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《2024年1月“九省联考”英语真题解读与考后变式训练》专题05阅读理解C篇(二次开发+微技能+名校模拟)原卷版变式方向：词形转换;高考考点;熟词新意;态度推断题技巧;人际关系话题阅读理解关键词：说明文,人与社会,争论的意义,人际关系,人际沟通,和谐相处,社会
热点Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:“Ihavecometotheconclusionthatthereisonlyonewayt
ogetthebestofanargument—andthatistoavoidit.”Thisdistasteforargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesproblemsforourpersonala
ndsociallives—andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefig
hts,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbal(言语的)fightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff
.Youwouldbefeelingalmostasbadifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions—like,say,tennistournaments.Pairsofopponent
shittheballbackandforthuntilonewinnercomesoutfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingexplainswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarg
uments.However,therearewaystowinanargumenteverytime.Whenyoustateyourposition,formulate(阐述)anargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyour
selfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Whenyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirvie
wandspellouttheirargumentfully.Assessitsstrengthandweakness.Raiseobjections(异议)andlistencarefullytothe
irreplies.Thismethodwillrequireeffort,butpracticewillmakeyoubetteratit.Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument—not
intheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningaboutwhatdividespeople,learningwhyth
eydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments—fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchan
gethroughwhichweallgainrespectandunderstandingfromeachother—thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anargument.28.
Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardCarnegie’sunderstandingofargument?A.Critical.B.Supportive.C.Tolerant.D.Un
certain.29.Whydomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments?A.Theylackdebatingskills.B.Theymayfeelbadeveniftheywin.C.Theyfearbeingignored.D.Theyarenotconfide
ntinthemselves.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“spellout”inparagraph3probablymean?A.Defend.B.Explain.C.Conclude.D.Repeat.31.Whati
sthekeyto“winning”anargumentaccordingtotheauthor?A.Senseoflogic.B.Solidsupportingevidence.原题呈现C.Propermanners
.D.Understandingfrombothsides.一、纲内词汇（酌情删减）1.conclusionn.结论2.argumentn.争论3.distasten.不喜欢；反感4.mistakena
.错误；不正确5.sociala.社会的；社交的6.physicala.身体的；物理的7.bloodieda.血染的；有血的8.competitionn.竞赛；竞争9.sayvt.说话；比方说10.tournamentn.锦标赛11.opponentn.对手1
2.positionn.位置；姿势；立场13.claimvt.声称；认领；夺取生命14.honestlyad.诚实地15.standn.立场；观点16.fullyad.充分地17.assessvt.评估18.strengthn.力量；优势19.weaknessn.弱点
20.dividevt.分割21.disagreevi.不同意22.readjustvt.重新调整23.verbala.文字的；言语的24.criticala.批判的；关键的；严重的25.supportivea.支持的26.toleranta.宽容的27.uncertaina.无把握的
28.lackvt.缺乏29.ignorevt.不理睬；忽视30.concludevt.推断出；结束31.solida.坚硬的；结实的32.evidencen.证据，证词33.propera.合适的二、高频词块（酌情删减）1.cometotheconclu
sion得出结论2.getthebestof占上风，战胜3.dependon依赖于4.missthepoint抓不着要点5.endup最后落得6.bewelloff经济富裕7.backandforth来来回回地8
.spellout详加说明9.disagreewithsb不同意某人（的观点）10.one’sattitudetowards…对……态度11.beconfidentin…对……有信心二、高频词块（酌情删减）1.inthewild在野外2.feedon以……为食物3.playafuncti
onin在…中起作用4.watchoutfor小心提防5.reactto对……作出反应6.takeflight逃跑；起飞7.bereactiveto对…有反应8.besubjecttosth受支配；常遭受
…9.expose…to…暴露于10.atayoungage在年轻时11.avoinddoing避免做某事12.callfor要求，需要核心词汇背诵考点变式训练一、词类转换（酌情删减）1.concludevt.推断→n.结论2.mistaken.错误→a.错
误；不正确3.competevi.竞赛；竞争→n.竞赛；竞争→n.对手4.fulla.圆满的→fullyad.充分地5.stronga.力量；优势→n.力量；优势6.supportivevt.支持→a.支持的7.toleratev
t.容忍→a.容的8.evidentn.明显的→n.证据，证词二、纲内词汇翻译（酌情删减）1.conclusionn.2.argumentn.3.distasten.4.mistakena.5.sociala
.6.physicala.7.bloodieda.8.competitionn.9.sayvt.10.tournamentn.11.opponentn.12.positionn.13.claimvt.14.honest
lyad.15.standn.16.fullyad.17.assessvt.18.strengthn.19.weaknessn.20.dividevt.21.disagreevi.22.readjustvt.23.verbala.24.criticala.25.supportivea
.26.toleranta.27.uncertaina.28.lackvt.29.ignorevt.30.concludevt.31.solida.32.evidencen.33.propera.三、高频词块翻译（酌情删减）1.cometotheconclusion2
.getthebestof3.dependon4.missthepoint5.endup6.bewelloff7.backandforth8.spellout9.disagreewithsb10.one’sattitudet
owards…11.beconfidentin…四、单句填空（核心考点习题化）1.Inhis1936work,DaleCarnegiewrote:“Ihavecometothe____________(conclude)thatthereiso
nlyoneway____________(get)thebestofanargument—andthatistoavoidit.”2.Thisdistasteforargumentsiscommon,butitdependsona____________(mistake)viewof
argumentsthat____________(cause)problemsforourpersonalandsociallives.3.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,____________ishowweoftenth
