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专题15阅读理解议论文2024年Passage1【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】Iscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andar

elisteningtoandviewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswer

stobothquestionsareoften“no”.Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,anentertainmentmindset(心态)andatendencytomultitask

whileconsumingdigitalcontent.Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alarg

eamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmov

efromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromat

ext.Thedifferencesbetweenprintanddigitalreadingresultsarepartlyrelatedtopaper’sphysicalproperties.Withpaper,thereisaliterallayi

ngonofhands,alongwiththevisualgeographyofdistinctpages.Peopleoftenlinktheirmemoryofwhatthey’vereadtohowfarintothebookitwasorwhereitwasonthepa

ge.Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假说)”.According

tothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,andde

votelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.Audio(音频)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityte

achersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshavedemonstratedth

atwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorviewidenticalpieces.Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,es

peciallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflecti

onarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.28.Whatdoestheunderlin

edphrase“shinethrough”inparagraph2mean?ASeemunlikelytolast.B.Seemhardtoexplain.C.Becomereadytouse.D.Becomeeasyto

notice.29.Whatdoestheshallowinghypothesisassume?.A.Readerstreatdigitaltextslightly.B.Digitaltextsaresimplertounderstan

d.C.Peopleselectdigitaltextsrandomly.D.Digitaltextsaresuitableforsocialmedia.30.Whyareaudioandvideoi

ncreasinglyusedbyuniversityteachers?A.Theycanholdstudents'attention.B.Theyaremoreconvenienttoprepare.C.Theyhelpdevelopadv

ancedskills.D.Theyaremoreinformativethantext.31.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthelastparagraph?A.Studentsshouldapplymultiplelearningtechniques.B.Teach

ersshouldproducetheirownteachingmaterial.C.Printtextscannotbeentirelyreplacedineducation.D.Educationoutsidetheclassroomcannotbeignore

d.【答案】28.D29.A30.A31.C【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。【28题详解】词句猜测题。根据前文“Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallym

oresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效

，以及后文“whenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatr

equirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向

需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shinethrough应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readin

gresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假说)”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whic

hareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shall

owinghypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowinghypothesis假设

读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。【30题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio(音频)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversitytea

chersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来

越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhav

eeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflect

ionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.(数字文本、音频

和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频

和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。P

assage2【2024全国甲卷】“Ididn’tliketheending,”Isaidtomyfavoritecollegeprofessor.Itwasmyjunioryearofundergradu

ate,andIwasdoinganindependentstudyonVictorianliterature.IhadjustfinishedreadingTheMillontheFlossbyGeorgeEliot,and

Iwasheartbrokenwiththeending.Prof.Gracie,withallhispatience,askedmetothinkaboutitbeyondwhetherIlikeditornot.HesuggestedIthinkaboutthedif

ferencebetweenendingsthatIwantedforthecharactersandendingsthatwererightforthecharacters,endingsthatsatisfiedthestoryeveniftheydidn’thaveatraditional

lypositiveoutcome.Ofcourse,IwouldhavepreferredadifferentendingforTomandMaggieTulliver,buttheendingtheygotdidmakethemostsenseforthem.T

hiswasanahamomentforme,andIneverthoughtaboutendingsthesamewayagain.Fromthenon,ifIwantedtoreadanendinggu

aranteedtobehappy,I’dpickupaloveromance.IfIwantedanendingIcouldn’tguess,I’dpickupamystery(悬疑小说).OnewhereIkindofk

newwhatwasgoingtohappen,historicalfiction.Choosingwhattoreadbecameeasier.Butwritingtheend—that’shard.It’shardforwritersbecauseendingscarrysomuchw

eightwithreaders.Youhavetobalancecreatinganendingthat'sunpredictable,butdoesn’tseemtocomefromnowhere,onethatfitswhat’sr

ightforthecharacters.That’swhythisissue(期)ofWriter’sDigestaimstohelpyoufigureouthowtowritethebestendingforw

hateverkindofwritingyou’redoing.Ifit’sshortstories,PeterMountfordbreaksdownsixtechniquesyoucantrytoseewhichonehelpsyousticktheland

ing.ElizabethSimsanalyzesthefinalchaptersoffivegreatnovelstoseewhatkeypointstheyincludeandhowyoucanadaptthemforyo

urwork.Thisissuewon’ttellyouwhatyourendingshouldbe—that’suptoyouandthestoryyou’retelling—buitmightprovidewhatyouneedtogetthere.12.Wh

ydidtheauthorgotoProf.Gracie?A.Todiscussanovel.B.Tosubmitabookreport.C.Toargueforawriter.D.Toaskfora

readinglist.13.WhatdidtheauthorrealizeafterseeingGracie?A.Writingisamatterofpersonalpreferences.B.Readersareoftencarriedawaybychar

acter.C.Eachtypeofliteraturehasitsuniqueend.D.Astorywhichbeginswellwillendwell.14.Whatisexpectedofagoodending?AItsatisfiesreaders’taste.B.Itfits

withthestorydevelopment.C.Itisusuallypositive.D.Itisopenforimagination.15.WhydoestheauthormentionPeterMountfordandEli

zabethSims?A.Togiveexamplesofgreatnovelists.B.Tostressthethemeofthisissue.C.Toencouragewritingforthemagazine.D.Torecommen

dtheirnewbooks.【答案】12.A13.C14.B15.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先通过作者与教授关于小说结局的讨论引发了对结局的思考，接着阐述了不同类型的文学作品结局的特点，最后提出了写作好的结局的重要性并介绍了《Writer’sDigest》杂志如何帮助作家写出更好

的结尾。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段““Ididn’tliketheending,”Isaidtomyfavoritecollegeprofessor.Itwasmyjunioryearofundergraduate,andIwasdoinganindependentst

udyonVictorianliterature.IhadjustfinishedreadingTheMill.ontheFlossbyGeorgeEliot,andIwasheartbrokenwiththeending.Prof.Gracie,withallhispat

ience,askedmetothinkaboutitbeyondwhetherIlikeditornot.(“我不喜欢这个结局，”我对我最喜欢的大学教授说。那是我大三的时候，我正在做一项关于维多利亚文学的独立研究。我刚刚读完乔治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，读到结尾

我很伤心。格雷西教授耐心地让我考虑一下，不要只看我喜不喜欢)”可知，作者去找格雷西教授是为了讨论小说。故选A项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“Thiswasanahamomentforme,andIneverthoughtabout

endingsthesamewayagain.Fromthenon,ifIwantedtoreadanendingguaranteedtobehappy,I’dpickupaloveromance.IfIwantedanendingIcouldn’tguess,I’dpickupamyster

y(悬疑小说).OnewhereIkindofknewwhatwasgoingtohappen,historicalfiction.Choosingwhattoreadbecameeasier.(这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻，我再也没有想过同样的结局。从那时起，如果我想读一个保证幸福的结局，

我就会选一部爱情小说。如果我想要一个我猜不到的结局，我会选一本神秘小说。一种是我知道会发生什么，历史小说。选择读什么变得更容易了)”可知，见过格雷西教授后，作者意识到了每种类型的文学都有其独特的结局。故选C项。【

14题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Butwritingtheend—that’shard.It’shardforwritersbecauseendingscarrysomuchweightwithreaders.Youhavetobalancecreatinganendingthat’sun

predictable,butdoesn’tseemtocomefromnowhere,onethatfitswhat’srightforthecharacters.(但是写出结局——那很难。对作家来说很难，因为结局对读者来说意义重大。你必须平衡创

造一个不可预测的结局，但这个结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定)”可知，人们对一个好结局的期望是结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定，也就是符合故事的发展。故选B项。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“That’swhythis

issue(期)ofWriter’sDigestaimstohelpyoufigureouthowtowritethebestendingforwhateverkindofwritingyou’redoing.Ifit’sshortst

ories,PeterMountfordbreaksdownsixtechniquesyoucantrytoseewhichonehelpsyoustickthelanding.ElizabethSimsanalyzesth

efinalchaptersoffivegreatnovelstoseewhatkeypointstheyincludeandhowyoucanadaptthemforyourwork.(这就是为什么这期《Writer’sDigest》旨在帮助你找出如何为你正在写的任何类型的作品写出最好的结局。如

果是短篇小说，彼得·蒙特福德分解了六种技巧，你可以尝试看看哪一种能帮助你完美着陆。伊丽莎白·西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看看它们包含了哪些关键点，以及你如何将它们应用到你的作品中)”可知，作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊丽莎白·西姆斯是

为了强调这期《Writer’sDigest》的主题，即帮助读者写出更好的结尾。故选B项。Passage3【2024北京卷】Thenotionthatweliveinsomeoneelse’svideogameisirresistibletomany.Sear

chingtheterm“simulationhypothesis”(模拟假说)returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulation——aconceptthatsome

scientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetherit’strue.Wecan,instead,usethis

ideatoadvancescientificknowledge.The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthatareunknow

able.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptions.Modern

scienceshaverevealedthatourperceptualexperienceoftheworldistheresultofmanystagesofprocessingbysensorysystemsandcognitive(认知的)functionsint

hebrain.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappenswithinthisblackbox.Ifempirical(实证的)experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwon’

trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturalandpsychologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.So,ifweacceptth

attheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation.Andthen,wecanshiftourinq

uiryfrom“Istheuniverseacomputersimulation?”to“Canwemodeltheuniverseasacomputersimulation?”Modellingrealityiswhatwedo.Tofacili

tateourcomprehensionoftheworld,webuildmodelsbasedonconceptualmetaphors(隐喻)thatarefamiliartous.InNewton’sera,weimaginedtheuniversea

saclock.InEinstein’s,weuncoveredthestandardmodelofparticle(粒子)physics.Nowthatweareintheinformationage,wehavenewconcept

ssuchasthecomputer,informationprocessing,virtualreality,andsimulation.Unsurprisingly,thesenewconceptsins

pireustobuildnewmodelsoftheuniverse.Modelsarenotthereality,however.Thereisnopointinarguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetof

particlesoranoutputofcomputation.Allthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemo

retoolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuil

dingpreviousscientificmodels,developingthe“computersimulation”metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewardingexe

rcise.28.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodobychallengingahypothesis?A.Makeanassumption.B.Illustrateanargument.C.Giveasuggestion.D.Justifyac

omparison.29.Whatdoesthephrase“contingenton”underlinedinParagraph2probablymean?A.Acceptedby.B.Determinedby.C.Awakenedby.D.Discoveredby.3

0.AsforKant’sargument,theauthoris_________.A.appreciativeB.doubtfulC.unconcernedD.disapproving31.Itisimpliedinthispassagethatweshould_________.A.

comparethecurrentmodelswiththepreviousonesB.continueexploringtheclassicalmodelsinhistoryC.stoparguingwh

ethertheuniverseisasimulationD.turnsimulationsoftheuniverseintorealitiesup.【答案】28.C29.B30.A31.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。【

28题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Searchingtheterm“simulationhypothesis”(模拟假说)returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulatio

n——aconceptthatsomescientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetherit’str

ue.Wecan,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是

，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。【29题详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段“Ifempirical(实证的)

experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwon’trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturalandpsychol

ogicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingenton我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，

指代先行词conceptsandwords，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determinedby意义相近。故选B项。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段

“The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthatareunknow

able.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptions.(

18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoaccep

twewillneverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述

后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Thereisnopointinarguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoranoutputofcomputation.Al

lthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemoretoolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightf

ulwecanbecome.(争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbu

ildingpreviousscientificmodels,developingthe“computersimulation”metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewardingexercise.(可以想象，与之前

构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助

于科学的进步。故选C项。2023年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2023年全国乙卷】Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartof

humanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formosto

fthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrec

ordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomecha

ptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon-lite

ratehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook’svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglishside,wehaves

cientificreportsandthecaptain’srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamanin

flightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.Ifwewanttoreconstructwhatwasactuallygoingonthatday,theshieldmustbeque

stionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewrittenreports.Inadditiontotheproblemofmiscomprehensionfrombothsides

,therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.Thosewhoareonthelosingsideoftenhave

onlytheirthingstotelltheirstories.TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninan

dtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthing

sgivesthembackavoice.Whenweconsidercontact(联系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,only

onehalfofadialogue.Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.12.Whatisthefi

rstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords.D.Whywritten

languageisreliable.13.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningCaptainCookinparagraph2?A.Hisreportwasscientific.B.Herepresente

dthelocalpeople.C.HeruledoverBotanyBay.D.Hisrecordwasone-sided.14.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“conversation”in

paragraph3referto?A.Problem.B.History.C.Voice.D.Society.15.Whichofthefollowingbooksisthetextmostlikelyselectedfrom?A.HowMapsTellStoriesoftheWo

rldB.AShortHistoryofAustraliaC.AHistoryoftheWorldin100ObjectsD.HowArtWorksTellStories【答案】12.A13.D14.B15.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世

界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。【12题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,y

oucannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’sla

terachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthin

gs.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而

且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsom

echaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.(理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产

物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain’srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveon

lyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.(在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳

大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。【14题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“TheCaribb

eanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktous

nowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whenwe

considercontact(联系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialog

ue.(加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时

，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.(如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们

不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Ifyouwanttotelltheh

istoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeo

ftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字

记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.(如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文

本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。2022年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2022年全国甲卷】Sometimeintheearly1960

s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejust

sortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhi

searly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine

,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.“I’llmisstheseoldboats,”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean?”Iasked.“Oh,they’re

replacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.Buttha

t’sprogress,Iguess.”EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandprogressarethewatchwords(口号),andtraditionsareincreasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’s

officialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofi

tsfinestbuildings.“Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself,”shesaid.“Wecan’tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It’saconflictth

atwearen’tgettinganybetteratresolving(解决).”Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.Iconsideredthi

swhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.“Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,”hetoldme.“WhatpeopleforgetisthattheItalia

ns,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,theGreekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We’vegotafoundationbuiltonancie

ntculturesbutwithadriveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It’saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”Heisright,butIcan’thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldfer

ries.12.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Sydney’sstrikingarchitecture.B.TheculturaldiversityofSydney

.C.ThekeytoSydney’sdevelopment.D.Sydney’stouristattractionsinthe1960s.13.WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?A.Hegoestoworkbyboat.B.Helooksforwar

dtoanewlife.C.Hepilotscatamaranswell.D.Heisattachedtotheoldferries.14.WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?A.Itislosingitstraditions.B.Itshoul

dspeedupitsprogress.C.Itshouldexpanditspopulation.D.Itisbecomingmoreinternational.15.Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A.Acitycanbe

youngandoldatthesametime.B.Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.C.modernityisusuallyachievedatthecostofelegance.D.Compromisesho

uldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.【答案】12.D13.D14.A15.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。【12题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometimeintheearly1960s

,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.(20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口)”以及“

Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.(但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C项。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotSy

dneyferryboatsforaliving.(30岁出头的AndrewReynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生)”、第三段“I’llmisstheseoldboats.(我会想念这些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamaransare

faster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.(双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员AndrewReynol

ds喜欢老式渡船。故选D项。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe19

70s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.(悉尼的官方历史学家ShirleyFitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括

许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，ShirleyFitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A项。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattraction

s.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.(另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点)”以及最后一段“Heisright(他说得没

错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。Passage2【2022年北京卷】Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afrien

dhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingex

perts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.F

ordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallero

nes.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeint

heoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“ist

hatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentio

nandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromise

s,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantum

computingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.

”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.H

ealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaystho

seconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”to

buildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnatura

llydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompeti

tion“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinqua

ntumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.31.RegardingJohnson’sconcerns,theauthorfeels________.A.sympatheticB.unconcernedC.doubtf

ulD.excited32.WhatleadstoTaylor’soptimismaboutquantumcomputing?A.Hisdominanceinphysics.B.Thecompetitioninthefield.C.HisconfidenceinPyQuantum.D

.Theinvestmentoftechcompanies.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.Open.B.Cool.C.Useful.D.Resistant.34.Wh

ichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.IsJohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?B.IsQuantumComputingRedefiningTechnology?C.WillQuantumCompu

tersEverComeintoBeing?D.WillQuantumComputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?【答案】31A32.C33.A34.D【解题导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？

”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。31.【解析】推理判断题。根据第三自然段“Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfu

nding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spot

ential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.（随着量

子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ButItrustTaylor,justa

sItrustJohnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的.担忧，作者是支持的。A.sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B.unconcerned不关心的；C.doubtful怀疑的；D.excited激动的。故选A。32.【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二

段“Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“sol

vesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopin

ions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”（他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我

们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。33.【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“Butsomethingab

outquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounders

tand.”（但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A.Open.开放的

；易受损害的；B.Cool.酷的；C.Useful.有用的；D.Resistant.有抵抗力的。故选A。34.【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvest

edinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnc

limatechangeintheoppositedirection.Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.”（现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将

气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTay

lorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰

勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学

家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。Passage3【2022年天津卷第二次】RalphEmersononcesaidthatthepurp

oseoflifeisnottobehappy,buttobeuseful,tobeloving,tomakesomedifferenceinheworld.Whileweappreciatesuchwordsofw

isdom,werarelytrytofollowtheminourlives.Mostpeopleprefertoliveagoodlifethemselves,ignoringtheirresponsibilitiesfortheworld.Thisnarrowper

ceptionofagoodlifemayprovideshort-termbenefits,butissuretoleadtolong-termharmandsuffering.Agoodlifebasedoncomfortandluxurymayeventuallyle

adtomorepainbe-causewespoilourhealthandevenourcharacter,principles,ideals,andrelationships.Whatthen,isthesecretofagoodlife?Agoodlifeisaprocess

,notastateofbeing:adirection,notadestination.Wehavetoearnagoodlifebyfirstservingotherswithoutanyexpectationinreturnbecau

setheirhappinessistheverysourceofourownhappiness.Moreimportantly,wemustknowourselvesinsideout.Onlywhenweexamine

ourselvesdeeplycanwediscoverourabilitiesandrecognizeourlimitations,andthenworkaccordinglytocreateabet

terworld.Thefirstrequirementforagoodlifeishavingalovingheart.Whenwedocertainrightthingsmerelyasaduty,wefindourjobsotiresomethatwe’llsoonburnout.Howe

ver,whenwedothatsamejoboutoflove,wenotonlyenjoywhatwedo,butalsodoitwithaneffortlessfeeling.However,lovealoneisinsufficienttole

adagoodlife.Lovesometimesblindsustothereality.Consequently,ourgoodintentionsmaynotleadtogoodresults.Toachievedesiredoutcome,those

whowanttodogoodtoothersalsoneedtoequipthemselveswithaccurateworldknowledge.Falseknowledgeismoredangerousthanignorance.Ifloveistheengineof

acarknowledgeisthesteeringwheel(方向盘).Iftheenginelackspower,thcarcan’tmove;ifthedriverlosescontrolofthesteering,aroadaccidentprobablyoccurs.Only

withloveinheartandtherightknowledgeinmindcanweleadagoodlife.Withloveandknowledge,wegoallouttocreateabetterworld

bydoinggoodtoothers.Whenweseetheimpactofourgoodworkontheworldwegivemeaningtoourlifeandearnlastingjoyandhappiness.51.Whateffectd

oesthenarrowperceptionofagoodlifehaveonus?A.Makingussimple-mindedB.Makingusshort-signted.C.Leadingusontoabusyroad.D.Keepingusfr

omcomfortandluxury.52.Accordingtotheauthor,howcanonegaintruehappiness?A.Throughmaintaininggoodhealth.B.Bygoingthroughpainandsuffering

.C.Byrecognizingone’sabilitiesandlimitations.D.Throughofferinghelpmuchneededbyothers.53.AccordingtoParagraph4,doingcertainrightthingswithalovinghear

tmakesone________.A.lessselfishB.lessannoyingC.moremotivatedD.moreresponsible54.Inwhatcasemaygoodintentionsfailtoleadtodesiredresults?A.Whenweh

avewrongknowledgeoftheworld.B.Whenourlovefortheworldisinsufficient.C.Whenweareinsensitivetodangersinlife.D.When

westayblindtothereality.55.AccordingtoParagraph5,lifecanbemadetrulygoodwhen________.A.inspiredbyloveandguidedbyknowledgeB.directedbylov

eandpushedbyknowledgeC.purifiedbyloveandenrichedbyknowledgeD.promotedbyloveanddefinedbyknowledge【答案】51B52.D53.C54.A55.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述

了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生而有益。【51题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Thisnarrowperceptionofagoodlifemayprovideshort-termbenefits,butissuretoleadtolong-termharmandsuf

fering.(这种对美好生活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处，但肯定会导致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知，对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处，所以时间长了会让我们目光短浅、短视。故选B项。【52题详解】细节理解题。根据文

章第三段“Wehavetoearnagoodlifebyfirstservingotherswithoutanyexpectationinreturnbecausetheirhappinessisth

everysourceofourownhappiness.(我们必须先为他人服务而不求回报，因为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知，我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。.【53题详解】推理判断题。根据文章

第四段“However,whenwedothatsamejoboutoflove,wenotonlyenjoywhatwedo,butalsodoitwithaneffortlessfeeling.(然而，当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时，我们不仅享受我们做的事情，而且也享受那种毫不费力

的感觉。)”可知，带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情；越享受做某件事，做事越有动力。故选C项。【54题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Falseknowledgeismoredangerousthanignorance.(虚假的知识

比无知更危险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致不好的、违背预期的结局。故选A项。【55题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Withloveandknowledge,wegoallouttocreateabetter

worldbydoinggoodtoothers.(带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，有爱和知识，生活就会变得更美好。故选A项。2021年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2021年全国甲卷】

Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymb

olforgenius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelli

gentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.P

erhapsthisisnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontotheg

eniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub—women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief—theywereu

nacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboystosaythatmembersofthei

rgender(性别)are“really,reallysmart.”Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildren

whoare“really,reallysmart.”Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbecomediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutel

ynot.Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniusw

herevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors(因素)likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterm

inetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith“intelligence,creativity,perseverance(

