewhosmelledlemon,ornoscent.Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—"bad"tables,crowding.highprices—don'tnecessarily.Dinersatbadt

ables—nexttothekitchendoor,say—spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot"beoverlyconcernedabout

‘bad’tables,"giventhatthey'reprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant'sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.An

ddoublingabuffet'spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.58.Theunderlinedphrase"nonethewiser"inparagraph3mostprobablyimpl

iesthatthecustomerswere.A.notawareofeatingmorethanusualB.notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC.notconsciousofthefoodqualityD.notfondofthefoodprovided59.Ho

wcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit?A.Playingclassicalmusic.B.Introducinglemonscent.C.Makingthelightbrighter,D.Usingplatesoflargersize.60.Whatdoesthe

lastparagraphtalkabout?A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.C.Waystoimproverestaurants'reputation.D.Commonmisunderstanding

saboutrestaurants.【答案】58.A59.A60.D【解析】本文为议论文，介绍了现代餐馆面临的经营困境和解决方案，介绍了刺激消费和食欲的几种方法，以及人们对餐厅就餐的一些错误认识。58.词义猜测题。根据文章第三段划线部分的前句theycouldn'ttellhowmuc

hthey'dhad:thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse,可知在黑暗中，他们说不清自己吃了多少，再根据划线后的句子theydidn’tfeelfuller,a

ndtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.可知他们虽然吃得很多，但并没有感觉更饱，仍然在等着吃甜点，所以他们没有意识到自己吃多了，所以A正确。59.细节理解题。根据第四段中的Onewaytoencouragec

ustomerstostayandorderthatextraround:putonsomeMozart(莫扎特）可知，要想让客人呆的时间更长应该播放莫扎特等古典音乐而不是流行音乐。Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect:dinerswh

ogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草）stayedlongerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon,ornoscent.引入薰衣草香而不是柠檬香，而D项文章没有提及，所以用排除方法可以

选A。60.主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段第一句Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—"bad"tables,crowding，highprice

s—don'tnecessarily.可知你认为可能会影响人们消费的因素如不好的桌子，拥挤以及高价等不一定会真影响人们的消费，然后依次举例进行了证明，所以本段主要讲的是人们对于饭店的几个误解，故选D。点睛

：概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一

些转折词，如but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨

大意。本题的最后一题是主旨大意类，要求概括本段的主旨大意，根据寻找主旨大意的方法，通过阅读第一句话可以简单地总结出主旨大意为人们对于饭店的几个误解。在通过阅读下文可以找到支持这一观点的例子，因此可以确定主旨大意。Passage5【2018年江苏卷】Childrenasyoungas

tenarebecomingdependentonsocialmediafortheirsenseofself-worth,amajorstudywarned.Itfoundmanyyoungsters(少年）nowmeasuretheirstatusbyho

wmuchpublicapprovaltheygetonline,oftenthrough“likes”.Somechangetheirbehaviourinreallifetoimprovetheirimageontheweb.Thereportintoyoungs

tersagedfrom8to12wascarriedoutbyChildren'sCommissioner(专员）AnneLongfield.Shesaidsocialmediafirmswereexposingchildrentomajoremotionalris

ks,withsomeyoungstersstartingsecondaryschoolill-equippedtocopewiththetremendouspressuretheyfacedonline.Somesocialappswerepopularamo

ngthechildreneventhoughtheysupposedlyrequireuserstobeatleast13.Theyoungstersadmittedplanningtripsaroundpot

entialphoto-opportunitiesandthenmessagingfriends—andfriendsoffriends—todemand“likes”fortheironlinepo

sts.Thereportfoundthatyoungstersfelttheirfriendshipscouldbeatriskiftheydidnotrespondtosocialmediapostsquickly,anda

roundtheclock.Childrenaged8to10were"startingtofeelhappy"whenotherslikedtheirposts.However,thoseinthe10to12agegroupwere"concernedwith

howmanypeopleliketheirposts",suggestinga“need”forsocialrecognitionthatgetsstrongertheoldertheybecome.MissLongfieldwarnedthatagenerationofchi

ldrenriskedgrowingup"worriedabouttheirappearanceandimageasaresultoftheunrealisticlifestylestheyfollowonp

latforms,andincreasinglyanxiousaboutswitchingoffduetotheconstantdemandsofsocialmedia.Shesaid:"Childrenareusingsocialmediawithfami

lyandfriendsandtoplaygameswhentheyareinprimaryschool.Butwhatstartsasfunusageofappsturnsintotremendouspressureinrealsocialmedi

ainteractionatsecondaryschool."Astheirworldexpanded,shesaid,childrencomparedthemselvestoothersonlineinawaytha

twas"hugelydamagingintermsoftheirself-identity,intermsoftheirconfidence,butalsointermsoftheirabilitytodevelopthemselves".MissLongf

ieldadded:"Thenthereisthispushtoconnect—ifyougooffline,willyoumisssomething,willyoumissout,willyoushowthatyoudon'

tcareaboutthosepeopleyouarefollowing,allofthosecometogetherinahugewayatonce.""Forchildrenitisvery,verydifficulttocopewithemotion

ally."TheChildren'sCommissionerforEngland'sstudy—lifeinLikes—foundthatchildrenasyoungas8wereusingsocialmediaplatformslargelyforplay.Howeve

r,theresearch—involvingeightgroupsof32childrenaged8to12—suggestedthatastheyheadedtowardtheirteens,theybecameincreasinglyanxiousonline.Byth

etimetheystartedsecondaryschool—atage11—childrenwerealreadyfarmoreawareoftheirimageonlineandfeltunderhugepressuretoensur

etheirpostswerepopular,thereportfound.However,theystilldidnotknowhowtocopewithmean-spiritedjokes,orthesenseofincompetencetheymightfeelifth

eycomparedthemselvestocelebrities(名人）ormorebrilliantfriendsonline.Thereportsaidtheyalsofacedpressuretorespondtomessagesatallhoursoftheday—espe

ciallyatsecondaryschoolwhenmoreyoungstershavemobilephones.TheChildren’sCommissionersaidschoolsandparentsmustnowdomoretopreparechildrenfor

theemotionalminefield(雷区）theyfacedonline.Andshesaidsocialmediacompaniesmustalso"takemoreresponsibility".Theyshouldeithermonitortheirwebsitesbe

ttersothatchildrendonotsignuptooearly,ortheyshouldadjusttheirwebsitestotheneedsofyoungerusers.JavedKhan,ofchildren'scharityBamardo's,said:"I

t'svitalthatnewcompulsoryage-appropriaterelationshipandsexeducationlessonsinEnglandshouldhelpequipchildrentodealwiththegrowingdemand

sofsocialmedia.“It’salsohugelyimportantforparentstoknowwhichappstheirchildrenareusing.”65.Whydidsomesecondaryschool

studentsfeeltoomuchpressure?A.Theywerenotprovidedwithadequateequipment.B.Theywerenotwellpreparedforemotionalrisks.C.They

wererequiredtogivequickresponses.D.Theywerepreventedfromusingmobilephones.66.Somesocialappcompaniesweretoblamebecause.A.theydidn'tadequatelycheck

theirusers'registrationB.theyorganizedphototripstoattractmoreyoungstersC.theyencouragedyoungsterstopostmorephotosD.theydidn'tstopyoungsters

fromstayinguplate67.Children'scomparingthemselvestoothersonlinemayleadto.A.lessfriendlinesstoeachotherB.lowerself-identityandconfidenceC

.anincreaseinonlinecheatingD.astrongerdesiretostayonline68.AccordingtoLifeinLikes,aschildrengrew,theybecamemorean

xiousto.A.circulatetheirpostsquicklyB.knowthequalitiesoftheirpostsC.usemobilephonesforplayD.getmorepublicapproval69.Whatshouldparentsdo

tosolvetheproblem?A.Communicatemorewithsecondaryschools.B.Urgemediacompaniestocreatesaferapps.C.Keeptrackofchildren'suseofsocialmedia.D.F

orbidtheirchildrenfromvisitingtheweb.70.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Theinfluenceofsocialmediaonchildren.B.Theimporta

nceofsocialmediatochildren.C.Theprobleminbuildingahealthyrelationship.D.Themeasuretoreducerisksfromsocialmedia.【答案】65.B66.A67.B68.D69.C70.A【解析】本文

为议论文，主要介绍了社交媒体(socialmedia)使得8-12岁的孩子面临很多压力，并分析了原因，提出了建议。65.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句话Shesaidsocialmediafirmswereexposingchildrentomajoremoti

onalrisks,withsomeyoungstersstartingsecondaryschoolill-equippedtocopewiththetremendouspressuretheyfacedonline.可知一些社会媒体公司使

孩子们处于大的情感压力下，从而使孩子们感到巨大的压力，故B正确。66.推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句话Somesocialappswerepopularamongthechildreneventhoug

htheysupposedlyrequireuserstobeatleast13.可知一些apps很受孩子们欢迎，尽管它们要求使用者不低于13岁，言外之意，他们没有对孩子的年龄进行监管，故选A。67.细节理解题。根据文章第九段c

hildrencomparedthemselvestoothersonlineinawaythatwas"hugelydamagingintermsoftheirself-identity,intermsoftheirconfidence,butalsoin

termsoftheirabilitytodevelopthemselves".可知孩子在网上与其他人比较损害他们的自尊心，自信心以及自我发展的能力，故B正确。68.推理判断题。根据文章第12段However,theresearch—involvi

ngeightgroupsof32childrenaged8to12—suggestedthatastheyheadedtowardtheirteens,theybecameincreasinglyanxi

ousonline.可知随着孩子年龄的增长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据13段Bythetimetheystartedsecondaryschool—atage11—childrenwerealreadyfarmoreawareoftheirimageonli

neandfeltunderhugepressuretoensuretheirpostswerepopular,thereportfound.可以推断出他们的压力源于他们渴望自己的发帖能受欢迎、被认可，由此可见他们渴望得到公众的认可。故选D。69.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段

It’salsohugelyimportantforparentstoknowwhichappstheirchildrenareusing.可以推断出父母需要了解孩子在使用什么apps，所以应该时刻跟踪了解孩子对于社交

app的使用。故选C。70.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段Childrenasyoungastenarebecomingdependentonsocialmediafortheirsenseofself-worth

,amajorstudywarned.可知本文为新闻报道体，文章主要介绍teens变得越来越依赖社交媒体。再根据全文内容可知文章主要介绍了社交媒体对孩子的影响，所以A正确。点睛：推理判断试题属于高层次

阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。推理

判断题常常可以分为如下几类：（1）细节推断。如时间、地点、人物关系等；（2）逻辑推断。根据已知的结果推断导致结果产生的可能原因；（3）目的、意图、态度推断。根据文章的论述，推断作者的写作目的以及作者情感态度；（4）预测想象推断。文章没有明确说明，要求根据语篇对文章可能涉及的内容进行预

测判断。本题的第二和第四小题都属于细节推理，解答此类题目首先要准确定位信息句，然后根据信息句进行合理判断，如第二小题根据原文信息Somesocialappswerepopularamongthechildreneventhoughtheysupp

osedlyrequireuserstobeatleast13.中关键信息为eventhough后的内容，即尽管他们要求使用者要13岁以上，但在小于13的孩子中仍很受欢迎，说明他们的监管不力。再如第四小题也属于细节推理题。根据文章第12段However,theres

earch—involvingeightgroupsof32childrenaged8to12—suggestedthatastheyheadedtowardtheirteens,theybecameincreasinglyanxiouson

line.可知随着孩子年龄的增长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据13段Bythetimetheystartedsecondaryschool—atage11—childrenwerealreadyfarmoreawareoftheirimageonli

neandfeltunderhugepressuretoensuretheirpostswerepopular,thereportfound.可以推断出他们的压力源于他们渴望自己的发帖能受欢迎，被认可，由此

