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专题06阅读理解之说明文议论文试卷类型年份考频话题考点分布新高考I卷20223B篇文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。C篇主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。D篇主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言

中发现了新的语音。推理判断题细节理解题词义猜测题主旨大意题新高考II卷20222C篇为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。D篇

主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。推理判断题细节理解题词义猜测题主旨大意题新高考I卷20212C篇本文讲述了美国鸭票的故细节理解题考点研究事。D篇文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。词义猜测题主旨大意题推理判断题新高

考II卷20211文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。细节理解题新高考I卷20201最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验

的过程。细节理解题词义猜测题推理判断题新高考II卷20202C篇主要讲述了对彼得罗斯基博士的书《原谅设计：理解失败》的评论，工程设计可能会因为某些原因带来失败，但失败才能带来进步。D篇热带雨林被称为“世界上最大的药房”，因为超过25%的现代药物是由其植物提炼。热带雨林也享有“地球之肺”的美誉，因

其植物的光合作用净化地球空气的能力尤为强大。细节理解题主旨大意题推理判断题2022年新高考I卷之B篇Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanic

egreen真题剖析salad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthef

reezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearl

y800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlyg

oodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishe

sthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmak

esfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlarges

tproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurti

nseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKi

tcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectin

gblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforus

einmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste

,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsa

ys.24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B.Wewastefoodunin

tentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.25.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.M

oraldecline.B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage.D.Worldwidestarvation.26.WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment.B.Ittu

rnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.27.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpe

opledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded.B.Reducefoodconsumption.C.Goshoppingonceaweek.D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften

.【答案】24.B25.B26.D27.A【24题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“Butasdayspassed

,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;couldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.(但随着时间的推

移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Producingfoodt

hatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andother,resourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,

itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温

室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。【26题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington.D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealt

hymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)produce,thatotherwisewouldhaverotte

dinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复

原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。【27题详解】细节理解题。根据最后

一段中的““Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmore【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。foodthannecessar

yinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食

物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A。2022年新高考I卷之C篇Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhe

nstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing,Itisalsobeing

usedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedic

inewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerand

hadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehenso

utanddownthereagainatnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildreninto

seethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Therearenow700

elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson,extraca

remanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandt

hecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”LynnLewis,di

rectorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasha

redinterestandcreativeactivities.”28.Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?A.Toensureharmonyincarehomes.B.Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.C.Torais

emoneyformedicalresearch.D.Topromotetheelderlypeople’swelfare.29.HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?A.Shehaslearnednewl

ifeskills.B.Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.C.Shehasrecoveredhermemory.D.Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embar

kon”meaninparagraph7?A.Improve.B.Oppose.C.Begin.D.Evaluate.31.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Itiswe

llreceived.B.Itneedstobemorecreative.C.Itishighlyprofitable.D.Ittakesagestoseetheresults.【答案】28.D29.B30.C31.A【28题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Theprojectwasdr

eamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing(该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老

年人的健康状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintose

ethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesom

ethinguseful.”(有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，RuthXavier通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。【30题详解】词义猜测题。根据文

章倒数第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefi

tsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.(居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“oneofthefirst(第一批人之一)”可知WendyWilson是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含

义与C项：“Begin(开始)”含义相近。故选C。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtot

hebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.(居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“LynnLewis,directorofNo

ttingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidents本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。throughasha

redinterestandcreativeactivities.”(“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故选A。2022年新高考I卷之D篇Humanspee

chcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.But

whyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfound

inhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,

weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUnive

rsityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),mak

ingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),mak

ingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodb

ecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfi

rmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringt

helastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnst

hepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.”Thesetofs

peechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproduc

tofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,“saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.32.Whichaspectofthehuman

speechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety.B.Itsdistribution.C.Itsquantity.D.Itsdevelopmen

t.33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasi

ly.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortherese

archresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areason

abledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.B.Itcontributesm

uchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.【答案】32.D33.C34.A35.C【32题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Mo

rethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and"v",weremorecommoni

nthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendaro

se.（30多年前，学者CharlesHockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的DamianBlasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知DamianBlasi的研究重点

