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阅读理解B专练5篇Passage1(2017江苏,B)Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendi

stinguishtheirmother’svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.ButWhenitcomestoembryoniclearning(胎教),birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinT

heAuk:OrnithologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch(孵化).New-bornchickscanthenimitat

etheirmom’scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abio

logistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoverag

ainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme!”c

all.Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds,theresearcherssoughtthered-backedfairywren,anotherspecieso

fAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalyzingtheo

rderandnumberofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks,rankingthembysimilarity.Itturnsoutthatbabyred

-backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheirmoms.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs,themo

resimilarwerethebabies’beggingcalls.Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybird

sthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmom’svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood.Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneu

rological(神经系统的)strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn.“Asaparent,doyouinvestinqualitychildren,ordo

youinvestinchildrenthatareinneed?”Kleindorferasks.“Ourresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.”1.

TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means“”.A.betheworstB.bethebestC.bejustasbadD.bejustasgood2.WhatareKleindorfer’sfindingsbasedon?A.Similariti

esbetweenthecallsofmomsandchicks.B.TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAustralia.C.ThedatacollectedfromQueensla

nd’slocals.D.Controlledexperimentsonwrensandotherbirds.3.Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich.A.canreceivequalitysign

alsB.areinneedoftrainingC.fittheenvironmentbetterD.maketheloudestcall答案[语篇解读]本文是一篇科普类说明文。我们都知道母亲在怀孕期间对小宝宝进行胎教,但是你知道鸟类也会给自己还未

孵化出的小宝宝进行胎教吗?请看澳大利亚生物学家的研究成果吧。1.B语词猜测题。根据画线部分后面的描述:一些鸟类在小鸟孵化出来前就开始教它们唱歌了,小鸟孵化出来后几天就能模仿自己母亲的叫声。由此推断出小鸟在这方面做得最棒,所以答

案为B项。2.A推理判断题。根据第三段中的最后一句话可知,他们把雏鸟的叫声和母亲的叫声进行对比,根据相似度进行排名,由此可知他们的发现是以母亲和雏鸟叫声的相似度为依据的,所以答案为A项。3.C推理判断题。根据最后一段可知答案

为C项。Passage2(2018江苏,B)Inthe1760s,MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted(享有)aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsommé.Althoughthemainattractionwasthe

soup,Roze’schainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout,whichhelpedtoestablishRozeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant.Today,scholarshavegeneratedlarge

amountsofinstructiveresearchaboutrestaurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat:dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta(意大利面食)whentheir

platesmatchedtheirfood.Whenadark-coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone,customersrecognizeditassweeterandmoretasty.Lightingmatte

rs,too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness,theycouldn’ttellhowmuchthey’dhad:thosegivenextra-larges

haresatemorethaneveryoneelse,butwerenonethewiser—theydidn’tfeelfuller,andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.Timeismoney,butthatprinciplemeansdifferentthin

gsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.Unlikefast-foodplaces,finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandsp

end.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround:putonsomeMozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical,ratherthanpop,musicwasp

laying,dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect:dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草)stayedlon

gerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon,ornoscent.Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—“bad”tables,crowding,highprices—don’tnece

ssarily.Dinersatbadtables—nexttothekitchendoor,say—spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot“beover

lyconcernedabout‘bad’tables,”giventhatthey’reprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant’

sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffet’spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.1.Theunderlinedphrase“non

ethewiser”inparagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere.A.notawareofeatingmorethanusualB.notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC.notconsciousofthefoo

dqualityD.notfondofthefoodprovided2.Howcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit?A.Playingclassicalmusic.B.Introducin

glemonscent.C.Makingthelightbrighter.D.Usingplatesoflargersize.3.Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?A

.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.C.Waystoimproverestaurants’reputation.D.Commonmisunderstandings

aboutrestaurants.答案[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。现在大量的研究发现颜色的搭配、光线、音乐、气味都会影响顾客在餐馆的消费。1.A词义猜测题。画线短语前提到“在光线暗的地方吃饭,顾客无法判断已经吃了多少东西。被给了超大份食物的顾客会比其他人吃得多”,画线短语后提到“他