可见他们渴望得到公众的认可。Passage6【2018年天津卷】Giveyourselfatest.Whichwayisthewindblowing?Howmanykindsofwildflowersca

nbeseenfromyourfrontdoor?Ifyourawarenessisassharpasitcouldbe,you’llhavenotroubleansweringthesequestions.Mostofusobservedmuchmoreas

childrenthanwedoasadults.Achild’sdayisfilledwithfascination,newnessandwonder.Curiositygaveusallanatural

awareness.Butdistinctionsthatweresharptousaschildrenbecomeunclear;wearenumb(麻木的)tonewstimulation(刺激),n

ewideas.Relearningtheartofseeingtheworldaroundusisquitesimple,althoughittakespracticeandrequiresbreakingsomebadhabits.Thefirststep

inawakeningsensesistostoppredictingwhatwearegoingtoseeandfeelbeforeitoccurs.Thisblocksawareness.Onechillynightw

henIwashikingintheRockyMountainswithsomestudents,Imentionedthatweweregoingtocrossamountainstream.Thestudent

sbegancomplainingabouthowcolditwouldbe.Wereachedthestream,andtheyunwillinglywalkedahead.Theywerealmostknee-d

eepwhentheyrealizeditwasahotspring.Latertheyalladmittedthey’dfeltcoldwateratfirst.Anotherblocktoawarenessistheobsession(痴迷)manyo

fushavewithnamingthings.Isawbirdwatcherswhospottedabird,immediatelylookeditupinfieldguides,andsaid,a"ruby-crownedkinglet"andchecked

itoff.Theynolongerpaidattentiontothebirdandneverlearnedwhatitwasdoing.Thepressuresof"time"and"destination"arefurtherblockstoa

wareness.Iencounteredmanyhikerswhowereheadedtoadistantcamp-groundwithjustenoughtimetogettherebeforedark.Itseldomoccurr

edtothemtowanderabit,totakeamomenttoseewhat’saroundthem.Iaskedthemwhatthey’dseen."Oh,afewbirds,"theysaid.Theyseemedbentontheirdestinations.Naturese

emstounfoldtopeoplewhowatchandwait.Nexttimeyoutakeawalk,nomatterwhereitis,takeinallthesights,soundsandsensations.Wanderinthisf

rameofmindandyouwillopenanewdimensiontoyourlife.51.AccordingtoParagraph2,comparedwithadults,children

aremore________.A.anxioustodowondersB.sensitivetoothers’feelingsC.likelytodevelopunpleasanthabitsD.eagert

oexploretheworldaroundthem52.WhatideadoestheauthorconveyinParagraph3?A.Toavoidjumpingtoconclusions.B.Tostopcomplaining

allthetime.C.Tofollowtheteacher’sadvice.D.Toadmitmistakeshonestly.53.Thebirdwatchers’behaviorshowsthatthey___

_____.A.areverypatientintheirobservationB.arereallyfascinatedbynatureC.careonlyaboutthenamesofbirdsD.questionth

eaccuracyofthefieldguides54.Whydothehikerstakenonoticeofthesurroundingsduringthejourney?A.Thenatural

beautyisn’tattractivetothem.B.Theyfocusonarrivingatthecampintime.C.Theforestinthedarkisdangerousforthem.D.Theyarekeentoseerarebirdsatthedestin

ation.55.Inthepassage,theauthorintendstotellusweshould________.A.filloursensestofeelthewondersofthewor

ldB.getridofsomebadhabitsinourdailylifeC.openourmindtonewthingsandideasD.tryourbesttoprotectnature【答案】51.D52.A53.C54.

B55.A【解析】本文是一篇议论文。我们有多久没有仔细观察我们周围的世界了。作者通过此文要告诉我们：放慢脚步，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。51.推理判断题。根据文章第二段Mostofusobservedmuchmoreaschildrenthanwedoasadu

lts.Achild’sdayisfilledwithfascination,newnessandwonder.可知，与成人相比较，孩子观察得更多，孩子的一天充满了魔力、新奇和惊奇。从而可以推断出孩子更急于探索他们周围

的世界。故选D。52.推理判断题。根据文章第三段作者叙述在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅行穿过一条小溪的时候，学生们抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为了向读者传递这样的观念：避免过早下结论

。故选A。53.细节理解题。根据文章第四段全段及首句Anotherblocktoawarenessistheobsession(痴迷)manyofushavewithnamingthings.可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。故选C。5

4.细节理解题。根据文章第五段Iencounteredmanyhikerswhowereheadedtoadistantcamp-groundwithjustenoughtimetogettherebeforedark.Itseldomoccurredtoth

emtowanderabit,totakeamomenttoseewhat’saroundthem.可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。故选B。55.推理判断题。文章作者想要通过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，带着

我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙吧。故选A。2017年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2017年浙江卷】GettinglesssleephasbecomeabadhabitformostAmericankids.According

toanewsurvey(调查)bytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsaged10to18gotobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights,eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.LastyeartheFounda

tionreportedthatnearly60%of7-to12-year-oldssaidtheyfelttiredduringtheday,and15%saidtheyhadfallenasleepatschool.Ho

wmuchsleepyouneeddependsalotonyourage.Babiesneedalotofrest;mostofthemsleepabout18hoursaday!Adultsneedabouteighthours.Formostschool

-agechildren,tenhoursisideal(理想的).ButthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyfoundthat35%of10-to12-year-olds

getonlysevenoreighthours.Andguesswhatalmosthalfofthesurveyedkidssaidtheydobeforebedtime?WatchTV."Morechildren

aregoingtobedwithTVson,andtherearemoreopportunities(机会)tostayawake,withmorehomework,theInternetandthephone,"saysDr.MaryCarskad

on,asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityMedicalSchool.Shesaystheseactivitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardfort

hemtocalmdownandsleep.Otherexpertssaypartoftheproblemischemical.Changinglevelsofbodychemicalscalledh

ormonesnotonlymaketeenagers’bodiesdevelopadultcharacteristics,butalsomakeithardforteenagerstofallasleep

before11pm.Becausesleepinessissuchaproblemforteenagers,someschooldistrictshavedecidedtostarthighschoolclas

seslaterthantheyusedto.Threeyearsago,schoolsinEdina,Minnesota,changedthestarttimefrom7:25amto8:30am.

Students,parentsandteachersarepleasedwiththeresults.25.WhatisthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyon?A.Americankids’sleeping

habits.B.Teenagers’sleep-relateddiseases.C.Activitiestopreventsleeplessness.D.Learningproblemsandlackofsleep.26.Howmanyhoursofsleepdo11-year-

oldsneedeveryday?A.7hours.B.8hours.C.10hours.D.18hours.27.WhydoteenagersgotosleeplateaccordingtoCarskadon?A.Theyareaffectedbycertainbodychemicals.B.T

heytendtodothingsthatexcitethem.C.Theyfollowtheirparents’examples.D.Theydon’tneedtogotoschoolearly.【解析】试题分析：本文属于议

论文，首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子的睡眠状况堪忧，接着告诉我们孩子在不同年龄段需要的睡眠时间不同，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更多的睡眠时间而推迟了上课的时间。25.A【解析】细节理解题。文中第一段列举了一些数据，向我

们说明美国有51%的10到18岁的孩子上床睡觉的时间偏晚，也调查了60%的7到12岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着，所以这些调查都是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的，故选A。26.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段＂Formostschool-agechildren,ten

hoursisideal＂可知11岁正在上学的小孩子的理想睡眠时间是10个小时，故选C。27.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段＂Shesaystheseactivitiesatbedtimecangetk

idsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep＂可知她认为孩子们睡觉晚的原因是他们会在睡前做一些让他们兴奋的活动，故选B。Passage2【2017年浙江卷】FLORENCE,Italy—SvetlanaCojochrufee

lshurt.TheMoldovanhaslivedheresevenyearsasacaregivertoItaliankidsandtheelderly,butinordertostayshe’shadtoproveherlanguageskillsbytaking

atestwhichrequireshertowriteapostcardtoanimaginaryfriendandanswerafictionaljobad.ItalyisthelatestWesternEuropeancountrytryingtocontrolagro

wingimmigrant(移民)populationbydemandinglanguageskillsinexchangeforworkpermits,orinsomecases,citizenshi

p.Someimmigrantadvocatesworrythatashardfinancialtimesmakeitmoredifficultfornativestokeepjobs,suchmeasureswi

llbecomemoreavehicleforintolerancethanintegration(融合).Otherssayit’sonlynaturalthatnewcomerslearnthelanguageoftheirhostnation,seeingitasaconditio

ntoensuretheycancontributetosociety.OtherEuropeancountrieslaiddownasimilarrequirementforimmigrants,andsometermsareeventougher.Thegover

nmentsarguethatthiswillhelpforeignersbetterjointhesocietyandpromoteunderstandingacrosscultures.Italy,whichhasamuchweaker

traditionofimmigration,haswitnessedasharpincreaseinimmigrationinrecentyears.In1990,immigrantsnumberedsome1.14millionoutofItaly’st

hen56.7millionpeople,orabout2percent.Atthestartofthisyear,foreignerslivinginItalyamountedto4.56millionofatota

lpopulationof60.6million,or7.5percent,withimmigrants’childrenaccountingforaneverlargerpercentageofbirthsinItaly.Cojochru,theMoldovancar

egiver,hopedobtainingpermanentresidence(居住权)wouldhelpherbringhertwochildrentoItaly;theylivewithhersisterinMoldova,wheresalariesareamongthe

lowestinEurope.Shewasskepticalthatthelanguagerequirementwouldencourageintegration.Italiansalways"seemeasaforeigner,"anoutsider,eventhoug

hshe’sstayedinthecountryforyearsandcanspeakthelocallanguagefluently,shesaid.28.WhydoesCojochruhavetotakeal

anguagetest?A.TocontinuetostayinItaly.B.ToteachherchildrenItalian.C.TofindabetterjobinItaly.D.Tobettermixwithth

eItalians.29.Somepeopleworrythatthenewlanguagerequirementmay.A.reduceItaly’spopulationquicklyB.causeconflictsamongpeopleC.leadtofinancialdifficu

ltiesD.putpressureonschools30.WhatdoweknowaboutCojochru?A.SheliveswithhersisternowinItaly.B.Sheenjoyslearni

ngtheItalianlanguage.C.ShespeaksItalianwellenoughforherjob.D.Shewishestogobacktoherhomecountry.【解析】试题分析：本文属于夹叙夹议文，首先叙述了一个叫Sve

tlanaCojochru的摩尔多瓦人移民到意大利，但为了能够继续留在意大利，她必须进行语言测试；接着向我们阐述对外来人进行语言测试的原因以及对此的不同声音，然后介绍了意大利的移民史，最后告诉我们Cojochr

u的居住现状：工资水平很低，而且虽然在意大利生活多年，但意大利本地居民仍会把她当作外国人来看。28.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的＂butinordertostayshe’shadtoproveherlanguageski

llsbytakingatest…＂可知，Cojochru是为了能够继续留在意大利才要参加语言考试的，故选A。29.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中的＂suchmeasureswillbecomemoreavehicleforintolerance

thanintegration＂可知一些人担心对语言水平的要求可能会引起人与人之间的不包容，即冲突，故选B。30.C【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的＂eventhoughshe’sstayedinthecountryfory

earsandcanspeakthelocallanguagefluently＂可知Cojochru的意大利语已经说的得很流利了，故选C。Passage3【2017年北京卷】Hollywood’stheorythatm

achineswithevil(邪恶)mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatart

ificialintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthe

fieldofcybernetics（控制论）,putitthisway:＂Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfer

e(干预),wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.＂Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherqualit

y,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-born,nor

isitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitso

riginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecu

resuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,weco

uldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourow

n,withtherealworldasthechessboard.Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersar

guethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealwor

ld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesup

erintelligentmachines.SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthe

arrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathu

mansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust＂switchthemoff＂asifsuperin

telligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicist

ErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,＂Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.＂However,onSeptember12,1933,ph

ysicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron-induced(中子诱导)nuclearchainreaction.67.Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay____________.A.runoutofh

umancontrolB.satisfyhuman’srealdesiresC.commandarmiesofkillerrobotsD.workfasterthanamathematician68.Machine

swithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto____________.A.preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyedB.achievetheiro

riginalgoalsindependentlyC.doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenordersD.beathumansininternationalchessmatches69.Accordingtosomeres

earchers,wecanusefirewallsto____________.A.helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetterB.besecureagainstevilhumanbeingsC.keepmachinesfrombeingh

armedD.avoidrobots’affectingtheworld70.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?A.I

twilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.B.Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.C.Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficu

lty.D.Itwillstayforadecade.【答案】67A68A69D70C【解析】试题分析：本文主要介绍了人工智能及它给我们的生活带来的影响。67.推理判断题。根据第一段Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialinte

lligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.可知人工智能可能会出现的真正问题是AI会非常擅长取得某个