毅力),andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.”12.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvictors'standardsforjoiningthegeniusclub?A.They'reunfair.B.Th

ey'reconservative.C.They'reobjective.D.They'restrict.13.WhatcanweinferaboutgirlsfromthestudyinScience?A.The

ythinkthemselvessmart.B.Theylookuptogreatthinkers.C.Theyseegenderdifferencesearlierthanboys.D.Theyarelikely

tobeinfluencedbysocialbeliefs14.Whyaremoregeniusesknowntothepublic?A.Improvedglobalcommunication.B.Lessdiscrim

inationagainstwomen.C.Acceptanceofvictors'concepts.D.Changesinpeople'ssocialpositions.15.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Geni

usesThinkAlikeB.GeniusTakesManyFormsC.GeniusandIntelligenceD.GeniusandLuck【答案】12.A13.D14.A15.B【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘

定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。【12题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段的“Itissaidthathistoryiswrittenbyvictors,andthosevictorssetth

estandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub-women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief-they

wereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.(据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”

对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段的“Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirls

actonthatbelief.Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare“really,reallysmart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现

女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Inawiredworldwithconstantglob

alcommunication,we’reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.(在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。【15题详解】主

旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Whoisagenius?（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith“intelligence,creativity,perseverance,andsimpleg

eniuses,whoareabletochangetheworld.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多

种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。Passage2【2021年全国乙卷】Whenalmosteveryonehasamobilephone,whyaremorethanhalfofAustralianhomesstillpayingforalandline（座机）?T

hesedaysyou’dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn’townamobilephone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirpocket.Pra

cticallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere,anytime.Still,55percentofAustralianshavealandlinephoneathomeandonlyjustoveraquarte

r（29%）relyonlyontheirsmartphonesaccordingtoasurvey（调查）.OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline,athirdconcedethatit’snotreallynecessaryandth

ey’rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies.Ithinkmyhomefallsintothatcateg

ory.MorethanhalfofAustralianhomesarestillchoosingtostickwiththeirhomephone.Ageisnaturallyafactor（因素）—only58percentofGenerationYsstilluse

landlinesnowandthen,comparedto84percentofBabyBoomerswho’veperhapshadthesamehomenumberfor50years.Ageisn’tth

eonlyfactor;I’dsayit’salsotodowiththemakeupofyourhousehold.GenerationXerswithyoungfamilies,likemywifeandI,can

stillfinditconvenienttohaveahomephoneratherthanprovidingamobilephoneforeveryfamilymember.Thatsaid,tobehonesttheonly

peoplewhoeverringourhomephoneareourBabyBoomersparents,tothepointwhereweplayagameandguesswhoiscallingbeforewepickupthephone（usingCallerIDwoul

dtakethefunoutofit）.Howattachedareyoutoyourlandline?Howlonguntiltheygothewayofgasstreetlampsandmorningm

ilkdeliveries?24.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusaboutmobilephones?A.Theirtargetusers.B.Theirwidepopularity.C.Theirma

jorfunctions.D.Theircomplexdesign.25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“concede”inparagraph3mean?A.Admit.B.Argue.C.Remember.D.Remark.26.Whatcan

wesayaboutBabyBoomers?A.Theylikesmartphonegames.B.Theyenjoyguessingcallers’identity.C.Theykeepusinglandlinephones.D.Theyareattachedtotheirfam

ily.27.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthelandlinefromthelastparagraph?A.Itremainsafamilynecessity.B.Itwillfallout

ofusesomeday.C.Itmayincreasedailyexpenses.D.Itisasimportantasthegaslight.【答案】24.B25.A26.C27.B【解析】【分析】

本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。【24题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Thesedaysyou'dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn'

townamobilephone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirpocket.Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere,anytime.(现在你很难在澳大利亚

找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。【25题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线单

词的上文“OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline(在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it'snotreallynecessaryandt

hey'rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies(固定电话

并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了

固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A项。【26题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84percentofBabyBoomerswho'veperhapshadthesamehomenumberfor50years.(婴儿

潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“Thatsaid,tobehonesttheonlypeoplewhoeverringourhomephoneareourBabyBoomerspare

nts(也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。【27题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Howattachedareyoutoyourlandline?Ho

wlonguntiltheygothewayofgasstreetlampsandmorningmilkdeliveries?(你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定

电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。Passage3【2021年北京卷】Earlyfifth-centuryphilosopherSt．Augustinefamouslywrotethatheknewwhat

timewasunlesssomeoneaskedhim．AlbertEinsteinaddedanotherwrinklewhenhetheorizedthattimevariesdependingonwhereyoumeasureit．Today'sstate-of-the-artato

mic（原子的）clockshaveprovenEinsteinright．Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequestionyou'reasking．For

getabouttimeasanabsolute．Whatif，insteadofconsideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimetoecology？Whatifwea

llowedenvironmentalconditionstosetthetempo（节奏）ofhumanlife？We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone

，andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat？Recently，Iconceptualizedane

wapproachtotimekeepingthat'sconnectedtocircumstancesonourplanet，conditionsthatmightchangeasaresultofglob

alwarming．We'renowbuildingaclockattheAnchorageMuseumthatreflectsthetotalflowofseveralmajorAlaskanrivers

，whicharesensitivetolocalandglobalenvironmentalchanges．We'veprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrat

e．Iftheriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage，theclockwillgetaheadofstandardtime．Iftheyrunslower，you'llseetheoppositeeffect．Th

eclockregistersbothshort-termirregularitiesandlong-termtrendsinriverdynamics．It'sasortofobservatorythatrevealshowther

iversarebehavingfromtheirowntemporalframe（时间框架），andallowsustowitnessthosechangesonoursmartwatchesorphones．Anyonewhoopts

togoonAlaskaMeanRiverTimewillliveinharmonywiththeplanet．Anyonewhoconsidersrivertimeinrelationtoatomictimewillencounteramajorimbalanceandmaybemotiv

atedtocounteractitbyconsuminglessfuelorsupportinggreenerpolicies．Evenifthismethodoftimekeepingisnovelinitsparticulars，earlyagricultu

ralsocietiesalsoconnectedtimetonaturalphenomena．Inpre-ClassicalGreece，forinstance，people“corrected”off

icialcalendarsbyshiftingdatesforwardorbackwardtoreflectthechangeofseason．Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltot

heirsurvival．Likewise，rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmentalawareness．When

St．Augustineadmittedhisinabilitytodefinetime，hehighlightedoneoftime'smostnoticeablequalities：Timebecomesmeaningfu

lonlyinadefinedcontext．Anytimekeepingsystemisvalid，andeachisaspraiseworthyasitspurpose．31WhatisthemainideaofParagrap

h1？A.Timekeepingisincreasinglyrelatedtonature．B.Everyonecandefinetimeontheirownterms．C.Thequalitiesoftimevarywithhowyoumea

sureit．D.Timeisamajorconcernofphilosophersandscientists．32.TheauthorraisesthreequestionsinParagraph2mainlyto________．A.presentanassumpt

ionB.evaluateanargumentC.highlightanexperimentD.introduceanapproach33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage？A.Thosewhodonotgoonrivertimewillliveanimbal

ancedlife．B.NewwaysofmeasuringtimecanhelptocontrolEarthsystems．.C.Atomictimewillgetaheadofrivertimeiftheriversrunslower．D.Moderntechnologymayhelptosh

apetherivers’temporalframe．34.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage？A.Itiscrucialtoimprovethedefinitionoftime．B.Afixedframewillm

aketimemeaningless．C.Weshouldliveinharmonywithnature．D.Historyisamirrorreflectingreality．【答案】31.B32.D33.C34.C【解析】【分析】本文是议论

文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。【31题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsontheques

tionyou'reasking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主

要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。【32题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone，and

realizingthatweneedtomoderate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果

我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“Whatif，insteadofco

nsideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimetoecology？Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstosetth

etempo（节奏）ofhumanlife？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。【33

题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段的“We'veprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate．Iftheriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage

，theclockwillgetaheadofstandardtime．Iftheyrunslower，you'llseetheoppositeeffect．（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就

会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。【34题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswit

hengineeringalone，andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程

学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheirsurvival．Likewise，rivertimeando

thertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmentalawareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也

可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。Passage4【2021年天津卷第一次】Aboutfiveweeksago,Inoticedtheskinofourpetl

izardwasgrowingdusty.Itworriedme.Ireportedthestrangesurfaceontheskinofthelizardtomyhusbandandchildrenthenextmorning.Secondslater,ourlizardemergedf

romitstankwithitsoldskinflowingbehindit.Ididn'tthinkaboutitmuchuntilamorninglastweekwhenIknockedmyfa

voriteteapotoffthetable.Itburstintohundredsofpieces.AsIsweptupthemess,Iwonderedwhywehadbeenbreakingsomanythingsoverthemon

ths.Thedestructionstartedthreemonthsago.Itwasmyhusband'sbirthday.Hehadjustlosthisjob.Theuncertaintywasstartingtowearonus,soIwantedtodosomet

hingspecial.“Let'smakeacakeforDad!”Icried.Mykidsscreamedwithjoy.Webaked,icedandsprinkledformostoftheday.Candlesonthecake!Balloonsonthewalls!Flowe

rsonthetable!Twohoursbeforemyhusbandcamebackhomefromanotherjobinterview,mydaughterclimbeduptograbaglassvasefromahi

ghshelf.Itfellandcrashedbesidethecake.Tinypiecesofglasswereeverywhere.ShesobbedloudlyasIthrewthecakeaway.Myhusbandhadbananapuddingfo

rhisbirthday.Threedaysago,thelightinourlivingroomsuddenlywentout.Afterseveralfrustratinghoursofunsuccessfulattemptstofixi

t,myhusbandsuggestedwatchingtheMichaelJordandocumentaryseriesTheLastDance.ThepoignancyofJordanretiringfromhisbelovedbasketballtoplaybaseballandwhatha

dpushedhimtomakesuchatoughdecisiontookmebysurprise.AsIwatchedhimtakeoffhisbasketballuniformandreplaceitwithabaseballunif

orm,Isawhimleavingbehindthelayerthatnolongerservedhim,justasourlizardhad.Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformed

them.Buttheyhadtolivewithwhotheywereaftereverythingwasdifferent.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.Humansdonotshedskinaseasily

asotheranimals.Thebeginningofchangeisupsetting.Theprocessistiring.Damagechangesusbeforeweareready.Iseeou

rlizard,rawandnearlynew.Jordansaidthatnomatterhowitends,itstartswithhope.Withourtender,hopefulskin,thati

swherewebegin.40．WhatcanwelearnaboutthepetlizardfromParagraph1?A．Itstankgrewdirty.B．Itsoldskincameoff.C．Itgotaskindisease.D．It

wentmissing.41．Whydidtheauthor'shusbandhavebananapuddingforhisbirthday?A．Thebirthdaycakewasruined.B．Theauthorma

degoodpuddings.C．Puddingwashisfavoritedessert.D．Theycouldn'taffordabirthdaycake.42．WhydoestheauthormentionTheLastDanc

einthepassage?A．Toproveatheory.B．Todefineaconcept.C．Todevelopthetheme.D．Toprovidethebackground.43．Theunderlinedpart"leavingbehindthe

layer"inParagraph8canbeunderstoodas.A．lettinggoofthepastB．lookingforanewjobC．gettingridofabadhabitD．givingupanopportunity44．Whatdoesth

eauthormostlikelywanttotellus?A．Loveoffamilyhelpsussurvivegreathardships.B．It'snottheendoftheworldifwebreakthings.C．Weshouldmoveon

nomatterwhathappens.D．Pastexperiencesshouldbetreasured.【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，直到作者看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了MichaelJordan的纪录片《最后

的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点。40．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Ireportedthestrangesurfaceontheskinofthelizar

dtomyhusbandandchildrenthenextmorning.Secondslater,ourlizardemergedfromitstankwithitsoldskinflowingbehindit.(第二天早上，我向丈夫和孩子们报告了蜥蜴皮肤上奇怪的表面。几秒钟

后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，旧皮肤蜕了下来)”可知，宠物蜥蜴旧的皮肤脱落了。故选B。41．细节理解题。根据第六段“Twohoursbeforemyhusbandcamebackhomefromanotherjobinterview,mydaughterclimbedup

tograbaglassvasefromahighshelf.Itfellandcrashedbesidethecake.Tinypiecesofglasswereeverywhere.ShesobbedloudlyasIthrewthecakeaway.Myhusb

andhadbananapuddingforhisbirthday.(就在我丈夫参加另一场工作面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日吃了香

蕉布丁)”可知，作者的丈夫过生日吃了香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选A。42．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“ThepoignancyofJordanretiringfromhisbelovedbasketballtoplaybaseballandwhathadpu

shedhimtomakesuchatoughdecisiontookmebysurprise.AsIwatchedhimtakeoffhisbasketballuniformandreplaceitwithaba

seballuniform,Isawhimleavingbehindthelayerthatnolongerservedhim,justasourlizardhad.Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.Butthey

hadtolivewithwhotheywereaftereverythingwasdifferent.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.(Jordan从心爱的篮球退役，转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什

么促使他做出如此艰难的决定，让我感到惊讶。当我看着他脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，我看到他脱下了那层不再适合他的衣服，就像我们的蜥蜴一样。他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”以及最后一段“Jordansa

idthatnomatterhowitends,itstartswithhope.Withourtender,hopefulskin,thatiswherewebegin.(Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者

在文章中提到TheLastDance是为了展开文章关于放手过去，重新开始的主题。故选C。43．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.Buttheyhadtolivewithwho

theywereaftereverythingwasdifferent.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.(他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他

们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”可知，作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，意识到看到他放开了过去，把过去抛在脑后了。即画线词意思是“放开过去”。故选A。44．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Humansdonotsh

edskinaseasilyasotheranimals.Thebeginningofchangeisupsetting.Theprocessistiring.Damagechangesusbeforeweareready.Iseeourlizard,raw

andnearlynew.(人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。变革的开始令人不安。这个过程很累人。伤害在我们准备好之前就改变了我们。我看到了我们生嫩的、几乎是全新的蜥蜴)”以及最后一段“Jordansaidthatnomatterho

witends,itstartswithhope.Withourtender,hopefulskin,thatiswherewebegin.(Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者最有可能想告诉我们无论发生什么，

我们都应该继续前进。故选C。Passage5【2021年天津卷第一次】Thereissomethingtobesaidforbeingageneralist,evenifyouareaspecialist.Know

ingalittleaboutalotofthingsthatinterestyoucanaddtotherichnessofawhole,well-livedlife.Societypushesustospecialize,tobecomeexperts.Thisreq

uirescommitmenttoaparticularoccupation,branchofstudyorresearch.Thedrawbacktobeingspecialistsisweoftencometoknowmoreandmoreabou

tlessandless.Thereisagreatdealofpressuretomasterone'sfield.Youmaypursuetraining,degrees,orincreasinglevelsofresp

onsibilityatwork.Thenyoudiscoverthepressureofhavingtokeepup.Somepeopleseemwillingtoworkaroundtheclockintheirnarr

owspecialty.Butsuchcommitmentcanalsoweakenasenseoffreedom.Thesespecialistscouldworkattheofficeuntilteneachnight,

thenlookbackandrealizetheywouldhavelovedtohavegonehomeandenjoyedthesweetnessoftheirfamilyandfriends,ortraveledtoexcitingplaces,meetingint

erestingpeople.Masteringonethingtotheexclusion（排除）ofotherscanholdbackyourtruespirit.Generalists,ontheotherhand,knowalotaboutawiderangeofsubject

sandviewthewholewithallitsconnections.Theyarepeopleofability,talent,andenthusiasmwhocanbringtheirbroadperspective（视角）intospecificfieldsofexpertise（

专长）.Thedoctorwhoisalsoapoetandphilosopherisasuperiordoctor,onewhocangivesomuchmoretohispatientsthanjustgoodmedicalskills.Thingsareconnected.Let

yourexpertiseinonefieldfuelyourpassionsinallrelatedareas.Someofyourinterestsmaynotappeartobeconnectedbut,onceyoue

xploretheirdepths,youdiscoverthattheyare.MyeditorToni,whoisalsoawriter,haseditedseveralhistorybooks.Shehasdecidedto

studyChinesehistory.FascinatedbythestructuralbeautyoftheForbiddenCityasapainter,sheisequallyinterestedtolearnmoreaboutChinesephilosophy."Idon'tk

nowwhereitwilllead,butI'mexcitedI'monthispursuit."Theseexpansionsintonewworldshelpusbygivingusnewperspectives.Webeginto

seetheinterconnectednessofonethingtoanotherinallaspectsofourlife,ofourselvesandtheuniverse.Developbroad,gene

ralknowledgeandexperience.Theuniverseisallyourstoexploreandenjoy.51．Tobecomeaspecialist,onemayhaveto__

___.A．narrowhisrangeofknowledgeB．avoidresponsibilitiesatworkC．knowmoreaboutthesocietyD．broadenhisperspectiveonlife52．Thespecialistsmentio

nedinParagraph3tendto______.A．treasuretheirfreedomB．travelaroundtheworldC．spendmosttimeworkingD．enjoyme

etingfunnypeople53．Accordingtotheauthor,asuperiordoctorisonewho_____.A．isfullyawareofhistalentandabilityB．isapurespeci

alistinmedicineC．shouldlovepoetryandphilosophyD．bringsknowledgeofotherfieldstowork54．WhatdoestheauthorintendtoshowwiththeexampleofTo

ni?A．Passionalonedoesnotensureaperson'ssuccess.B．In-depthexplorationmakesdiscoveriespossible.C．Everyonehasachancetosucceed

intheirpursuit.D．Seeminglyunrelatedinterestsareinawayconnected.55．Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．BeM

oreaGeneralistThanaSpecialistB．SpecialistorGeneralist:HardtoDecideC．TurnaGeneralistintoaSpecialistD．WaystoBecomeaGenera

list【分析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。51．推理判断题。文章第二段中提到“Thisrequirescommitmenttoaparticularoccupation,branchofstudyorres

earch.Thedrawbacktobeingspecialistsisweoftencometoknowmoreandmoreaboutlessandless.（成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺

点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。）”根据“know…aboutlessandless”可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选A。52．细节理解题。第三段中提到“Somepeopleseemwillingto

workaroundtheclockintheirnarrowspecialty.…Thesespecialistscouldworkattheofficeuntilteneachnight(有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工

作。……这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)”由此可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。53．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“Thedoctorwhoisalsoapoetandphilosopherisasuperiordoctor,

onewhocangivesomuchmoretohispatientsthanjustgoodmedicalskills.(这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。)”可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。

故选D。54．推理判断题。文章第五段中提到“Thingsareconnected.Letyourexpertiseinonefieldfuelyourpassionsinallrelatedareas.So

meofyourinterestsmaynotappeartobeconnectedbut,onceyouexploretheirdepths,youdiscoverthattheyare.（事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看

起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）”；下文举出Toni的例子“MyeditorToni,whoisalsoawriter,haseditedseveralhistorybooks.Shehasdecidedt

ostudyChinesehistory.FascinatedbythestructuralbeautyoftheForbiddenCityasapainter,sheisequallyinterestedtolearnmoreaboutChinesephiloso

phy.（我的编辑Toni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。）”由此可以推断，作者想通过Toni的例子说明

看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。55．主旨大意题。文章第一段提出观点“Thereissomethingtobesaidforbeingageneralist,evenifyouareaspecialist.”作者提出

即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；文章第二段提出“Thedrawbacktobeingspecialistsisweoftencometoknowmoreandmoreaboutlessandless.”说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深

；第四段中提到“Generalists,…,knowalotaboutawiderangeofsubjectsandviewthewholewithallitsconnections.”说明当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有

的联系。作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为“BeMoreaGeneralistThanaSpecialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）”。故选A。2020年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2020年新课标Ⅱ】Ihaveaspecialplaceinmy

heartforlibraries.IhaveforaslongasIcanremember.Iwasalwaysanenthusiasticreader,sometimesreadinguptothreebooksadayasachild.Storieswerelikeairtome

andwhileotherkidsplayedballorwenttoparties,IlivedoutadventuresthroughthebooksIcheckedoutfromthelibrary.MyfirstjobwasworkingattheUk

iahLibrarywhenIwas16yearsold.ItwasadreamjobandIdideverythingfromshelvingbookstoreadingtothechildrenforstorytime.AsIgrewolderandbecameamother,thelib

rarytookonanewplaceandanaddedmeaninginmylife.Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource(来源)ofentertainme

nt.Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary,wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetore

adtothem.Ialwaysread,usingdifferentvoices,asthoughIwereactingoutthestorieswithmyvoiceandtheylovedit!Itwasaspecialtimetobondwit

hmychildrenanditfilledthemwiththewondermentofbooks.Now,IseemychildrentakingtheirchildrentothelibraryandIlovethat

theexcitementofgoingtothelibrarylivesonformgenerationtogeneration.Asanovelist,I’vefoundanewrelationshipwithlibr

aries.Iencouragereaderstogototheirlocallibrarywhentheycan’taffordtopurchaseabook.Iseelibrariesasasafehaven(避风港)forrea

dersandwriters,abridgethathelpsputtogetherareaderwithabook.Libraries,intheirownway,helpfightbookpiracy(盗版行为)and1thinkallwriterssh

ouldsupportlibrariesinasignificantwaywhentheycan.Encouragereaderstousethelibrary.Sharelibraryannouncementsonyoursocialmedia.F

requentthemandtalkaboutthemwhenyoucan.32.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’srelationshipwithbooksasachild?A.Coope

rative.B.Uneasy.C.Inseparable.D.Casual.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“anaddedmeaning”inparagraph3referto?A.Pleasurefromworkinginthelibrary.B.Joyofr

eadingpassedoninthefamily.C.Wondermentfromactingoutthestories.D.Acloserbonddevelopedwiththereaders.34.Whatdoestheauthorcallonotherwriterstodo?A

.Sponsorbookfairs.B.Writeforsocialmedia.C.Supportlibraries.D.Purchasehernovels.35.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Reading:ASourceofK

nowledgeB.MyIdeaaboutwritingC.Library:AHavenfortheYoungD.MyLoveoftheLibrary【解析】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者是一个热情的读者，孩提

时热衷读书，第一份工作在图书馆。有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去。作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，宣传图书馆。32.推理判断题。根据第一段的Iwasalwaysanenthusiasticreader，sometimesreadingup

tothreebooksadayasachild.Storieswerelikeairtomeandwhileotherkidsplayedballorwenttoparties.Ilivedoutadventuresth

roughthebooksIcheckedoutfromthelibrary.(我一直是一个热情的读者，孩提时，有时候每天读多达三本书。故事对我来说就像空气，而其他孩子则打球或参加聚会。我通过从图书馆借阅来的书籍经历冒险)可推断，作者小时候与书是