们并没有感觉到吃得更饱”,再根据连词but的提示可推断,画线短语的意思为“没有意识到比平常吃得更多”,故选A项。2.A推理判断题。根据题干中的afinediningshop直接定位到第四段第二句(和快餐店不同,好的饭店更愿意

顾客能待久一些并进行消费),然后根据第三句可知,鼓励顾客留下来多点餐的方法之一是播放莫扎特的音乐。由此推断,好的饭店通过播放经典音乐使顾客留下来多点餐,从而赚取更多利润,故选A项。3.D主旨大意题。根据段落主题句确定段落主旨是最常用的方法。分析最后一段可知,本段第一句是本

段主题句(同时,你可能以为会导致顾客减少消费的一些因素——不好的餐桌位置、拥挤的环境和价格高——都未必是对的),由此确定答案为D项。Passage3(2016江苏,B)Chimps(黑猩猩)willcooperateincertainways,lik

egatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.Butbeyondtheminimumrequirementsassocialbeings,theyhavelittleinstinct(本能)tohelponeanother.Chimpsinth

ewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularlydeclinetosharefoodwiththeirchildren,whoareablefromayoungag

etogathertheirownfood.Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon’tnaturallysharefoodeither.Ifachimpisputinacagewherehecanpullinoneplateoffoo

dforhimselfor,withnogreatereffort,aplatethatalsoprovidesfoodforaneighborinthenextcage,hewillpullatrandom—

hejustdoesn’tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.Chimpsaretrulyselfish.Humanchildren,ontheotherhand,arenaturall

ycooperative.Fromtheearliestages,theydesiretohelpothers,toshareinformationandtoparticipateinachievingcommongoals.ThepsychologistMi

chaelTomasellohasstudiedthiscooperativenessinaseriesofexperimentswithveryyoungchildren.Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanunrelatedadu

ltwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught,bu

tnaturallypossessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinctsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestartedtotraintheirchildrentobehavesocially.A

notheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenarerewarded.Athirdreasonisthatsocialintellige

ncedevelopsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive(认知的)skills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.IntestsconductedbyT

omasello,thehumanchildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysicalworldtestsbutwereconsiderablybetteratunderstan

dingthesocialworld.Thecoreofwhatchildren’smindshaveandchimps’don’tiswhatTomasellocallssharedintentionality.Partofthisab

ilityisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butbeyondthat,evenveryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofashar

edpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofa“we”,agroupthatintendstoworktowardasharedgoal.1.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexperi

mentwithchimps?A.Chimpsseldomcareaboutothers’interests.B.Chimpstendtoprovidefoodfortheirchildren.C.Chimpsliketotakeintheirneighbors’food.D

.Chimpsnaturallysharefoodwitheachother.2.MichaelTomasello’stestsonyoungchildrenindicatethatthey.A.havetheinstincttohelpothersB.knowhowtoofferhelptoad

ultsC.knowtheworldbetterthanchimpsD.trustadultswiththeirhandsfull3.Thepassageismainlyabout.A.thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildrenB.waystotrainchi

ldren’ssharedintentionalityC.cooperationasadistinctivehumannatureD.thedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren答案[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。很小的孩子就会帮助

别人,与人合作和分享,这是人的本性。1.A细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的实验得知黑猩猩不关心、不在乎同类。故A项正确。其中C项干扰性较大,黑猩猩只是自私,而不是喜欢那么做。2.A推理判断题。根据文章第三段第一、二句得知小孩帮助他人是出于本能,故A项正确。B项太

片面;C、D两项文中没提到。3.C主旨要义题。通读全文可知,作者通过对黑猩猩和小孩进行实验证实了助人、与别人合作是人独有的本能。A项干扰性较大,文章不是简单地介绍了小孩子的助人行为。Passage4(2015江苏,B)IntheUnitedStatesalone,over100mi

llioncell-phonesarethrownawayeachyear.Cell-phonesarepartofagrowingmountainofelectronicwastelikecomputersandpersonaldigitalassistants.The

electronicwastestreamisincreasingthreetimesfasterthantraditionalgarbageasawhole.Electronicdevicescontainvaluablemetalssuchasgoldandsilver.ASwissst

udyreportedthatwhiletheweightofelectronicgoodsrepresentedbypreciousmetalswasrelativelysmallincomparisontototalwaste,t