inkofthem.4.Likephysicalfights,verbal(言语的)fightscanleavebothsides____________(bloody).5.Evenwhenyouwin,yo
uendupno____________(well)off.6.Youwouldbefeelingalmostasbadifargumentswereevenjust____________(competition)—like,say,tennistourname
nts.7.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforth____________onewinnercomesoutfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.8.Thisk
indofthinkingexplains____________somanypeopletrytoavoidarguments.9.However,therearewaystowinan__________
__(argue)everytime.10.Whenyoustateyourposition,formulate(阐述)anargumentforwhatyouclaimand____________(ho
nest)askyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.11.Whenyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirviewandspellouttheirargument___
_________(full).12.Assessits____________(strong)andweakness.Raiseobjections(异议)andlistencarefullytotheirreplies.13.Thi
smethodwillrequireeffort,____________practicewillmakeyoubetteratit.五、熟词新意(defend用法)1.Scientistsareclaimingamajorbreakthroughinthefightagains
tcancer.2.Alotoflostpropertyisneverclaimed.3.Thecarcrashclaimedthreelives.4.Shewastooweaktostand.5.Istoodthelittlegirlonachairsothatshecouldsee.6.T
hecastlestandsonthesiteofanancientbattlefield.7.Thetowerstands30metreshigh.8.Shecouldn'tstandbeingkeptwaitin
g.9.Modernplasticscanstandveryhighandverylowtemperatures.10.Hewascriticizedforhistoughstandonimmigration.11.Theysetupasta
ndtosellcookedsausages.六、长难句分析（括号法+标记法）1.Thisdistasteforargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumen
ts[thatcausesproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives—andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace].【翻译】这种对争论的厌恶是常见的，但它取决于对争论的错误看法，这会给我们的
个人和社会生活带来问题，而且在很多方面都没有抓住争论的重点。【分析】thatcausesproblems…引导________从句，修饰先行词arguments；定语从句由________连接两个并列的谓语动词；
主句部分是________连接的并列句。2.Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument[—notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthe
bettersenseoflearningaboutwhatdividespeople,learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem].【翻译】这些工具可以帮助你赢得每一场争论——不是从
击败对手的无益意义上，而是从更好的意义上了解人们的分歧，了解他们为什么不同意我们的观点，并学会与他们交谈和合作。【分析】Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument是一个“________”结构的简单句；后边破折号部分期解释说明作用，not…
but….连接两个介词短语；but之后由三个learning,learn…andlearning…是________结构。3.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments[—fromaverbalfightortennis
gametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainrespectandunderstandingfromeachother—]thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win
”anargument.【翻译】如果我们重新调整我们对争论的看法——从一场口头斗争或网球比赛到一场理性的交流，通过这种交流我们都能获得彼此的尊重和理解——那么我们就改变了“赢得”争论的本质。【分析】两个破折号部分
相当于插入语，throughwhichweallgainrespectandunderstandingfromeachother是________从句，修饰先行词exchange；主体部分是一个if引起的条件状语从句+主句结构的
主从复合句。Foryears,DavidJames,whostudiesinsectsatWashingtonStateUniversity,hadwantedtoexaminethemigration(迁徙)patternsofWestCoastmonar
chbutterflies(黑脉金斑蝶).Theroutethebutterfliestravelhasbeenhardlyknownbecausethepopulationsaretoosmalltofol
low.Forevery200monarchstagged(打标签)byaresearcher,onlyoneisusuallyrecoveredattheendofitstrip,Jamessays,andfindingeve
n200inthewildtotagisunlikely.Knowingtherouteisvitaltoconservationefforts,butJameshadnowaytofigureitout-unt
ilhegotaphonecallfromWashingtonStatePenitentiaryinWallaWalla.Theprisonwaslookingfornewactivitiestoimprovethementalhealthofthoseservingl
ong-termsentences.SoJamesbeganworkingwithprisonerstoraisemonarchsthroughthewholeprocessoftheirtransformation.Theadultinsectswerethenta
ggedandreleasedfromtheprison.Overfiveyears,nearly10,000monarchsflewfromthefacility.ElsewhereinWashington,OregonandIdaho,researchersreleased
anotherfewthousand.Thetagsincludedemailaddresses,andsoonafterthefirstbutterfliestookoff,Jamesstartedreceivingmessagesfrompeoplewhohadspottedthem
.Thebutterflies,thereportsconfirmed,winteredincoastalCalifornia.TwelveofthemlandedatLighthouseFieldStateBeachinSa
ntaCruz.SeveralmoreheadedtoBolinasandMorroBay.Theworkhelpsresearchersidentifyidealplacestoplantmilkweedandothervegetati
onthatareimportanttothelifecycleofWestCoastmonarchbutterflies.Italsobroughtoutthegentlerside2023年四省联考ofsomeoftheprisoners.“Theywe
reveryworriedthattheyweregoingtoharmthebutterflies,”Jamessays.Watchingthemonarchchangetheirformalsotouchedthemen.“Thisbutterflychanged,”Jamesrecal
lsprisonerstellinghim,“andmaybewecantoo.”28.WhatwashardforDavidtodoinhisstudy?A.Gainfinancialsupport.B.Hirequalifiedworkers.C.Bui
ldanewlaboratory.D.Findenoughmonarchs.29.Whyarethebutterfliestaggedbeforebeingreleased?A.Toguaranteetheirsafety.B.Toenablethemtoflylongerdistances