密不可分的。故选C。33.词句猜测题。根据上文AsIgrewolderandbecameamother可知，我长大了成了一位母亲，结合下文Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource(来源)ofentertai

nment.Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary,wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem(

我有几个孩子，书是我们娱乐的主要来源。对于我们来说，坐上车去当地的图书馆是件大事，在那里我的孩子们可以挑选要阅读的书或者想让我给他们读的书)可推断，作者成了母亲以后，带着孩子去图书馆，孩子挑选书籍来阅读，或者作者读给他们听，因此可知图书馆在作者的生活中又增添了新的意义，阅读的乐趣在家庭中代

代相传”。故选B。34.细节理解题。根据最后一段的Ithinkallwritersshouldsupportlibrariesinasignificantwaywhentheycan.Encouragereaderstousethelibrary.Sharelibraryannoun

cementsonyoursocialmedia.Frequentthemandtalkaboutthemwhenyoucan.(我认为所有的作家都应该在他们可以的时候以有意义的方式支持图书馆。鼓励读者使用图书馆。在社交媒体上分享图书馆公

告。可以的时候常去图书馆，谈论图书馆)可知，作者呼吁其他的作家们支持图书馆。故选C。35.主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章讲述了作者是一名热情地读者，孩提时喜欢阅读，工作在图书馆。有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去，作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，宣传

图书馆。因此推断全文围绕“作者对图书馆的爱”展开讲述。故D项“我对图书馆的爱”为最佳标题。故选D。Passage2【2020年北京卷】CertainformsofAIareindeedbecomingubiquitous.Forexamp

le,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andou

rsmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother.Thesesystemsaresometimesfasterandmoreperceptivethanwehumansare.Buts

ofarthatisonlytrueforthespecifictasksforwhichthesystemshavebeendesigned.ThatissomethingthatsomeAIdevelopersarenoweagertochange.Someoftoday’sAI

pioneerswanttomoveonfromtoday’sworldof“weak”or“narrow”AI,tocreate“strong”or“full”AI,orwhatisoftencalledartificialgenerali

ntelligence(AGI).Insomerespects,today’spowerfulcomputingmachinesalreadymakeourbrainslookweak.AGIcould,itsadvocatessay,w

orkforusaroundtheclock,anddrawingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstomanyproblems.DM,acompanyfocusedonthedev

elopmentofAGI,hasanambitionto“solveintelligence”.“Ifwe’resuccessful,”theirmissionstatementreads,“webelievethiswillbeoneofthemostimportantandwidelybe

neficialscientificadvancesevermade.”SincetheearlydaysofAI,imaginationhasoutpacedwhatispossibleorevenprobable.In1

965,animaginativemathematiciancalledIrvingGoodpredictedtheeventualcreationofan“ultra-intelligentmachine…t

hatcanfarsurpassalltheintellectual(智力的)activitiesofanyman,howeverclever.”Goodwentontosuggestthat“thefirstultra-intelligentmachine”coul

dbe“thelastinventionthatmanneedevermake.”Fearsabouttheappearanceofbad,powerful,man-madeintelligentmachineshavebeenreinforced(强化)bymanywor

ksoffiction—MaryShelley’sFrankensteinandtheTerminatorfilmseries,forexample.ButifAIdoeseventuallyprovetobeourdownfa

ll,itisunlikelytobeatthehandsofhuman-shapedformslikethese,withrecognisablyhumanmotivationssuchasaggression(敌对行为).I

nstead,IagreewithOxfordUniversityphilosopherNickBostrom,whobelievesthattheheaviestrisksfromAGIdonotcomefromadecisiontoturnagainstmankindbutra

therfromadoggedpursuitofsetobjectivesattheexpenseofeverythingelse.ThepromiseanddangeroftrueAGIaregreat.Butalloftoday’sexcite

ddiscussionaboutthesepossibilitiespresupposesthefactthatwewillbeabletobuildthesesystems.And,havingspokentomanyoftheworld’sforemostAIresearchers,Ib

elievethereisgoodreasontodoubtthatwewillseeAGIanytimesoon,ifever.42.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ubiquitous”inParagraphIprobablymean?A.Enor

mousinquantity.B.Changeabledaily.C.Stableinquality.D.Presenteverywhere.43.WhatcouldAGIdoforus,accordingtoits

supporters?A.Helptotackleproblems.B.Makebrainsmoreactive.C.Benefitambitiouspeople.D.Setuppowerfuldatabases.44.AsforIrvingGood’sopinio

nonultra-intelligentmachinestheauthoris____________.A.supportiveB.disapprovingC.fearfulD.uncertain45.WhatcanbeinferredaboutAG

Ifromthepassage?,A.Itmaybeonlyadream.B.Itwillcomeintobeingsoon.C.Itwillbecontrolledbyhumans.D.Itmaybemoredangerou

sthanever.【答案】42.D43.A44.B45.A【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。【42题详解】词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的Forexample

,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretr

anslatingfromonelanguageintoanother(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得

无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Presenteverywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。【43题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段AGIcould,itsadvocatessay,workforusaroundtheclock,anddr

awingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstomanyproblems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工

智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Helptotackleproblems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。【44题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段Sincethe

earlydaysofAI,imaginationhasoutpacedwhatispossibleorevenprobable.In1965,animaginativemathematiciancalledIrvingGoodpredic

tedtheeventualcreationofan“ultra-intelligentmachine…thatcanfarsurpassalltheintellectual(智力的)activitiesofanyman,howeverclever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能

。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为IrvingGood对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disappro

ving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。【45题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And,havingspokentomanyoftheworld'sforemostAIresearchers,IbelievethereisgoodreasontodoubtthatwewillseeAGIany

timesoon,ifever.(而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“Itmaybeonlyadream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)

”符合题意。故选择A项。Passage3【2020年江苏卷】IwasinthemiddleoftheAmazon(亚马逊)withmywife,whowasthereasamedicalresearcher.Weflewonasmallpla

netoafarawayvillage.Wedidnotspeakthelocallanguage,didnotknowthecustoms,andmoreoftenthannot,didnotentirelyrec

ognizethefood.Wecouldnothavefeltmoreforeign.Wewereraisedonbooksandcomputers,highwaysandcellphones,but

nowwewerelivinginavillagewithoutrunningwaterorelectricityItwaseasyforustogotosleepattheendofthedayfeelingal

ittlemisunderstood.ThenoneperfectAmazonianevening,withmonkeyscallingfrombeyondthevillagegreen,weplayedsoccer.Iamnotgoodatsoccer,butthateveni

ngitwaswonderful.Everyoneknewtherules.Weallspokethesamelanguageofpassesandshots.Weunderstoodoneanotherperfe

ctly.Asdarknesscameoverthefieldandthematchended,thegoalkeeper,Juan,walkedovertomeandsaidinamatter-of-factway,“Inyourhome,doyouhaveamoontoo?”Iwass

urprised.AfterIexplainedtoJuanthatyes,wedidhaveamoonandyes,itwasverysimilartohis,Ifeltasortofawe(敬畏)atthepossibilitiesthatexistedin

hisworld.InJuan’sworld,eachvillagecouldhaveitsownmoon.InJuan’sworld.theunknownandundiscoveredwasvastandmarvelous.Anythingwaspossible.I

noursociety,weknowthatEarthhasonlyonemoon.Wehavelookedatourplanetfromeveryangleandfoundallofthewildestthingsleftto

find.Ican,frommycomputerathome,pullupsatelliteimagesofJuan’svillage.Therearenomorecontinentsandnomoremoonstosearchf

or,littlelefttodiscover.Atleastitseemsthatway.Yet,asIthoughtaboutJuan’squestion,Iwasnotsurehowmuchmorewecouldreallyruleout.Iam

,inpart,anantbiologist,somythoughtsturnedtowhatweknowaboutinsectlifeandIknewthatmuchintheworldofinsectsr

emainsunknown.Howmuch,though?Howignorant(无知的)arewe?Thequestionofwhatweknowanddonotknowconstantlybotheredme.Ibegancollectingnews

paperarticlesaboutnewspecies,newmonkey,newspider…,andonandontheyappear.Mydrawerquicklyfilled.Ibeganaseconddrawerformoreg

eneraldiscoveries:newcavesystemdiscoveredwithdozensofnamelessspecies,fourhundredspeciesofbacteriafoundin

thehumanstomach.TheseconddrawerbegantofillandasitdidIwonderedwhethertherewerebiggerdiscoveriesoutthere,notjustspecies,butlifethatdependsonthi

ngsthoughttobeuseless,lifeevenwithoutDNA.Istartedathirddrawerforthesebigdiscoveries.Itfillsmoreslowly,but

allthesame,itfills.Inlookingintothestoriesofbiologicaldiscovery,Ialsobegantofindsomethingelse,acolle

ctionofscientists,usuallybrilliantoccasionallyhalf-mad,whomadethediscoveries.Thosescientistsveryoftenseethesamethingsthatotherscientistssee,buttheypa

ymoreattentiontothem,andtheyfocusonthemtothepointofexhaustion(穷尽),andattheriskoftheridiculeoftheirpeers.Inlookingforthestoriesof

discovery,Ifoundthestoriesofthesepeopleandhowtheirliveschangedourviewoftheworld.Wearerepeatedlywillingtoimaginewehavefoundmosto

fwhatislefttodiscover.Weusedtothinkthatinsectswerethesmallestorganisms(生物),andthatnothingliveddeeperthansixhundredmeters.Yet,whensomethingn

ewturnsup,moreoftenthannot,wedonotevenknowitsname.65.HowdidtheauthorfeelonhisarrivalintheAmazon?A.Outofplace.B.Fullofjoy.C.Sleepy.D.Reg

retful.66.WhatmadethatAmazonianeveningwonderful?A.Helearnedmoreaboutthelocallanguage.B.Theyhadaniceconver

sationwitheachother.C.Theyunderstoodeachotherwhileplaying.D.Hewonthesoccergamewiththegoalkeeper.67.Whywastheauthors

urprisedatJuan’squestionaboutthemoon?A.Thequestionwastoostraightforward.B.Juanknewsolittleabouttheworld.C.T

heauthordidn’tknowhowtoanswer.D.Theauthordidn’tthinkJuanwassincere.68.Whatwastheauthor’sinitialpurposeofcollectingnewspaper

articles?A.Tosortoutwhatwehaveknown.B.TodeepenhisresearchintoAmazonians.C.Toimprovehisreputationasabiologist.D.Tolearnmoreabout

localcultures.69.Howdidthosebrilliantscientistsmakegreatdiscoveries?A.Theyshiftedtheirviewpointsfrequently.B.Theyfollowedotherscientistsclosely

.C.Theyoftencriticizedtheirfellowscientists.D.Theyconductedin-depthandclosestudies.70.Whatcouldbethemostsuitabletitlefor

thepassage?A.ThePossibleandtheImpossible.B.TheKnownandtheUnknown.C.TheCivilizedandtheUncivilized.D.TheIgnorantandtheIntelligent.【文章大意】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者和妻子

来到了亚马逊，妻子是一名医学研究者。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在生物多样性发现的过程中，作者意识到，很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。65.推理判断题

。根据第一段“Wedidn’tspeakthelocallanguage,didnotknowthecustomsandmoreoftenthannot,didn’tentirelyrecognizethefood.Wecouldn’thavefeltm

oreforeign.”可知，我们不会说当地的语言，不了解当地的风俗习惯，而且往往我们不能完全认识食物，我们感觉非常陌生。由此可知，作者一到达亚马逊感觉格格不入。故选A项。66.细节理解题。根据第三段“Everyoneknewtherul

es.Weallspokethesamelanguageofpassesandshots.Weunderstoodoneanotherperfectly.”可知，每个人都知道规则，在传球和射门方面，我们说着同

样的语言，彼此非常了解。由此可知，踢球时他们的彼此理解使得他们的亚马逊夜晚很美好。故选C项。67.推理判断题。根据第四段“InJuan’sworld,theunknownandundiscoveredwasvastandmarve

lous.”可知，在胡安的世界里，未知的东西和未被发现的东西是浩瀚而神奇的。由此判断，胡安对这个世界知之甚少。故选B项。68.推理判断题。根据第七段“Ibegancollectingnewspaperarticlesaboutnewspecies,newspider...,ando

nandontheyappear,mydrawerquicklyfilled,Ibeganaseconddrawerformoregeneraldiscoveries:newcavesystemdiscoveredw

ithdozensofnamelessspecies...Istartedathirddrawerforthesebigdiscoveries.”可知，我开始收集报纸上关于新物种、新蜘蛛的文章……它们源源不断地出现，我的抽屉很快就填满了。我开始用第二个抽屉来储存更普遍

的发现:在新的洞穴系统发现了几十个无名的物种……我还为这些重大发现准备了第三个抽屉。由此判断，作者收集报纸文章的初始目的是为了分类我们所知道的事情。故选A项。69.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“buttheypaym

oreattentiontothem,andtheyfocusonthemtothepointofexhaustion,andattheriskoftheridiculeoftheirpeers.”可知，但他们更多地关注这些发现，他们把注意力集中在这些发现上直到

精疲力竭的地步，冒着被同龄人嘲笑的风险。由此可知，杰出的科学家进行深入细致的研究，做出重大的发现。故选D项。70.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者和妻子来到了亚马逊。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接

触，作者了解到一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在对这里的风土人情和多样化生物的研究过程中，作者提高了认识，意识到很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。所以短文的最佳标题为“已知和未知的事物”。故选B项。2019年阅读理解议论文Passa

ge1【2019年江苏卷】WhocaresifpeoplethinkwronglythattheInternethashadmoreimportantinfluencesthanthewashingmachine?Whydoesitmatterthatpeopl

earemoreimpressedbythemostrecentchanges?Itwouldnotmatterifthesemisjudgmentswerejustamatterofpeople'sopinions.How

ever,theyhaverealimpacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarceresources.ThefascinationwiththeICT(Informationand

CommunicationTechnology)revolution,representedbytheInternet,hasmadesomerichcountrieswronglyconcludethatmakingthingsisso"ye

sterday"thattheyshouldtrytoliveonideas.Thisbeliefin"post-industrialsociety"hasledthosecountriestoneglectth

eirmanufacturingsector(制造业)withnegativeconsequencesfortheireconomies.Evenmoreworryingly,thefascinationwiththeInternetbypeopleinrichcountrieshas

movedtheinternationalcommunitytoworryaboutthe"digitaldivide"betweentherichcountriesandthepoorcountries.Thishasledcompaniesan

dindividualstodonatemoneytodevelopingcountriestobuycomputerequipmentandInternetfacilities.Thequestion,ho

wever,iswhetherthisiswhatthedevelopingcountriesneedthemost.Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuchasdiggingw

ells,extendingelectricitynetworksandmakingmoreaffordablewashingmachineswouldhaveimprovedpeople'slivesmorethangivingeverychildalaptopcomputerorsettin

gupInternetcentresinruralvillages,Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymoreimportant,butmanydonatorshaverushedintofan

cyprogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelativelong-termcostsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney.Inyetanotherexample,afascina

tionwiththenewhasledpeopletobelievethattherecentchangesinthetechnologiesofcommunicationsandtransportationaresorevolutionarythatnowweliveina"borde

rlessworld".Asaresult,inthelasttwentyyearsorso,manypeoplehavecometobelievethatwhateverchangeishappeningtodayistheresultofgreattechnologicalprogress,g

oingagainstwhichwillbeliketryingtoturntheclockback.Believinginsuchaworld,manygovernmentshaveputanendtosomeoftheveryneces

saryregulationsoncross-borderflowsofcapital,labourandgoods,withpoorresults.Understandingtechnologicaltrendsisveryimport

antforcorrectlydesigningeconomicpolicies,bothatthenationalandtheinternationallevels,andformakingtherightcaree

rchoicesattheindividuallevel.However,ourfascinationwiththelatest,andourundervaluationofwhathasalreadybecomecommon

,can,andhas,ledusinallsortsofwrongdirections.61.Misjudgmentsontheinfluencesofnewtechnologycanleadto__________.A.alackofconfidenceintechnolog

yB.aslowprogressintechnologyC.aconflictofpublicopinionsD.awasteoflimitedresources62.TheexampleinParagraph4suggeststhatdonatorsshould

__________.A.takepeople'sessentialneedsintoaccountB.maketheirprogrammesattractivetopeopleC.ensuretha

teachchildgetsfinancialsupportD.providemoreaffordableinternetfacilities63.Whathasledmanygovernmentstoremovenecessaryregula

tions?A.Neglectingtheimpactsoftechnologicaladvances.B.Believingthattheworldhasbecomeborderless.C.Ignoringt

hepowerofeconomicdevelopment.D.Over-emphasizingtheroleofinternationalcommunication.64.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.People

shouldbeencouragedtomakemoredonations.B.Traditionaltechnologystillhasaplacenowadays.C.Makingrightcareerchoicesiscrucialt

opersonalsuccess.D.Economicpoliciesshouldfollowtechnologicaltrends.【答案】61.D62.A63.B64.B【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述对信

息技术的过分迷恋对国家，对个人，对慈善事业都会有不利的影响。61.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段However,theyhavereakimpacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarceresources.可知，对信息技术的错误判

断会导致有限资源的错误使用，也就是资源的浪费，故选D。62.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuchasdiggingwells,extendingele

ctricitynetworksandmakingmoreaffordablewashingmachineswouldhaveimprovedpeople'slivesmorethangivingeverychildalaptopcomputerorsettingu

pInternetcentresinruralvillages,Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymoreimportant,butmanydonatorshaverushedintofancypr

ogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelativelong-termcostsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney.可

知，与其给那些贫困地区孩子笔记本电脑或者建网络中心，还不如给钱打井，铺电网或者生产他们买得起的洗衣机，这些东西更能改善他们的生活。作者不是说这些东西一定更重要，但是很多捐赠者没有仔细考虑捐赠的东西的长期成本，因此作者建议捐赠者要考虑

接受捐赠的人的实际情况，而不是一味地追求信息化，故选A。63.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段Inyetanotherexample,afascinationwiththenewhasledpeopletobelievetha

ttherecentchangesinthetechnologiesofcommunicationsandtransportationaresorevolutionarythatnowweliveina"borderlessworld".以及Believinginsuchaworld,m

anygovernmentshaveputanendtosomeoftheverynecessaryregulationsoncross-borderflowsofcapital,labourandgoods,withpoor

results.可知，对新东西的迷恋让人们认为如今通讯技术和交通的变革让我们生活在一个无国界的世界。正是认为我们生活在这样一个世界，很多政府取消了关于跨国界的资本、劳动力以及商品流动的法律法规，故选B。64.B【解析】推理判断题。根

据第三段ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)revolution,representedbytheInternet,hasmadesomerichcount

rieswronglyconcludethatmakingthingsisso"yesterday"thattheyshouldtrytoliveonideas.Thisbeliefin"post-ind

ustrialsociety"hasledthosecountriestoneglecttheirmanufacturingsector(制造业)withnegativeconsequencesfortheireconomies.可知，对互联网呈现的通讯技术变革的迷恋让很多富裕国家做出一个错

误的结论，制造产品已经过时了，他们应该靠创意生活，因而忽略了制造业，从而对经济造成不利影响，故可知传统的技术依然传统的技术依然有它的地位，不能新兴的信息技术取代，故选B。Passage2【2019年天津卷】Imusthavealwa

ysknownreadingwasveryimportantbecausethefirstmemoriesIhaveasachilddealwithbooks.TherewasnotonenightthatIdon'tremembermomreadingmea

storybookbymybedside.Iwasextremelyinspiredbytheelegantwaythewordssounded.Ialwayswantedtoknowwhatmymomwasreading.Hearingmom

say,"Ican'tbelievewhat'sprintedinthenewspaperthismorning,"mademewanttograbitoutofherhandsandreaditmys

elf.Iwantedtobelikemymomandknowallofthethingssheknew.SoIcarriedaroundabook,andeachnight,justtobelikeher,Iwoul

dpretendtobereading.Thisishoweveryonelearnedtoread.Wewouldstartoffwithsentences,thenparagraphs,andthenstories.Itseemedanunendingjourney,bute

venasasix-year-oldgirlIrealizedthatknowinghowtoreadcouldopenmanydoors.Whenmomsaid,"TheC-A-N-D-Yishiddenonthet

opshelf,"Iknewwherethecandywas.Myprogressinreadingraisedmycuriosity,andIwantedtoknoweverything.Ioftenfoundmyselftellingm

ymomtodrivemoreslowly,sothatIcouldreadalloftheroadsignswepassed.Mostofmyreadingthroughprimary,middleandhighschoolwasfactualreading.Ireadforknowledg

e,andtomakeA'sonmytests.Occasionally,Iwouldreadanovelthatwasassigned,butIdidn'tenjoythistypeofreading.Ilikedfa

cts,thingsthatareconcrete.Ithoughtanythingabstractlefttoomuchroomforargument.Yet,nowthatI'mgrowingandtheworldIonceknewasbeingsosimpleisbecomingmore

complex,Ifindmyselfneedingawaytoescape.Byopeninganovel,Icanleavebehindmyburdensandenterintoawonderfulandmysteriousworldwher

eIamnowanewcharacter.IntheseworldsIcanbecomeanyone.Idon'thavetowritedownwhathappenedorwhattechniquetheauthorwasu

singwhenheorshewrotethis.Ijustreadtorelax.We'retaughttoreadbecauseit'snecessaryformuchofhumanunderstanding.Readi

ngisavitalpartofmylife.Readingsatisfiesmydesiretokeeplearning.AndI'vefoundthatthepossibilitiesthatliewithinbooksarelimitless.41.Whydidtheauthorwant

tograbthenewspaperoutofmom'shands？A.Shewantedmomtoreadthenewstoher.B.Shewasanxioustoknowwhathadhappened.C.Sheco

uldn'twaittotearthenewspaperapart.D.Shecouldn'thelpbutstopmomfromreading.42.AccordingtoParagraph3，theautho

r'sreadingofroadsignsindicates___________A.heruniquewaytolocateherselfB.hereagernesstodevelopherreadingabilityC.he

refforttoremindmomtoobeytrafficrulesD.hergrowingdesiretoknowtheworldaroundher.43.Whatwastheauthor'sviewonfactua

lreading？A.Itwouldhelpherupdatetest-takingskills.B.Itwouldallowmuchroomforfreethinking.C.Itwouldprovidetrueandobjectiveinformation.D.Itw

ouldhelpshapearealisticandseriousattitudetolife.44.Theauthortakesnovelreadingasawayto___________.A.exploreafantasylandB.developapassionforlean

ingC.learnabouttheadultcommunityD.getawayfromaconfusingworld45.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage？A.Th

eMagicofReadingB.ThePleasureofReadingC.GrowingUpwithReadingD.ReadingMakesaFullMan【答案】41.B42.D43.C44.D45.C【语篇解读】本文为夹叙夹议文，作者讲述了自己

的读书经历和感悟。41.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段主题句Ialwayswantedtoknowwhatmymomwasreading.和Hearingmomsay…mademewanttograb

itoutofherhandsandreaditmyself可知，作者一直想知道妈妈在读什么。作者抢过妈妈读的报纸，因为作者自己迫切想看一看报纸上写的内容，故选B。42.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段Myprogressinreadingrais

edmycuriosity,andIwantedtoknoweverything，可以推断出，让妈妈开车开慢一点，他能够读出所有路标，正是作者在阅读方面的进步引起了他的好奇心，想要了解周围的一切，故选D。43.C【解析】推

理判断题。根据第四段第一句Mostofmyreadingthroughprimary,middleandhighschoolwasfactualreading.Ireadforknowledge,andtomakeA’sonmytest.可知，小学和中学阶段的阅读都是事实

性阅读，读书是为了获取知识，考试得A。因此事实性阅读能够提供真实的客观的信息，故选C。44.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段Byopeninganovel,Icanleavebehindmyburdensandenterintoawonderfulandmysteriousworldw

hereIamnowanewcharacter.IntheseworldsIcanbecomeanyone.(打开一本小说，我可以摆脱我的负担，进入一个奇妙而神秘的世界，我现在是一个新的角色。在这个世界上，我可以成为任何人。)可知，阅读小说可以让作者避开复杂的现实而投入到小说中的世界

中去，故选D。45.C【解析】主旨大意题。根据上下文可知，作者以时间顺序回忆了自己的阅读经历和感悟，伴着阅读成长，故选项C符合题意。Passage3【2019年天津卷】WouldyouBETonthefutureofthisman？H

eis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandst

opfunctioning，andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven-knows-whatmotives，hedeterminestowriteabook.Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtoth

eworldformorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes，andthebookwasDonQuixote（《堂吉诃德》）.Andthestoryp

osesaninterestingquestion:whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays，whileothers

gotoseedlongbefore？We'veallknownpeoplewhorunoutofsteambeforetheyreachlife'shalfwaymark.I'mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan

'tallgetthere.I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedatti

tudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.Mostofus，infact，progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.

Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandthenbecometrappedinit.Nothingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But，ifw

earewillingtolean，theopportunitiesareeverywhere.Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwi

ththethingswecan'tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease，somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus-anideathattroublesatfirstbutisev

entuallyrelaxing.Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm，wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.Ho

wever，wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitmenttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos（自我），whethertolov

edones，tofellowhumans，towork，ortosomemoralconcept.Manyofusequate（视……等同于）“commitment”withsuch“caring”occupationsasteachingand

nursing.Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablecommitment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuchexcellencewhethertheyaredrivingatruck，or

runningastore-maketheworldbetterjustbybeingthekindofpeopletheyare.They'velearnedlife'smostvaluablelesson.

51.ThepassagestartswiththestoryofCervantestoshowthat_________.A.lossoffreedomstimulatesone'screativityB.ageisnotabarriert

oachievingone'sgoalC.miseryinspiresamantofightagainsthisfateD.disabilitycannotstopaman'spursuitofsuccess52.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3proba

blymean？A.Endone'sstruggleforliberty.B.Wasteone'senergytakingrisks.C.Misstheopportunitytosucceed.D.Los

etheinteresttocontinuelearning.53.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph4？A.Thosewhodaretotryoftengetthemselvestrapped.B.Thosewhotendtothinkbac

kcanhardlygoahead.C.Opportunityfavorsthosewithacuriousmind.D.Opportunityawaitsthosewithacautiousmind.54.Whatdoestheauthorintendtot

ellusinParagraph5？A.Atoughmancantoleratesuffering.B.Awisemancanlivewithoutself-pityC.Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim.D.Amanshouldlea

rnsuitablewaystodealwithlife55.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage？A.Toprovideguidanceonleadingameaningfuladultlife.B.Tos

tresstheneedofshoulderingresponsibilitiesatwork.C.Tostatetheimportanceofgeneratingmotivationforlearning.D.Tosuggestawayofpursuingexc

ellenceinourlifelongcareer.【答案】51.B52.D53.C54.D55.A【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。51.B【解析】推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提

斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。..52.D【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段I’mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavesto

ppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的

人，故可知runoutofsteam可知，停止学习，故选D。53.C【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段welosethesenseofwonder.But,ifwearewillingtolearn,theoppor

tunitiesareeverywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知，机会总是留给那些好奇心的人，故选C。54.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段welearntobearwiththethingswecan’

tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus—anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrel

axing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。55.A【解析】主旨大

意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选A。2018年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2018年全国Ⅱ卷】We’veallbee

nthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeun

comfortablesilence.What’stheproblem?It’spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It’smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconver

sationbecauseit’sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit’sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,c

onsiderthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit’saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,

butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn’tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(润

滑剂)forsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySout

heast.＂Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,＂heexplains.＂Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithoth

ers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.＂Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoaco

ffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互动)withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Ther

esultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.＂It’snotthattalkingtothewa

iterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,＂saysDunn.＂Butinteractionswithperipheral(边缘的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwe

ll-beingalso.＂Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdeveloping

suchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.＂Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,＂hesays.32.Whatphenomenonis

describedinthefirstparagraph?A.Addictiontosmartphones.B.Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C.Absenceofcommunicationbe

tweenstrangers.D.Impatiencewithslowservice.33.WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?A.Showinggoodmanners.B.Rel

atingtootherpeople.C.Focusingonatopic.D.Makingbusinessdeals.34.Whatdoesthecoffee-shopstudysuggestabouts

malltalk?A.Itimprovesfamilyrelationships.B.Itraisespeople’sconfidence.C.Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk.D.Itmakespeople

feelgood.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ConversationCountsB.WaysofMakingSmallTalkC.BenefitsofSmallTalkD.Uncomfortab

leSilence【答案】32.C33.B34.D35.C【解析】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分

，而且也有很多好处。32.推理判断题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人

之间缺乏沟通。D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。33.推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句“Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconne

ctwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断C符合题意。A项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B项意为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D

项意为：做商业交易。故选B项。34.推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关

系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。35.主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最

后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。点睛：我们在做阅读理解时，尽量找出每段的主讲内容（可能是一句话或是一个短语），这样有利于整篇文章的把握，有利于做文章大意题。如35题，很显然本文讲的不是重要性也不

是方法更不是沉默，所以ABD都可以轻松排除。Passage2【2018年全国Ⅲ卷】Adultsunderstandwhatitfeelsliketobefloodedwithobjects.Whydoweoften

assumethatmoreismorewhenitcomestokidsandtheirbelongings?ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearliertha

nIdidhowtolivemorewithless.Ifoundthepre-holidaysagoodtimetoencourageyoungchildrentodonateless-usedthings,anditworked.Becauseofourefforts,ourda

ughterGeorgiadiddecidetodonatealargebagoftoystoalittlegirlwhosemotherwasunabletopayforherholidaydueto

illness.Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金）(ourkinder

gartendaughterisseriousaboutbecomingadoctor)Forweeks,I'vebeenthinkingofbigger,deeperquestions:Howdowemakeitahabitforthem?Andhowdowetrainourselvest

ohelpthemlivewith,need,anduseless?Yesterday,Isatwithmyson,Shepherd,determinedtotestmyowntheoryonthis.Idecidedtoplaywithhim

withonlyonetoyforaslongasitwouldkeephisinterest.Iexpectedthatonetoywouldkeephisattentionforaboutfiveminutes,te

nminutes,max.Ichosearedrubberball-simple,universallyavailable.Wepassedit,hetriedtoputitinhismouth,hetriedbouncingit,rollingit,sittingonit,th

rowingit.Itwastotally,completelyenoughforhim.BeforeIknewitanhourhadpassedanditwastimetomoveontolunch.Webothbecameabsor

bedinthesimplicityofplayingtogether.HehadmyfullattentionandIhadhis.Mylittleexperimenttofindjoyinasingleobjectw

orkedforbothofus.32.Whatdothewords“moreismore”inparagraph1probablymean?A.Themore,thebetter.B.Enoughisenough.C.M

oremoney,moreworries.D.Earnmoreandspendmore.33.WhatmadeGeorgiaagreetosellsomeofherobjects?A.SavingupforherholidayB.RaisingmoneyforapoorgirlC.Addin

gthemoneytoherfundD.Givingthemoneytoasickmother34.WhydidtheauthorplaytheballwithShepherd?A.TotryoutanideaB.Toshowaparent'sloveC.Totrain

hisattentionD.Tohelphimstartahobby35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TakeItorLeaveItB.ALessonfromKidsC.LiveMorewithLe

ssD.ThePleasureofGiving【答案】32.A33.C34.A35.C【解析】这是一片夹叙夹议文。文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐的做法。32.词义猜测题。根据

文章第一段最后一句…IcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless可以推断出，人们通常认为越多越好。故选A。33.细节理解题。根据文章第二段中Shechosetosella

fewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金)可知，当我们承诺给她把卖玩具的钱放到她的教育基金里时，她同意卖玩具。故选C。34.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后

一句Mylittleexperimenttofindjoyinasingleobjectworkedforbothofus.表明，跟Shepherd玩球是为了测试自己的一种想法是否可行。故选A。35.主旨大意题。根据

文章第一段可知，作者想要教会孩子howtolivemorewithless，而二三段是作者的尝试，故C作标题适合。【点睛】高考中词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新意；

还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。词义猜测主要的解题策略有：语境猜词、语法猜词和常识猜词。语境既上下文。由于上下文中

的生词不是孤立存在的，其词义与句中其它词的词义或具体的语境有着密切的联系。因此在阅读过程中，许多生词的词义可以充分利用上下文中相关的词汇，短语并结合具体的语境来推测。此题中第一题为词义猜测题。根据文章第一段的第三句thegoodnewsisthatIcan…可以推断出，前后语义相反，后句中是

livemorewithless，所以前句应该是“越多越好”的意思。Passage3【2018年北京卷】PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself-driving

robotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist’sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow

.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thes

tatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenot

ed,isn’tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It’shardtopredictwhendriverle

sscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforwor

se,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(and

rightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient

,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfrien

dlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehi

cles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,w

hichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingto

avoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingm

inibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-

hailing(叫车)services.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredpriv

atecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80

%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基础设施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundpret

tyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingt

echnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmo

repeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.zxxkPolicymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappe

aranceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn’textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.T

hecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeopl

e,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.47.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionsho

uldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan__________.A.helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblemsB.providebetterservicestocustomersC.causeda

magetoourenvironmentD.makesomepeoplelosejobs48.Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor’smajorconcern?A.S

afety.B.Sideeffects.C.Affordability.D.Management.49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂fielded＂inParagraph4probablymean

?A.Employed.B.Replaced.C.Shared.D.Reduced.50.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapprovin

g.D.Sympathetic.【答案】47.A48.D49.A50.B【解析】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。47.推理判断题。根据第二段Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdr

iverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficj

ams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.可知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多

关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选A。48.推理判断题。根据文章第一段Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourciti

es,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取

决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。49.词义猜测题。根据第四段Thefirstcommerciallyav

ailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityand

maintenanceissues(责任与维护问题).可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A.Employed被应用；B.Replaced被取代；C.Shared被分享；D.Reduced被减少。故选A。50.观点态

度题。根据文章最后一段Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesign

edtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.中的advancement，movemorepeople,an

dmoreaffordably.以及planforit可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选B。点睛：根据用词风格，推断情感态度。一篇好的文章，其用词风格常常直接流露或蕴含作者的内心世界和情感态度。所以阅读时要善于捕捉表达或暗示情感态度

的词句或短语，捕捉那些烘托气氛，渲染情感的词句，进而很好地洞察作者的思想倾向，是支持、反对抑或中立？对于选项而言，要分清选项中的褒义词、中性词和贬义词，以此对照全文。如本题最后一题为观点态度题，根据文中reducecarbonemissions

，cutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基础设施)andoperations40%，appealing，comfortable，advancement，movemorepeople,andmoreaff

ordably.，等词汇可以推断出作者对无人驾驶汽车持积极态度。故选B。Passage4【2018年江苏卷】Inthe1760s,MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted

(享有)aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsommé.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup,Roze'schainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout,whichhelpedtoestablishRo

zeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant.Today,scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchaboutre

staurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat:dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta(意大利面食)whentheirplatesmatchedtheirfood.When

adark-coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone,customersrecognizeditassweeterandmoretasty.Lightingmatters,too.WhenBerlinrestaurant

customersateindarkness,theycouldn'ttellhowmuchthey'dhad:thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse,none

thewiser—theydidn’tfeelfuller,andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.Timeismoney,butthatprinciplemeansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.

Unlikefast-foodplaces,finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandspend.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandord

erthatextraround:putonsomeMozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical,ratherthanpop,musicwasplaying,dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularsce

ntsalsohaveaneffect:dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草)stayedlongerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon,ornoscent.Meanwhile,thingsthat

youmightexpecttodiscouragespending—"bad"tables,crowding.highprices—don'tnecessarily.Dinersatbadtables—nexttothekitchen

door,say—spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot"beoverlyconce

rnedabout‘bad’tables,"giventhatthey'reprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant'sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfair

prices.Anddoublingabuffet'spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.58.Theunderlinedphrase"non

ethewiser"inparagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere.A.notawareofeatingmorethanusualB.notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC.notconsciousofthefoo

dqualityD.notfondofthefoodprovided59.Howcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit?A.Playingclassicalmusic.B.Introducinglemon

scent.C.Makingthelightbrighter,D.Usingplatesoflargersize.60.Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.B.Problemsrestaurantsarefa

cedwith.C.Waystoimproverestaurants'reputation.D.Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.【答案】58.A59.A60.D【解析】本文为议论文，介绍了现代

餐馆面临的经营困境和解决方案，介绍了刺激消费和食欲的几种方法，以及人们对餐厅就餐的一些错误认识。58.词义猜测题。根据文章第三段划线部分的前句theycouldn'ttellhowmuchthey'dhad:thosegivenextra-

largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse,可知在黑暗中，他们说不清自己吃了多少，再根据划线后的句子theydidn’tfeelfuller,andtheywerejustasreadyfordes

sert.可知他们虽然吃得很多，但并没有感觉更饱，仍然在等着吃甜点，所以他们没有意识到自己吃多了，所以A正确。59.细节理解题。根据第四段中的Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround:

putonsomeMozart(莫扎特）可知，要想让客人呆的时间更长应该播放莫扎特等古典音乐而不是流行音乐。Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect:dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草

）stayedlongerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon,ornoscent.引入薰衣草香而不是柠檬香，而D项文章没有提及，所以用排除方法可以选A。60.主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段第一句Mean

while,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—"bad"tables,crowding，highprices—don'tnecessarily.可知你认为可能会影响人们消费的因素如不好的桌子，拥挤以及高价等不一定

会真影响人们的消费，然后依次举例进行了证明，所以本段主要讲的是人们对于饭店的几个误解，故选D。点睛：概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心

的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词

。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。本题的最后一题是主旨大意类，要求概括本段的主旨大意，根据寻找主旨大意的方法，通过阅读第一句话可以简单地总结出主旨大意为人们对于饭店的几个误解。在通过阅读下文可以找到支持这一观点

的例子，因此可以确定主旨大意。Passage5【2018年江苏卷】Childrenasyoungastenarebecomingdependentonsocialmediafortheirsenseofself-worth,amajorstud

ywarned.Itfoundmanyyoungsters(少年）nowmeasuretheirstatusbyhowmuchpublicapprovaltheygetonline,oftenthrough“l

ikes”.Somechangetheirbehaviourinreallifetoimprovetheirimageontheweb.Thereportintoyoungstersagedfrom8to12wascarriedoutbyChi

ldren'sCommissioner(专员）AnneLongfield.Shesaidsocialmediafirmswereexposingchildrentomajoremotionalrisks,withsomeyoungste

rsstartingsecondaryschoolill-equippedtocopewiththetremendouspressuretheyfacedonline.Somesocialappswerepop

ularamongthechildreneventhoughtheysupposedlyrequireuserstobeatleast13.Theyoungstersadmittedplanningtripsaroundpotenti

alphoto-opportunitiesandthenmessagingfriends—andfriendsoffriends—todemand“likes”fortheironlineposts.Thereportfoundthatyoungstersfelttheirfr

iendshipscouldbeatriskiftheydidnotrespondtosocialmediapostsquickly,andaroundtheclock.Childrenaged8to10were"startingtofeelhap

py"whenotherslikedtheirposts.However,thoseinthe10to12agegroupwere"concernedwithhowmanypeopleliketheirposts",suggestinga“nee

d”forsocialrecognitionthatgetsstrongertheoldertheybecome.MissLongfieldwarnedthatagenerationofchildrenriskedgrowingup"worrie

dabouttheirappearanceandimageasaresultoftheunrealisticlifestylestheyfollowonplatforms,andincreasinglyanxiousaboutswitchingoffd

uetotheconstantdemandsofsocialmedia.Shesaid:"Childrenareusingsocialmediawithfamilyandfriendsandtoplayg

ameswhentheyareinprimaryschool.Butwhatstartsasfunusageofappsturnsintotremendouspressureinrealsocialmediainteractionatsecondaryschool."Ast

heirworldexpanded,shesaid,childrencomparedthemselvestoothersonlineinawaythatwas"hugelydamagingintermsoftheirself-identity,intermsoftheirconfidenc

e,butalsointermsoftheirabilitytodevelopthemselves".MissLongfieldadded:"Thenthereisthispushtoconnect—ifyougooffli

ne,willyoumisssomething,willyoumissout,willyoushowthatyoudon'tcareaboutthosepeopleyouarefollowing,allofthosecometogetherinahugewayatonce.""For

childrenitisvery,verydifficulttocopewithemotionally."TheChildren'sCommissionerforEngland'sstudy—lifeinLikes—foundthatchildrenasyoun

gas8wereusingsocialmediaplatformslargelyforplay.However,theresearch—involvingeightgroupsof32childrenaged8to12—suggestedthatasth

eyheadedtowardtheirteens,theybecameincreasinglyanxiousonline.Bythetimetheystartedsecondaryschool—atage11—c

hildrenwerealreadyfarmoreawareoftheirimageonlineandfeltunderhugepressuretoensuretheirpostswerepopular,thereportfound.However,theystilldidno

tknowhowtocopewithmean-spiritedjokes,orthesenseofincompetencetheymightfeeliftheycomparedthemselvestocelebrities(名人）ormorebrilliantfriendsonl

ine.Thereportsaidtheyalsofacedpressuretorespondtomessagesatallhoursoftheday—especiallyatsecondaryschoolwhenmoreyoungstershave

mobilephones.TheChildren’sCommissionersaidschoolsandparentsmustnowdomoretopreparechildrenfortheemotionalminefield(雷区）th

eyfacedonline.Andshesaidsocialmediacompaniesmustalso"takemoreresponsibility".Theyshouldeithermonitortheirwebsitesbettersothatchildren

donotsignuptooearly,ortheyshouldadjusttheirwebsitestotheneedsofyoungerusers.JavedKhan,ofchildren'scharityBamardo's,s

aid:"It'svitalthatnewcompulsoryage-appropriaterelationshipandsexeducationlessonsinEnglandshouldhelpequipchildrentod

ealwiththegrowingdemandsofsocialmedia.“It’salsohugelyimportantforparentstoknowwhichappstheirchildrenareusing.”65.Whydids

omesecondaryschoolstudentsfeeltoomuchpressure?A.Theywerenotprovidedwithadequateequipment.B.Theywerenot

wellpreparedforemotionalrisks.C.Theywererequiredtogivequickresponses.D.Theywerepreventedfromusingmobilephone

s.66.Somesocialappcompaniesweretoblamebecause.A.theydidn'tadequatelychecktheirusers'registrationB.theyorganizedphototripstoattractmoreyoungster

sC.theyencouragedyoungsterstopostmorephotosD.theydidn'tstopyoungstersfromstayinguplate67.Children'scomparingthemselve

stoothersonlinemayleadto.A.lessfriendlinesstoeachotherB.lowerself-identityandconfidenceC.anincreaseinonlinecheatingD.astronger

desiretostayonline68.AccordingtoLifeinLikes,aschildrengrew,theybecamemoreanxiousto.A.circulatetheirpostsquick

lyB.knowthequalitiesoftheirpostsC.usemobilephonesforplayD.getmorepublicapproval69.Whatshouldparentsdotosolvetheproblem?A.Communicatemorewithsecondar

yschools.B.Urgemediacompaniestocreatesaferapps.C.Keeptrackofchildren'suseofsocialmedia.D.Forbidtheirchildrenfromvi

sitingtheweb.70.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Theinfluenceofsocialmediaonchildren.B.Theimportanceofsocialmediatochildren.C.