是在语言的演变上。故选D项。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned，makingithardtoproducel

abiodentals，whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.（他们发现，古

人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。【34题详解】本篇是一篇说明文。主

要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundo

fworldlanguagesafterthesoNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.These

soundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的

语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。【35题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarily

remainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofth

ingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.（研究小组成员StevenMoran说

:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，StevenMoran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。2022年

新高考II卷之C篇Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawideran

geofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegetti

ngworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whi

chhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministra

tion,saiddistracted（分心）drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately.""Bigchangerequiresbigideas."hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringb

roadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarerea

chingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecall

edtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertoche

ckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythinge

lsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbeh

avior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemore

afraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."8.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebanondrivers'textingintheUS?A.Ineffective.B.Unnecessary.C.I

nconsistent.D.Unfair.9.WhatcantheTextalyzerhelpapoliceofficerfindout?A.Whereadrivercamefrom.B.Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.C.Howfastadriverwasgoi

ng.D.Whenadriverarrivedatthescene.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Advice.B.Data.C

.Tests.D.Laws.11.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB.TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzerC.NewYorkBannin

gHand-HeldDevicesbyDrivers.D.TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer-【答案】8.A9.B10.D11.B【8题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中“Overt

helastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirp

honeswhentheyarebehindthewheel.”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yettheprobl

em,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的

。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailed

or本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。doneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-fr

eedrivinglaws.”（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。

【10题详解】词义猜测题。根据句中的“Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior.”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“IftheTextalyz

erbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone.”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Te

xtalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。【11题详解】主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来

说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore.”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新

的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。故B选项TextingandDriving?WatchOutfor

theTextalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。2022年新高考II卷之D篇Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’t

asefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartevens

ooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,a

heartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven

’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween4

5and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(

无氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseunder

theguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthe

se50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“Andthereasontheygotsomu

chstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseex

ercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”

Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg

,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeo

pletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.12.WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbyme

ntioningtherubberband?A.Therightwayofexercising.B.Thecausesofaheartattack.C.Thedifficultyofkeepingfit.D.Theagingprocessoft

heheart.13.Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?A.Dietplan.B.Professionalbackground.C.Exercisetype.D.Previousphy

sicalcondition.14.WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?A.Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.B.High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.

C.Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.D.Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.15.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A.Makinguseoft

hefindings.B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.C.Conductingfurtherresearch.D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.【答案】12.D13.C14.A15.C本文是一篇

说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。【12题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadraw

erfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵

活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据

第三段的“Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobicexercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobi

cexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多

的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段的“Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexe

rciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧

运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时

钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergrou

psofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方

面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。2021年新高考I卷之C篇WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmeri

ca,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnatural

resourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwat

erfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever

-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anin

creasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(迁徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.U

nderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFe

deralDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirecto

roftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesd

irectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afact

thatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopur

chasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessful

conservationprogramseverinitiated.28.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popu

larityofwatersports.C.Pollutionofrivers.D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meanint

hefirstparagraph?A.Acquire.B.Export.C.Destroy.D.Distribute.30.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.B.Themigrato

rybirdshaveflownaway.C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.31.Whichofthefollow

ingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TheFederalDuckStampStoryB.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC.TheBenefitsofSavin

gWaterfowlD.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting【答案】28.A29.C30.D31.A本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的急需大量的水禽栖息

地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。【28题】细节理解题。根据第一段“Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousethee

ver-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量

的下降，故选A。【29题】词义猜测题。根据前一句“NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.”可知，北美的土著人把这些珍

贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句与上一句形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破坏了这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A.Acquire获得；B.Export出口；C.Destroy破坏；D.Dis

tribute分配。故选C。【30题】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.”可知，自1934年起，超过5亿美元

进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过500万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选D。【31题】主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了