成就而不是我们真正想要的东西，也就是说AI可能会超出人的控制去做一些事情，故选A。68.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthing

s:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.可知，原因是保护它自己的存在的一种愿望，也就是说，它具有有生命的物体的一种品质是因为它要保护自己不被破坏，继续存在下去，故选A。69.推理判断题。根据第三段usingthem

toanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.可知可以用防火墙来回答那些困难的问题但是却永远不要让他们影响这个真正的现实世界，所以选D。70.推理判断

题。根据最后一段SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.可知作者认为解决人工智能机器的安全问题是可能的，但是并不容易，也就是很困难，故选C。Passage4

【2017年江苏卷】OldProblem,NewApproachesWhilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife,globalwarmingwillco

ntinueforsomedecadesafterCO2emissions(排放)peak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimate

change.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.Whenitcomestoadaptation,itisimportanttounderstandtha

tclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard,buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.Thisiswhy,inpartatleast,the

USNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat:"Thereisno‘one-sizefitsall’adaptation."Nevertheless,therearesomea

ctionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost.Aroundtheworld,peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways,especiallyinsomepoorcountr

ies.FloodshavebecomemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawonlydisaster.Hi

snot-for-profitorganizationruns100riverboatsthatserveasfloatinglibraries,schools,andhealthclinics,andareequ

ippedwithsolarpanelsandothercommunicatingfacilities.Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivity(连接)toreplacefloodedroadsandhighways.Bu

theisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel:hisstaffshowpeoplehowtomakefloatinggardensandfishpondstopre

ventstarvationduringthewetseason.ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphellivesinamoun

tainousregioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers(冰川)thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormous

threattoagriculture.Withouttheglaciers,waterwillarriveintheriversattimeswhenitcandamagecrops.Norphel’sinspirationcamef

romseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswherei

tfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectlytimedirrigation(灌溉)water.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves,Norphelcalculat

esthathehasstoredabout200,000m3ofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess,soNorphel’sicereserveswillnotlastforever.Wa

rmingwillovertakethem.Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill,perhaps,beabletofindothermeansofadapting.IncreasingEarth’sreflectivene

sscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthesuddenincreaseofgreenhouses(whichreflectlightbacktospace)haschangedthewarmingtrendlocally,andactuallycoo

ledtheregion.WhileSpainasawholeisheatingupquickly,temperaturesnearthegreenhouseshavedecreased.Thisexampleshouldactasan

inspirationforallcities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite,citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.InPeru,localfarmersaroundamountainwithagl

acierthathasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimatechangehavebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestore

thelife-givingice.Theoutcomeisstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincludedtheprojectonitslistof"100ideastosavetheplanet".Moreordinaryformsofadaptat

ionarehappeningeverywhere.AfriendofmineownsanareaoflandinwesternVictoria.Overfivegenerationsthelandhasbeentoowetforcropping.Butduringthepast

decadedecliningrainfallhasallowedhimtoplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmersinmanycountriesarealsoadaptinglikethis—eitherbygrowi

ngnewproduce,orbygrowingthesamethingsdifferently.Thisiscommonsense.Butsomesuggestionsforadaptingarenot.Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe’ve

lostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it’sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.Humanbeingswillcontinuetoadaptto

thechangingclimateinbothordinaryandastonishingways.Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.

Afterall,ifweadaptinthatway,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.65.TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies.A.adaptationisanever-changingproces

sB.thecostofadaptationvarieswithtimeC.globalwarmingaffectsadaptationformsD.adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging66.Whatisspe

cialwithregardtoRezwan’sproject?A.Theprojectreceivesgovernmentsupport.B.Differentorganizationsworkwitheachother.C.Hisor

ganizationmakesthebestofabadsituation.D.Theprojectconnectsfloodedroadsandhighways.67.WhatdidtheIceMandotoreducethe

effectofglobalwarming?A.Storingiceforfutureuse.B.Protectingtheglaciersfrommelting.C.Changingtheirrigatio

ntime.D.Postponingthemeltingoftheglaciers.68.WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?A.Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.B.Theglobalw

armingtrendcannotbestopped.C.Thiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.D.Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.69.Accordingtotheauthor,pollutingind

ustriesshould.A.adapttocarbonpollutionB.planthighlyprofitablecropsC.leavecarbonemissionaloneD.fightagains

tcarbonpollution70.What’stheauthor’spreferredsolutiontoglobalwarming?A.Settingupanewstandard.B.Reducingcarbonemission.C.Adaptingtocli

matechange.D.Monitoringpollutingindustries.【答案】65.A66.C67.A68.D69.D70.B【解析】文章大意：文章关注的是我们熟悉的话题——气候变暖，不同的

是，文章给出了一些应对气候变暖的新途径。65.A【解析】考查句意理解。根据上文中的"Wearetherefore...buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions"可知，对于不断变化的环境，没有一个通用的方法来

解决所有这样的问题。故画线部分暗示的是适应环境也是一个不断变化的过程。故A正确。66.C【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段首句可知，世界范围内尤其是一些贫穷地区的人们使用了令人意想不到的方法去适应环境的改变，化劣势为优势，再结合下文的内容可知，Rezwan就是这么做的，故答案为C。67.

A【解析】考查细节理解。由第四段中的"...Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze，andwasstoreduntilthespring..

."可知，他把水引入盆地，水在那里结冰并被存储到春天使用，故A正确。68.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第六段的内容可知，在秘鲁当地的农民会把整个山峰涂成白色来增强对阳光的反射，希望借此来保护冰不被融化，再结合第五段的内容可知，反射太阳光可能会减轻全球变暖

，故D项正确。69.D【解析】考查推理判断。根据第七段中的"Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe’velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt"

可知，污染行业辩称因为人们没有赢得治理碳污染的战役，只能适应，再结合下文的"it’sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual"可知，作者认为污染行业的这种说法是荒谬的，其目的是给自己的商业行为制造借口。由此可推知，对于污

染行业来说，负责任的做法是同碳污染抗争，以减少碳排放，故D正确。70.B【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段第二句"Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoa

daptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution"可知，作者认为最明智的应对全球变暖的方法是减少碳排放，故B正确。Passage5【2017年天津卷】Ireadsomewheret

hatwespendafullthirdofourliveswaiting.Butwherearewedoingallofthiswaiting,andwhatdoesitmeantoanimpatientsoci

etylikeours?Tounderstandtheissue,let’stakealookatthreetypesof“waits”.TheverypurestformofwaitingistheWatched-PotWait.Itiswithoutdoubtthe

mostannoyingofall.Takefillingupthekitchensink(洗碗池)asanexample.Thereisabsolutelynothingyoucandowhilethisisgoingonbutke

epbotheyesfixedonthesinkuntilit’sfull.Duringthesewaits,thebrainslipsawayfromthebodyandwandersaboutuntilthewaterrunsovertheedgeofthec

ounterandontoyoursocks.Thiskindofwaitmakesthewaiterhelplessandmindless.AcousintotheWatched-PotWaitistheFor

cedWait.Thisonerequiresabitofdiscipline.ProperlypreparingpackagednoodlesouprequiresaForcedWait.Directionsareveryspecific.“Bringthreecu

psofwatertoboil,addmix,simmerthreeminutes,removefromheat,letstandfiveminutes.”Ihavemydoubtsthatanyonehasactuallyfollowedtheproced

uresstrictly.Afterall,ForcedWaitingrequirespatience.PerhapsthemostpowerfultypeofwaitingistheLucky-BreakWait.Thistypeofwaitisunusualinthatitisforth

emostpartvoluntary.UnliketheForcedWait,whichisalsovoluntary,waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthat

itwillhappen.Turningone’slifeintoawaitinggamerequiresfaithandhope,andisstrictlyfortheoptimistsamongus.Onthesurfaceitseemsasridiculousasfollo

wingthedirectionsonsoupmixes,buttheLucky-BreakWaitwellservesthosewhoarewillingtodoit.Aslongasonedoesn’tcometorelyonit

,wishingforafewgoodthingstohappenneverhurtsanybody.Wecertainlydospendagooddealofourtimewaiting.Thenexttimeyou’restandingatthesinkwaitingforitto

fillwhilecookingnoodlesoupthatyou’llhavetoeatuntilalargebagofcashfallsoutofthesky,don’tbedesperate.You’reprobabl

yjustasbusyasthenextguy.51.WhiledoingaWatched-PotWait,wetendto___________.A.keepourselvesbusyB.getabsent-mindedC.growanxiousD.stayfocused52.W

hatisthedifferencebetweentheForcedWaitandtheWatched-PotWait?A.TheForcedWaitrequiressomeself-control.B.TheForcedWaitmakespeoplepas

sive.C.TheWatched-PotWaitneedsdirections.D.TheWatched-PotWaitengagesbodyandbrain.53.WhatcanwelearnabouttheLuck

y-BreakWait?A.ItislessvoluntarythantheForcedWait.B.Itdoesn’talwaysbringthedesiredresult.C.Itismorefruitfulthanthe

ForcedWait.D.Itdoesn’tgivepeoplefaithandhope.54.Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodothenexttimewearewaiting?A.Takeitseriously.B.Don’trelyonothers

.C.Dosomethingelse.D.Don’tloseheart.55.Theauthorsupportshisviewby____________.A.exploringvariouscausesof“waits”B.

describingdetailedprocessesof“waits”C.analyzingdifferentcategoriesof“waits”D.revealingfrustratingconsequencesof“waits”【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。文章主要通过介绍三种

不同种类的等待来论述我们花费大量的时间来等待，而且作者陈述了自己的观点，即充满希望和信念地等待。51.B【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段的句子Duringthesewaits,thebrainslipsawayfromthebodyandwand

ersaboutuntilthewaterrunsovertheedgeofthecounterandontoyoursocks.Thiskindofwaitmakesthewaiterhelplessandmi

ndless.可知选B。52.A【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段内容，尤其是Thisonerequiresabitofdiscipline.及Afterall,ForcedWaitingrequirespatience.可知选A。53.B【解析】考查细节理解。根据第四段的句子U

nliketheForcedWait,whichisalsovoluntary,waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatitwillhappen.可知选B。5

4.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段第二句可以判断出下次当我们等待的时候作者建议我们不要灰心、绝望。故选D。55.C【解析】考查推理判断。通读全文可以知道，作者在二、三、四段列举了三种类型的等待，所以判断出作者是通过分析不同

种类的等待来支持自己的观点的。故选C。2016年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2016年新课标Ⅲ卷】Badnewssells.Ifitbleeds,itleads.Nonewsisgoodnews,andgoodnewsisnonews.Thosearethe

classicrulesfortheeveningbroadcastsandthemorningpapers.Butnowthatinformationisbeingspreadandmonitored(监控)ind

ifferentways,researchersarediscoveringnewrules.Bytrackingpeople’se-mailsandonlineposts,scientistshavefound

thatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsobstories.＂The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia,＂saysJonahBerger,ascholaratthe

UniversityofPennsylvania.＂Theywantyoureyeballsanddon’tcarehowyou’refeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youd

on’twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.＂Researchersanalyzingword-of-mouthcommunication—e-mails,Webpostsandreviews,face-to-faceconversatio

ns—foundthatittendedtobemorepositivethannegative(消极的),butthatdidn’tnecessarilymeanpeoplepreferredpositivenews.Waspositivenewssharedmoreoftensimp

lybecausepeopleexperiencedmoregoodthingsthanbadthings?Totestforthatpossibility,Dr.Bergerlookedathowpeoplespreadapar

ticularsetofnewsstories:thousandsofarticlesonTheNewYorkTimes’website.HeandaPenncolleagueanalyzedthe＂moste-mailed＂listforsixm

onths.Oneofhisfirstfindingswasthatarticlesinthesciencesectionweremuchmorelikelytomakethelistthannon-sciencearticles.Hefoundthatscienceamaz

edTimes’readersandmadethemwanttosharethispositivefeelingwithothers.Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthat

inspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticlesthatleftthemmerelysad.Theyneededtobearoused(激发)onewayortheother,andtheyp

referredgoodnewstobad.Themorepositiveanarticle,themorelikelyitwastobeshared,asDr.Bergerexplainsinhisnewbook