.C.Totracktheirtravelroutes.D.Todistinguishthemfromotherspecies.30.Whatmakestheprisonersfeelthattheycanchange?A.Thepatiencethebutterfliesshowed.B
.Thehardshipthebutterfliesunderwent.C.Thetransformationofthebutterflies.D.ThedevotionofJamestothebutterflies.31.Whatisthe
lastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theimpactoftheresearch.B.ThefindingsofJames’study.C.Thereleaseoftheprisoners.D.Thelifecycleof
thebutterflies.态度观点态度类试题解题指导态度观点态度类试题的解题方法：第一：结合题干人物和内容定位原文出现在哪一（些）段；然后仔细比对该句言外之意；第二：加入自己的态度。要注意区分试题考查的是作者的态度还是作者引
用别人的态度；第三：态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者在文章中所运用词汇的褒贬性去判断作者的态度，尤其是动词、形容词和副词，如wonderfully,successfully,unfortunately,doubtfully等。乐观支持类词汇：optimistic乐观的；po
sitive肯定的；favorable支持的，赞同的；supportive支持的；approving赞成的客观中立类词汇：objective客观的；neutral中立的；cautious谨慎的消极反对类词汇：negative否定的；opposite相反的；unfair公
正的；doubtful怀疑的；indifferent漠不关心的；critical批评的；ironic讽刺的；skeptical质疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不赞同的；pessimistic悲观的；dismissive
轻蔑的，不屑一顾的考例1（2023年全国甲卷C篇）解题指导Iwasabout13whenanunclegavemeacopyofJosteinGaarder’sSophie’sWorld.Itwasfullofideasthatwe
renewtome,soIspentthesummerwithmyheadinandoutofthatbook.Itspoketomeandbroughtmeintoaworldofphilosophy(哲学).Thatlovefor
philosophylasteduntilIgottocollege.NothingkillstheloveforphilosophyfasterthanpeoplewhothinktheyunderstandFoucault,Baudrillard,o
rConfuciusbetterthanyou—andthentrytoexplainthem.EricWeiner’sTheSocratesExpress:InSearchofLifeLessonsfromDeadPhilosophersreawakenedmyloveforphilo
sophy.Itisnotanexplanation,butaninvitationtothinkandexperiencephilosophy.Weinerstartseachchapterwithasceneonatrainridebet
weencitiesandthenframeseachphilosopher’sworkinthecontext(背景)ofonethingtheycanhelpusdobetter.TheendresultisareadinwhichwelearntowonderlikeSoc
rates,seelikeThoreau,listenlikeSchopenhauer,andhavenoregretslikeNietzsche.This,morethanabookaboutunderstandingphilosophy,is
abookaboutlearningtousephilosophytoimprovealife.Hemakesphilosophicalthoughtanappealingexercisethatimprovesthequalityofourexperiences,andhedoe
ssowithplentyofhumor.Weinerentersintoconversationwithsomeofthemostimportantphilosophersinhistory,andhebecomespartofthatcrowdintheproc
essbydecoding(解读)theirmessagesandaddinghisowninterpretation.TheSocratesExpressisafun,sharpbookthatdrawsreadersinwithi
tsapparentsimplicityandgraduallypullsthemindeeperthoughtsondesire,loneliness,andaging.Theinvitationisclear:Weinerwantsyoutopickupacoffeeortea
andsitdownwiththisbook.Iencourageyoutotakehisoffer.It’sworthyourtime,eveniftimeissomethingwedon’thave
alotof.28.Whoopenedthedoortophilosophyfortheauthor?A.Foucault.B.EricWeiner.C.JosteinGaarder.D.Acollegeteacher.29.Whydoestheauthorlistgreatphilos
ophersinparagraph4?A.TocompareWeinerwiththem.B.Togiveexamplesofgreatworks.C.Topraisetheirwritingskills.D.TohelpreadersunderstandWeine
rsbook.30.WhatdoestheauthorlikeaboutTheSocratesExpress?A.Itsviewsonhistoryarewell-presented.B.Itsideascanbeappliedtodailylife.C.Itinclude
scommentsfromreaders.D.Itleavesanopenending.31.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofWeinersbook?A.Objectiveandplain.B.Daringandambitious.C.Seri
ousandhardtofollow.D.Humorousandstraightforward.考例2（2021年新高考I卷D篇）Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningo
femotional(情感的)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson’s
makeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”R
esearchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-bas
edemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabil
itytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheat
ermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Although
popularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmoreben
eficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyempl
oyers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre
-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.32.Whatisacommonmisundersta
ndingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest.B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson'smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills.D.Itreferstoaperson’sp
ositivequalities.33.Whydoestheauthormention“doctor”and“cheater”inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule.B.Toclarifyaconc
ept.C.Topresentafact.D.Tomakeaprediction.34.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable.B.Intolera
nt.C.Doubtful.D.Unclear.35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic.B.Expectation
sforfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication.D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.1（2018·全国·高考真题）We’veallbeenthere:inalift