用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。2021年新高考I卷之D篇Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intellingence.Manype

oplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeas

uredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionals

killsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelli

genceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyado

ctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessar

ilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleff

ectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyemployers,

educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandr

esearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintellige

nceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofem

otion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(视角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalin

telligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.32.Whatisacommonmisun

derstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest.B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson’smind.C.Itincludesaseto

femotionalskills.D.Itreferstoaperson’spositivequalities.33.Whydoestheauthormention“doctor”and“cheater”inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule.B.Tocla

rifyaconcept.C.Topresentafact.D.Tomakeaprediction.34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable.B.Intolera

nt.C.Doubtful.D.Unclear.35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic.B.Expectations

forfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication.D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.【答案】32.D33.B34.A35.B【32题】细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Researchhasshownthatemoti

onalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities(研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。【33题】推理判断题。通过文章第二段“T

heabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileachea

termightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.(医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并本文是一篇说明文。

文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。【34题】推理判断题。通过文章第三段“theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialth

anharmful.…Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchers(宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的

人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。【35题】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterest

inthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectivesfromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanaget

heirlives.(我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。202

1年新高考II卷之D篇AnAustralianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitorthehealthofgrazingcattle,adevelopmentthatcouldbringbigchangestoapro

fessionthat'sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage.SalahSukkarieh,aprofessorattheUn

iversityofSydney,seesrobotsasnecessarygivenhowcattlemenareaging.Heisbuildingafour-wheeledrobotthatwillru

nonsolarandelectricpower.Itwillusecamerasandsensorstomonitortheanimals.Acomputersystemwillanalyzethev

ideotodeterminewhetheracowissick.Radiotags(标签)ontheanimalswillmeasuretemperaturechanges.Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymon

itoringtheshape,colorandtexture(质地)ofgrass.Thatway,cattlemenwillknowwhethertheyneedtomovetheircattletoanotherfieldfornutriti

onpurposes.Machineshavelargelytakenoverplanting,wateringandharvestingcropssuchascomandwheat,butthemonitoringofcattlehasgonethroughfewerchanges.ForT

exascattlemanPeteBonds,it'sincreasinglydifficulttofindworkersinterestedinwatchingcattle.ButBondsdoesn'tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperie

nceintheindustry-andfailedattemptstousetechnology-haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.Bonds,whoboughthis

firstcattlealmost50yearsago,stillhaseachofhiscowboysinspect300or400cattledailyandlookforsignsthatananimalisgettingsick.Othercattlemenseemor

epromiseinrobots.MichaelKelseyParis,vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen'sAssociation,saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutca

ttletheft.Cattletendtobekeptinremoteplacesandtheirvaluehasrisen,makingthemappealingtargets.12.Whatisaproblemwiththecattle-raisingindustry?A.

Soilpollution.B.Lackofworkers.C.Agingmachines.D.Lowprofitability.13.WhatwillSukkarieh'srobotbeabletodo?A.Monitorthequality

ofgrass.B.Curethediseasedcattle.C.Movecattletoanotherfield.D.Predictweatherchanges.14.WhydoesPeteBondsstillhirecowboystowatc

hcattle?A.Hewantstohelpthemearnaliving.B.Hethinksmencandothejobbetter.C.Heisinexperiencedinusingrobots.D.Heenjoysthetraditi

onalwayoflife.15.HowmayrobotshelpwithcattlewatchingaccordingtoMichaelKelsey?A.Increasethevalueofcattle.B.Bringdownthecostofl

abor.C.Makethejobmoreappealing.D.Keepcattlefrombeingstolen.【答案】12.B13.A14.B15.D【12题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An

Australianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitorthehealthofgrazingcattle,adevelopmentthatcouldbringbigchangestoaprofessionthat'sreliedlargelyonalow-te

chapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动

力短缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringthesh

ape,colorandtexture(质地)ofgrass.（通过监测草的形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。【14题详解】这是一篇说明文

。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。细节理解题。根据文章第四段“ButBondsdoesn'tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexp

erienceintheindustry-andfailedattemptstousetechnology-haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作