,＂Contagious:WhyThingsCatchOn.＂32.Whatdotheclassicrulesmentionedinthetextapplyto?A.Newsreports.B.Researchpapers.C.P

rivatee-mails.D.Dailyconversations.33.WhatcanweinferaboutpeoplelikeDebbieDowner?A.They’resociallyinactive.B.They’regoodattellin

gstories.C.They’reinconsiderateofothers.D.They’recarefulwiththeirwords.34.Whichtendedtobethemoste-mailedaccordin

gtoDr.Berger’sresearch?A.Sportsnews.B.Sciencearticles.C.Personalaccounts.D.Financialreviews.35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.SadStorie

sTravelFarandWide.B.OnlineNewsAttractsMorePeople.C.ReadingHabitsChangewiththeTimes.D.GoodNewsBeatsBadon

SocialNetworks.【答案】32.A33.C34.B35.D【解析】试题分析：人们常说＂没有消息就是最好的消息＂。类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体，在网络普及的时代，好消息在网络上的传播速度比坏消息要快

很多。32.A细节理解题。根据第二段中的＂The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia＂可知，像＂itbleeds＂这样的传统说法适用于大众媒体，故选A。33.C推理判断题。根据＂youcarealotmorehowtheyreact＂可知，你非常在乎朋友听完你讲的故事

后的反应，根据＂Youdon’twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.＂可知，你不想被当作一个＂DebbieDowner＂，说明DebbieDowner指的是＂一个不为他人考虑的

人＂，故选C。34.B细节理解题。根据第三段中的＂articlesinthesciencesectionweremuchmorelikelytomakethelistthannon-sciencearticles＂可知，科技类的文章比非科技类的更有可能被人们讨论，

故选B。35.D标题选择题。根据第一段中的＂Bytrackingpeople’se-mailsandonlineposts,scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsob

stories.＂可知，好消息在网络上传播得更快，影响更深远，说明文章主要讲的是好消息通过网络的传播，故选D。Passage2【2016年浙江卷】"DidyouhearwhathappenedtoAdamlastFriday?"LindseywhisperstoTori.Withhereyess

hining,Toribrags,"YoubetIdid.Seantoldmetwodaysago."WhoareLindseyandToritalkingabout?Itjusthappenstobeyourstruly,AdamFreedman.Icant

ellyouthatwhattheyaresayingis(a)notniceand(b)noteventrue.Still,LindseyandToriaren’tverydifferentfrommoststudentshereatLintonHi

ghSchool,includingme.Manyofourconversationsaregossip(闲话).Ihavenoticedthreeeffectsofgossip:itcanhurtpeople,itcangivegossipersastrangekindofsatisfact

ion,anditcancausesocialpressuresinagroup.Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthepersonbeingtalkedabout.Usual

ly,gossipspreadsinformationaboutatopic—breakups,troubleathome,evendroppingout—thatapersonwouldratherkeepsecret.Themoreembarrassingorshamefulthese

cretis,thejuicierthegossipitmakes.Probablytheworsttypeofgossipistheabsolutelie.Peopleoftenthinkofgossipersasharmless,butcr

uelliescancausepain.Ifweknowthatgossipcanbeharmful,thenwhydosomanyofusdoit?Theanswerliesinanothereffectofg

ossip:thesatisfactionitgivesus.Sharingthelatestrumor(传言)canmakeapersonfeelimportantbecauseheorsheknowssomethingthatothersdon’t.Similarly,hea

ringthelatestrumorcanmakeapersonfeellikepartofthe"ingroup."Inotherwords,gossipissatisfyingbecauseitgivespeopleasenseof

belongingorevensuperiority(优越感).Gossipalsocanhaveathirdeffect:itstrengthensunwritten,unspokenrulesabouthowpeo

pleshouldact.ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgossipisimportantinpolicingbehaviorsinagroup.Translatedintohighschoolterms,this

meansthatifeverybodyyouhangaroundwithislaughingatwhatJohnworeorwhatJanesaid,thenyoucanbetthatwearingorsayingsomethingsimilarw

illgetyouthesamekindofnegativeattention.Thedo’sanddon’tsconveyedthroughgossipwillnevershowupinanystudenthandbook.Theeffectsofgossipva

rydependingonthesituation.Thenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetospreadthelatestnews,thinkaboutwhyyouwanttogossipand

whateffectsyour"juicystory"mighthave.41.Theauthorusesaconversationatthebeginningofthepassageto___________.A.introduceatopic

B.presentanargumentC.describethecharactersD.clarifyhiswritingpurpose42.Animportantnegativeeffectofgo

ssipisthatit___________.A.breaksuprelationshipsB.embarrassesthelistenerC.spreadsinformationaroundD.causesunpleasantexperie

nces43.Intheauthor’sopinion,manypeopleliketogossipbecauseit___________.A.givesthemafeelingofpleasureB.helpsthemtomakemorefriend

sC.makesthembetterattellingstoriesD.enablesthemtomeetimportantpeople44.ProfessorDavidWilsonthinksthatgossipcan___________.A.providestudentswithw

rittenrulesB.helppeoplewatchtheirownbehaviorsC.forceschoolstoimprovestudenthandbooksD.attractthepolice’satte

ntiontogroupbehaviors45.Whatadvicedoestheauthorgiveinthepassage?A.Neverbecomeagossiper.B.Stayawayfromgossipers.

C.Don’tletgossipturnintolies.D.Thinktwicebeforeyougossip.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。41.【答案】A

【解析】根据文章第三段的Manyofourconversationsaregossip(闲话)可知开头的对话是为了引入本文的主题，故选A。42.【答案】D【解析】根据文章第四段的Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthep

ersonbeingtalkedabout可知其主要危害是会给被讨论的人带来不愉快的经历，故选D。43.【答案】A【解析】根据文章第五段的Theanswerliesinanothereffectofgossip:thesatisfactionitgive

sus可知人们散播传言是因为它会给他们带来满足感，故选A。44.【答案】B【解析】根据文章第六段的ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgossipisimportantinpolicingbehaviorsinagroup可知他认为传言

能帮助人们监督、观察自身的行为，故选B。45.【答案】D【解析】根据文章最后一段的Thenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetospreadthelatestnews,thinkaboutwhyyouwantt

ogossipandwhateffectsyour“juicystory”mighthave可知作者的建议是让人们在传闲话之前三思而后行。故选D。Passage3【2016年北京卷】WhyCollegeIsNotHomeTh

ecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofa

dolescence,duringwhichmanyoftoday’sstudentsandarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.Forpreviousgenerations,collegewasadecisivebreakfrompar

entalcontrol;guidanceandsupportneededtocomefrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.Inthepasttwodecades,however,con

tinuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily,thankstocellphones,emailandsocialmedia,haveincreasedsignific

antly.Someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollegeasapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadul

tresponsibility,universitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironmentasthatofthehome.Toprepareforincreasedautonomyandresponsibil

ity,collegeneedstobeatimeofexplorationandexperimentation.Thisprocessinvolves＂tryingon＂newwaysofthinkingaboutoneselfbotherintellectually(在思维方面)andpe

rsonally.Whileweshouldprovide＂safespaces＂withincolleges,wemustalsomakeitsafetoexpressopinionsandchallengemajorityviews.Intellectualgrowtha

ndflexibilityarefosteredbystrictdebateandquestioning.Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.Bec

auseacollegecommunity(群体)differsfromthefamily,manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging.Ifstudentsrelyonadministra

torstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithinalargerandco

mplexcommunity.Moreover,thetendencyforuniversitiestomonitorandshapestudentbehaviorrunsupagainstanothercharacteristicofyoungadults:the

responsetobeingcontrolledbytheirelders.Ifacceptablesocialbehavioristoostrictlydefined(规定)andcontrolled,t

heinsensitiveoraggressivebehaviorthatadministratorsareseekingtominimizemayactuallybeencouraged.Itisn

otsurprisingthatyoungpeoplearelikelytoburstout,particularlywhentherearereasonstodoso.Ourgenerationoncejoinedhandsandstoodfirm

attimesofnationalemergency.Whatislackingtodayistheconflictbetweenadolescent’sdesireforautonomyandtheirunderstandingofanunsafeworld

.Therefore,thereisthedesirefortheirdormstobereplacementhomesandnotplacestoexperienceintellectualgrowth.Everycollegediscussionaboutcommunityvalues,s

ocialclimateandbehaviorshouldincluderecognitionofthedevelopmentalimportanceofstudentautonomyandself-regulati

on,ofthenecessarytensionbetweensafetyandself-discovery.67.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardcontinuedparentalguidanceto

collegestudents?A.Sympathetic.B.Disapproving.C.Supportive.D.Neutral.68.Theunderlinedword＂passage＂inP

aragraph2means_________.A.changeB.choiceC.textD.extension69.Accordingtotheauthor,whatroleshouldcollegeplay?A.Todevelopasharedidentitya

mongstudents.B.Todefineandregulatestudents’socialbehavior.C.Toprovideasafeworldwithouttensionforstude

nts.D.Tofosterstudents’intellectualandpersonaldevelopment.70.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassag

e?I:IntroductionP:PointSp:Sub-point(次要点)C:Conclusion【答案】67.B68.A69.D70.C【解析】试题分析：大学并不是温暖的家，也不能成为学生的家。大学时期应该是培养自

主性和自我同一性的重要时期，大学是孩子脱离父母控制的决定性时期，因此，学校不应该成为像家庭一样让孩子依赖的地方。67.B观点态度题。根据第一段＂Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatime

forimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However...＂可知，作者认为，大学不应该成为孩子们依赖的＂家＂，说明作者不赞成父母继续指导上大学的孩子，故选B。68.A词

义猜测题。根据＂fromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility＂可知，从受家庭的庇护到有自主性和肩负成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故选A。69.D推理判断题。每个人的个性都是不同的，排除A；根据第四段＂Ifstudentsr

elyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacing...＂可知，作者不赞成大学管理者约束学生的社会行为，排除B；大学不应该是一个无忧无虑

的场所，排除C；大学应该是获得知识和促进学生成长的地方，故选D。70.C篇章结构题。根据第四段＂Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.＂中的＂equallyimportant＂和第五

段的＂Moreover＂可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要论点，故选C。Passage4【2016年上海卷】Istherelinkbetweenhumansandclimatechangeornot?Th

isquestionwasfirststudiedintheearly1900s.Sincethen,manyscientistshavethoughtthatouractionsdomakeadifference.In1997,theKyotoProtocolexplainedou

rroleintheEarth’schangingatmosphereandsetinternationallimitsforgasemissions(排放)from2008to2012.Somecountrieshavedecidedt

ocontinuethesereductionsuntil2020.Morerecently,theParisAgreement,stuckbynearly200countries,alsoaimstolimitglobalwarming.Butjustnowhowmuchwar

meritwillgetdependsonhowdeeplycountriescutcarbonemissions.3.5℃Thisishowmuchtemperatureswouldriseby2100evenifnationsliveupto

theinitialParispromisestoreducecarbonemissions;thisrisecouldstillputcoastalcitiesunderwateranddriveoverhalfofallspeciestoextinction.2℃Tomeetthi

sminimumgoal,theAgreementrequirescountriestotightenemissionstargetseveryfiveyears.Eventhisincreasecouldsinksom

eislands,worsedrought(干旱)anddriveadeclineofuptoathirdinthenumberofspecies.1.5℃Thisisthemostambitiousgoalfortempera

turerisesetbytheParisAgreement,afterapushbylow-lyingislandnationslikeKiribati,whichsaylimitingtemperatureriseto1.5℃couldsavethemfromsinking.0.8℃Thisi

showmuchtemperatureshaverisensincetheindustrialagebegan,puttingus40%ofthewaytothe2℃point.0℃Thebaselinehereisaverageglobaltemperaturebeforethestar

toftheindustrialage.70.Itcanbeconcludedfromparagraph1that_______.A.theproblemofglobalwarmingwillhavebeenquitesolvedby2020B.gasemissionshave

beeneffectivelyreducedindevelopedcountriesC.theParisAgreementsismoreinfluentialthantheKyotoProtocolD.humanshavemadecontinuousefforts

toslowdownglobalwarming71.IfnationscouldonlykeeptheinitialpromisesoftheParisAgreement,whatwouldhappenbytheyear2100?A.Thehumanpopula

tionwouldincreasebyonethird.B.Littleover50%ofallspecieswouldstillexist.C.Nationswouldnotneedtotightentheiremissionstargets.D.Th

eAgreement’sminimumgoalwouldnotbereached.72.Ifthoseislandnationsnotfarabovesealevelaretosurvive,themaximumtemperaturerise,sincethestartoft

heindustrialage,shouldbe_______.A.0.8℃B.1.5℃C.2℃D.3.5℃【答案】70.D71.D72.B【解析】试题分析：本文介绍了人们一直努力减少温室气体的排放，并设立了到2100年我们应该达成的目标以及达成目标要符合的条件。7