Theprobleminbuildingahealthyrelationship.D.Themeasuretoreducerisksfromsocialmedia.【答案】65.B66.A67.B68.D69.C70.A【解析】本文为议论文，主要介绍了社交媒体(socialmedia

)使得8-12岁的孩子面临很多压力，并分析了原因，提出了建议。65.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句话Shesaidsocialmediafirmswereexposingchildrentomajoremotionalrisks,withsomeyoungstersst

artingsecondaryschoolill-equippedtocopewiththetremendouspressuretheyfacedonline.可知一些社会媒体公司使孩子们处于大的情感压力下，从而使孩子们感到巨大的压力，故B正确。66.推

理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句话Somesocialappswerepopularamongthechildreneventhoughtheysupposedlyrequireuserstobeatleast13.可知一些apps很受孩

子们欢迎，尽管它们要求使用者不低于13岁，言外之意，他们没有对孩子的年龄进行监管，故选A。67.细节理解题。根据文章第九段childrencomparedthemselvestoothersonlineinawaythatwas"hugelydama

gingintermsoftheirself-identity,intermsoftheirconfidence,butalsointermsoftheirabilitytodevelopthemselves".可知孩子在网上与其他人比较损害他

们的自尊心，自信心以及自我发展的能力，故B正确。68.推理判断题。根据文章第12段However,theresearch—involvingeightgroupsof32childrenaged8to12—suggestedthatastheyheadedtowardtheirteens,th

eybecameincreasinglyanxiousonline.可知随着孩子年龄的增长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据13段Bythetimetheystartedsecondaryschool—atage11—childrenwerealread

yfarmoreawareoftheirimageonlineandfeltunderhugepressuretoensuretheirpostswerepopular,thereportfound.可以推断出他们的压力源于他们渴望自己的发帖能受欢

迎、被认可，由此可见他们渴望得到公众的认可。故选D。69.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段It’salsohugelyimportantforparentstoknowwhichappstheirchildrenareusing.可以推断出父母需要了解孩子在使

用什么apps，所以应该时刻跟踪了解孩子对于社交app的使用。故选C。70.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段Childrenasyoungastenarebecomingdependentonsocialmediafortheirsenseofself-worth,amajorstud

ywarned.可知本文为新闻报道体，文章主要介绍teens变得越来越依赖社交媒体。再根据全文内容可知文章主要介绍了社交媒体对孩子的影响，所以A正确。点睛：推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。

这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。

推理判断题常常可以分为如下几类：（1）细节推断。如时间、地点、人物关系等；（2）逻辑推断。根据已知的结果推断导致结果产生的可能原因；（3）目的、意图、态度推断。根据文章的论述，推断作者的写作目的以及作者情感态度；（4）预测想象推断。文章没有明确说

明，要求根据语篇对文章可能涉及的内容进行预测判断。本题的第二和第四小题都属于细节推理，解答此类题目首先要准确定位信息句，然后根据信息句进行合理判断，如第二小题根据原文信息Somesocialappswerepopularam

ongthechildreneventhoughtheysupposedlyrequireuserstobeatleast13.中关键信息为eventhough后的内容，即尽管他们要求使用者要13岁以上，但在小于13的孩子中仍

很受欢迎，说明他们的监管不力。再如第四小题也属于细节推理题。根据文章第12段However,theresearch—involvingeightgroupsof32childrenaged8to12—suggestedthatastheyheadedtowardthei

rteens,theybecameincreasinglyanxiousonline.可知随着孩子年龄的增长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据13段Bythetimetheystartedsecondaryschool—atage11—childrenwerealr

eadyfarmoreawareoftheirimageonlineandfeltunderhugepressuretoensuretheirpostswerepopular,thereportfound.可以推断

出他们的压力源于他们渴望自己的发帖能受欢迎，被认可，由此可见他们渴望得到公众的认可。Passage6【2018年天津卷】Giveyourselfatest.Whichwayisthewindblowing?Howmanykindsofwildflowerscanbeseen

fromyourfrontdoor?Ifyourawarenessisassharpasitcouldbe,you’llhavenotroubleansweringthesequestions.Mostofusobservedmuchmor

easchildrenthanwedoasadults.Achild’sdayisfilledwithfascination,newnessandwonder.Curiositygaveusallanaturalawareness.Butdistinc

tionsthatweresharptousaschildrenbecomeunclear;wearenumb(麻木的)tonewstimulation(刺激),newideas.Relearningtheartofseeingtheworldaroundusisquit

esimple,althoughittakespracticeandrequiresbreakingsomebadhabits.Thefirststepinawakeningsensesistostoppredictingwhatwear

egoingtoseeandfeelbeforeitoccurs.Thisblocksawareness.OnechillynightwhenIwashikingintheRockyMountainswithsomestudents,Imentionedthatweweregoingtocro

ssamountainstream.Thestudentsbegancomplainingabouthowcolditwouldbe.Wereachedthestream,andtheyunwillinglywalkedahead.Theywerealmostknee-deepwhenthe

yrealizeditwasahotspring.Latertheyalladmittedthey’dfeltcoldwateratfirst.Anotherblocktoawarenessistheobsession(痴迷)m

anyofushavewithnamingthings.Isawbirdwatcherswhospottedabird,immediatelylookeditupinfieldguides,andsaid,a"ruby-crownedki

nglet"andcheckeditoff.Theynolongerpaidattentiontothebirdandneverlearnedwhatitwasdoing.Thepressuresof"time"and"destination"are

furtherblockstoawareness.Iencounteredmanyhikerswhowereheadedtoadistantcamp-groundwithjustenoughtimet

ogettherebeforedark.Itseldomoccurredtothemtowanderabit,totakeamomenttoseewhat’saroundthem.Iaskedthemwhatthey’dseen."Oh,a

fewbirds,"theysaid.Theyseemedbentontheirdestinations.Natureseemstounfoldtopeoplewhowatchandwait.Nexttimeyoutakeawalk,nomatterwherei

tis,takeinallthesights,soundsandsensations.Wanderinthisframeofmindandyouwillopenanewdimensiontoyourlife.51.AccordingtoPa

ragraph2,comparedwithadults,childrenaremore________.A.anxioustodowondersB.sensitivetoothers’feelingsC.likelytodevelopunpleasanthabitsD.eagertoexplore

theworldaroundthem52.WhatideadoestheauthorconveyinParagraph3?A.Toavoidjumpingtoconclusions.B.Tostopcomplainingallthetime.C.Tofoll

owtheteacher’sadvice.D.Toadmitmistakeshonestly.53.Thebirdwatchers’behaviorshowsthatthey________.A.areverypatientintheirobservationB.arereallyfascin

atedbynatureC.careonlyaboutthenamesofbirdsD.questiontheaccuracyofthefieldguides54.Whydothehikerstakenonoticeofthesu

rroundingsduringthejourney?A.Thenaturalbeautyisn’tattractivetothem.B.Theyfocusonarrivingatthecampintime.C.Theforestinthedarkisdangerousforthem.D

.Theyarekeentoseerarebirdsatthedestination.55.Inthepassage,theauthorintendstotellusweshould________.A.filloursen

sestofeelthewondersoftheworldB.getridofsomebadhabitsinourdailylifeC.openourmindtonewthingsandideasD.tryourbesttoprotectnature【答案】51.D52.A53.C54.B55.

A【解析】本文是一篇议论文。我们有多久没有仔细观察我们周围的世界了。作者通过此文要告诉我们：放慢脚步，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。51.推理判断题。根据文章第二段Mostofusobservedmuchmoreaschildrentha

nwedoasadults.Achild’sdayisfilledwithfascination,newnessandwonder.可知，与成人相比较，孩子观察得更多，孩子的一天充满了魔力、新奇和惊奇。从而可以推断出孩子更急于探索他们周围的世界。故选D。52

.推理判断题。根据文章第三段作者叙述在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅行穿过一条小溪的时候，学生们抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为了向读者传递这样的观念：避免过早下结论。故选A。53.细节理解题。根

据文章第四段全段及首句Anotherblocktoawarenessistheobsession(痴迷)manyofushavewithnamingthings.可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。故选C。54.细节理解题。根据文章第五段Iencount

eredmanyhikerswhowereheadedtoadistantcamp-groundwithjustenoughtimetogettherebeforedark.Itseldomoccurredtothemtowanderabit,totakeamomenttoseewhat’

saroundthem.可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。故选B。55.推理判断题。文章作者想要通过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙吧。故选A。2017年阅读理解议论文Pa

ssage1【2017年浙江卷】GettinglesssleephasbecomeabadhabitformostAmericankids.Accordingtoanewsurvey(调查)bytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsage

d10to18gotobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights,eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.LastyeartheFoundationreportedthatnearly60%of7-to12-year-oldssaidtheyfelttir

edduringtheday,and15%saidtheyhadfallenasleepatschool.Howmuchsleepyouneeddependsalotonyourage.Babiesneedalotofrest;mostofthemsle

epabout18hoursaday!Adultsneedabouteighthours.Formostschool-agechildren,tenhoursisideal(理想的).ButthenewN

ationalSleepFoundationsurveyfoundthat35%of10-to12-year-oldsgetonlysevenoreighthours.Andguesswhatalmosthalfofthesurveyedkidssaidtheydobefor

ebedtime?WatchTV."MorechildrenaregoingtobedwithTVson,andtherearemoreopportunities(机会)tostayawake,withmorehomew

ork,theInternetandthephone,"saysDr.MaryCarskadon,asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityMedicalSchool.Shesaystheseactivitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcit

edandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep.Otherexpertssaypartoftheproblemischemical.Changinglevelsofbo

dychemicalscalledhormonesnotonlymaketeenagers’bodiesdevelopadultcharacteristics,butalsomakeithardforteenagerstofallasleepbefore11pm.Becausesl

eepinessissuchaproblemforteenagers,someschooldistrictshavedecidedtostarthighschoolclasseslaterthantheyusedto.Threeyearsago,schoolsinEdina

,Minnesota,changedthestarttimefrom7:25amto8:30am.Students,parentsandteachersarepleasedwiththeresults.25.Whatisthene

wNationalSleepFoundationsurveyon?A.Americankids’sleepinghabits.B.Teenagers’sleep-relateddiseases.C.Activitiestopreventsleeplessness.D.Learning

problemsandlackofsleep.26.Howmanyhoursofsleepdo11-year-oldsneedeveryday?A.7hours.B.8hours.C.10hours.D.18hours.27.Whydoteenagersgotosleeplate

accordingtoCarskadon?A.Theyareaffectedbycertainbodychemicals.B.Theytendtodothingsthatexcitethem.C.Theyfollowtheirpar

ents’examples.D.Theydon’tneedtogotoschoolearly.【解析】试题分析：本文属于议论文，首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子的睡眠状况堪忧，接着告诉我们孩子在不同年龄段需要的睡眠时间不同，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更

多的睡眠时间而推迟了上课的时间。25.A【解析】细节理解题。文中第一段列举了一些数据，向我们说明美国有51%的10到18岁的孩子上床睡觉的时间偏晚，也调查了60%的7到12岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着，所以这些调查都是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的，故选A。26.C【解析】细节

理解题。根据第二段＂Formostschool-agechildren,tenhoursisideal＂可知11岁正在上学的小孩子的理想睡眠时间是10个小时，故选C。27.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段＂Shesa

ystheseactivitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep＂可知她认为孩子们睡觉晚的原因是他们会在睡前做一些让他们兴奋的活动，故选B。Passage

2【2017年浙江卷】FLORENCE,Italy—SvetlanaCojochrufeelshurt.TheMoldovanhaslivedheresevenyearsasacaregivertoItalian

kidsandtheelderly,butinordertostayshe’shadtoproveherlanguageskillsbytakingatestwhichrequireshertowriteapostcardtoanimaginaryfriendandansweraf

ictionaljobad.ItalyisthelatestWesternEuropeancountrytryingtocontrolagrowingimmigrant(移民)populationbydemandinglangua

geskillsinexchangeforworkpermits,orinsomecases,citizenship.Someimmigrantadvocatesworrythatashardfinancialtimesm

akeitmoredifficultfornativestokeepjobs,suchmeasureswillbecomemoreavehicleforintolerancethanintegration(融合).Otherssayit

’sonlynaturalthatnewcomerslearnthelanguageoftheirhostnation,seeingitasaconditiontoensuretheycancontributetosociety.OtherEuropeancountries

laiddownasimilarrequirementforimmigrants,andsometermsareeventougher.Thegovernmentsarguethatthiswillhelpforeignersbetterjointh

esocietyandpromoteunderstandingacrosscultures.Italy,whichhasamuchweakertraditionofimmigration,haswitnessedasharpincreasei

nimmigrationinrecentyears.In1990,immigrantsnumberedsome1.14millionoutofItaly’sthen56.7millionpeople,orabout

2percent.Atthestartofthisyear,foreignerslivinginItalyamountedto4.56millionofatotalpopulationof60.6million,or7.5percent,

withimmigrants’childrenaccountingforaneverlargerpercentageofbirthsinItaly.Cojochru,theMoldovancaregiver,hopedobtainingpermanentresi

dence(居住权)wouldhelpherbringhertwochildrentoItaly;theylivewithhersisterinMoldova,wheresalariesareamongthelowestinEurope.Shew

asskepticalthatthelanguagerequirementwouldencourageintegration.Italiansalways"seemeasaforeigner,"anouts

ider,eventhoughshe’sstayedinthecountryforyearsandcanspeakthelocallanguagefluently,shesaid.28.WhydoesCojochruhavetotakealanguagetest?A.T

ocontinuetostayinItaly.B.ToteachherchildrenItalian.C.TofindabetterjobinItaly.D.TobettermixwiththeItalians.29.Somepe

opleworrythatthenewlanguagerequirementmay.A.reduceItaly’spopulationquicklyB.causeconflictsamongpeopleC.lea

dtofinancialdifficultiesD.putpressureonschools30.WhatdoweknowaboutCojochru?A.SheliveswithhersisternowinItaly.B.SheenjoyslearningtheItalianlan

guage.C.ShespeaksItalianwellenoughforherjob.D.Shewishestogobacktoherhomecountry.【解析】试题分析：本文属于夹叙夹议文，首先叙述了一个叫SvetlanaCojochru的摩尔多瓦人移民到意大利，但为了能够继

续留在意大利，她必须进行语言测试；接着向我们阐述对外来人进行语言测试的原因以及对此的不同声音，然后介绍了意大利的移民史，最后告诉我们Cojochru的居住现状：工资水平很低，而且虽然在意大利生活多年，但意大利本地居民仍会把

她当作外国人来看。28.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的＂butinordertostayshe’shadtoproveherlanguageskillsbytakingatest…＂可知，Cojochru是为了能够继续留在意大利才要参加语言考试的，故选A。29.B【解析】推理判

断题。根据第三段中的＂suchmeasureswillbecomemoreavehicleforintolerancethanintegration＂可知一些人担心对语言水平的要求可能会引起人与人之间的不包

容，即冲突，故选B。30.C【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的＂eventhoughshe’sstayedinthecountryforyearsandcanspeakthelocallanguagefluently＂可知Cojochru的意大利语已经说的得很流利了，故选C。P

assage3【2017年北京卷】Hollywood’stheorythatmachineswithevil(邪恶)mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly

.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethi

ngotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制论）

,putitthisway:＂Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinter

fere(干预),wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.＂Amachinewithaspecificpurpo

sehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-born,norisitsomethi

ngintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendou

tarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswi

tchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligent

machineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuch

amatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usi

ngthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:wehaveyettoinventafirewallt

hatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseem

stobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Butthep

roblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongas

theyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust＂switchthemoff＂

asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSep

tember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,＂Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseato

msistalkingmoonshine.＂However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron-induced(中子诱导)nuclearchain

reaction.67.Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay____________.A.runoutofhumancontrolB.satisfyhuman’srealdesiresC.command

armiesofkillerrobotsD.workfasterthanamathematician68.Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybeca

usetheymightbeableto____________.A.preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyedB.achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependentlyC.doanythingsuccessfull

ywithgivenordersD.beathumansininternationalchessmatches69.Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto____________.A.

helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetterB.besecureagainstevilhumanbeingsC.keepmachinesfrombeingharmedD.avoidrobots’affectingtheworl

d70.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?A.ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.B.I

twillgetworsewithhumaninterference.C.Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.D.Itwillstayforadecade.【答案】67A68A69D70C【解析】试题分析：本文主要介绍了人工智能及它给我们的生活带来的影响。67.推理判

断题。根据第一段Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.可知人工智能

可能会出现的真正问题是AI会非常擅长取得某个成就而不是我们真正想要的东西，也就是说AI可能会超出人的控制去做一些事情，故选A。68.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句Amachinewithaspecificpurpos

ehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.可知，原因是保护它自己的存在的一种愿望，也就是说，它具有有生命的物体的一种品质

是因为它要保护自己不被破坏，继续存在下去，故选A。69.推理判断题。根据第三段usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffec

ttherealworld.可知可以用防火墙来回答那些困难的问题但是却永远不要让他们影响这个真正的现实世界，所以选D。70.推理判断题。根据最后一段Solvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomo

veforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.可知作者认为解决人工智能机器的安全问题是可能的，但是并不容易，也就是很困难，故选C。Passage4【2017年江苏卷】OldProblem,NewApproach

esWhilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife,globalwarmingwillcontinueforsomedecadesafterCO2emissions(排放)peak.Soevenifemissionswere

tobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimatead

aptation.Whenitcomestoadaptation,itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearethereforenottalkinga

boutadaptingtoanewstandard,buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.Thisiswhy,inpartatleast,theUSNationalClimateAssessmentsa

ysthat:"Thereisno‘one-sizefitsall’adaptation."Nevertheless,therearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleri

skorcost.Aroundtheworld,peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways,especiallyinsomepoorcountries.FloodshavebecomemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdeca

des.MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawonlydisaster.Hisnot-for-profitorganizationruns100riverboatsthatserveasfloatinglibraries,

schools,andhealthclinics,andareequippedwithsolarpanelsandothercommunicatingfacilities.Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivity(连接

)toreplacefloodedroadsandhighways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel:hisstaffshowpeoplehowtomakefloatinggardensandfishpondstoprevent

starvationduringthewetseason.ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphelli

vesinamountainousregioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers(冰川)thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreattoagriculture

.Withouttheglaciers,waterwillarriveintheriversattimeswhenitcandamagecrops.Norphel’sinspirationcamefr

omseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespr

ing.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectlytimedirrigation(灌溉)water.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves,Norphelcalculatesthathehasstoredabo

ut200,000m3ofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess,soNorphel’sicereserveswillnotlastforever.Warmingwillovertakethem.Butheisprovidin

gafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill,perhaps,beabletofindothermeansofadapting.IncreasingEarth’sreflectivenesscancoolthep

lanet.InsouthernSpainthesuddenincreaseofgreenhouses(whichreflectlightbacktospace)haschangedthewarmingtrendlocally,andactuallycooledtheregion.WhileSpa

inasawholeisheatingupquickly,temperaturesnearthegreenhouseshavedecreased.Thisexampleshouldactasaninspirationforallc

ities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite,citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.InPeru,localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthathas

alreadyfallenvictimtoclimatechangehavebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflective

nesswillrestorethelife-givingice.Theoutcomeisstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincludedtheprojectonitslistof"100ideastosavethe

planet".Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.AfriendofmineownsanareaoflandinwesternVict

oria.Overfivegenerationsthelandhasbeentoowetforcropping.Butduringthepastdecadedecliningrainfallhasallowedhimtoplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmersinm

anycountriesarealsoadaptinglikethis—eitherbygrowingnewproduce,orbygrowingthesamethingsdifferently.Thisiscommonsense.Butsomesuggestionsforadaptingaren

ot.Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe’velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it’sanonsensedesig

nedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.Humanbeingswillcontinuetoadapttothechangingclimateinbothordinaryandastonishingways.Butthemostsensiblefo

rmofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.Afterall,ifweadaptinthatway,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinso

manyothers.65.TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies.A.adaptationisanever-changingprocessB.thecostofadaptationv

arieswithtimeC.globalwarmingaffectsadaptationformsD.adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging66.WhatisspecialwithregardtoRezwan’sprojec

t?A.Theprojectreceivesgovernmentsupport.B.Differentorganizationsworkwitheachother.C.Hisorganizationmakesthebestofabadsituation.D.Thepr

ojectconnectsfloodedroadsandhighways.67.WhatdidtheIceMandotoreducetheeffectofglobalwarming?A.Storingiceforfuture

use.B.Protectingtheglaciersfrommelting.C.Changingtheirrigationtime.D.Postponingthemeltingoftheglaciers.68.WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexa

mple?A.Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.B.Theglobalwarmingtrendcannotbestopped.C.Thiscountryisheati

nguptooquickly.D.Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.69.Accordingtotheauthor,pollutingindustri

esshould.A.adapttocarbonpollutionB.planthighlyprofitablecropsC.leavecarbonemissionaloneD.fightagainstcarbonpollution70.What’stheauthor’spr

eferredsolutiontoglobalwarming?A.Settingupanewstandard.B.Reducingcarbonemission.C.Adaptingtoclimatechange.D.Monitoringpollutingin

dustries.【答案】65.A66.C67.A68.D69.D70.B【解析】文章大意：文章关注的是我们熟悉的话题——气候变暖，不同的是，文章给出了一些应对气候变暖的新途径。65.A【解析】考查句意理解。根据上文中的"Wearetherefore...butt

oaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions"可知，对于不断变化的环境，没有一个通用的方法来解决所有这样的问题。故画线部分暗示的是适应环境也是一个不断变化的过程。故A正确。66.C【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段首句

可知，世界范围内尤其是一些贫穷地区的人们使用了令人意想不到的方法去适应环境的改变，化劣势为优势，再结合下文的内容可知，Rezwan就是这么做的，故答案为C。67.A【解析】考查细节理解。由第四段中的"...Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswher

eitfroze，andwasstoreduntilthespring..."可知，他把水引入盆地，水在那里结冰并被存储到春天使用，故A正确。68.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第六段的内容可知，在秘鲁当地的农民

会把整个山峰涂成白色来增强对阳光的反射，希望借此来保护冰不被融化，再结合第五段的内容可知，反射太阳光可能会减轻全球变暖，故D项正确。69.D【解析】考查推理判断。根据第七段中的"Whenthepollutingindustriesargue

thatwe’velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt"可知，污染行业辩称因为人们没有赢得治理碳污染的战役，只能适应，再结合下文的"it’sanonsensedesignedtomaketh

ecaseforbusinessasusual"可知，作者认为污染行业的这种说法是荒谬的，其目的是给自己的商业行为制造借口。由此可推知，对于污染行业来说，负责任的做法是同碳污染抗争，以减少碳排放，故D正确。70.B【解析】考查细节理解。根据最

后一段第二句"Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution"可知，作者认为最明智的应对全球变暖的