,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,历年真题速递surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfor
tablesilence.What’stheproblem?It’spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It’smorelikelythatnoneofuss
tartaconversationbecauseit’sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit’sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,conside
rthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit’saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportan
tiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn’tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(润滑剂)fo
rsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySo
utheast.＂Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,＂heexplains.＂Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconne
ctwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.＂Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoa
coffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互动)withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthattho
sewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.＂It’snotth
attalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,＂saysDunn.＂Butinteractionswithperipheral(边缘的)membersofoursocialne
tworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.＂Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwi
thothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.＂Smalltalkisthebasisofgo
odmanners,＂hesays.1．Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A．Addictiontosmartphones.B．Inappropriatebehavioursinp
ublicplaces.C．Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D．Impatiencewithslowservice.2．Whatisimportantfor
successfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?A．Showinggoodmanners.B．Relatingtootherpeople.C．Focusingonatopic.D
．Makingbusinessdeals.3．Whatdoesthecoffee-shopstudysuggestaboutsmalltalk?A．Itimprovesfamilyrelationships.B．Itraises
people’sconfidence.C．Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk.D．Itmakespeoplefeelgood.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ConversationCountsB．Wayso
fMakingSmallTalkC．BenefitsofSmallTalkD．UncomfortableSilence2（2024·浙江·统考高考真题）TheStanfordmarshmallow(棉花糖)testwasoriginallyconductedbypsychologistWal
terMischelinthelate1960s.Childrenagedfourtosixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.Asinglesugarytreat,selectedbyt
hechild,wasplacedonatable.Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,theywouldbegiven
asecondtreat.Thentheywereleftaloneintheroom.Follow-upstudieswiththechildrenlaterinlifeshowedaconnectionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughtoobtai
nasecondtreatandvariousformsofsuccess.Asadultswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We’renottempt
ed(诱惑)bysugarytreats,butbyourcomputers,phones,andtablets—allthedevicesthatconnectustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarioustypesofinformationthat
dotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbecauseourancestorslivedinacalorie-poor
world,andourbrainsdevelopedaresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflectedtheirvalue—afeelingofrewardand
satisfaction.Butaswe’vereshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingthecostandeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhavethesamebrai
nswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthismismatchisattheheartofwhysomanyofusstruggletoresisttemptingfoodsthatwekn
owweshouldn’teat.Asimilarprocessisatworkinourresponsetoinformation.Ourformativeenvironmentasaspecieswasinformation-poor,soourbrainsdevelopedame
chanismthatprizednewinformation.Butglobalconnectivityhasgreatlychangedourinformationenvironment.Wearenowceaselesslybombarded(轰炸)withnewinformati
on.Therefore,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloricconsumption,wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,
resistingthetemptationofthemental“junkfood”inordertomanageourtimemosteffectively.5．WhatdidthechildrenneedtodotogetasecondtreatinM
ischel’stest?A．Takeanexaminationalone.B．Showrespectfortheresearchers.C．Sharetheirtreatswithothers.D．Delayeatingforfifteenminutes.6．Accordingtop
aragraph3,thereisamismatchbetween___________.A．thecalorie-poorworldandourgoodappetitesB．theshortageofsugarandournutritionalneedsC．therichfoodsupplyan
dourunchangedbrainsD．thetemptingfoodsandoureffortstokeepfit7．Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdo?A．Absorbnewinformationreadily.B．Be
selectiveinformationconsumers.C．Usediverseinformationsources.D．Protecttheinformationenvironment.8．Whichofthefol
lowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．EatLess,ReadMoreB．TheBitterTruthaboutEarlyHumansC．TheLater,theBetterD．TheMarshmallowTe
stforGrownups3（2023·全国·统考高考真题）OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillu
stratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecas
es,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerror
saren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogeth
er,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,th
entheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateve
rreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNa
vajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurt
herdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindep
endentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificant
lymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,ther
esearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestim
ates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequen
tly,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether”.Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductionin
error.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.9．
Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A．Themethodsofestimation.B．Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C．Thecausesof
people’serrors.D．ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.10．Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A．thecrowdswererelativelysmall
B．therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC．individualsdidnotcommunicateD．estimateswerenotfullyindependent11．Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfo
cuson?A．Thesizeofthegroups.B．Thedominantmembers.C．Thediscussionprocess.D．Theindividualestimates.12．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studi
es?A．Unclear.B．Dismissive.C．Doubtful.D．Approving.4（2023·云南昆明·昆明一中校考一模）RecentlyI’vebeendrawntobookswhichmotivatemetolookatmyself,andhopefullymakemeab
etter“me”.TheCouragetoBeDisliked,byIchiroKishimiandFumitakeKoya,hasatitleIjustcan’tgopast.ThebookhastakenJapanby
storm,usingthetheoriesofphilosopherAlfredAdlertocreateconversationsbetweenafictionalphilosopherandayoung
man.Theconversationscovermanybroad,interestingandtouchytopics.ThephilosophercharactersticksbythetheoriesofAdler,andexpl
ainshowwearecompetenttodetermineourownlives,andbefreeoftheinfluenceofpastexperiencesandothers’expectations.It’sawayofthinkingth
atallowsustodevelopthecouragetochangeandtoignorethelimitationsplacedonus.Theseoftencomplextopicsareplayedoutinaconversationalstylebet
weenthetwomen.Whileit’seasytofollowtheconversations,thetopicswillknockaroundinyourownheadasyouworkoutwhetheryousitonth
esideofthephilosopher,theyoungman,orsomewhereinbetween.Thebookiswell-receivedbyreadersprimarilyowingtothefacttha
titpresentstwowell-balancedperspectivesinthearguments.You’llfindyourselfdoinghouseholdchores,oratyourkeyboard,unpackingalltheinformatio
ninyourmindandcomingtoyourownconclusions.Youwillwholeheartedlyagreeonsomepointsandwanttothrowthebookatthewallatothers.Itscontentispolarising(
两极化的)andIcertainlydon’tagreewitheverythingthephilosopherortheyoungmansays,butIthinkthat’sthepoint.TheCouragetoBeDislikedisth
eretosparkaconversationwithyourselfanddosomeslightlyuncomfortablesoul-searching.13．Whichcategorydoesthebookbelongto?A．Cl
assicliterature.B．Sciencefiction.C．Philosophytheory.D．Selfimprovement.14．Whichstatementmightthephilosophercha
racteragreewith?A．Peoplecantakechargeoftheirlifecourse.B．Peoplearefreeoftheinfluenceoftheirpast.C．Peopleshoul
dhidetheireagernesstochange.D．Peopleoughttotaketheirlimitationsseriously.15．Howdoesthebookdevelop?A．Bypresentingdialogues.B．Bymakingcomparisons.C．Bya
rguingtheoretically.D．Bylistingadequatedata.16．Whyisthebookpopularwithreaders?A．Itshowsideasinplainlanguage.B．Itoffersbalancedsidestotheto
pics.C．Itdisplaysthescientificstatistics.D．Itavoidstheuseofphilosophicterms.5（2023·宁夏银川·银川一中校考模拟预测）Ifyouareaperfectionis
t,youareprobablyfamiliar名校好题速递withthefeelingofwantingtogeteverythingjustright.Youmaystrugglewithhandinginpapers,agonizeoverprojec
tsatwork,andevenworryaboutsmallerrorsfromthepast.Highstandardsareonething,butperfectionismisquiteanother.And
assomeresearchershavediscovered,pursuingperfectioncanhaveseriousconsequencestobothmentalandphysicalwell-bein
g.Accordingtoresearchers,perfectionistsholdthemselvestounrealisticallyhighstandardsandbecomeselfcriticaliftheybelievetheyhaven’
tmetthesestandards.Perfectionistsarealsolikelytofeelguiltandshameiftheyexperiencefailures,whichoftenleadsthemtoavoidsituationswheret