0.D推理判断题。根据文章第一段第三句至第六句＂Sincethen,manyscientistshavethoughtthatouractionsdomakeadifference.In1997,theKyoto......stuckbyn

early200countries,alsoaimstolimitglobalwarming.＂可知自从20世纪早期开始人类就一直在努力减少温室气体的排放，希望能减缓全球变暖的趋势。故D项正确。71.D推理判断题。根据文章第二段Thisi

showmuchtemperatureswouldriseby2100evenifnationsliveuptotheinitialParispromisestoreducecarbonemissions…可知如果各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求，到2100年气

温会比现在高三度。而根据第三段Tomeetthisminimumgoal可知最小的目标是上升两度。也就是说即使各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求，也达不到最小的目标。故D正确。72.B细节理解题。根据第四段1.5℃中的Thisis

themostambitiousgoalfortemperaturerisesetbytheParisAgreement,afterapushbylow-lyingislandnationslikeKiribati,whichsaylimitingtemperatureriseto1.5℃

couldsavethemfromsinking.可知对于那些低海拔的国家来说温度上升不超过1.5度，就可以避免他们被淹没。故B正确。Passage5【2016年四川卷】Ifyoucouldhaveonesuperpowe

r,whatwoulditbe?Dreamingaboutwhetheryouwouldwanttoreadminds,seethroughwalls,orhavesuperhumanstrengthmayso

undsilly,butitactuallygetstotheheartofwhatreallymattersinyourlife.Everydayinourwork,weareinspiredbythepeoplewemeetdoingextrao

rdinarythingstoimprovetheworld.Theyhaveadifferentkindofsuperpowerthatallofuspossess:thepowertomakeadifferencei

nthelivesofothers.We’renotsayingthateveryoneneedstocontributetheirlivestothepoor.Yourlivesarebusyenoughdoinghomework,playingsports,makingfrie

nds,seekingafteryourdreams.Butwedothinkthatyoucanliveamorepowerfullifewhenyoudevotesomeofyourtimeandenergytosomethingmuchlargerthanyourself.F

indanissueyouareinterestedinandlearnmore.Volunteeror,ifyoucan,contributealittlemoneytoacause.Whateveryoudo,don’tbeabystander.Getinvolved.Youmayhaveth

eopportunitytomakeyourbiggestdifferencewhenyou’reolder.Butwhynotstartnow?Ourownexperienceworkingtogetheronhe

alth,development,andenergythelasttwentyyearshasbeenoneofthemostrewardingpartsofourlives.Ithaschangedw

howeareandcontinuestofuelouroptimismabouthowmuchthelivesofthepoorestpeoplewillimproveintheyearsahead.24.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinPara

graph2referto?A.Yourlifestyle.B.Yourlifevalue.C.Yourtroubleinlife.D.Yourlifeexperience.25.Whydoesthea

uthorsaytheyareinspiredeveryday?A.Theypossessdifferentkindsofsuperpowers.B.Theyhavegotthepowertochangetheworld.C.Somepeoplearoundthemaremakingthe

worldbetter.D.Therearemanypowerfulpeopleintheirlifeandwork.26.WhatdoestheauthorstressinParagraph5?A.Learningmoreandcontributingmoretoacause.B.Ri

singaboveselfandactingtohelpothers.C.Workinghardtogetabiggeropportunity.D.Tryingyourbesttohelpthepoor.

27.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Theauthorbelievesthelivesofthepoorestwillgetbetter.B.Muchmoreprogresswillbemadeinthenearfuture.C.Theworkon

healthisthemostvaluableexperience.D.People’seffortshavebeenmateriallyrewarded.【答案】24.B25.C26.B27.A【解析】试题

分析：本文以虚拟语气的问句形式开头，鼓励人们奉献自己的一些时间和精力去帮助别人，最穷人的生活将会变得更好。24.B词义猜测题。此处是说，梦想着能读懂别人心思，看穿墙，或者拥有超能力，这些可能听起来很荒唐，但

是实际上它是你生活的价值的核心。故选B。25.C细节理解题。根据第三段Everydayinourwork,weareinspiredbythepeoplewemeetdoingextraordinarythingstoimprovetheworld.可知每天在我们的工作中，我们会受到

一些人的鼓舞，他们在做一些特别的事情来改善世界。故选C。26.B推理判断题。综合第五段内容可知，作者想要告诉我们，提升自己，行动起来帮助别人。故选B。27.A推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，它已经改变了我们是谁，并将在以后的这些年里继续点燃我们对改善穷人生活的乐观情绪。故选A。Pass

age6【2016年天津卷】Failureisprobablythemostexhaustingexperienceapersoneverhas.Thereisnothingmoretiringthannotsucceeding.Weexperiencethistirednessi

ntwoways:asstart-upfatigue(疲惫)andperformancefatigue.Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffataskbecauseithaseithert

ooboringortoodifficult.Andthelongerwedelayit,themoretiredwefeel.Suchstart-upfatigueisveryreal,evenifnotactuallyphysical,notsomething

inourmusclesandbones.Thesolutionisobviousthoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:alwayshandlethemostdifficultjobfirst.Yearsago,Iwasaskedtowrite102e

ssaysonthegreatideasofsomefamousauthors.Applyingmyownrule,Ideterminedtowritetheminalphabeticalorder(按字母顺序),neverlettingmyselfleaveoutatoughidea.A

ndIalwaysstartedtheday’sworkwiththedifficulttaskofessay-writing.Experienceprovedthattheruleworks.Performancefatigueismoredifficulttoh

andle.Thoughwillingtogetstarted,wecannotseemtodothejobright.Itsdifficultiesappearsogreatthat,howeverhardwewor

k,wefailagainandagain.Insuchasituation,IworkashardasIcan—thenlettheunconscioustakeover.WhenplanningEn

cyclopaediaBritannica(《大英百科全书》),Ihadtocreateatableofcontentsbasedonthetopicsofitsarticles.Nothinglike

thishadeverbeendonebefore,anddayafterdayIkeptcomingupwithsolutions,butnoneofthemworked.Myfatiguebecamealmostunbearable

.Oneday,mentallyexhausted,Iwrotedownallthereasonswhythisproblemcouldnotbesolved.Itriedtoconvincemyselfthatthetroublewaswiththeproblemitse

lf,notwithme.Relieved,Isatbackinaneasychairandfellasleep.Anhourlater,Iwokeupsuddenlywiththesolutionclearlyinmind.Intheweeksthatfollowed,t

hesolutionwhichhadcomeupinmyunconsciousmindprovedcorrectateverystep.ThoughIworkedashardasbefore,Ifeltnofatigue.Successwasnowasexcitingasfa

ilurehadbeendepressing.Humanbeings,Ibelievemusttrytosucceed.Success,then,meansneverfeelingtired.51.Peoplewithstart-

upfatiguearemostlikelyto_____________.A.delaytasksB.workhardC.seekhelpD.acceptfailure52.Whatdoestheauthorrecommenddoingtopreventstart-upfa

tigue?A.Writingessaysinstrictorder.B.Buildingupphysicalstrength.C.Leavingoutthetoughestideas.D.Dealingwit

hthehardesttaskfirst.53.Onwhatoccasiondoesapersonprobablysufferfromperformancefatigue?A.Beforestartingadifficulttask.B.Whenallthesol

utionsfail.C.Ifthejobisratherboring.D.Afterfindingawayout.54.Accordingtotheauthor,theunconsciousmindmayhelpus____

_________.A.ignorementalproblemsB.getsomenicesleepC.gaincompletereliefD.findtherightsolution55.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassa

ge?A.SuccessIsBuiltuponFailureB.HowtoHandlePerformanceFatigueC.GettingoverFatigue:AWaytoSuccessD.Fat

igue:AnEarlySignofHealthProblems【语篇解读】这是一篇夹叙夹议文章。文章主要介绍每个人都希望成功，但是人们在实施任务的时候会出现启动疲惫和表现疲惫，这是造成失败的两种原因，并介绍了如何克服这两种疲惫。51

.A【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段的句子Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffatask可知，有启动疲惫的人更可能拖延任务。故选A。52.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段的句子The

solutionisobviousthoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:alwayshandlethemostdifficultjobfirst可知，为了防止启动疲惫，作者建议首先处理最难的任务。故选D。53.B【解析】考查细节理解。

根据第五段的句子Performancefatigueismoredifficulttohandle可知，当所有的解决方法都失败的时候，一个人可能会有表现疲惫。故选B。54.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第五段的最后一句话可知，无意识的行为可能帮助我们发现正确的解决

方法。故选D。55.C【解析】考查标题归纳。根据全篇文章，尤其是最后一段的内容可知，文章主要介绍造成失败的两种疲惫以及如何克服疲惫。故选C。2015年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2015年新课标Ⅱ卷】More

studentsthaneverbeforearetakingagapyear(间隔年)beforegoingtouniversity.Itusedtobethe“yearoff”betweenschoolanduniversity.Thegap-yearphenom

enonoriginated(起源)withthemonthsleftovertoOxbridgeapplicantsbetweenentranceexamsinNovemberandthestartofthenextacademicyear.Thisyear,

25,310studentswhohaveacceptedplacesinhighereducationinstitutionshaveputofftheirentryuntilnextyear,accordingtostatisticsonunive

rsityentranceprovidedbytheUniversityandCollegeAdmissionsService(UCAS).Thatisarecord14.7%increaseinthenumberofstudentstakingagapyear.Ton

yHigginsfromUCASsaidthatthestatisticsaregoodnewsforeveryoneinhighereducation.“Studentswhotakeawell-plannedyearoutaremorelikelytobesatisfiedw

ith,andcomplete,theirchosencourse.Studentswhotakeagapyearareoftenmorematureandresponsible,”hesaid.Butnoteveryoneishappy.OwainJam

es,thepresidentoftheNationalUnionofStudents(NUS),arguedthattheincreaseisevidenceofstudenthardship–youngpeoplearebeingforce

dintoearningmoneybeforefinishingtheireducation.“Newstudentsarenowawarethattheyarelikelytoleaveuniversi

tyupto￡15,000indebt.Itisnotsurprisingthatmoreandmorestudentsaretakingagapyeartoearnmoneytosupporttheirstudyforthedegree.NUSstatisticssh

owthatover40%ofstudentsareforcedtoworkduringtermtimeandthefigureincreasesto90%duringvacatingperiods,”hesaid.29.Whatdowelearnaboutthegapyearf

romthetext?A.Itisflexibleinlength.B.ItisatimeforrelaxationC.ItisincreasinglypopularD.Itisrequiredbyun

iversities30.AccordingtoTonyHiggins.studentstakingagapyear____.A.arebetterpreparedforcollegestudiesB.knowalotmoreabouttheirfuturejobC.aremorelik

elytoleaveuniversityindebtD.haveabetterchancetoentertopuniversities31.HowdoesOwainJamesfeelaboutthegap-yearphenomenon?A.He’spuzzledB.

He’sworriedC.He’ssurprisedD.He’sannoyed32.WhatwouldmoststudentsdoontheirvacationaccordingtoNUSstatistics?A.