。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。【15题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“MichaelKelseyParis,vicepre

sidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen'sAssociation,saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattlethe

ft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。2020年新高考卷之D篇Accordingtoarecent

studyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistin

gresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappeti

tesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexper

iments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eac

hwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed10

5pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsof

theactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytoo

ksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30p

ieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthe

thinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmo

re,sowillI.Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpe

rsonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsui

t.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?12.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety.B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand.D.Eatingbeh

avior.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters.B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters.D.Tallthinperso

ns.14.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldr

ecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.15.Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothe

lastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare.B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers.D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.【答案】12.D13.D14.A15.C12.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Acc

ordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake”可知，根据消费者研究

杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。13.词义猜测题。根据前半句“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavi

erpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。由con

traryto可推断出，画线词和heavierpeople（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavierpeople正好相反。故选D。14.推理判断题。根据第二段的“Totesttheeffectofso

cialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments”可知，为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据本文是说明

文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多

。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。15.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbac

kabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I’llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan’

tI?”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。2

020年新高考卷IICInMay1987theGoldenGateBridgehada50thbirthdayparty.Thebridgewasclosedtomotortrafficsopeoplecouldenjoyawalk

acrossit.Organizersexpectedperhaps50,000peopletoshowup.Instead,asmanyas800,000crowdedtheroadstothebridge.Bythetime25

0,000wereonthebridge,engineersnoticedsomethingterrible：theroadwaywasflatteningunderwhatturnedouttobetheheavi

estloadithadeverbeenaskedtocarry.Worse,itwasbeginningtosway（晃动）.Theauthoritiesclosedaccesstothebridgeandtensoft

housandsofpeoplemadetheirwaybacktoland.Adisasterwasavoided.ThestoryisoneofscoresinToForgiveDesign：UnderstandingFailure,abookthatisatoncealove

lettertoengineeringandapaean（赞歌）toitsbreakdowns.Itsauthor,Dr.HenryPetroski,haslongbeenwritingaboutdisasters.Inthis

book,heincludesthelossofthespaceshuttles（航天飞机）ChallengerandColumbia,andthesinkingoftheTitanic.Thoughheackno

wledgesthatengineeringworkscanfailbecausethepersonwhothoughtthemuporengineeredthemsimplygotthingswrong,inthisbookDr.Petrosk

iwidenshisviewtoconsiderthelargercontextinwhichsuchfailuresoccur.Sometimesdevicesfailbecauseagooddesignisconstructedwithlowquality

materialsincompetentlyapplied.Orperhapsadesignworkssowellitisadoptedelsewhereagainandagain,withseeminglyharmlessimprovements,until,sud

denly,itdoesnotworkatallanymore.Readerswillencounternotonlystoriestheyhaveheardbefore,butsomenewstoriesan

damovingdiscussionoftheresponsibilityoftheengineertothepublicandthewaysyoungengineerscanbehelpedtograspthem."Successissuccessbu

tthatisallthatitis,"Dr.Petroskiwrites.Itisfailurethatbringsimprovement.8.WhathappenedtotheGoldenGateBridgeonits50thbirt

hday?A.Itcarriedmoreweightthanitcould.B.ItswayedviolentlyinastrongwindC.ItsroadwaywasdamagedbyvehiclesD.Itsaccesswasblockedbymanypeople.9.Whichoft

hefollowingisDr.Petroski'sideaaccordingtoparagraph3?A.NodesigniswellreceivedeverywhereB.Constructionismoreimportantthandesign.