heyareworriedtheymightfail.Inonestudy,researcherslookedatatotalof284studies(withover57，000participants)andfoundthatperfectionismwasassociatedwithsymp
tomsofdepression,anxiety,obsessive-compulsivedisorder,andeatingdisorders.Theyalsofoundthatpeoplehigherinperfectionism(i.e.part
icipantswhomorestronglyidentifiedwithperfectionisttraits)alsoreportedhigherlevelsofoverallpsychologicaldistress.Inanarticlepublishedin2016,rese
archerslookedathowperfectionismanddepressionwererelatedovertime.Theyfoundthatpeoplehigherinperfectionismtendedtohaveincreasesindepressio
nsymptoms,whichsuggeststhatperfectionismmaybeariskfactorfordevelopingdepression.Inotherwords,althoughpeoplemaythinkoft
heirperfectionismassomethingthathelpsthemsucceed,itappearsthattheirperfectionismmayactuallybeharmfulfortheirmentalhealth.Sinceperfectionismisass
ociatedwithnegativeoutcomes,whatcansomeonewithperfectionisttendenciesdotochangetheirbehavior?Althoughpeoplearesometimeshesitanttogiveuptheirperfe
ctionisttendencies,psychologistspointoutthatgivinguponperfectiondoesn’tmeanbeinglesssuccessful.Infact,becausemistakesareanimportantpartoflearningan
dgrowing,embracingimperfectioncanactuallyhelpusinthelongrun.17．Whydoestheauthordescribethesceneinthefirstparagrap
h?A．Tointroducethetopic.B．Tomakecomparisons.C．Tosupporttheauthor’sargument.D．Todefineaconcept.18．Whocanbedefinedasaperfect
ionist?A．Apersonwhoisdeterminedtoachievehighgoals.B．Apersonwhotendstofeelsorryforwhathehasdone.C．Apersonwhoblameshimselffornotbeingthatsuccess
ful.D．Apersonwhoholdshighstandardsforthemselves.19．Howcanperfectionismbeharmful?A．Itmaylowerone’smentalhealth.B．Itreflectsone’spsychological
level.C．Itresultsindepressionimmediately.D．Itstopsonefromrecoveringfromdepression.20．Whatwillbediscussed
inthefollowingparagraph?A．Acallfornotbeingaperfectionist.B．Anotherside-effectofperfectionism.C．Whyperfectionis
misharmful.D．Howtoavoidperfectionism.6（2023·重庆·模拟预测）ArgumentsisonthemenutonightatthecaféLaChope.Thisevening,asoneveryThu
rsdaynight,psychologistMaudLehanneisleadingtwoofFrance’sfavoritepastimes,coffeedrinkingandthe“talkingcure”.Heretheyar
elearningtogetintouchwiththeirtruefeelings.Itisn’talwayseasy.Theycustomers—somethirtyParisianswhopayjustunder$2(plusdrinks)pers
ession—arequicktointellectualize(高谈阔论),slowtoopenupandconnect.“Youareforbiddentosay‘onefeels’or‘peoplethink’,”Lehanetoldthem.“Say‘Ithink’‘Thinkme’
.”Acafésocietywherenointellectualizingisallowed?Itcouldn’tseemmoreun-French.ButLehanne’spsychologycaféisaboutmorethan
knowingoneself:It’stryingtohelpthecity’stroubledneighborhoodcafes.Overtheyears,ParisiancaféshavefallenvictimtochangesintheFrenchlifestyle—long
erworkinghours,afast-foodboomandayoungergeneration’sdesiretospendmoretimeathome.Dozensofnewthemecafés
appeartochangethesituation.Cafesfocusedaroundpsychology,history,andengineeringarecatchingon,fillingtableswellintotheeve
ning.Thecity’spsychologycafés,whichoffergreatcomfort,areamongthemostpopularplaces.Middle-agedhomemakers,retirees,andtheunemployedcome
tosuchcafestotalkaboutlover,anger,anddreamswithapsychologist.AndtheycometoLehance’sgroupjusttolearntosaywhattheyfeel.There’sas
trongneedinParisforcommunication,saysMauriceFrisch,acaféLaChoperegularwhoworksasreligiousinstructorinanearbychurch.“Peoplehavefewrealfriends.Andthey
needtoopenup.”Lehannesaysshe’dliketoseepsychologycafésalloverFrance.“Ifpeoplehadnormallives,thesecaféswouldn’tex
ist,”shesays.“Iflifeweren’tabattle,peoplewouln’tneedaspecialplacejusttospeak.”Butthen,itwouldn’tbeFrance.21．Whatarepeopleencourage
dtodoatthecaféLaChope?A．Learnanewcourse.B．Contactfriends.C．Showofftheirknowledge.D．Conveytheirtruefeelings.22．Howarecafésaff
ectedbyFrenchlifestylechanges?A．Theyarelessvisited.B．Theystayopenforlongerhours.C．Theyhavemorepeopleatnight.D
．Theybegintoofferfastfood.23．Whatarethemecafésexpectedtodo?A．Createmorejobs.B．Providebetterdrinks.C．Savethecafebusiness.D．Servethecommunity.24．Whyare
psychologycafésacceptedbysomanypeople?A．Theybringpeopletruefriendship.B．Theygivepeoplespiritualsupport.C．Theyhelppeopleachie
vetheirdreams.D．Theyconnectallkindsofbusinesses.7（2023·安徽蚌埠·统考模拟预测）Haveyoueverwonderedwhatanimalsaretalkingabout?WiththedevelopmentofAI,wemaybeabl
etounderstandtheirlanguages!InProfessorKarenBakker’snewbook,TheSoundsofLife:HoneDigitalTechnologyIsBringingUsClosertotheWor
ldsofAnimalsandPlants,shetalksabouthowAIishelpingustomakeananimalversionofGoogleTranslate.Allaroundtheanimalkingdom,therearesoundsthatwecanhardly
pickupandunderstand.Elephantsforexampletalkwitheachotherusinginfrasound(次声波)—farbelowourhumanhearingrange.