Attendadditionalcourses.B.MakeplansforthenewtermC.EarnmoneyfortheireducationD.Preparefortheirgraduatestudies【解析】试题分析:本文提到大学的学费高使得很

多大学生在上学学前就要先去挣钱然后再上大学学习。这样的好处是让学生更珍惜大学的时光，更成熟有责任感。但是也给人们带来了思考。29.C推理判断题。由短文第一段Morestudentsthaneverbeforearetakingagapyear(间隔年)befor

egoingtouniversity.可知，过间隔年学生比以前多了，第二段第一句话Thatisarecord14.7%increaseinthenumber(ofstudentstakingagapyea

r.可知体验间隔年数量上升了14.7%，说明越来越受到欢迎，因此选C。30.A细节理解题。由人名定位到短文第三段。Studentswhotakeawell-plannedyearoutaremorelikelytobesatisfiedwith,andcomplete,theirc

hosencourse.Studentswhotakeagapyearareoftenmorematureandresponsible,”hesaid.第三段在说它的优点，有间隔年之后再去上大学，会让人更成熟有责任感，对大学的学习有帮助。故选A。31.B细节理

解题。根据文章最后一段Butnoteveryoneishappy.然后提到Owain，OwainJames,thepresidentoftheNationalUnionofStudents(NUS),arguedthatthe

increaseisevidenceofstudenthardship，这证明学生很难；…moreandmorestudentsaretakingagapyeartoearnmoneytosupporttheirstudyforth

edegree.他说越来越多的学生会在gapyear期间是要去挣大学的费用。故选B。32.C细节理解题。根据文章最后一句话可知：NUSstatisticsshowthatover40%ofstudentsareforcedtowork

duringtermtimeandthefigureincreasesto90%duringvacatingperiods,”数据表明，40%多的学生在学校兼职，90%的学生要在假期打工挣学费。Passage2【2015

年浙江卷】Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars，wewouldgoindarknesshappily,themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnoc

turnal(夜间活动的)speciesonthisplanet.Instead,wearediurnalcreatures,witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun'slight.Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact,eventhoughmo

stofusdon'tthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeings.Yetit'stheonlywaytoexplainwhatwe'vedonetothenight:We'veengineeredittoreceiveusbyf

illingitwithlight.Thebenefitsofthiskindofengineeringcomewithconsequences—calledlightpollution—whoseeffectss

cientistsareonlynowbeginningtostudy.Lightpollutionislargelytheresultofbadlightingdesign,whichallowsart

ificiallighttoshineoutwardandupwardintothesky.Ⅲ-designedlightingwashesoutthedarknessofnightandcomplet

elychangesthelightlevels—andlightrhythms—towhichmanyformsoflife,including,ourselves,haveadapted.Whereverhum

anlightspillsintothenaturalworld,someaspectoflifeisaffected.Inmostcitiestheskylooksasthoughithasbeenemptiedofstars,leav

ingbehindavacanthaze(霾)thatmirrorsourfearofthedark.We'vegrownsousedtothisorangehazethattheoriginalgloryofanunlitnigh,-darkenoug

hfortheplanetVenustothrowshadowonEarth,iswhollybeyondourexperience,beyondmemoryalmost.We’velitupthenightasifitwereanun

occupiedcountry,whennothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Amongmammalsalone,thenumberofnocturnalspeciesisastonishing,Lig

htisapowerfulbiologicalforce,andonmanyspeciesitactsasamagnet(磁铁).Theeffectissopowerfulthatscientistsspeakofsongbir

dsandseabirdsbeing“captured”bysearchlightsonlandorbythelightfromgasflaresonmarineoilplatforms.Migratingatnight,birdstendtocollidewithbrightlylittall

buildings.Frogslivingnearbrightlylithighwayssuffernocturnallightlevelsthatareasmuchasamilliontimesbrighterthannormal,thr

owingnearlyeveryaspectoftheirbehavioroutofjoint,includingtheirnighttimebreedingchoruses.Humansarenolesstrappedbylightpollutionthanthefrogs.Likemostot

hercreatures,wedoneeddarkness.Darknessisasessentialtoourbiologicalwelfare,toourinternalclockwork,aslightitself.Livinginaglareofourmaking,w

ehavecutourselvesofffromourevolutionaryandculturalheritage—thelightofthestarsandtherhythmsofdayandnight.Inaveryrealsense,lightpollutionc

ausesustolosesightofourtrueplaceintheuniverse,toforgetthescaleofourbeing,whichisbestmeasuredagainstthedim

ensionsofadeepnightwiththeMilkyWay—theedgeofourgalaxy—archingoverhead.50.Accordingtothepassage,humanbeings.A.prefertoliveinthedarknessB.areusedtolivi

nginthedaylightC.werecuriousaboutthemidnightworldD.hadtostayathomewiththelightofthemoon51.Whatdoes“it”(Paragraph1)mostprobablyreferto?A.Thenight.B

.ThemoonC.TheskyD.Theplanet52.Thewritermentionsbirdsandfrogsto.A.provideexamplesofanimalprotectionB.showhowlightpollutio

naffectsanimalsC.comparethelivinghabitsofbothspeciesD.explainwhythenumberofcertainspecieshasdeclined53.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphtha

t.A.lightpollutiondoseharmtotheeyesightofanimalsB.lightpollutionhasdestroyedsomeoftheworldheritagesC.humanbeingscannotgototheouterspaceD.hu

manbeingsshouldreflectontheirpositionintheuniverse54.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheMagicLight.B.TheOrangeHaz

e.C.TheDisappearingNight.D.TheRhythmsofNature.【解析】试题分析：文章介绍了光污染对于动物和人类的影响，呼吁我们反思我们的行为。50.B细节理解题根据第一段第三行

“witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun’slight眼睛适应了太阳的光线”可以知道答案。其中adaptedto和usedto同义，意为习惯于。53.D推理题，最后一段的意思是”Livinginaglareofourmaking,wehavecut

ourselvesofffromourevolutionaryandculturalheritage—thelightofthestarsandtherhythmsofdayandnight.Inaveryr

ealsenselightpollutioncausesustolosesightofourtrueplaceintheuniverse,toforgetthescaleofourbeing,whichisbestmeasuredagainstthedimensionsofadeepni

ghtwiththeMilkyWay—theedgeofourgalaxyarchingoverhead.生活在一个刺眼世界，我们已经远离了进化和文化遗产：星星和昼夜节律的光。在一个非常真实的意义上，光污染使我们在宇宙中失去真我，而这些失去的正好就是最好的测量银河系银河深夜的工具。“根

据语意，不难得出答案是D.humanbeingsshouldreflectontheirpositionintheuniverse人类应该反思自己的行为。但此题易错选B，之所以不选B是因为someof的表达是扩大了说法，以偏概全。54.C标题题，根据

，文章出现最多的就是light和night,我们可以知道答案是C。之所以不选A，是因为它所使用的形容词Magic意思是奇幻的，这个单词具有褒义的意思。而C选项的disappearing是消失的，这符合本文的语境，让我们反思。Passage3【2015年重庆卷】LakeLander·2hou

rsagoToday,amantalkedveryloudonhisphoneonatrainbetweenMalvernandReading,makingmanypassengersupset.IwonderhowhewouldreactifIweretoreadmyne

wspaperoutloudonthetrain,Ihaveneverhadthecouragetodoit,though.Pak50·57minutesagoWhynotgiveitatry?Perhapsyoushoul

dtakelessonsonamusicalinstrument.ThelatemusicianDennisBrianissaidtohaveaskedafellowtrainpassengertotu

rnoffhisradio.Whenhisrequestwasrefused,hetookouthisFrenchhorn(号)andstartedtopractice.AngieO’Edema·42mi

nutesagoIdon’tseehowmusicalinstrumentscanhelpimprovemannersinpublic.Don’tdotootherswhatyouwouldn’tliketobedonetoyour

self.Once,apassengernexttometalkedoutloudonhismobilephone.Ileftmyseatquietly,givinghimsomeprivacytofinishhisconver

sation.Herealizedthisandapologisedtome.Whenhisphonerangagainlater,helefthisseattoanswerit.Yousee,abitofrespectandcooperationcandothejobbetter.

Taodas·29minutesagoIdidreadmynewspaperoutloudonatrain,anditturnedoutwell.Theguytookitingoodpart,andweJointhediscussion…ch

attedhappilyallthewaytoEdinbergh.Sophie76·13minutesagoIhavenottriedreadingmynewspaperoutloudonatrain,but,severalyearsago,Ireadsomechapte

rsfromHarryPortertomyboredandnoisychildren.SeveralpassengersseemedtoappreciatewhatIdid.44.Thepasseng

ermadeanapologytoAngieO’Edemabecause____.A.heofferedhisseattosomeoneelseB.hespokeveryloudlyonhisphoneC.herefusedtotalkwithAngieD.heignoredAngie

’srequest45.Whooncereadanewspaperoutloudonatrain?A.Pak50.B.AngieO’Edema.C.Taodas.D.Sophie76.46.Whatisthediscussionmainlyabout?A.Howtoreactt

obadbehavior.B.Howtokilltimeonatrain.C.Howtochatwithstrangers.D.Howtomakeaphonecall.47.Whereisthepassagemostprobab

lytakenfrom?A.Awebpage.B.Anewspaper.C.Anovel.D.Areport.【解析】试题分析:主要讲述了LakeLander在论坛上描述了自己遇到的不文明现象后，众人发表的关于自己经历的不文明现象的描述和看法。46.A主旨

大意。本文主要是对别人的不文明行为如何做出反应的一个讨论，故选A项。47.A推断题。本文是篇对于社会现象的讨论，根据出现的讨论的时间，彼此隔开时间不长，可知来自网络，故选A项。Passage4【2015年北京卷】Technologica

lchangeiseverywhereandaffectseveryaspectoflife,mostlyforthebetter.However,socialchangesarebroughtaboutbynewtechnologyareoftenmistakenforacha

ngeinattitudes.Anexampleathandistheinvolvementofparentsinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhoareattendingcollege.Surveys(调查)onthistopicsuggest

sthatparentstodaycontinuetobe＂very＂or＂somewhat＂overly-protectiveevenaftertheirchildrenmoveintocollegedo

rmitories.Thesamesurveysalsoindicatethattherateofparentalinvolvementisgreatertodaythanitwasagenerationago.Thisisusuallyinterpretedasasigntha

ttoday’sparentsaretryingtomanagetheirchildren’slivespastthepointwherethisbehaviorisappropriate.However,greaterparentalinvolvementdoesnotnecessarilyi

ndicatethatparentsarefailingtoletgooftheir＂adult＂children.Inthecontext(背景)ofthisdiscussion,itseemsvaluabletofirstfindoutthecauseofchangeinth

ecaseofparents’involvementwiththeirgrownchildren.Ifparentsofearliergenerationshadwantedtobeintouchwiththeircollege-agechildrenfrequently,wouldthi

shavebeenpossible?Probablynot.Ontheotherhand,doesthepossibilityoffrequentcommunicationtodaymeanthattheurgetodosowasn’tpresentagen

erationago?Manystudiesshowthatolderparents—today’sgrandparents—wouldhavecalledtheirchildrenmoreoftenifthemeansandcostofdoingsohadnotbe

enabarrier.Furthermore,studiesshowthatfinancesarethemostfrequentsubjectofcommunicationbetweenparentsand

theircollegechildren.Thefactthatcollegestudentsarefinanciallydependentontheirparentsisnothingnew;norarerequestsformoremoneytobesentfrom

home.Thisphenomenonisneithergoodnorbad;itisafactofcollegelife,todayandinthepast.Thankstotheadvancedtechnology,weliveinanageo

fbetteredcommunication.Thishasmanyimplicationswellbeyondtherolethatparentsseemtoplayinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhohaveleftforcollege.Butitisusef

ultobearinmindthatallsuchchangescomefromthetechnologyandnotsomeimagineddesirebyparentstokeeptheirchildrenundertheirwings.67.Thesurveysi

nformusof__________.A.thedevelopmentoftechnologyB.thechangesofadultchildren’sbehaviorC.theparents’over-protectionoftheircollegechildrenD

.themeansandexpensesofstudents’communication68.Thewriterbelievesthat__________.A.parentstodayaremoreprotectivethanthoseinthepastB.the

disadvantagesofnewtechnologyoutweighitsadvantages[来源:Z,xx,k.Com]C.technologyexplainsgreaterinvolvementwiththeirchildrenD.parent

s’changedattitudesleadtocollegechildren’sdelayedindependence69.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TechnologyorAttitude[来源:学科

网ZXXK]B.DependenceorIndependenceC.FamilyInfluencesorSocialChangesD.CollegeManagementorCommunicationAdv

ancement70.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthispassage?【解析】试题分析：以父母对于上大学的成年子女过度保护的问题为例，提出了科技带来的一些改变容易被误认为态度的改变的论点。69.A主旨大意题。由第一段第二句话得出