C.NotalldisastersarecausedbyengineeringdesignD.Improvementsonengineeringworksarenecessary.10.Whatdoesthelastparagraphsuggest?A.Failurecanlea

dtoprogress.B.SuccessresultsinoverconfidenceC.Failureshouldbeavoided.D.Successcomesfromjointefforts.11.Whatisthetext?A.Anewsreport

B.Ashortstory.C.AbookreviewD.Aresearcharticle.【答案】8.A9.C10.A11.C【8题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“InMay1987theGoldenGateBridgehada50thbirthdayparty.Thebridgew

asclosedtomotortrafficsopeoplecouldenjoyawalkacrossit.Organizersexpectedperhaps50,000peopletoshowup.Instead,asmanyas800,000crowdedtheroadstothebrid

ge.Bythetime250,000wereonthebridge,engineersnoticedsomethingterrible：theroadwaywasflatteningunderwhatturnedouttobetheheaviestloadithadev

erbeenaskedtocarry.Worse,itwasbeginningtosway”可以看出，1987年5月，金门大桥举行了一个50岁生日聚会。这座桥禁止机动车通行，人们可以在桥上散步。组织者预计将

有5万人到场。相反，多达80万人挤满了通往大桥的道路。当25万人在桥上时，工程师们注意到了一个可怕的现象：路面在被要求承载的最重荷载作用下变得平了。更糟的是，它开始晃动。因此可以看出，金门大桥50岁生日那天，它的重

量超过了它的承受能力。故选A。【9题详解】这是一篇议论文。主要讲述了对彼得罗斯基博士的书《原谅设计：理解失败》的评论，工程设计可能会因为某些原因带来失败，但失败才能带来进步。推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Thoughheacknowledgesthatengin

eeringworkscanfailbecausethepersonwhothoughtthemuporengineeredthemsimplygotthingswrong,inthisbookDr.Petroskiwidenshisvi

ewtoconsiderthelargercontextinwhichsuchfailuresoccur.Sometimesdevicesfailbecauseagooddesignisconstructedwithlowqualitymaterialsi

ncompetentlyapplied.Orperhapsadesignworkssowellitisadoptedelsewhereagainandagain,withseeminglyharmle

ssimprovements,until,suddenly,itdoesnotworkatallanymore.”可知，虽然他承认工程设计可能会因为那些想出或设计它们的人只是把事情弄错了失败，但在这本书中，彼得罗斯基博士拓宽了他的视野，考虑了这种失败发生的更大背景。有时，由于一个好的设计

是用不合格的低质量材料建造的，所以装置会失败。或者，一个设计工作得如此好，以至于在其他地方一次又一次地被采用，用似乎是无害的改进，直到突然间，它完全不起作用了。因此可以推测出，根据第三段，不是所有的灾难都是由工程设计引起的是彼得罗斯基博士的想法。故选C。【10

题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的“Itisfailurethatbringsimprovement.”可知，失败才能带来进步。因此可以看出，A项与此相呼应，即失败能带来进步，故选A。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Thestoryison

eofscoresinToForgiveDesign：UnderstandingFailure,abookthatisatoncealovelettertoengineeringandapaean（赞歌）toitsbreakdowns.”可

知，这个故事是《原谅设计：理解失败》一书中的一个，这本书既是对工程的一封情书，也是对其崩溃的赞歌。并且后面两段都在写这本书里的内容以及评价，再根据倒数第二段的“Readerswillencounternotonlystoriestheyhaveheardbefore,butsom

enewstoriesandamovingdiscussionoftheresponsibilityoftheengineertothepublicandthewaysyoungengineerscanbehelpedtograspthem.”可知，读者不仅会遇到他们以

前听过的故事，还会遇到一些新的故事和关于工程师对公众的责任以及如何帮助年轻工程师掌握它们的动人讨论。再结合最后一段“Itisfailurethatbringsimprovement.”可知，失败才能带来进步。因此可以推测出，这些内容都是关于这本书的评论，因为这篇文章是书评