Coral(珊瑚)intheoceanalsosendssoundwavestoattractbabycoraltosaferareastogrow.Thisissurprisingascoraldoesn’thaveanyears!Scientistshavepla
cedlisteningequipmentintotheseenvironmentstopickupthesoundshumanscannothear.Afterthesoundsarerecorded,AIcanstudytheirmeaning,accordingtothe
newswebsiteVox.Forexample,IsraeliresearchersusedAItotranslatebats’15,000calls.Theyfoundthatmorethan60percentwereargumentsabout
fourthings:food,sleeppositions,occupationofpersonalspace,andunwantedadvances.Thistechnologycannotonlyunderstandtheanimalsbutcommunicatebac
ktothem.Forexample,beesusedancestocommunicate.AresearchteaminGermany,therefore,putthebeelanguageAIsystemint
oarobotbee.Theyaskedtherobottocreateadanceroutetotellthebeeswherethenectar(花蜜)was,Voxreported.25．WhatisKarenBakker’snewb
ookmainlyabout?A．HowAIhelpstranslateanimals’sounds.B．WhyAIcanhelppeopleresearchanimals.C．HowAIhelpspeopledotransl
ationsbetter.D．Whyanimalsneedhelpfromhumanbeings.26．Whatdoweknowaboutthesoundsmadebyanimals?A．Nosoundsbyanimalscanbeheardbyhuman
s.B．Thesoundsguaranteeanimalssaferareastolive.C．Coralshaveearstosendandreceivesoundwaves.D．Elephants’soundwavesarebeyondh
umanhearing.27．Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?A．Theargumentsofbats.B．Therecordingofanimalsounds.C．Thecontentsofthenewswebsite.D．ThefindingsofAItr
anslation.28．Howcouldscientiststellbeeswherethenectarwas?A．Bylearningthebeelanguage.B．BycreatingaroutewithAIsystem.C．Byemploy
ingarobotbeeastheirguide.D．Byaskingarobotbeetoteachthemdance.8（2023·安徽·校联考三模）Modernlifeisfullofthingsthatcaninfluenceyourabilitytobesensi
tiveandresponsivetoyourchild.Theseincludeextrawork,lackofsleep,andthingslikemobiledevices.Someexpertsarec
oncernedabouttheeffectsthatthesethingstriggeroffonemotionalbondingandchildren’slanguagedevelopment,socialinteraction,andsa
fety.Ifparentsareinconsistentlyavailable,kidscangetdistressed(苦恼的)andfeelhurt,rejected,orignored.Theymayh
avemoreemotionaloutburstsandfeelalone.Theymayevenstoptryingtocompetefortheirparent’sattentionandstarttolosee
motionalconnectionstotheirparents.“Therearetimeswhenkidsreallydoneedyourattentionandwantyourrecognition.Pa
rentsneedtocommunicatethattheirkidsarevaluableandimportant,andchildrenneedtoknowthatparentscarewhatthey’redoing,”explainsCrnic,apsychologist.“K
idsstarttoregulatetheirownemotionsandbehavioraroundagethree.Upuntilthen,theydependmoreonyoutohelpthemregulateth
eiremotions,whethertocalmthemorhelpgetthemexcited,”headds.Dr.CarolMetzler,whostudiesparentingattheOregonRes
earchInstitute,explains,“They’rewatchingyoutoseehowyoudoitandlisteningtohowyoutalktothemaboutit.Parentsneedtobegoodself-regulators.You’renotonly
tryingtoregulateyourownemotionsinthemoment,buthelpingyourchildlearntomanagetheiremotionsandbehavior.Itcanbetoughtorespondtoyourkidswithsens
itivityduringtantrums(精神痛苦),arguments,orotherchallengingtimes.Ifparentsrespondbybeingbad-temperedoraggressive(攻击性的)themselves,childrenca
ncopythatbehavior,andanegativecyclethencontinuestoupgrade.”Askidsbecomebetteratmanagingtheirfeelingsandbehavior,it’simportanttohelpthemdevelopcopi
ngskills,likeactiveproblemsolving.Suchskillscanhelpthemfeelconfidentinhandlingwhatcomestheirway.29．Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderl
inedwords“triggeroff”?A．Setoff.B．Burstinto.C．Consistof.D．Divefor.30．WhydoesMetzlerthinkittoughtorespondtokidssensitivelyinParagraph4?A．Becausekidsare
unabletomakeouttheirparents’arguments.B．Becauseparentsaretoosensitivetotrainkidstobeaggressive.C．Becausekidscannotcopytheirparents’behaviorontheseoc
casions.D．Becauseparentshavetocontroltheirfeelingsandteachittotheirkids.31．What’sthetextmainlyabout?A．Parentsshouldnotbebad-t
emperedinfrontoftheirkids.B．Parentsshouldconsistentlydeveloptheirproblemsolvingskills.C．Parentsshouldengagewithkidsandrespondtothempositively.D．Paren
tsshouldcontinuouslyupgradetheirlanguageandemotions.32．Whatwillthewriterprobablytalkaboutnext?A．Thewaytotrainkidstobeconfide
nt.B．Thewaytotrainkids’abilitiestodealwithmatters.C．Thewaytotrainkidstoself-regulatetheiremotions.D．Thewaytotrainkids’abilitiestobesensitivean
dresponsibe.9（2023·全国·模拟预测）TherehasbeenabitterargumentwithintheAustraliancommunityoverahorseracingeventadvertisedontheSydneyOperaHouse.Whilesomebelie
vetheOperaHouseisAustralia’s“biggestbillboard(大幅广告牌)”andshouldbeusedforeconomicgain,othersareshockedthatthegovernmenth
asallowedthenationallandmarktobepollutedwithbranding.AsaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite,theSydneyOperaHouseisanimportantAustrali
anbuildingrecognizedallovertheworldandoneofthecountry’smostfrequentlyvisitedtouristattractions.Inthepa
st,theOperaHousehasbeenusedtopromoteahandfulofcharities,culturalfestivals,etc.However,thesehaveaimedtohighlighteventsthatbringadvantageto