方法是减少碳排放，故B正确。Passage5【2017年天津卷】Ireadsomewherethatwespendafullthirdofourliveswaiting.Butwherearewedoingallofthi

swaiting,andwhatdoesitmeantoanimpatientsocietylikeours?Tounderstandtheissue,let’stakealookatthreetypesof“w

aits”.TheverypurestformofwaitingistheWatched-PotWait.Itiswithoutdoubtthemostannoyingofall.Takefillingupthekitchensink(洗碗池)asa

nexample.Thereisabsolutelynothingyoucandowhilethisisgoingonbutkeepbotheyesfixedonthesinkuntilit’sfull.Duringthesewaits

,thebrainslipsawayfromthebodyandwandersaboutuntilthewaterrunsovertheedgeofthecounterandontoyoursocks.Thiskindofwaitmakesthewaiterhelpl

essandmindless.AcousintotheWatched-PotWaitistheForcedWait.Thisonerequiresabitofdiscipline.Properlypreparingpackagedn

oodlesouprequiresaForcedWait.Directionsareveryspecific.“Bringthreecupsofwatertoboil,addmix,simmerthreeminutes,removef

romheat,letstandfiveminutes.”Ihavemydoubtsthatanyonehasactuallyfollowedtheproceduresstrictly.Afterall,ForcedWaitingrequirespatience.Perhapsthemostp

owerfultypeofwaitingistheLucky-BreakWait.Thistypeofwaitisunusualinthatitisforthemostpartvoluntary.Un

liketheForcedWait,whichisalsovoluntary,waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatitwillhappen.Turn

ingone’slifeintoawaitinggamerequiresfaithandhope,andisstrictlyfortheoptimistsamongus.Onthesurfaceitseemsasridiculousasfollowingthedire

ctionsonsoupmixes,buttheLucky-BreakWaitwellservesthosewhoarewillingtodoit.Aslongasonedoesn’tcometorelyonit,wishingforafewgoo

dthingstohappenneverhurtsanybody.Wecertainlydospendagooddealofourtimewaiting.Thenexttimeyou’restandingatthesinkwa

itingforittofillwhilecookingnoodlesoupthatyou’llhavetoeatuntilalargebagofcashfallsoutofthesky,don’tbed

esperate.You’reprobablyjustasbusyasthenextguy.51.WhiledoingaWatched-PotWait,wetendto___________.A.keepourselvesbusyB.getabsent

-mindedC.growanxiousD.stayfocused52.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheForcedWaitandtheWatched-PotWait?A.TheForcedWaitrequiressomeself

-control.B.TheForcedWaitmakespeoplepassive.C.TheWatched-PotWaitneedsdirections.D.TheWatched-PotWaiten

gagesbodyandbrain.53.WhatcanwelearnabouttheLucky-BreakWait?A.ItislessvoluntarythantheForcedWait.B.Itd

oesn’talwaysbringthedesiredresult.C.ItismorefruitfulthantheForcedWait.D.Itdoesn’tgivepeoplefaithandhope.54.Whatdoestheauthoradviseu

stodothenexttimewearewaiting?A.Takeitseriously.B.Don’trelyonothers.C.Dosomethingelse.D.Don’tloseheart.55.Theauthorsupportshisviewb

y____________.A.exploringvariouscausesof“waits”B.describingdetailedprocessesof“waits”C.analyzingdifferentcategoriesof“waits”D.revealingfr

ustratingconsequencesof“waits”【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。文章主要通过介绍三种不同种类的等待来论述我们花费大量的时间来等待，而且作者陈述了自己的观点，即充满希望和信念地等待。51.B【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段的句子Duringthesewaits

,thebrainslipsawayfromthebodyandwandersaboutuntilthewaterrunsovertheedgeofthecounterandontoyoursocks.Thiskindofwai

tmakesthewaiterhelplessandmindless.可知选B。52.A【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段内容，尤其是Thisonerequiresabitofdiscipline.及Afterall,ForcedWaitingrequirespatience

.可知选A。53.B【解析】考查细节理解。根据第四段的句子UnliketheForcedWait,whichisalsovoluntary,waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthat

itwillhappen.可知选B。54.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段第二句可以判断出下次当我们等待的时候作者建议我们不要灰心、绝望。故选D。55.C【解析】考查推理判断。通读全文可以知道，作者在二、三

、四段列举了三种类型的等待，所以判断出作者是通过分析不同种类的等待来支持自己的观点的。故选C。2016年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2016年新课标Ⅲ卷】Badnewssells.Ifitbleeds

,itleads.Nonewsisgoodnews,andgoodnewsisnonews.Thosearetheclassicrulesfortheeveningbroadcastsandthemorningpaper

s.Butnowthatinformationisbeingspreadandmonitored(监控)indifferentways,researchersarediscoveringnewrules.Bytrackingpeople’se-mailsando

nlineposts,scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsobstories.＂The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksform

assmedia,＂saysJonahBerger,ascholarattheUniversityofPennsylvania.＂Theywantyoureyeballsanddon’tcarehowyou’refeeling.Butwhenyous

hareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youdon’twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.＂Researchersanalyzingwor

d-of-mouthcommunication—e-mails,Webpostsandreviews,face-to-faceconversations—foundthatittendedtobemorepositivethanne

gative(消极的),butthatdidn’tnecessarilymeanpeoplepreferredpositivenews.Waspositivenewssharedmoreoftensimplybecausepeopleex

periencedmoregoodthingsthanbadthings?Totestforthatpossibility,Dr.Bergerlookedathowpeoplespreadaparticularsetofnewsstories:thousandsofarticlesonT

heNewYorkTimes’website.HeandaPenncolleagueanalyzedthe＂moste-mailed＂listforsixmonths.Oneofhisfirstfindingswasthatarticlesinthesciencesection

weremuchmorelikelytomakethelistthannon-sciencearticles.HefoundthatscienceamazedTimes’readersandmadethemwanttosharethispositivefeelingwithothe

rs.Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranx

iety,butnotarticlesthatleftthemmerelysad.Theyneededtobearoused(激发)onewayortheother,andtheypreferredgoodnewstobad.Themorepositiveanarticle,them

orelikelyitwastobeshared,asDr.Bergerexplainsinhisnewbook,＂Contagious:WhyThingsCatchOn.＂32.Whatdotheclassicrulesmentionedinthe

textapplyto?A.Newsreports.B.Researchpapers.C.Privatee-mails.D.Dailyconversations.33.WhatcanweinferaboutpeoplelikeDebbi

eDowner?A.They’resociallyinactive.B.They’regoodattellingstories.C.They’reinconsiderateofothers.D.They’recarefulwit

htheirwords.34.Whichtendedtobethemoste-mailedaccordingtoDr.Berger’sresearch?A.Sportsnews.B.Sciencearticles.C.Per

sonalaccounts.D.Financialreviews.35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.SadStoriesTravelFarandWide.B.OnlineNewsAttractsMorePeople.C.Readi

ngHabitsChangewiththeTimes.D.GoodNewsBeatsBadonSocialNetworks.【答案】32.A33.C34.B35.D【解析】试题分析：人们常说＂没有消息就是最好的消息＂。类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体，在网络普及的时代，好消息在网络上的传播

速度比坏消息要快很多。32.A细节理解题。根据第二段中的＂The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia＂可知，像＂itbleeds＂这样的传统说法适用于大众媒体，故选A。33.C推理判断题。根据＂youcarealotmoreho

wtheyreact＂可知，你非常在乎朋友听完你讲的故事后的反应，根据＂Youdon’twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.＂可知，你不想被当作一个＂DebbieDowner＂，说明DebbieDowner指的是＂一个不为他人考虑的人＂

，故选C。34.B细节理解题。根据第三段中的＂articlesinthesciencesectionweremuchmorelikelytomakethelistthannon-sciencearticles＂可知，科技类的文章比非科技类的

更有可能被人们讨论，故选B。35.D标题选择题。根据第一段中的＂Bytrackingpeople’se-mailsandonlineposts,scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfaster

andfartherthandisastersandsobstories.＂可知，好消息在网络上传播得更快，影响更深远，说明文章主要讲的是好消息通过网络的传播，故选D。Passage2【2016年浙江卷】"Didyouhearwhath

appenedtoAdamlastFriday?"LindseywhisperstoTori.Withhereyesshining,Toribrags,"YoubetIdid.Seantoldmetwodaysago."WhoareLindseyandTor

italkingabout?Itjusthappenstobeyourstruly,AdamFreedman.Icantellyouthatwhattheyaresayingis(a)notniceand(b)notev

entrue.Still,LindseyandToriaren’tverydifferentfrommoststudentshereatLintonHighSchool,includingme.Manyofourconversationsaregossip(闲话).Ihaveno

ticedthreeeffectsofgossip:itcanhurtpeople,itcangivegossipersastrangekindofsatisfaction,anditcancausesocialpressuresinagroup.Animporta

ntnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthepersonbeingtalkedabout.Usually,gossipspreadsinformationaboutatopic—breakups,troubl

eathome,evendroppingout—thatapersonwouldratherkeepsecret.Themoreembarrassingorshamefulthesecretis,thejuicierthegossipitmakes.Probablytheworstty

peofgossipistheabsolutelie.Peopleoftenthinkofgossipersasharmless,butcruelliescancausepain.Ifweknowthatgossipcan

beharmful,thenwhydosomanyofusdoit?Theanswerliesinanothereffectofgossip:thesatisfactionitgivesus.Sharingthelatestrumor(传言)canmakeapersonfeelimportan

tbecauseheorsheknowssomethingthatothersdon’t.Similarly,hearingthelatestrumorcanmakeapersonfeellikepartofthe"

ingroup."Inotherwords,gossipissatisfyingbecauseitgivespeopleasenseofbelongingorevensuperiority(优越感).Gossipalsocanhaveathirde

ffect:itstrengthensunwritten,unspokenrulesabouthowpeopleshouldact.ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgos

sipisimportantinpolicingbehaviorsinagroup.Translatedintohighschoolterms,thismeansthatifeverybodyyouhangaroundwithislaughingatwhatJohnworeorwhatJanes

aid,thenyoucanbetthatwearingorsayingsomethingsimilarwillgetyouthesamekindofnegativeattention.Thedo’sanddon’tsconveyedthro

ughgossipwillnevershowupinanystudenthandbook.Theeffectsofgossipvarydependingonthesituation.Thenexttime

youfeeltheurgetospreadthelatestnews,thinkaboutwhyyouwanttogossipandwhateffectsyour"juicystory"mighthave.41.Theauthorusesaconversa

tionatthebeginningofthepassageto___________.A.introduceatopicB.presentanargumentC.describethecharactersD.clarifyhiswritingpurp

ose42.Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatit___________.A.breaksuprelationshipsB.embarrassesthelistenerC.spreadsinformationaroundD.c

ausesunpleasantexperiences43.Intheauthor’sopinion,manypeopleliketogossipbecauseit___________.A.givesthemafeelingofpleasureB.helpsthemtomakemore

friendsC.makesthembetterattellingstoriesD.enablesthemtomeetimportantpeople44.ProfessorDavidWilsonthinksthatgossipc

an___________.A.providestudentswithwrittenrulesB.helppeoplewatchtheirownbehaviorsC.forceschoolstoimprovestudenthandbooksD.a

ttractthepolice’sattentiontogroupbehaviors45.Whatadvicedoestheauthorgiveinthepassage?A.Neverbecomeagossiper.B.Stayawayfromgossipers.C.Don’

tletgossipturnintolies.D.Thinktwicebeforeyougossip.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。41.【答案】A【解析】根据文章第三段的Manyofo

urconversationsaregossip(闲话)可知开头的对话是为了引入本文的主题，故选A。42.【答案】D【解析】根据文章第四段的Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthepersonbeingtal

kedabout可知其主要危害是会给被讨论的人带来不愉快的经历，故选D。43.【答案】A【解析】根据文章第五段的Theanswerliesinanothereffectofgossip:thesatisfactionitgivesus可

知人们散播传言是因为它会给他们带来满足感，故选A。44.【答案】B【解析】根据文章第六段的ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgossipisimportantinpolic

ingbehaviorsinagroup可知他认为传言能帮助人们监督、观察自身的行为，故选B。45.【答案】D【解析】根据文章最后一段的Thenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetospreadthelatestnews,thinkaboutwhyyouwanttogossipand

whateffectsyour“juicystory”mighthave可知作者的建议是让人们在传闲话之前三思而后行。故选D。Passage3【2016年北京卷】WhyCollegeIsNotHomeT

hecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperi

odofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftoday’sstudentsandarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.Forprevious

generations,collegewasadecisivebreakfromparentalcontrol;guidanceandsupportneededtocomefrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.Inthepasttwodecades,howe

ver,continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily,thankstocellphones,emailandsocialmedia,haveincreasedsigni

ficantly.Someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollegeasapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyanda

dultresponsibility,universitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironmentasthatofthehome.Toprepareforincreasedautonomyandresponsibi

lity,collegeneedstobeatimeofexplorationandexperimentation.Thisprocessinvolves＂tryingon＂newwaysofthinkingaboutoneselfbotherinte

llectually(在思维方面)andpersonally.Whileweshouldprovide＂safespaces＂withincolleges,wemustalsomakeitsafetoexpressopi

nionsandchallengemajorityviews.Intellectualgrowthandflexibilityarefosteredbystrictdebateandquestioning.Learningtodealwit

hthesocialworldisequallyimportant.Becauseacollegecommunity(群体)differsfromthefamily,manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging.Ifstudentsrelyonad

ministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithinalargerandcompl

excommunity.Moreover,thetendencyforuniversitiestomonitorandshapestudentbehaviorrunsupagainstanothercharacteristicofyoungadults

:theresponsetobeingcontrolledbytheirelders.Ifacceptablesocialbehavioristoostrictlydefined(规定)andcontrolled,theinsensitiveoraggressivebehaviorthatadmi

nistratorsareseekingtominimizemayactuallybeencouraged.Itisnotsurprisingthatyoungpeoplearelikelytoburstout,particularlywhentherearer

easonstodoso.Ourgenerationoncejoinedhandsandstoodfirmattimesofnationalemergency.Whatislackingtodayistheconflictbetweenadolescent’sdesireforautonomyan

dtheirunderstandingofanunsafeworld.Therefore,thereisthedesirefortheirdormstobereplacementhomesandnotplacestoexperienceintellectualgrowth.Everycolleg

ediscussionaboutcommunityvalues,socialclimateandbehaviorshouldincluderecognitionofthedevelopmentalimportanceofstudentautonomyandself-regulation,o

fthenecessarytensionbetweensafetyandself-discovery.67.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardcontinuedparentalguidancetocollegestudent

s?A.Sympathetic.B.Disapproving.C.Supportive.D.Neutral.68.Theunderlinedword＂passage＂inParagraph2means_________.A.changeB.choiceC.textD.extensi

on69.Accordingtotheauthor,whatroleshouldcollegeplay?A.Todevelopasharedidentityamongstudents.B.Todefi

neandregulatestudents’socialbehavior.C.Toprovideasafeworldwithouttensionforstudents.D.Tofosterstudents’intellectuala

ndpersonaldevelopment.70.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage?I:IntroductionP:PointSp:Sub-point(次要点)C:Conclusion【答案】67.B68

.A69.D70.C【解析】试题分析：大学并不是温暖的家，也不能成为学生的家。大学时期应该是培养自主性和自我同一性的重要时期，大学是孩子脱离父母控制的决定性时期，因此，学校不应该成为像家庭一样让孩子依赖的地方。67.B观点态度题。根据第一段＂

Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However...＂可知，作者认为，大学不应该成为孩子们依赖的＂家＂，说明

作者不赞成父母继续指导上大学的孩子，故选B。68.A词义猜测题。根据＂fromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility＂可知，从受家庭的庇护到有自主性

和肩负成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故选A。69.D推理判断题。每个人的个性都是不同的，排除A；根据第四段＂Ifstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbeh

aviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacing...＂可知，作者不赞成大学管理者约束学生的社会行为，排除B；大学不应该是一个无忧无虑的场所，排除C；大学应该是获得知识和促进学生成长的地方，故选D。70.C篇章结构题。根据第四段＂Learningtod

ealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.＂中的＂equallyimportant＂和第五段的＂Moreover＂可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要论点，故选C。Passage4【2016年上海卷】Istherelink

betweenhumansandclimatechangeornot?Thisquestionwasfirststudiedintheearly1900s.Sincethen,manyscientistshaveth

oughtthatouractionsdomakeadifference.In1997,theKyotoProtocolexplainedourroleintheEarth’schangingatmosphereand

setinternationallimitsforgasemissions(排放)from2008to2012.Somecountrieshavedecidedtocontinuethesereductionsunti

l2020.Morerecently,theParisAgreement,stuckbynearly200countries,alsoaimstolimitglobalwarming.Butjustnowho

wmuchwarmeritwillgetdependsonhowdeeplycountriescutcarbonemissions.3.5℃Thisishowmuchtemperatureswouldriseby

2100evenifnationsliveuptotheinitialParispromisestoreducecarbonemissions;thisrisecouldstillputcoastalcitiesunderwateranddriveoverhalf

ofallspeciestoextinction.2℃Tomeetthisminimumgoal,theAgreementrequirescountriestotightenemissionstargetseveryfiveyears.Eventhisincreasecouldsinksome

islands,worsedrought(干旱)anddriveadeclineofuptoathirdinthenumberofspecies.1.5℃Thisisthemostambitiousgoa

lfortemperaturerisesetbytheParisAgreement,afterapushbylow-lyingislandnationslikeKiribati,whichsaylimitingtemperatureriseto1.5℃couldsavethemfromsinki

ng.0.8℃Thisishowmuchtemperatureshaverisensincetheindustrialagebegan,puttingus40%ofthewaytothe2℃point.0℃Thebaselinehereisaverageglobal

temperaturebeforethestartoftheindustrialage.70.Itcanbeconcludedfromparagraph1that_______.A.theproblemo

fglobalwarmingwillhavebeenquitesolvedby2020B.gasemissionshavebeeneffectivelyreducedindevelopedcountriesC.theParisAgreementsismoreinfluentialthan

theKyotoProtocolD.humanshavemadecontinuouseffortstoslowdownglobalwarming71.IfnationscouldonlykeeptheinitialpromisesoftheParisAgreement,wha

twouldhappenbytheyear2100?A.Thehumanpopulationwouldincreasebyonethird.B.Littleover50%ofallspecieswouldstillexist.C.Nationswouldnotneedt

otightentheiremissionstargets.D.TheAgreement’sminimumgoalwouldnotbereached.72.Ifthoseislandnationsnotfarabovesealevelaretosurvive

,themaximumtemperaturerise,sincethestartoftheindustrialage,shouldbe_______.A.0.8℃B.1.5℃C.2℃D.3.5℃【答案】70.D71.D72.B【解析】试题分析：本文介

绍了人们一直努力减少温室气体的排放，并设立了到2100年我们应该达成的目标以及达成目标要符合的条件。70.D推理判断题。根据文章第一段第三句至第六句＂Sincethen,manyscientistshavet

houghtthatouractionsdomakeadifference.In1997,theKyoto......stuckbynearly200countries,alsoaimstolimitglob

alwarming.＂可知自从20世纪早期开始人类就一直在努力减少温室气体的排放，希望能减缓全球变暖的趋势。故D项正确。71.D推理判断题。根据文章第二段Thisishowmuchtemperatureswouldriseby2100evenifna

tionsliveuptotheinitialParispromisestoreducecarbonemissions…可知如果各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求，到2100年气温会比现在高三度。而根据第三段Tomeetthisminimumgoal可知最小

的目标是上升两度。也就是说即使各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求，也达不到最小的目标。故D正确。72.B细节理解题。根据第四段1.5℃中的ThisisthemostambitiousgoalfortemperaturerisesetbytheParisAgr

eement,afterapushbylow-lyingislandnationslikeKiribati,whichsaylimitingtemperatureriseto1.5℃couldsavethemfromsinking.可知对于那些低海拔的国家来说温度上升不超过1.5度，就

可以避免他们被淹没。故B正确。Passage5【2016年四川卷】Ifyoucouldhaveonesuperpower,whatwoulditbe?Dreamingaboutwhetheryouwouldwanttoreadminds,seethrough

walls,orhavesuperhumanstrengthmaysoundsilly,butitactuallygetstotheheartofwhatreallymattersinyourlife.Everydayinourwork,wearein

spiredbythepeoplewemeetdoingextraordinarythingstoimprovetheworld.Theyhaveadifferentkindofsuperpowerthatal

lofuspossess:thepowertomakeadifferenceinthelivesofothers.We’renotsayingthateveryoneneedstocontributetheirlivestot

hepoor.Yourlivesarebusyenoughdoinghomework,playingsports,makingfriends,seekingafteryourdreams.Butwedothinkthatyoucanliv

eamorepowerfullifewhenyoudevotesomeofyourtimeandenergytosomethingmuchlargerthanyourself.Findanissueyouareinterestedinandlearnmore.Volunteeror,ifyouca

n,contributealittlemoneytoacause.Whateveryoudo,don’tbeabystander.Getinvolved.Youmayhavetheopportunitytomak

eyourbiggestdifferencewhenyou’reolder.Butwhynotstartnow?Ourownexperienceworkingtogetheronhealth,development,andenergythelasttwentyy

earshasbeenoneofthemostrewardingpartsofourlives.Ithaschangedwhoweareandcontinuestofuelouroptimismabouthowmuch

thelivesofthepoorestpeoplewillimproveintheyearsahead.24.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph2referto?A.Yourlif

estyle.B.Yourlifevalue.C.Yourtroubleinlife.D.Yourlifeexperience.25.Whydoestheauthorsaytheyareinspiredeveryday?A.Theypossessdifferent

kindsofsuperpowers.B.Theyhavegotthepowertochangetheworld.C.Somepeoplearoundthemaremakingtheworldbetter.D.Therearemanypowerfulpeopleinthe

irlifeandwork.26.WhatdoestheauthorstressinParagraph5?A.Learningmoreandcontributingmoretoacause.B.Risingaboveselfandactingtohelpothers.C.Workingh

ardtogetabiggeropportunity.D.Tryingyourbesttohelpthepoor.27.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Theauthorbelievesthelive

softhepoorestwillgetbetter.B.Muchmoreprogresswillbemadeinthenearfuture.C.Theworkonhealthisthemostvaluableexperi

ence.D.People’seffortshavebeenmateriallyrewarded.【答案】24.B25.C26.B27.A【解析】试题分析：本文以虚拟语气的问句形式开头，鼓励人们奉献自己的一些时间和精力去帮助别人，最穷人的生活将会变得更好。24.B词