。这种科技的改变容易被误认为态度的改变。第2-5段讨论到底是科技还是态度的改变。第6段再次明确表示是科技的改变。故选A。70.B文章结构题。文章第一段是introduction，第二段是第一个论点，指出父母在子女生活中参与度提高的现象。第三段是第二个论点(关键词However)，指出通过

调查并不能推断出父母未能对子女放手，分论点一是科技的进步导致父母对子女生活更多的参与，分论点二(关键词Furthermore)是子女经济不独立导致父母对子女生活的过多参与。最后一段总结。故选B。Passage5【2015年广东卷】DanielAnde

rson,afamouspsychologist,believesit’simportanttodistinguishtelevision’sinfluencesonchildrenfromthoseofthefamily.WetendtoblameTV,hesays,forp

roblemsitdoesn’treallycause,overlookingourownrolesinshapingchildren’sminds.Onetraditionalbeliefabouttelevisionisthatitreduce

sachild’sabilitytothinkandtounderstandtheworld.WhilewatchingTV,childrendonotmerelyabsorbwordsandimages(影像).Instead,theylearnbothex

plicitandhiddenmeaningsfromwhattheysee.Actually,childrenlearnearlythepsychologyofcharactersinTVshows.Furthermore,asmanyteachersagree,childrenund

erstandfarmorewhenparentswatchTVwiththem,explainingnewwordsandideas.Yet,mostparentsuseaneducationalprogramasach

ancetoparktheirkidsinfrontofthesetanddosomethinginanotherroom.Anotherargumentagainsttelevisionisthatitreplacesreadingas

aformofentertainment.ButaccordingtoAnderson,theamountoftimespentwatchingtelevisionisnotrelatedtoreading

ability.TVdoesn’ttaketheplaceofreadingformostchildren;ittakestheplaceofsimilarsortsofrecreation,suchaslistenin

gtotheradioandplayingsports.Thingslikeparents’educationalbackgroundhaveastrongerinfluenceonachild’sreading."Achild’sreadingabilityisbes

tpredictedbyhowmuchaparentreads,"Andersonsays.Traditionalwisdomalsohasitthatheavytelevision-watchinglowersIQ(智商)scores

andaffectsschoolperformance.Buthere,too,Andersonnotesthatnostudieshaveprovedit.Infact,researchsuggest

sthatit’stheotherwayaround."Ifyou’resmartyoung,you’llwatchlessTVwhenyou’reolder,"Andersonsays.Yet,peopleoflowerIQtendtobelifelongtelevisionvie

wers.Foryearsresearchershaveattemptedtoshowthattelevisionisdangeroustochildren.However,byshowingthattelevisionpromotesnon

eofthedangerouseffectsasconventionallybelieved,Andersonsuggeststhattelevisioncannotbecondemnedwithoutconsideringotherinflue

nces.36.BywatchingTV,childrenlearn__________.A.imagesthroughwordsB.morethanexplicitmeaningsC.moreaboutimagesthanwordsD.littleaboutpe

ople’spsychology37.Aneducationalprogramisbestwatchedbyachild___________.A.onhisownB.withotherkidsC.withhisparent

sD.withhisteachers38.Whichofthefollowingismostrelatedtochildren’sreadingability?A.Radio-listening.B.Televisio

n-watching.C.Parents’readinglist.D.Parents’educationalbackground.39.Andersonbelievesthat.A.themoreachildwatchesTV,thesmarterheisB.the

youngerachildis,themorehewatchesTVC.thesmarterachildis,thelesslikelyhegetsaddictedtoTV[来源:Zxxk.Com]D.thelessachildwatchesTV,thebette

rheperformsatschool40.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.ToadviseontheeducationaluseofTV.B.TodescribeTV’sharmfuleffectsonchildren.C.Toexplaintraditio

nalviewsonTVinfluences.D.TopresentAnderson’sunconventionalideas.【解析】试题分析：本文叙述著名心理学家DanielAnderson对孩子们看电视的

看法，打破了以往人们认为看电视对孩子不好的想法。他认为孩子们看电视不知学到显现出来的东西；父母陪孩子看电视，孩子可以学到更多知识；孩子看电视并没有代替孩子阅读，并没有影响孩子的智商。36.B细节理解题。根据第二段的Instead,theylearnbothexplic

itandhiddenmeaningsfromwhattheysee.可知孩子们通过看电视，可以学到显性和隐藏的意义，因此不仅仅学到隐藏的意思。故选B。37.C推理判断题。根据第二段的Furthermore,asmanyteachersagree,childrenu

nderstandfarmorewhenparentswatchTVwiththem“孩子们有父母陪着看电视理解的更多”，故推断教育节目最好是父母陪着孩子看。故选C。Passage6【2015年湖北卷】“Iseeyou’vegotabitofwateronyou

rcoat,”saidthemanatthepetrolstation.“Isitrainingoutthere?””No,it’sprettynice,”Ireplied,checkingmysleeve.“O

h,right.Apony(马驹)bitmeearlier.”Asithappened,thebitewasvirtuallypainless:morethekindofsmallbiteyoumightgetfromanaughtychild.Theponyre

sponsiblewasqueuingupforsomeicecreaminthecarparknearHaytor,andperhapsthoughtI’djumpedinaheadofhim.Thereasonwhytheponieshereare

naughtyisthatHaytorisatourist-heavyareaandtouristsareconstantlyfeedingtheponiesfoods,despitesignsaskingthemnotto.Byfeedingtheponies,touristsi

ncreasetheriskofthemgettinghitbyacar,andmakethemhardertogatherduringthearea’sannualponydrift(迁移).Thepurposeofaponydriftistogatherthemupsothe

irhealthcanbechecked,thebabyonescanbestoppedfromfeedingontheirmother’smilk,andthosewho’vegonebeyondtheirlimitedareacanbereturnedtotheircorrect

area.Someofthemarealsolatersold,inordertolimitthenumberofponiesaccordingtotherulessetbyNaturalEngland.Threeweeksago,Iwitnessedasmallnear-disasterafew

mileswestofhere.Whilewalking,Inoticedaponyrolloveronhisback.“Hello!”Isaidtohim,assuminghewasjustrollingforfun,bu

thewasverystilland,asIgotcloser,Isawhimkickinghislegsintheairandbreathingheavily.Ibegantoproperlyworryabouthim.Fortunate

ly,ImanagedtogetintouchwithaDartmoor’sLivestockProtectionofficerandsendheraphoto.Theofficerimmediatelysentalocalfarmero

uttocheckonthepony.Theponyhadactuallybeentrappedbetweentworocks.Thefarmerfreedhim,andhebegantorunhappilyaroundagain.Dartmoorha

s1,000orsoponies,whoplayacriticalroleincreatingthediversityofspeciesinthisarea.Manypeopleareworkingh

ardtopreservetheseponies,andtryingtocomeupwithplanstofindasustainable(可持续的)futureforoneofDartmoor’smostfinancially-troubledelements.51.

Whyaretouristsaskednottofeedtheponies?A.ToprotectthetouristsfrombeingbittenB.TokeeptheponiesoffthepetrolstationC.Toavoidputtingtheponiesin

dangerD.Topreventtheponiesfromfighting52.Oneofthepurposesoftheannualponydriftis______________.A.tofeedbabyponie

sonmilkB.tocontrolthenumberofponiesC.toexpandthehabitatforponiesD.toselltheponiesatagoodprice53.Whatastheauthor’sfirstr

eactionwhenhesawaponyrollonitsback?A.HefreeditfromthetrapB.HecalledaprotectionofficerC.HeworriedaboutitverymuchD.Hethoughtofitasbeingnaughty54.Wh

atdoestheauthorimplyaboutthepreservationofDartmoor’sponies?A.Itlackspeople’sinvolvement.B.ItcostsalargeamountofmoneyC.Itwillaffec

ttourisminDartmoor.D.Ithascausedanimbalanceofspecies【解析】试题分析：这是一篇夹叙夹议文。本文记叙了作者在Haytor关于马驹的所见所闻，目睹了马驹的淘气与脆弱，了解了马驹迁徙的原因以及保护马驹面临的困难。53.D细节理解题。根据第五段中的“

…,assuminghewasjustrollingforfun,…”可知作者认为小马驹很淘气，滚着玩的。故选D项。54.B推理判断题。根据最后一段中尾句“Manypeopleareworkinghardtopr

eservetheseponies,andtryingtocomeupwithplanstofindasustainable(可持续的)futureforoneofDartmoor’smostfinancially-troubledelements.”可知保护马驹是对Dartmoor来

说是一笔很大的开销。故选B项。Passage7【2015年湖北卷】Sciencehasalotofuses.Itcanuncoverlawsofnature,curediseseases,makebombs,andhelpbridgestostandup.Indeedscienceissog

oodatwhatitdoesthatthere’salwaysatemptation(诱惑)todragitintoproblemswhereitmaynotbehelpful.DavidBrooks,authorof

TheSocialAnimal:TheHiddenSourcesofLove,Character,andAchievement,appearstobethelatestinalonglineofwriterswhohav

efailedtoresistthetemptation.Brooksgainedfameforseveralbooks.HislatestbookTheSocialAnimal,however,ismoreambitiousandseriousthanhisearlierbooks.Itisan

attempttodealwithasetofweightytopics.Thebookfocusesonbigquestions:Whathassciencerevealedabouthumannature?Whatarethesources

ofcharacter?Andwhyaresomepeoplehappyandsuccessfulwhileothersaren’t?Toanswerthesequestions,Brookssurvey

sawiderangeofdisciplines（学科）.Consideringthis,youmightexpectthebooktobeadryrecitationoffacts.ButBrookshasstructuredhisbookinanunor

thodox(非常规的),andperhapsunfortunate,way.Insteadofintroducingscientifictheories,hetellsastory,withinwhichhetriestoma

kehispoints,perhapsinordertokeepthereader’sattention.SoasHaroldandErica,theheroandheroineinhisstory,

livethroughchildhood,wehearaboutthescienceofchilddevelopment,andastheybegintodatewehearaboutthetheoryofs

exualattraction.Brookscarriesthisthroughtothedeathofoneofhischaracters.[来源:学+科+网]Onthewhole,Brooks’sstoryisacceptableifuninspired.Ason

ewouldexpect,hiswritingismostlyclearand,tobefair,somechaptersstandoutabovetherest.Ienjoyed,forinstance,t

hechapterinwhichHarolddiscovershowtothinkonhisown.WhileHaroldandEricaarecertainlynotstrongormemorablecharacters,themoreseriousproble

mswithTheSocialAnimallieelsewhere.TheseproblemspartlyinvolveBrooks’sattempttotranslatehistaleintoscience.67.Theauthormentionsthefunctionsofsciencea

tthebeginningofthepassageto__________.A.illustratewheresciencecanbeappliedB.demonstratethevalueofBrooks’snewbookC.remindthereaderoftheimp

ortanceofscienceD.explainwhymanywritersusescienceintheirworks68.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingcouldbeastrengthoft

hebook?A.Itsstrongbasis.B.Itsconvincingpoints.C.Itsclearwriting.D.Itsmemorablecharacters.69.Whatistheauthor’sgeneral

attitudetowardsthebook?A.Contradictory.B.Supportive.C.Cautious.D.Critical.70.Whatistheauthorlikelytowriteaboutafterthelastpa

ragraph?A.Problemswiththebook.B.Brooks’slifeexperiences.C.Deathofthecharacters.D.Brooks’stranslationskills.68.C推理判

断题。根据最后一段中“…,hiswritingismostlyclearand,tobefair,somechaptersstandoutabovetherest.Ienjoyed,…”可知作者认为写作思路清晰是这本书的一大优势。故选C项。69.D观点态度题。最后一段中的链接