ordinarypeople,notasingleprofitingbrand.SomehavearguedthatpromotingbrandsonthesailsoftheOperaHouseisjustlikeadvertisingon
anyotherbillboardormarketingspacewiththepowertosignificantlyencouragetourismandgrowth.Whilethismaybetrue,ifadvert
isingcontinuestohappen,theOperaHousecouldrisklosingitsreputation,whichcoulddevaluethelandmarkandactuallydamageitstouri
smappeal.AlthoughlandmarksaroundtheworldsuchastheEiffelTowerandMoscow’sRedSquarehavebeenusedforadvertising,theyalsocau
sedsomeargumentsamongthepublic.Forinstance,amajorfashionbrandplacedagiantbrandedsuitcaseinthecenterofMoscow’sRedSquare;however
,itwasremovedshortlyafterwardsastouristscomplaineditwassobigthatitblockedviewsofmajorlandmarksites.Theadvertisementcausedargumentsamongthepubli
candfinallyfailedtoleaveapositiveimpact.SowhatwilladvertisingontheOperaHouselookliketointernationaltourists?Willtheybeamazedanddrawntoa
wonderfulcountry,orwilltheyseeadvertisingassomethingreducingtheculturalvalueofanationalsymbol?Wethinkit’sclearthatournationaltreasuresdeservet
herespectandadmirationthatcomewiththem,andadvertisingshouldbelimitedtoimportantcauses,notcampaignsforcommercialgain.33．Whatcausedthe
heateddebateamongAustralians?A．ThebiggestbillboardattheOperaHouse.B．TheOperaHouse’sbeingusedforadvertising.C．Thehorseracingeventheldatth
eOperaHouse.D．Thefamousnationallandmark’sbeingpolluted.34．WhatcanbelearnedaboutthepreviousactivitiesattheOper
aHouse?A．Theywereinthepublicinterest.B．Theycaughtinternationalattention.C．Theyweredesignedtoattracttourists.D．Theybroughtgreatecon
omicbenefits.35．WhydoestheauthormentiontheexampleofMoscow’sRedSquare?A．Topresenthowcompaniesbenefitfromattractions.B．Tostressthevarioustypesofp
romotionsinattractions.C．Toexplainwhytouristsdislikebillboardsonlandmarks.D．Toshowthenegativeeffectsofadvertisingonlandmark
s.36．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthecommercialactmentionedatthebeginning?A．Favourable.B．Doubtful.C．Intolerant.D
．Objective.10（2023·四川·校联考模拟预测）Thecloningtechnologyhasarousedheateddiscussionsamongpeople.Someofthemspeakh
ighlyofthetechnologybyclaimingthatitoffersawayforhumanbeingstoconquertheirowngeneticdefects.Othersconsideritanogre(食人恶魔)whow
illdestroyusallintheend.FOR◆Cloningisimportantforwomenwhoaresingletohaveachild,usingcloninginsteadofartificiali
nsemination(授精).Cloningcouldalsoprovideacopyofachildforacouplewhosechilddied.◆Anothergoalofcloningistoproducelivestock(家畜)withidealcharactersfor
agricultureandindustryandtobeabletomanufacturebiologicalproductssuchasproteinsforhumans.◆Cloningcouldbeusedi
nvariouswaystobenefitthelivesofhumans.◆Itmayprovideawayforcompletelysterileindividualstoreproduce!Itmayprovideawayforhomosexualcouplestorepr
oducethemselves,anditwillprobablyprovideavaluablebasicresearchandpossiblyspinofftechnologiesrelatedtoreproductiona
nddevelopment.◆Cloningwouldalsomeanthatorganscouldbecloned,soitwouldbeasourceofperfectorgansfortransplant.Thissurelywouldbeimmenselybeneficialtomi
llionsofunfortunatepeoplewhoareexpectedtolosetheirlivesduetofailureofasingleorganormoreorgans.AGAINST◆Clon
ingwouldinterveneinthenormalcycleoflife.Therewouldbealargenumberofidentical(相同的)genes,whichminimizes(
使减少到最低限度)thechancesofmutation(变异),and,inturn,evolution—thefundamentalreasonwhylivingthingsnaturallyadapttotheever-changingenvi
ronment.◆Withgeneticengineeringandhumancloningitispossibletousetheseinthearsenal(兵工厂)ofethniccleansing(清洗
)creatinginequalityinoursociety,whichwouldbethebeginningofmanywars.◆Anotherargumentagainstcloningisthatitwouldbeavailableonlytothewealth
yandthereforewouldincreasesocialinequality.◆Ifthetechnologyweretobeso,scientistscouldtransferhumangenesintoanimals’andviceve
rsa,whichwouldheightenthedangerofdevelopingzoonoses,diseasesthataretransmittedfromanimalstohumans.Itcou
ldcreateaworldwidecatastrophethatnoonewouldbeabletostop.◆Geneticengineeringwillcauseunseendisastersspiralingourworldintochaoticdarkness.
◆Cloningdeadlovedoneswillnotbringthemback;theymaylooklikethem,buttheywillhaveadifferentpersonality.37．Ifasingleladywantsababybutshedoesn
otacceptartificialinsemination,shemight________.A．thinkaboutcloningtechnologytocopyoneB．beagainsthavingachildfromcloningtech
nologyC．producelivestockwithidealcharactersD．speaklittleofthecloningtechnology38．Thepurposeofthewriterwritingthepassagei
sto________.A．encourageustosupporttheideasofFORB．adviseustoaccepttheideasofAGAINSTC．tellustounderstandtheideasofFORandAGAINSTcorrectlyD
．introduceustoremembertheideasofFORandAGAINST39．What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardscloning?A．Favorable.B．Objecti
ve.C．Critical.D．Doubtful.40．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．Howmanyadvantagesarethere?B．Howmanydisadvantagesareth
ere?C．Whichsideiswrong?D．Whichsideareyouwith?