义猜测题。此处是说，梦想着能读懂别人心思，看穿墙，或者拥有超能力，这些可能听起来很荒唐，但是实际上它是你生活的价值的核心。故选B。25.C细节理解题。根据第三段Everydayinourwork,weareinspiredbyth

epeoplewemeetdoingextraordinarythingstoimprovetheworld.可知每天在我们的工作中，我们会受到一些人的鼓舞，他们在做一些特别的事情来改善世界。故选C。26.B推理判断题。综合第五段内容可知，作者想要告诉我们，提升自己

，行动起来帮助别人。故选B。27.A推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，它已经改变了我们是谁，并将在以后的这些年里继续点燃我们对改善穷人生活的乐观情绪。故选A。Passage6【2016年天津卷】Failureisprobablyth

emostexhaustingexperienceapersoneverhas.Thereisnothingmoretiringthannotsucceeding.Weexperiencethistirednessintwoways:asstart-upf

atigue(疲惫)andperformancefatigue.Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffataskbecauseithaseithertooboringortoodifficult.Andthelongerwedelayit,themor

etiredwefeel.Suchstart-upfatigueisveryreal,evenifnotactuallyphysical,notsomethinginourmusclesandbones.Thesolutionisobviousthoughperhapsnoteasytoa

pply:alwayshandlethemostdifficultjobfirst.Yearsago,Iwasaskedtowrite102essaysonthegreatideasofsomefamousau

thors.Applyingmyownrule,Ideterminedtowritetheminalphabeticalorder(按字母顺序),neverlettingmyselfleaveoutatoughidea.AndIalwaysstartedtheday’swork

withthedifficulttaskofessay-writing.Experienceprovedthattheruleworks.Performancefatigueismoredifficulttohandle.Thoughwil

lingtogetstarted,wecannotseemtodothejobright.Itsdifficultiesappearsogreatthat,howeverhardwework,wefailagainandagain.Insuchasitu

ation,IworkashardasIcan—thenlettheunconscioustakeover.WhenplanningEncyclopaediaBritannica(《大英百科全书》),Ihadtocreateatableofcontentsbasedonthetopicsofi

tsarticles.Nothinglikethishadeverbeendonebefore,anddayafterdayIkeptcomingupwithsolutions,butnoneofthemworked.Myfatig

uebecamealmostunbearable.Oneday,mentallyexhausted,Iwrotedownallthereasonswhythisproblemcouldnotbesolved.Itriedt

oconvincemyselfthatthetroublewaswiththeproblemitself,notwithme.Relieved,Isatbackinaneasychairandfellasl

eep.Anhourlater,Iwokeupsuddenlywiththesolutionclearlyinmind.Intheweeksthatfollowed,thesolutionwhichhadcomeupinmyunconsciousmin

dprovedcorrectateverystep.ThoughIworkedashardasbefore,Ifeltnofatigue.Successwasnowasexcitingasfailurehadbeendepressing

.Humanbeings,Ibelievemusttrytosucceed.Success,then,meansneverfeelingtired.51.Peoplewithstart-upfatiguearemo

stlikelyto_____________.A.delaytasksB.workhardC.seekhelpD.acceptfailure52.Whatdoestheauthorrecommenddoingtopreventstart-upfatig

ue?A.Writingessaysinstrictorder.B.Buildingupphysicalstrength.C.Leavingoutthetoughestideas.D.Dealingwiththehardesttaskfirst.53.Onwhatoccasiondoesap

ersonprobablysufferfromperformancefatigue?A.Beforestartingadifficulttask.B.Whenallthesolutionsfail.C.Ifthejobi

sratherboring.D.Afterfindingawayout.54.Accordingtotheauthor,theunconsciousmindmayhelpus_____________

.A.ignorementalproblemsB.getsomenicesleepC.gaincompletereliefD.findtherightsolution55.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Succes

sIsBuiltuponFailureB.HowtoHandlePerformanceFatigueC.GettingoverFatigue:AWaytoSuccessD.Fatigue:AnEarlySignofHealthProblems【语

篇解读】这是一篇夹叙夹议文章。文章主要介绍每个人都希望成功，但是人们在实施任务的时候会出现启动疲惫和表现疲惫，这是造成失败的两种原因，并介绍了如何克服这两种疲惫。51.A【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段的句子Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffata

sk可知，有启动疲惫的人更可能拖延任务。故选A。52.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段的句子Thesolutionisobviousthoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:alwayshandlethemostdifficultjobfir

st可知，为了防止启动疲惫，作者建议首先处理最难的任务。故选D。53.B【解析】考查细节理解。根据第五段的句子Performancefatigueismoredifficulttohandle可知，当所有的解决方法都失败的时候，一个人可能

会有表现疲惫。故选B。54.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第五段的最后一句话可知，无意识的行为可能帮助我们发现正确的解决方法。故选D。55.C【解析】考查标题归纳。根据全篇文章，尤其是最后一段的内容可知，文章主要介绍造成失败的两

种疲惫以及如何克服疲惫。故选C。2015年阅读理解议论文Passage1【2015年新课标Ⅱ卷】Morestudentsthaneverbeforearetakingagapyear(间隔年)beforegoingtouniversity.

Itusedtobethe“yearoff”betweenschoolanduniversity.Thegap-yearphenomenonoriginated(起源)withthemonthsleftovertoOxbridgeapplicantsbetweenentranceexam

sinNovemberandthestartofthenextacademicyear.Thisyear,25,310studentswhohaveacceptedplacesinhighereducationinstitutionshaveputofftheire

ntryuntilnextyear,accordingtostatisticsonuniversityentranceprovidedbytheUniversityandCollegeAdmissionsService(UCAS).Thatisarecord14.7%increaseinthe

numberofstudentstakingagapyear.TonyHigginsfromUCASsaidthatthestatisticsaregoodnewsforeveryoneinhighereducation.“Studentswhotakeawell-plannedye

aroutaremorelikelytobesatisfiedwith,andcomplete,theirchosencourse.Studentswhotakeagapyearareoftenmorematureandresponsible,”hesaid.

Butnoteveryoneishappy.OwainJames,thepresidentoftheNationalUnionofStudents(NUS),arguedthattheincreaseisevidenceofstud

enthardship–youngpeoplearebeingforcedintoearningmoneybeforefinishingtheireducation.“Newstudentsarenowawarethattheyar

elikelytoleaveuniversityupto￡15,000indebt.Itisnotsurprisingthatmoreandmorestudentsaretakingagapyeartoearnmoneytosuppo

rttheirstudyforthedegree.NUSstatisticsshowthatover40%ofstudentsareforcedtoworkduringtermtimeandthefigureincreasesto90%duringvaca

tingperiods,”hesaid.29.Whatdowelearnaboutthegapyearfromthetext?A.Itisflexibleinlength.B.ItisatimeforrelaxationC.ItisincreasinglypopularD.Itisrequired

byuniversities30.AccordingtoTonyHiggins.studentstakingagapyear____.A.arebetterpreparedforcollegestudie

sB.knowalotmoreabouttheirfuturejobC.aremorelikelytoleaveuniversityindebtD.haveabetterchancetoentertopuniver

sities31.HowdoesOwainJamesfeelaboutthegap-yearphenomenon?A.He’spuzzledB.He’sworriedC.He’ssurprisedD.He’sannoyed32.Wha

twouldmoststudentsdoontheirvacationaccordingtoNUSstatistics?A.Attendadditionalcourses.B.Makeplansforthenewte

rmC.EarnmoneyfortheireducationD.Preparefortheirgraduatestudies【解析】试题分析:本文提到大学的学费高使得很多大学生在上学学前就要先去挣钱然后再上大学学习。这样的好处是

让学生更珍惜大学的时光，更成熟有责任感。但是也给人们带来了思考。29.C推理判断题。由短文第一段Morestudentsthaneverbeforearetakingagapyear(间隔年)beforegoingtouniver

sity.可知，过间隔年学生比以前多了，第二段第一句话Thatisarecord14.7%increaseinthenumber(ofstudentstakingagapyear.可知体验间隔年数量上升了14.7%，说明越来越受到欢迎，因此选C。30.A细节理解题。由人名定位到短文第

三段。Studentswhotakeawell-plannedyearoutaremorelikelytobesatisfiedwith,andcomplete,theirchosencourse.Studentswh

otakeagapyearareoftenmorematureandresponsible,”hesaid.第三段在说它的优点，有间隔年之后再去上大学，会让人更成熟有责任感，对大学的学习有帮助。故选A。31.B细节理解题。根

据文章最后一段Butnoteveryoneishappy.然后提到Owain，OwainJames,thepresidentoftheNationalUnionofStudents(NUS),arguedthattheincreas

eisevidenceofstudenthardship，这证明学生很难；…moreandmorestudentsaretakingagapyeartoearnmoneytosupporttheirstudyforthedegree.他说越来越多的学生会在g

apyear期间是要去挣大学的费用。故选B。32.C细节理解题。根据文章最后一句话可知：NUSstatisticsshowthatover40%ofstudentsareforcedtoworkduringtermtimeandthefigurei

ncreasesto90%duringvacatingperiods,”数据表明，40%多的学生在学校兼职，90%的学生要在假期打工挣学费。Passage2【2015年浙江卷】Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderth

elightofthemoonandstars，wewouldgoindarknesshappily,themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnal(

夜间活动的)speciesonthisplanet.Instead,wearediurnalcreatures,witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun'slight.Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact,e

venthoughmostofusdon'tthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeings.Yetit'stheonlywaytoexplainwhatwe'vedonetothenight:We

'veengineeredittoreceiveusbyfillingitwithlight.Thebenefitsofthiskindofengineeringcomewithconsequences—calledlightpo

llution—whoseeffectsscientistsareonlynowbeginningtostudy.Lightpollutionislargelytheresultofbadlightingdesign,whichallowsartificiallighttoshine

outwardandupwardintothesky.Ⅲ-designedlightingwashesoutthedarknessofnightandcompletelychangesthelightlevels—andlightrhythms—t

owhichmanyformsoflife,including,ourselves,haveadapted.Whereverhumanlightspillsintothenaturalworld,someaspectoflifeisaffe

cted.Inmostcitiestheskylooksasthoughithasbeenemptiedofstars,leavingbehindavacanthaze(霾)thatmirrorsourfear

ofthedark.We'vegrownsousedtothisorangehazethattheoriginalgloryofanunlitnigh,-darkenoughfortheplanetVenustothrowsha

dowonEarth,iswhollybeyondourexperience,beyondmemoryalmost.We’velitupthenightasifitwereanunoccupiedcountry,whennothingcouldbefurt

herfromthetruth.Amongmammalsalone,thenumberofnocturnalspeciesisastonishing,Lightisapowerfulbiologicalforce,andonmanyspe

ciesitactsasamagnet(磁铁).Theeffectissopowerfulthatscientistsspeakofsongbirdsandseabirdsbeing“captured”bysearchli

ghtsonlandorbythelightfromgasflaresonmarineoilplatforms.Migratingatnight,birdstendtocollidewithbrightlylittallbuildings.Frogslivingnearbrig

htlylithighwayssuffernocturnallightlevelsthatareasmuchasamilliontimesbrighterthannormal,throwingnearlyeveryaspectof

theirbehavioroutofjoint,includingtheirnighttimebreedingchoruses.Humansarenolesstrappedbylightpollutionthanthefrog

s.Likemostothercreatures,wedoneeddarkness.Darknessisasessentialtoourbiologicalwelfare,toourinternalclockwork,aslightitself.Liv

inginaglareofourmaking,wehavecutourselvesofffromourevolutionaryandculturalheritage—thelightofthestarsandtherhythmsofdayandnight.Inaveryreals

ense,lightpollutioncausesustolosesightofourtrueplaceintheuniverse,toforgetthescaleofourbeing,whichisbes

tmeasuredagainstthedimensionsofadeepnightwiththeMilkyWay—theedgeofourgalaxy—archingoverhead.50.Accordingtothepassage,humanbeings.

A.prefertoliveinthedarknessB.areusedtolivinginthedaylightC.werecuriousaboutthemidnightworldD.hadtostayathomewiththelightofthemoon51.Whatdoes“

it”(Paragraph1)mostprobablyreferto?A.Thenight.B.ThemoonC.TheskyD.Theplanet52.Thewritermentionsbirdsandfrogsto.A.

provideexamplesofanimalprotectionB.showhowlightpollutionaffectsanimalsC.comparethelivinghabitsofbothspeciesD.explainwhythenumberofcer

tainspecieshasdeclined53.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthat.A.lightpollutiondoseharmtotheeyesightofanimalsB.lightpollutionhasdestroyedsomeoftheworl

dheritagesC.humanbeingscannotgototheouterspaceD.humanbeingsshouldreflectontheirpositionintheuniverse54.

Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheMagicLight.B.TheOrangeHaze.C.TheDisappearingNight.D.TheRhyth

msofNature.【解析】试题分析：文章介绍了光污染对于动物和人类的影响，呼吁我们反思我们的行为。50.B细节理解题根据第一段第三行“witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun’sl

ight眼睛适应了太阳的光线”可以知道答案。其中adaptedto和usedto同义，意为习惯于。53.D推理题，最后一段的意思是”Livinginaglareofourmaking,wehavecutourselv

esofffromourevolutionaryandculturalheritage—thelightofthestarsandtherhythmsofdayandnight.Inaveryrealsenselightpollutioncausesustolosesig

htofourtrueplaceintheuniverse,toforgetthescaleofourbeing,whichisbestmeasuredagainstthedimensionsofadeepnight

withtheMilkyWay—theedgeofourgalaxyarchingoverhead.生活在一个刺眼世界，我们已经远离了进化和文化遗产：星星和昼夜节律的光。在一个非常真实的意义上，光污染使我们在宇宙

中失去真我，而这些失去的正好就是最好的测量银河系银河深夜的工具。“根据语意，不难得出答案是D.humanbeingsshouldreflectontheirpositionintheuniverse人类应该反思自己的

行为。但此题易错选B，之所以不选B是因为someof的表达是扩大了说法，以偏概全。54.C标题题，根据，文章出现最多的就是light和night,我们可以知道答案是C。之所以不选A，是因为它所使用的形容词Magic意思是奇幻的，这个单词具有褒义的意思。而C选项的disappearing是消失的，这

符合本文的语境，让我们反思。Passage3【2015年重庆卷】LakeLander·2hoursagoToday,amantalkedveryloudonhisphoneonatrainbetweenMalvernandReading,mak

ingmanypassengersupset.IwonderhowhewouldreactifIweretoreadmynewspaperoutloudonthetrain,Ihaveneverhadthecouragetodoit,though.Pak50·5

7minutesagoWhynotgiveitatry?Perhapsyoushouldtakelessonsonamusicalinstrument.ThelatemusicianDennisBrianissaidtohaveaskedafellowtrainpassengertoturnoff

hisradio.Whenhisrequestwasrefused,hetookouthisFrenchhorn(号)andstartedtopractice.AngieO’Edema·42minutesagoIdon’tsee

howmusicalinstrumentscanhelpimprovemannersinpublic.Don’tdotootherswhatyouwouldn’tliketobedonetoyourself.Once,apassengernextt

ometalkedoutloudonhismobilephone.Ileftmyseatquietly,givinghimsomeprivacytofinishhisconversation.Herealizedthisandapologisedtome.Whenhisphone

rangagainlater,helefthisseattoanswerit.Yousee,abitofrespectandcooperationcandothejobbetter.Taodas·29minutesagoIdidreadmynewspaperou

tloudonatrain,anditturnedoutwell.Theguytookitingoodpart,andweJointhediscussion…chattedhappilyalltheway

toEdinbergh.Sophie76·13minutesagoIhavenottriedreadingmynewspaperoutloudonatrain,but,severalyearsago,IreadsomechaptersfromHarryPortert

omyboredandnoisychildren.SeveralpassengersseemedtoappreciatewhatIdid.44.ThepassengermadeanapologytoAngieO’Edemabecause____.A.h

eofferedhisseattosomeoneelseB.hespokeveryloudlyonhisphoneC.herefusedtotalkwithAngieD.heignoredAngie’srequest45.Whooncerea

danewspaperoutloudonatrain?A.Pak50.B.AngieO’Edema.C.Taodas.D.Sophie76.46.Whatisthediscussionmainlyabout?A.Howtoreacttobadbehavior.B.Howtokill

timeonatrain.C.Howtochatwithstrangers.D.Howtomakeaphonecall.47.Whereisthepassagemostprobablytakenfrom?A

.Awebpage.B.Anewspaper.C.Anovel.D.Areport.【解析】试题分析:主要讲述了LakeLander在论坛上描述了自己遇到的不文明现象后，众人发表的关于自己经历的不文明现象的描述和看法。46.A主旨大意。本文主要是对别人的

不文明行为如何做出反应的一个讨论，故选A项。47.A推断题。本文是篇对于社会现象的讨论，根据出现的讨论的时间，彼此隔开时间不长，可知来自网络，故选A项。Passage4【2015年北京卷】Technologicalchangeiseverywherea

ndaffectseveryaspectoflife,mostlyforthebetter.However,socialchangesarebroughtaboutbynewtechnologyareo

ftenmistakenforachangeinattitudes.Anexampleathandistheinvolvementofparentsinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhoareattendingcollege.Surveys(调查)onthistopicsug

geststhatparentstodaycontinuetobe＂very＂or＂somewhat＂overly-protectiveevenaftertheirchildrenmoveintocollegedormitories.Thesamesur

veysalsoindicatethattherateofparentalinvolvementisgreatertodaythanitwasagenerationago.Thisisusuallyinterpretedasasignthattoday’

sparentsaretryingtomanagetheirchildren’slivespastthepointwherethisbehaviorisappropriate.However,greaterparentalinvolvementdoesnotnecessari

lyindicatethatparentsarefailingtoletgooftheir＂adult＂children.Inthecontext(背景)ofthisdiscussion,itseem

svaluabletofirstfindoutthecauseofchangeinthecaseofparents’involvementwiththeirgrownchildren.Ifparentsofearliergenerationshadwantedt

obeintouchwiththeircollege-agechildrenfrequently,wouldthishavebeenpossible?Probablynot.Ontheotherhand,doesthepossibilityoffrequentcom

municationtodaymeanthattheurgetodosowasn’tpresentagenerationago?Manystudiesshowthatolderparents—today’sgrandparents—wouldhavecalledtheirch

ildrenmoreoftenifthemeansandcostofdoingsohadnotbeenabarrier.Furthermore,studiesshowthatfinancesarethemostfr

equentsubjectofcommunicationbetweenparentsandtheircollegechildren.Thefactthatcollegestudentsarefinanciallydependentontheirparentsisnothingne

w;norarerequestsformoremoneytobesentfromhome.Thisphenomenonisneithergoodnorbad;itisafactofcollegelife,todayandi

nthepast.Thankstotheadvancedtechnology,weliveinanageofbetteredcommunication.Thishasmanyimplicationswellbeyondtherolethatparentsseemto

playinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhohaveleftforcollege.Butitisusefultobearinmindthatallsuchchangescomefromthetechnologyandnotsomeimagineddesireby

parentstokeeptheirchildrenundertheirwings.67.Thesurveysinformusof__________.A.thedevelopmentoftechnologyB.thechangesofadultchildren’sbehaviorC

.theparents’over-protectionoftheircollegechildrenD.themeansandexpensesofstudents’communication68.Thewriterbelievesthat__________.A.parentstodayar

emoreprotectivethanthoseinthepastB.thedisadvantagesofnewtechnologyoutweighitsadvantages[来源:Z,xx,k.Com]

C.technologyexplainsgreaterinvolvementwiththeirchildrenD.parents’changedattitudesleadtocollegechildren’sdelayedind

ependence69.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TechnologyorAttitude[来源:学科网ZXXK]B.DependenceorIndependenceC.FamilyInfluencesorSocialChangesD.C

ollegeManagementorCommunicationAdvancement70.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthispassage?【解析】试题分析：以父母对于上大学的成

年子女过度保护的问题为例，提出了科技带来的一些改变容易被误认为态度的改变的论点。69.A主旨大意题。由第一段第二句话得出。这种科技的改变容易被误认为态度的改变。第2-5段讨论到底是科技还是态度的改变。第6段再次明确表示是科技的改变。故选A。70.B文章结构题。文章第一段是introdu

ction，第二段是第一个论点，指出父母在子女生活中参与度提高的现象。第三段是第二个论点(关键词However)，指出通过调查并不能推断出父母未能对子女放手，分论点一是科技的进步导致父母对子女生活更多的参与，分论点二(关键词Furthermore)是子女

经济不独立导致父母对子女生活的过多参与。最后一段总结。故选B。Passage5【2015年广东卷】DanielAnderson,afamouspsychologist,believesit’simportanttodistinguishtelevis

ion’sinfluencesonchildrenfromthoseofthefamily.WetendtoblameTV,hesays,forproblemsitdoesn’treallycause,overlookingourownrolesin

shapingchildren’sminds.Onetraditionalbeliefabouttelevisionisthatitreducesachild’sabilitytothinkandtounderstandtheworld.WhilewatchingTV,childrendonotm

erelyabsorbwordsandimages(影像).Instead,theylearnbothexplicitandhiddenmeaningsfromwhattheysee.Actually,childrenlearnearlythepsychologyofcharacter

sinTVshows.Furthermore,asmanyteachersagree,childrenunderstandfarmorewhenparentswatchTVwiththem,explainingnewwordsandideas.Yet,mostparent

suseaneducationalprogramasachancetoparktheirkidsinfrontofthesetanddosomethinginanotherroom.Anotherargumentagai

nsttelevisionisthatitreplacesreadingasaformofentertainment.ButaccordingtoAnderson,theamountoftimespentwatchingtelevisionisnotrelated

toreadingability.TVdoesn’ttaketheplaceofreadingformostchildren;ittakestheplaceofsimilarsortsofrecreation