heconcentration(含量)ofgoldandotherpreciousmetalswashigherinso-callede-wastethaninnaturallyoccurringminerals.Electronicwastesalsocontainmanypoisonou

smetals.Evenwhenthemachinesarerecycledandtheharmfulmetalsremoved,therecyclingprocessofteniscarriedoutinpoorcountries,inpracticallyuncontrolledwayswh

ichallowmanypoisonoussubstancestoescapeintotheenvironment.Creatingproductsoutofrawmaterialscreatesmuchmorewa

stematerial,upto100timesmore,thanthematerialcontainedinthefinishedproducts.Consideragainthecell-phone,and

imaginetheminesthatproducedthosemetals,thefactoriesneededtomaketheboxandpackaging(包装)itcamein.Manywastespr

oducedintheproducingprocessareharmfulaswell.TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencynotesthatmostwasteisd

angerousinthat“theproduction,distribution,anduseofproducts—aswellasmanagementoftheresultingwaste—allresultingreenhousegasrelease.”Individualsca

nreducetheircontributionbycreatinglesswasteatthestart—forinstance,buyingreusableproductsandrecycling.In

manycountriestheconceptofextendedproducerresponsibilityisbeingconsideredorhasbeenputinplaceasanincentive(动机)forreducingwaste.Ifproducersar

erequiredtotakebackpackagingtheyusetoselltheirproducts,wouldtheyreducethepackaginginthefirstplace?Governments’incentivetorequireproduc

erstotakeresponsibilityforthepackagingtheyproduceisusuallybasedonmoney.Why,theyask,shouldcitiesortownsberesponsibleforpayi

ngtodealwiththebubblewrap(气泡垫)thatencasedyourtelevision?Fromthegovernments’pointofview,aprimarygoalof

lawsrequiringextendedproducerresponsibilityistotransferboththecostsandthephysicalresponsibilityofwastemanagementfromthego

vernmentandtax-payersbacktotheproducers.1.BymentioningtheSwissstudy,theauthorintendstotellusthat.A.theweightofe-goodsisrather

smallB.e-wastedeservestobemadegooduseofC.naturalmineralscontainmorepreciousmetalsD.thepercentageofpreciousmetalsisheavyine-waste

2.Theresponsibilityofe-wastetreatmentshouldbeextended.A.fromproducerstogovernmentsB.fromgovernmentstopro

ducersC.fromindividualstodistributorsD.fromdistributorstogovernments3.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Theincreaseine-waste.B.Thecreationof

e-waste.C.Theseriousnessofe-waste.D.Themanagementofe-waste.答案[语篇解读]本文为说明文,题材为环境保护类。随着电子数码科技的进步,越来越多的电子垃圾产生了,手机、电脑、个人电子

器件等被扔掉的越来越多。这些被扔掉的电子垃圾中含有一些像金银之类的贵重金属,当然也有很多有毒物质。那我们该如何处理这些电子垃圾呢?1.B推理判断题。根据第二段第二句中...theconcentrationofgoldando

therpreciousmetalswashigherinso-callede-wastethaninnaturallyoccurringminerals可知,瑞士的一项研究结果表明,电子垃圾中贵重金属

的含量比自然界中矿石中贵重金属的含量还要高。由此推断作者旨在说明这些电子垃圾值得被充分利用,故选B项。2.B推理判断题。根据文章最后一段...aprimarygoaloflaws...istotransferboththecosts

andthephysicalresponsibilityofwastemanagementfromthegovernmentandtax-payersbacktotheproducers.可知,政府要制定相关法律,对制造商提出明确的责任要求,这份责任应该是从政府开始延伸到制造商身

上,故选B项。3.D主旨大意题。本文第一段提出了越来越严重的电子垃圾污染问题,后面就如何处理这些垃圾提出了一些建议,也明确了该问题所涉及各方应负的责任,由此推断出本文的主题应该是D项:电子垃圾的处理。Passage5(2014江苏,B)Howeverwealthy

wemaybe,wecanneverfindenoughhoursinthedaytodoeverythingwewant.Economicsdealswiththisproblemthroughth

econceptofopportunitycost,whichsimplyreferstowhethersomeone’stimeormoneycouldbebetterspentonsomethingelse.Everyhourofourtimehasavalue.Forev