词“while”之前是这本书的优势，其后作者指出了其不足。因此作者对这部书持批判的态度。故选D项。70.A篇章结构题。文章最后一段中链接词“while”后面部分开始谈论这本书存在的问题。因此紧接着作者应该还是在写这本的不足。故选A项。P

assage8【2015年湖南卷】ForgetCyclists,PedestriansAreRealDangerWearehavingadebateaboutthistopic.Herearesomelettersfromourrea

ders.■Yes,manycyclistsbehavedangerously.Manydriversaredisrespectfulofcyclists.Butpedestriansareprobab

lytheworseoffenders.Peopleofallageshappilywalkalongthepavementwitheyesandhandsgluedtothemobilephone,quiteunawareofwhatisgoingonaroun

dthem.Theymayevendothesamethingwhilecrossingaroadatapedestriancrossingorelsewhere.Therestofushavetoevade(避让)themorjuststandstilltowaitfortheunavoi

dablecollision.Therealproblemisthatsomepedestriansseemtobe,atleastforthemoment,inworldsoftheirownthatare,tothem,muchmoreimpo

rtantthanthewelfareofothers.—MichaelHoran■IlovedtheletterfromBobBrooksaboutcyclists(Viewpoints,May29).Iamafraidth

eyseemtothinktheyowntheroads.IwaswalkingacrossAltrinchamRoadonemorningwhenacyclistwentroundmeandonbeingaskedwhat

hewasdoingheshoutedatme.Thegovernmentbuiltacyclelaneontheroadbutitishardlyused.Thepolicedonothing.Whatalaughtheya

re!Thecyclistsshouldallhavetobemadetousethecyclelanesandwearhelmets,fluorescent(发荧光的)jacketsandlightsatnightandinthemorning.Theyshouldpaysomesor

toftaxandbefinedfornotwearingthem.—CarolHarvey■Cyclistsjumponandoffpavements(whicharemeantforpedestrians),rideatspeedalongthepavem

ents,andthinktheyhaveaspecialrighttogothroughtrafficlightswhentheyareonred.Iwasalmostknockeddownrecentlybyacyclistridingonthepavementwhentherewasa

cyclelanerightnexttohim.Otherroadusers,includinghorseriders,managetoobeytherulessowhynotcyclists?It’sabouttimetheyhadtobere

gisteredandinsured,sowhentheydohitapedestrianoravehicle,orcauseanaccident,atleasttheycanbetracedandtheremightbeanopportunitytoclaim.—

JMLWritetoViewpointsofthenewspaper.56.MichaelHoranwrotethelettermainlytoshowthat________.A.driversshouldbepolitetocyclistsB.road

accidentscanactuallybeavoidedC.somepedestriansareathreattoroadsafetyD.walkingwhileusingphoneshurtsone’seyes57.CarolHarveysuggeststhatcyclistsshould

_______.A.beprovidedwithenoughroadsB.beaskedtorideontheirownlanesC.bemadetopaylesstaxforcyclingD.befinedforlaughingatpolicemen58.Whatisaco

mplaintofJML?A.Veryfewdriversareinsured.B.Cyclistsridefastonpavements.C.Pedestriansgothroughredtrafficl

ights.D.Horseridersdisrespectotherroadusers.59.Theunderlinedword"they"inthethirdletterrefersto________.A.accidentsB.

vehiclesC.pedestriansD.cyclists60.Thethreeletterspresentviewpointson_______.A.realsourcesofroaddangersB.waystoimproveroa

dfacilitiesC.measurestopunishroadoffencesD.increasedawarenessofroadrules【答案】56．C57．B58．B59．D60．A58．B;细节理解题。根据倒数第四段第一句话：Cyclistsj

umponandoffpavements(whicharemeantforpedestrians)，rideatspeedalongthepavement,andthinktheyhavespecialrig

httogothroughtrafficlightswhentheyareonred可知JML抱怨骑自行车的人骑的太快，对道路安全产生隐患，故选B59．D;细节推理题。最后一段说到：It’sabouttimetheyhadtoberegistere

dandinsured,sowhentheydohitapedestrianoravehicle,orcauseanaccident,atleasttheycanbetrancedandtheremightbeanopportunitytoclaim.JML希望对自行车拥有者

登记，当他们撞到行人或者车辆、制造出车祸的时候，他们能够被追查到，所以They在此指的是cyclists。故选D60．A;主旨大意提。根据文章的标题和所有读者的来信不难发现这篇文章主要是围绕到底谁（自行车或者行人）才是道路安全存在的隐患。故选APassage9【2015年江苏卷】S

upposeyoubecomealeaderinanorganization.It’sverylikelythatyou’llwanttohavevolunteerstohelpwiththeorganization’sactivities.Todoso,

itshouldhelptounderstandwhypeopleundertakevolunteerworkandwhatkeepstheirinterestinthework.Let’sbeginwi

ththequestionofwhypeoplevolunteer.Researchershaveidentifiedseveralfactorsthatmotivatepeopletogetinvolved.Forexample

,peoplevolunteertoexpresspersonalvaluesrelatedtounselfishness,toexpandtheirrangeofexperiences,andtostrengthensocialrelatio

nships.Ifvolunteerpositionsdonotmeettheseneeds,peoplemaynotwishtoparticipate.Toselectvolunteers,youmayneedtoundersta

ndthemotivationsofthepeopleyouwishtoattract.Peoplealsovolunteerbecausetheyarerequiredtodoso.Toincreaselevelsofcommunityservice,somesch

oolshavelaunchedcompulsoryvolunteerprograms.Unfortunately,theseprogramscanshiftpeople’swishofparticipationfromaninternalfactor(e.g.,

"Ivolunteerbecauseit’simportanttome")toanexternalfactor(e.g.,"IvolunteerbecauseI’mrequiredtodoso").Whenthathappens,peoplebecomel

esslikelytovolunteerinthefuture.Peoplemustbesensitivetothispossibilitywhentheymakevolunteeractivitiesamust.Oncepeoplebe

gintovolunteer,whatleadsthemtoremainintheirpositionsovertime?Toanswerthisquestion,researchershaveconducte

dfollow-upstudiesinwhichtheytrackvolunteersovertime.Forinstance,onestudyfollowed238volunteersinFloridaoverayear.Oneofthemostimporta

ntfactorsthatinfluencedtheirsatisfactionasvolunteerswastheamountofsufferingtheyexperiencedintheirvolunteerpositions

.Althoughthisresultmaynotsurpriseyou,itleadstoimportantpracticaladvice.Theresearchersnotethatattentionshouldbegivento"training

methodsthatwouldpreparevolunteersfortroublesomesituationsorprovidethemwithstrategiesforcopingwiththeproblemtheydoexperience".Anoth

erstudyof302volunteersathospitalsinChicagofocusedonindividualdifferencesinthedegreetowhichpeopleview"volunteer"asanimportantsocialrole.Itwasassu

medthatthosepeopleforwhomtheroleofvolunteerwasmostpartoftheirpersonalidentitywouldalsobemostlikelytocontinuevol

unteerwork.Participantsindicatedthedegreetowhichthesocialrolematteredbyrespondingtostatementssuchas"Volunt

eeringinHospitalisanimportantpartofwhoIam."Consistentwiththeresearchers’expectations,theyfoundapositivecorrelation(正相关)betweenthestrengtho

froleidentityandthelengthoftimepeoplecontinuedtovolunteer.Theseresults,onceagain,leadtoconcreteadvice:"Onceanindividu

albeginsvolunteering,continuedeffortsmightfocusondevelopingavolunteerroleidentity...ItemslikeT-shirtsth

atallowvolunteerstoberecognizedpubliclyfortheircontributionscanhelpstrengthenroleidentity".61.Peoplevolunteermain

lyoutof_________.A.academicrequirementsB.socialexpectationsC.financialrewardsD.internalneeds62.WhatcanwelearnfromtheFlo

ridastudy?A.Follow-upstudiesshouldlastforoneyear.B.Volunteersshouldgetmentallyprepared.C.Strategytrainingisamustinresearch.

D.Volunteersareprovidedwithconcreteadvice.63.Whatismostlikelytomotivatevolunteerstocontinuetheirwork?A.Individualdiffe

rencesinroleidentity.B.PubliclyidentifiablevolunteerT-shirts.C.Roleidentityasavolunteer.D.Practicaladvicefromresea

rchers.64.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.HowtoGetPeopletoVolunteerB.HowtoStudyVolunteerBehaviorsC.HowtoKeepVolunteers’

InterestD.HowtoOrganizeVolunteerActivities【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇议论文。文章分析讲述志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，并通过3个实验研究志愿者的意图。63.C细节

理解题。根据第五段第二句中“thosepeopleforwhomtheroleofvolunteerwasmostpartoftheirpersonalidentitywouldalsobemostl

ikelytocontinuevolunteerwork”可知志愿者身份认同会激励他们继续从事志愿者工作。故选C项。64.A标题归纳题。文章首段提出假设：假如你是一名组织领导人，很想得到志愿者的帮助。并指出在此之前，必须弄清志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，并通过3个实验研究志

愿者的意图。因此A项（如何使人们从事志愿者服务）是文章的最佳标题。Passage10【2015年天津卷】OncewhenIwasfacingadecisionthatinvolvedhighrisk,Iwenttoafriend.Helookedatmeforamoment,andthenwro

teasentencecontainingthebestadviceI’veeverhad:Beboldandbrave—andmighty(强大的)forceswillcometoyouraid.Tho

sewordsmademeseeclearlythatwhenIhadfallenshortinthepast,itwasseldombecauseIhadtriedandfailed.ItwasusuallybecauseIhadletfearoffailurestop

mefromtryingatall.Ontheotherhand,wheneverIhadplungedintodeepwater,forcedbycourageorcircumstance,Ihadalwaysbeena

bletoswimuntilIgotmyfeetonthegroundagain.Boldnessmeansadecisiontobiteoffmorethanyouaresureyoucaneat.Andthereisno

thingmysteriousaboutthemightyforces.Theyarepotentialpowerswepossess:energy,skill,soundjudgment,creat

iveideas—evenphysicalstrengthgreaterthanmostofusrealize.Admittedly,thosemightyforcesarespiritualones.Butthey

aremoreimportantthanphysicalones.Acollegeclassmateofmine,Tim,wasanexcellentfootballplayer,eventhoughheweighedmuchlessthantheave

rageplayer.“InonegameIsuddenlyfoundmyselfconfrontingahugeplayer,whohadnothingbutmebetweenhimandourgoalline,”saidTim

.“IwassofrightenedthatIclosedmyeyesanddesperatelythrewmyselfatthatguylikeabullet(子弹)—andstoppedhimcold.”Boldness—awillingnesstoextendyours

elftotheextreme—isnotonethatcanbeacquiredovernight.Butitcanbetaughttochildrenanddevelopedinadults.Confidencebuildsup.Sur

ely,therewillbesetbacks(挫折)anddisappointmentsinlife;boldnessinitselfisnoguaranteeofsuccess.Butthepersonwhotriestodosomethingandfa

ilsisalotbetteroffthanthepersonwhotriestodonothingandsucceeds.So,alwaystrytolivealittlebitbeyondyourabilities—andyou’llfind

yourabilitiesaregreaterthanyoueverdreamed.51.Whywastheauthorsometimesunabletoreachhisgoalinthepast?A.Hefac

edhugerisks.B.Helackedmightyforces.C.Fearpreventedhimfromtrying.D.Failureblockedhiswaytosuccess.52.Whatistheimpliedmeaningoftheunderlinedpart?A.Swall

owmorethanyoucandigest.B.Actslightlyaboveyourabilities.C.Developmoremysteriouspowers.D.Learntomakecreativedecisions.53.Whatwasespeciallyimpor

tantforTim’ssuccessfuldefenseinthefootballgame?A.Hisphysicalstrength.B.Hisbasicskill.C.Hisrealfear.D.Hisspiritualforce.54.Wh

atcanbelearnedfromParagraph5?A.Confidencegrowsmorerapidlyinadults.B.Tryingwithoutsuccessismeaningless.C.Repea

tedfailurecreatesabetterlife.D.Boldnesscanbegainedlittlebylittle.55.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?A.Toencouragepeopletobecou

rageous.B.Toadvisepeopletobuildupphysicalpower.C.Totellpeoplethewaystoguaranteesuccess.D.Torecommendpeopletodevel

opmoreabilities.【解析】试题分析：文章大意：本文是一篇议论文。作者联系自己的经历说明了大胆的重要性，并鼓励人们有勇气和胆量。53.D细节理解题。根据第四段首句中Admittedly,thosemightyforc

esarespiritualones.可知在于他的精神力量。选D。54.D段落大意题。根据第五段首句Boldness—awillingnesstoextendyourselftotheextreme—isnotonethatcanbeacquiredovernight.可以知道大

胆是一点点获得的。故选D。55.A推理判断题。根据全文内容可知作者联系自己的经历说明了大胆的重要性，并鼓励人们有勇气和胆量。故选A。