，故选C。2020年新高考卷IIDRainforestsarehometoarichvarietyofmedicinalplants,food,birdsandanimals.Canyoubelievethatasin

glebush（灌木丛）intheAmazonmayhavemorespeciesofantsthanthewholeofBritain!About480varietiesoftreesmaybefoundinjustonehectareofrainforest.Rainforestsareth

elungsoftheplanet-storingvastquantitiesofcarbondioxideandproducingasignificantamountoftheworld'soxygen.Rainforestshavethe

irownperfectsystemforensuringtheirownsurvival;thetalltreesmakeacanopy（树冠层）ofbranchesandleaveswhichprotectthemselves,smallerplants,andt

heforestanimalsfromheavyrain,intensedryheatfromthesunandstrongwinds.Amazingly,thetreesgrowinsuchawaythatthei

rleavesandbranches,althoughclosetogether,neveractuallytouchthoseofanothertree.Scientiststhinkthisistheplants'waytopreventthespreadofanytreediseas

esandmakelifemoredifficultforleaf-eatinginsectslikecaterpillars.Tosurviveintheforest,animalsmustclimb,jumporflyacrossthegaps.Thegroundflooro

ftheforestisnotalltangledleavesandbushes,likeinfilms,butisactuallyfairlyclear.Itiswheredeadleavesturn

intofoodforthetreesandotherforestlife.Theyarenotcalledrainforestsfornothing!Rainforestscangenerate75%oftheirownrain.Atleast80inch

esofrainayearisnormal-andinsomeareastheremaybeasmuchas430inchesofrainannually.Thisisrealrain-yourumbrellamayprotectyouinashower,

butitwon'tkeepyoudryifthereisafullrainstorm.Injusttwohours,streamscanrisetentotwentyfeet.Thehumidity（湿

气）oflargerainforestscontributestotheformationofraincloudsthatmaytraveltoothercountriesinneedofrain.12.Whatcanwelearnab

outrainforestsfromthefirstparagraph?A.Theyproduceoxygen.B.Theycoveravastarea.C.Theyarewellmanaged.D.Theyarerichinwildlife.13.Whic

hofthefollowingcontributesmosttothesurvivalofrainforests?A.HeavyrainsB.Bigtrees.C.Smallplants.D.Fores

tanimals.14.Whydotheleavesandbranchesofdifferenttreesavoidtouchingeachother?A.Formoresunlight.B.Formoregrowingspace.C.Forself-protection.D

.Forthedetectionofinsects.15.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Life-GivingRainforestsB.TheLawoftheJungleC.Anima

lsintheAmazonD.WeatherinRainforests【答案】12.D13.B14.C15.A本文是说明文。热带雨林被称为“世界上最大的药房”，因为超过25%的现代药物是由其植物提炼。热带雨林也享有“地球之肺”的美誉，因其植物的光合作用净化地球空气的

能力尤为强大。仅亚马逊热带雨林产生的氧气就占全球氧气总量的1/3。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段Rainforestsarehometoarichvarietyofmedicinalplants,food,birdsandan

imals.得知，热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。可知，热带雨林有丰富的野生动物，故选D。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段Rainforestshavetheirownperfectsy

stemforensuringtheirownsurvival;thetalltreesmakeacanopy（树冠层）ofbranchesandleaveswhichprotectthemselves,smallerplants,andtheforestanimalsfromheavy

rain,intensedryheatfromthesunandstrongwinds.得知，热带雨林有自己完美的生存体系，高大的树木有枝干，树叶的树冠层保护树木本身、小植物、动物们免受大雨和太阳强风带来的干燥热浪

的伤害。可知，大树有助于热带雨林生存，故选B。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段Scientiststhinkthisistheplants'waytopreventthespreadofanytreediseasesandmakelifemoredifficultforleaf-eating

insectslikecaterpillars.得知，科学家们认为这是植物阻止任何树木疾病扩散和让比如毛毛虫这种食用树叶的昆虫难以生存。可以判断出不同树木的树叶和树枝避免彼此触碰是为了自我保护，故选C。【15题详解】主旨大意题。本文首先讲述了热带雨

林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。其次，热带雨林就是地球的肺——它吸纳了大量的二氧化碳，并制造了全球氧气的很大部分。然后，雨林可以自我形成所需降雨的75%，而庞大的热带雨林湿气则可以形成雨云，这些雨云则可以飘往那些缺雨水的国家。可以判断出本文最佳标题是“给予生命的热

带雨林”，故选A。