eryhourweworkatonejobwecouldquiteeasilybedoinganother,orbesleepingorwatchingafilm.Eachoftheseoptionshasadifferentopportunitycost—namely,wh

attheycostusinmissedopportunities.Sayyouintendtowatchafootballmatchbuttheticketsareexpensiveanditwilltakeyouacoupleofhourstogett

oandfromthestadium.Whynot,youmightreason,watchthegamefromhomeandusetheleftovermoneyandtimetohavedinnerwithfriends?This—thealternativeuseofy

ourcashandtime—istheopportunitycost.Foreconomists,everydecisionismadebyknowledgeofwhatonemustforgo—intermsofmoneyandenjoyment—in

ordertotakeitup.Byknowingpreciselywhatyouarereceivingandwhatyouaremissingouton,yououghttobeabletomakebetter-informed,morereasona

bledecisions.Considerthatmostfamouseconomicruleofall:there’snosuchthingasafreelunch.Evenifsomeoneoff

erstotakeyououttolunchforfree,thetimeyouwillspendintherestaurantstillcostsyousomethingintermsofforgoneopportunities.Somepeoplefindtheide

aofopportunitycostextremelydiscouraging:imaginespendingyourentirelifecalculatingwhetheryourtimewouldbebetterspentelsewhere

doingsomethingmoreprofitableorenjoyable.Yet,inasenseit’shumannaturetodopreciselythat—weassesstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesof

decisionsallthetime.Inthebusinessworld,apopularphraseis“valueformoney.”Peoplewanttheircashtogoasfarasposs

ible.However,anotherisfastobtaininganadvantage:“valuefortime.”Thebiggestrestrictiononourresourcesisthenumberofhourswecandevotetosomet

hing,sowelooktomaximizethereturnwegetonourinvestmentoftime.Byreadingthispassageyouaregivingoverabitofyourtimewhichcouldbespentdoingotheractivit

ies,suchassleepingandeating.Inreturn,however,thispassagewillhelpyoutothinklikeaneconomist,closelyconsideringtheopportunitycostofeach

ofyourdecisions.1.Accordingtothepassage,theconceptof“opportunitycost”isappliedto.A.makingmoremoneyB.takingmoreopportunitiesC.reducingm

issedopportunitiesD.weighingthechoiceofopportunities2.The“leftover...time”inParagraph3probablyreferstothetime.A.sparedforwatch

ingthematchathomeB.takentohavedinnerwithfriendsC.spentonthewaytoandfromthematchD.savedfromnotgoingtowatchthematch3.Whatarefo

rgoneopportunities?A.Opportunitiesyouforgetindecision-making.B.Opportunitiesyougiveupforbetterones.C.Opportunitiesyoumissaccidentally.D.Oppo

rtunitiesyoumakeupfor.答案[语篇解读]本文属于说明文,题材为技巧指导。文章主要介绍了如何更好地支配自己的时间和金钱,以及如何在作决定时考虑花费的机会成本。1.D推理判断题。根据文章第三段最后一句This—thealter

nativeuseofyourcashandtime—istheopportunitycost.可知,opportunitycost的意思就是对你金钱和时间的其他用法。由此可推断opportunity

cost和“对机会选择的权衡”有关。故选D项。2.C词义猜测题。上文提到你打算去体育场观看一场足球比赛,但门票太昂贵,而且从家到体育场的往返时间要花费几个小时。然后提到“为什么不在家里看比赛,而把剩余的金钱和时间用来和朋友共进晚餐呢?”由此可推断“leftover...time”指

的就是从家到体育场的往返时间。故选C项。3.B推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句...thetimeyouwillspendintherestaurantstillcostsyousomethingintermsofforgoneopportunities.可知,即使有人带你出去享用免费的

午餐,而从forgoneopportunities的角度来看你却要付出花费时间的代价。再结合第二句Byknowingpreciselywhatyouarereceivingandwhatyouaremissingouton,yououghttobeable

tomakebetter-informed,morereasonabledecisions.可知,通过准确了解你会得到什么和你会错失什么获利的机会,你应该能够作出更明智的选择。由此可推断forgoneopportunities指的就是那些为了获得更好的机会而放弃

的机会。故选B项。获得更多资源请扫码加入享学资源网微信公众号www.xiangxue100.com