,suchaslisteningtotheradioandplayingsports.Thingslikeparents’educationalbackgroundhaveastrongerinfluenceo

nachild’sreading."Achild’sreadingabilityisbestpredictedbyhowmuchaparentreads,"Andersonsays.Traditionalwisdomalsohasitthatheavy

television-watchinglowersIQ(智商)scoresandaffectsschoolperformance.Buthere,too,Andersonnotesthatnostudieshaveprovedit.Infac

t,researchsuggeststhatit’stheotherwayaround."Ifyou’resmartyoung,you’llwatchlessTVwhenyou’reolder,"Andersonsays.Yet,peopleoflowerIQt

endtobelifelongtelevisionviewers.Foryearsresearchershaveattemptedtoshowthattelevisionisdangeroustochildren.However,byshowingthattelevisionprom

otesnoneofthedangerouseffectsasconventionallybelieved,Andersonsuggeststhattelevisioncannotbecondemnedwithoutconsideringotherinflue

nces.36.BywatchingTV,childrenlearn__________.A.imagesthroughwordsB.morethanexplicitmeaningsC.moreaboutimagesthanwords

D.littleaboutpeople’spsychology37.Aneducationalprogramisbestwatchedbyachild___________.A.onhisownB.with

otherkidsC.withhisparentsD.withhisteachers38.Whichofthefollowingismostrelatedtochildren’sreadingability?A.Radio-listening

.B.Television-watching.C.Parents’readinglist.D.Parents’educationalbackground.39.Andersonbelievesthat.A.themoreachildwatchesTV,thesmarterheisB.the

youngerachildis,themorehewatchesTVC.thesmarterachildis,thelesslikelyhegetsaddictedtoTV[来源:Zxxk.Com]D.thelessachildwatchesTV,thebet

terheperformsatschool40.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.ToadviseontheeducationaluseofTV.B.TodescribeTV’sharmfuleffectsonchildren.C.Toexpl

aintraditionalviewsonTVinfluences.D.TopresentAnderson’sunconventionalideas.【解析】试题分析：本文叙述著名心理学家DanielAnderson对孩子们看电视的看法，打破了以往人们认为看电视对孩子不好的想法。他认为孩子们看

电视不知学到显现出来的东西；父母陪孩子看电视，孩子可以学到更多知识；孩子看电视并没有代替孩子阅读，并没有影响孩子的智商。36.B细节理解题。根据第二段的Instead,theylearnbothexplicitandhiddenmea

ningsfromwhattheysee.可知孩子们通过看电视，可以学到显性和隐藏的意义，因此不仅仅学到隐藏的意思。故选B。37.C推理判断题。根据第二段的Furthermore,asmanyteachersagre

e,childrenunderstandfarmorewhenparentswatchTVwiththem“孩子们有父母陪着看电视理解的更多”，故推断教育节目最好是父母陪着孩子看。故选C。Passage6【2015年湖北卷】“Iseeyou’vegotabitofwateronyourcoat

,”saidthemanatthepetrolstation.“Isitrainingoutthere?””No,it’sprettynice,”Ireplied,checkingmysleeve.“Oh,right.Apony(马驹)bitmeearlier.”A

sithappened,thebitewasvirtuallypainless:morethekindofsmallbiteyoumightgetfromanaughtychild.Theponyresponsiblewasqueuingupforsomeicecreamin

thecarparknearHaytor,andperhapsthoughtI’djumpedinaheadofhim.ThereasonwhytheponiesherearenaughtyisthatHaytorisatourist-h

eavyareaandtouristsareconstantlyfeedingtheponiesfoods,despitesignsaskingthemnotto.Byfeedingtheponies,touristsincreasetheriskofthemgettingh

itbyacar,andmakethemhardertogatherduringthearea’sannualponydrift(迁移).Thepurposeofaponydriftistogatherth

emupsotheirhealthcanbechecked,thebabyonescanbestoppedfromfeedingontheirmother’smilk,andthosewho’vegonebeyondtheirlimitedareacanberetur

nedtotheircorrectarea.Someofthemarealsolatersold,inordertolimitthenumberofponiesaccordingtotherulessetbyNaturalEngland.Threeweeksago,Iwitnesse

dasmallnear-disasterafewmileswestofhere.Whilewalking,Inoticedaponyrolloveronhisback.“Hello!”Isaidtohim,assu

minghewasjustrollingforfun,buthewasverystilland,asIgotcloser,Isawhimkickinghislegsintheairandbreathingheavily.Ibegantoproperlyworryabouthim.Fortuna

tely,ImanagedtogetintouchwithaDartmoor’sLivestockProtectionofficerandsendheraphoto.Theofficerimmediatelysenta

localfarmerouttocheckonthepony.Theponyhadactuallybeentrappedbetweentworocks.Thefarmerfreedhim,andhebegantorunhappilyaroundagain.Dartmoorhas1,00

0orsoponies,whoplayacriticalroleincreatingthediversityofspeciesinthisarea.Manypeopleareworkinghardtopreservetheseponies,andtryingtocomeupwithp

lanstofindasustainable(可持续的)futureforoneofDartmoor’smostfinancially-troubledelements.51.Whyaretouristsaskednottofeedtheponies?A.Toprotectthetouristsf

rombeingbittenB.TokeeptheponiesoffthepetrolstationC.ToavoidputtingtheponiesindangerD.Topreventtheponiesfromfighting52.Oneofthepurpos

esoftheannualponydriftis______________.A.tofeedbabyponiesonmilkB.tocontrolthenumberofponiesC.toexpan

dthehabitatforponiesD.toselltheponiesatagoodprice53.Whatastheauthor’sfirstreactionwhenhesawaponyrollonitsback?A.HefreeditfromthetrapB.H

ecalledaprotectionofficerC.HeworriedaboutitverymuchD.Hethoughtofitasbeingnaughty54.WhatdoestheauthorimplyaboutthepreservationofDartmoor’sponies?

A.Itlackspeople’sinvolvement.B.ItcostsalargeamountofmoneyC.ItwillaffecttourisminDartmoor.D.Ithascausedanimbalanceofspecies【解析】试题分析：这是一篇夹叙夹议文。

本文记叙了作者在Haytor关于马驹的所见所闻，目睹了马驹的淘气与脆弱，了解了马驹迁徙的原因以及保护马驹面临的困难。53.D细节理解题。根据第五段中的“…,assuminghewasjustrollingforfun,…”可知作者认为小马驹很淘气，滚着玩的。故

选D项。54.B推理判断题。根据最后一段中尾句“Manypeopleareworkinghardtopreservetheseponies,andtryingtocomeupwithplanstofindasustai

nable(可持续的)futureforoneofDartmoor’smostfinancially-troubledelements.”可知保护马驹是对Dartmoor来说是一笔很大的开销。故选B项。Passage

7【2015年湖北卷】Sciencehasalotofuses.Itcanuncoverlawsofnature,curediseseases,makebombs,andhelpbridgestostandup.Indeeds

cienceissogoodatwhatitdoesthatthere’salwaysatemptation(诱惑)todragitintoproblemswhereitmaynotbehelpful.DavidBrooks,authorofTheSocialAnima

l:TheHiddenSourcesofLove,Character,andAchievement,appearstobethelatestinalonglineofwriterswhohavefailedtor

esistthetemptation.Brooksgainedfameforseveralbooks.HislatestbookTheSocialAnimal,however,ismoreambitiousandseriousthanhisearlierbooks.Itis

anattempttodealwithasetofweightytopics.Thebookfocusesonbigquestions:Whathassciencerevealedabouthumannature?Whatarethesour

cesofcharacter?Andwhyaresomepeoplehappyandsuccessfulwhileothersaren’t?Toanswerthesequestions,Brookssurveysawiderangeofdisciplines（学科）.Consideringt

his,youmightexpectthebooktobeadryrecitationoffacts.ButBrookshasstructuredhisbookinanunorthodox(非常规的),andperhapsunfortunate,way.Insteadofintrodu

cingscientifictheories,hetellsastory,withinwhichhetriestomakehispoints,perhapsinordertokeepthereader’s

attention.SoasHaroldandErica,theheroandheroineinhisstory,livethroughchildhood,wehearaboutthescienceofchilddevelopment

,andastheybegintodatewehearaboutthetheoryofsexualattraction.Brookscarriesthisthroughtothedeathofoneofhischar

acters.[来源:学+科+网]Onthewhole,Brooks’sstoryisacceptableifuninspired.Asonewouldexpect,hiswritingismostlyclearand,tobefair,somechapter

sstandoutabovetherest.Ienjoyed,forinstance,thechapterinwhichHarolddiscovershowtothinkonhisown.WhileHaroldandEricaarecertainlynotstrongormemorablecha

racters,themoreseriousproblemswithTheSocialAnimallieelsewhere.TheseproblemspartlyinvolveBrooks’sattempttotranslatehist

aleintoscience.67.Theauthormentionsthefunctionsofscienceatthebeginningofthepassageto__________.A.illustratewheresciencecanbeappliedB.demonstrat

ethevalueofBrooks’snewbookC.remindthereaderoftheimportanceofscienceD.explainwhymanywritersusescienceintheirwor

ks68.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingcouldbeastrengthofthebook?A.Itsstrongbasis.B.Itsconvincingpoints.C.Itsclearwriting.

D.Itsmemorablecharacters.69.Whatistheauthor’sgeneralattitudetowardsthebook?A.Contradictory.B.Supportive.C.Cautious.D.Critical.70.Whatistheauthorl

ikelytowriteaboutafterthelastparagraph?A.Problemswiththebook.B.Brooks’slifeexperiences.C.Deathofthecharacte

rs.D.Brooks’stranslationskills.68.C推理判断题。根据最后一段中“…,hiswritingismostlyclearand,tobefair,somechaptersstandoutabovetherest.Ienjoyed,…”可知作者认为写作思路清

晰是这本书的一大优势。故选C项。69.D观点态度题。最后一段中的链接词“while”之前是这本书的优势，其后作者指出了其不足。因此作者对这部书持批判的态度。故选D项。70.A篇章结构题。文章最后一段中链接词“whi

le”后面部分开始谈论这本书存在的问题。因此紧接着作者应该还是在写这本的不足。故选A项。Passage8【2015年湖南卷】ForgetCyclists,PedestriansAreRealDangerWearehavingadebateaboutthistopic.

Herearesomelettersfromourreaders.■Yes,manycyclistsbehavedangerously.Manydriversaredisrespectfulofcycl

ists.Butpedestriansareprobablytheworseoffenders.Peopleofallageshappilywalkalongthepavementwitheyesandhandsgluedtothemobilephone,quiteunaw

areofwhatisgoingonaroundthem.Theymayevendothesamethingwhilecrossingaroadatapedestriancrossingorelsewhere.Therestofushavetoevade(避让)themorjuststands

tilltowaitfortheunavoidablecollision.Therealproblemisthatsomepedestriansseemtobe,atleastforthemoment,inworldsoftheirowntha

tare,tothem,muchmoreimportantthanthewelfareofothers.—MichaelHoran■IlovedtheletterfromBobBrooksaboutcyclists(

Viewpoints,May29).Iamafraidtheyseemtothinktheyowntheroads.IwaswalkingacrossAltrinchamRoadonemorningwhenac

yclistwentroundmeandonbeingaskedwhathewasdoingheshoutedatme.Thegovernmentbuiltacyclelaneontheroadbutitishardly

used.Thepolicedonothing.Whatalaughtheyare!Thecyclistsshouldallhavetobemadetousethecyclelanesandwearhelmets,fluorescent(发荧光的)jacketsandlightsa

tnightandinthemorning.Theyshouldpaysomesortoftaxandbefinedfornotwearingthem.—CarolHarvey■Cyclistsjumponandoffpavements(wh

icharemeantforpedestrians),rideatspeedalongthepavements,andthinktheyhaveaspecialrighttogothroughtraffi

clightswhentheyareonred.Iwasalmostknockeddownrecentlybyacyclistridingonthepavementwhentherewasacyclelanerightnexttohim.Otherroad

users,includinghorseriders,managetoobeytherulessowhynotcyclists?It’sabouttimetheyhadtoberegisteredandinsured,sowhenthey

dohitapedestrianoravehicle,orcauseanaccident,atleasttheycanbetracedandtheremightbeanopportunitytoclaim.—JMLWrite

toViewpointsofthenewspaper.56.MichaelHoranwrotethelettermainlytoshowthat________.A.driversshouldbepolitetocyclistsB.roadaccidentscanactu

allybeavoidedC.somepedestriansareathreattoroadsafetyD.walkingwhileusingphoneshurtsone’seyes57.CarolHarveysuggeststhatcycli

stsshould_______.A.beprovidedwithenoughroadsB.beaskedtorideontheirownlanesC.bemadetopaylesstaxforcyclingD.befinedforlaughingatpolicemen58.Wh

atisacomplaintofJML?A.Veryfewdriversareinsured.B.Cyclistsridefastonpavements.C.Pedestriansgothroughredtrafficl

ights.D.Horseridersdisrespectotherroadusers.59.Theunderlinedword"they"inthethirdletterrefersto________.A.accidentsB.vehicl

esC.pedestriansD.cyclists60.Thethreeletterspresentviewpointson_______.A.realsourcesofroaddangersB.waystoimproveroadfaci

litiesC.measurestopunishroadoffencesD.increasedawarenessofroadrules【答案】56．C57．B58．B59．D60．A58．B;细节理解题。根据倒数第四段第一句话：Cyclistsjumponandoffpa

vements(whicharemeantforpedestrians)，rideatspeedalongthepavement,andthinktheyhavespecialrighttogothroughtrafficlightswh

entheyareonred可知JML抱怨骑自行车的人骑的太快，对道路安全产生隐患，故选B59．D;细节推理题。最后一段说到：It’sabouttimetheyhadtoberegisteredandinsured,sowhentheydohitapedestrianoravehicl

e,orcauseanaccident,atleasttheycanbetrancedandtheremightbeanopportunitytoclaim.JML希望对自行车拥有者登记，当他们撞到行人或者车辆、制造出车祸的时

候，他们能够被追查到，所以They在此指的是cyclists。故选D60．A;主旨大意提。根据文章的标题和所有读者的来信不难发现这篇文章主要是围绕到底谁（自行车或者行人）才是道路安全存在的隐患。故选APassage9【2015年江苏卷】Supposeyoubecomealeaderina

norganization.It’sverylikelythatyou’llwanttohavevolunteerstohelpwiththeorganization’sactivities.Todoso,itshouldhelptounderstandwhypeopleun

dertakevolunteerworkandwhatkeepstheirinterestinthework.Let’sbeginwiththequestionofwhypeoplevolunteer.Researchershav

eidentifiedseveralfactorsthatmotivatepeopletogetinvolved.Forexample,peoplevolunteertoexpresspersonalval

uesrelatedtounselfishness,toexpandtheirrangeofexperiences,andtostrengthensocialrelationships.Ifvolunteerpositionsdonot

meettheseneeds,peoplemaynotwishtoparticipate.Toselectvolunteers,youmayneedtounderstandthemotivationsofthepeopleyouwishtoattract.Peoplealsovolu

nteerbecausetheyarerequiredtodoso.Toincreaselevelsofcommunityservice,someschoolshavelaunchedcompulsoryvolunteerprogra

ms.Unfortunately,theseprogramscanshiftpeople’swishofparticipationfromaninternalfactor(e.g.,"Ivolunteerbecau

seit’simportanttome")toanexternalfactor(e.g.,"IvolunteerbecauseI’mrequiredtodoso").Whenthathappens,peoplebecomelesslikelytovolunteerinthefut

ure.Peoplemustbesensitivetothispossibilitywhentheymakevolunteeractivitiesamust.Oncepeoplebegintovolunteer,whatlea

dsthemtoremainintheirpositionsovertime?Toanswerthisquestion,researchershaveconductedfollow-upstudiesinwhichtheytrackvolunteersovertime.Forinstance,on

estudyfollowed238volunteersinFloridaoverayear.Oneofthemostimportantfactorsthatinfluencedtheirsatisfac

tionasvolunteerswastheamountofsufferingtheyexperiencedintheirvolunteerpositions.Althoughthisresultmaynotsurpriseyou,itlead

stoimportantpracticaladvice.Theresearchersnotethatattentionshouldbegivento"trainingmethodsthatwouldpreparevolunte

ersfortroublesomesituationsorprovidethemwithstrategiesforcopingwiththeproblemtheydoexperience".Anotherstudyof302volunteersathospitalsinChicagofocused

onindividualdifferencesinthedegreetowhichpeopleview"volunteer"asanimportantsocialrole.Itwasassumedthatthosepeopleforwhomtheroleof

volunteerwasmostpartoftheirpersonalidentitywouldalsobemostlikelytocontinuevolunteerwork.Participantsindicatedthedegreetowhichthes

ocialrolematteredbyrespondingtostatementssuchas"VolunteeringinHospitalisanimportantpartofwhoIam."Consistentwiththeresearchers’expectations,theyf

oundapositivecorrelation(正相关)betweenthestrengthofroleidentityandthelengthoftimepeoplecontinuedtovolunteer.Theseresults,onceagain,

leadtoconcreteadvice:"Onceanindividualbeginsvolunteering,continuedeffortsmightfocusondevelopingavolunteerroleident

ity...ItemslikeT-shirtsthatallowvolunteerstoberecognizedpubliclyfortheircontributionscanhelpstrengthenroleidentity".61.Peoplevolunteermainly

outof_________.A.academicrequirementsB.socialexpectationsC.financialrewardsD.internalneeds62.WhatcanwelearnfromtheFloridastudy?A.Follow-upstudie

sshouldlastforoneyear.B.Volunteersshouldgetmentallyprepared.C.Strategytrainingisamustinresearch.D.Volunteersare

providedwithconcreteadvice.63.Whatismostlikelytomotivatevolunteerstocontinuetheirwork?A.Individualdifferencesinroleidentity.B.Pu

bliclyidentifiablevolunteerT-shirts.C.Roleidentityasavolunteer.D.Practicaladvicefromresearchers.64.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.

HowtoGetPeopletoVolunteerB.HowtoStudyVolunteerBehaviorsC.HowtoKeepVolunteers’InterestD.HowtoOrganizeVolu

nteerActivities【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇议论文。文章分析讲述志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，并通过3个实验研究志愿者的意图。63.C细节理解题。根据第五段第二句中“thosepeopleforwhomtheroleofvolunteerwas

mostpartoftheirpersonalidentitywouldalsobemostlikelytocontinuevolunteerwork”可知志愿者身份认同会激励他们继续从事志愿者工作。故选C项。64.A标题归纳题。文章首段提出假设：假如你是一名组织领导

人，很想得到志愿者的帮助。并指出在此之前，必须弄清志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，并通过3个实验研究志愿者的意图。因此A项（如何使人们从事志愿者服务）是文章的最佳标题。Passage10【2015年天津卷】OncewhenIwasfacingadecisionthatinvol

vedhighrisk,Iwenttoafriend.Helookedatmeforamoment,andthenwroteasentencecontainingthebestadviceI’veeve

rhad:Beboldandbrave—andmighty(强大的)forceswillcometoyouraid.ThosewordsmademeseeclearlythatwhenIhadfallenshortinthepast,

itwasseldombecauseIhadtriedandfailed.ItwasusuallybecauseIhadletfearoffailurestopmefromtryingatall.Ontheotherhand,wheneverIhadplunge

dintodeepwater,forcedbycourageorcircumstance,IhadalwaysbeenabletoswimuntilIgotmyfeetonthegroundagain.Boldnessmeansadecisiontobiteoffmo

rethanyouaresureyoucaneat.Andthereisnothingmysteriousaboutthemightyforces.Theyarepotentialpowersweposses

s:energy,skill,soundjudgment,creativeideas—evenphysicalstrengthgreaterthanmostofusrealize.Admittedly

,thosemightyforcesarespiritualones.Buttheyaremoreimportantthanphysicalones.Acollegeclassmateofmine,Tim,wasanexcellentfootballp

layer,eventhoughheweighedmuchlessthantheaverageplayer.“InonegameIsuddenlyfoundmyselfconfrontingahugeplayer,whohadnothingbutmebetweenhimandourgo

alline,”saidTim.“IwassofrightenedthatIclosedmyeyesanddesperatelythrewmyselfatthatguylikeabullet(子弹)—andstoppedhimcold.”Boldness—awillingnesstoexte

ndyourselftotheextreme—isnotonethatcanbeacquiredovernight.Butitcanbetaughttochildrenanddevelopedinadults.Confidencebuildsup.

Surely,therewillbesetbacks(挫折)anddisappointmentsinlife;boldnessinitselfisnoguaranteeofsuccess.Butthepersonwhot

riestodosomethingandfailsisalotbetteroffthanthepersonwhotriestodonothingandsucceeds.So,alwaystrytolivea

littlebitbeyondyourabilities—andyou’llfindyourabilitiesaregreaterthanyoueverdreamed.51.Whywastheauth

orsometimesunabletoreachhisgoalinthepast?A.Hefacedhugerisks.B.Helackedmightyforces.C.Fearpreventedhimfromt

rying.D.Failureblockedhiswaytosuccess.52.Whatistheimpliedmeaningoftheunderlinedpart?A.Swallowmorethanyoucandigest.B

.Actslightlyaboveyourabilities.C.Developmoremysteriouspowers.D.Learntomakecreativedecisions.53.WhatwasespeciallyimportantforTim’

ssuccessfuldefenseinthefootballgame?A.Hisphysicalstrength.B.Hisbasicskill.C.Hisrealfear.D.Hisspiritualforce.54.WhatcanbelearnedfromP

aragraph5?A.Confidencegrowsmorerapidlyinadults.B.Tryingwithoutsuccessismeaningless.C.Repeatedfailurecreatesabetterli

fe.D.Boldnesscanbegainedlittlebylittle.55.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?A.Toencouragepeopletobecourageous.B.Toadvisepeop

letobuildupphysicalpower.C.Totellpeoplethewaystoguaranteesuccess.D.Torecommendpeopletodevelopmoreabilities.【解析】试题分析：文章大意：本文是一篇议

论文。作者联系自己的经历说明了大胆的重要性，并鼓励人们有勇气和胆量。53.D细节理解题。根据第四段首句中Admittedly,thosemightyforcesarespiritualones.可知在于他的

精神力量。选D。54.D段落大意题。根据第五段首句Boldness—awillingnesstoextendyourselftotheextreme—isnotonethatcanbeacquiredovernight.可以知道大胆是一点点获得的。故选D。55.A推理判

断题。根据全文内容可知作者联系自己的经历说明了大胆的重要性，并鼓励人们有勇气和胆量。故选A。