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考点13--推理判断之推断文章走势--练高考--心中有数1.【山西省怀仁市2021-2022学年高三上学期期末调研】AcallcameintoJimmyGilleece’sbar.Anewlymarriedwoman,w

hohadspenttheafternoonathisbar,couldn’tfindherwallet.Shedidn’tcareaboutherID,creditcards,or150incash-butherweddingringwasinside.Gilleece,42

,didn’tliketheideathatatheftcouldhaveoccurredathisplace.Sohedeterminedtofindthewallet.Hespenthoursonvideosfromsurveillance(监控)cameras,watc

hingthewoman’severystepinthebar.Withinminutes,ayoungmanapproachedthebar,putsomethinginhispocket,andwalkedoff.Gille

ecepostedaclip(视频片段)onthebar’sFacebookpagetofindoutwhotheyoungmanwas.Withinhours,Gilleecegotatextfrom17-year-oldRiversPrathe

r,whosaidhe’ddoneitbecausehehadn’teatenintwodays.Hesaidhesawtheringbutthoughtitwasfake,sohetookthemone

yandthrewthewalletintotheocean.Thenheboughtasandwich.Gilleecetoldtheteentomeethimatthedocks(码头).Theretheytalkedalota

ndGilleeceknewthatPratherwasfromapoorfamily.Seeingtheteenager’ssmallbuild,Gilleecethoughthewasmoreofakidt

hanacriminal.However,becauseofthemissingring,Prathercouldbeputintoprison.Gilleecedecidedtohelpthekid.Hehi

redtwolocaldiverstosearchthewaterswherethewallethadbeenthrown.Morethananhourpassed,withnosignofthering.Gilleecegrewworried.An

dthenadiverpoppedup.Inhishandwasthewallet,andinsidewasthering.WhenGilleececalledthewallet’sowner,sheburstintotear

sandimmediatelydroppedthechargeagainstPratherforstealingthering.1．Whatdidthewomanvaluemostinherwallet?A．HerID．B．Hercreditcards.C．Hermoney.D．Herw

eddingring.2．WhatdidPratherdoaftergettingthewallet?A．Hekeptthering.B．Hespentthemoneyinit.C．Hethrewitinadustbin.D．Here

turnedittotheowner.3．WhydidGilleecehelpPrather?A．Toteachthechildalesson.B．Tomeetthecustomer'sdemand.C．Tosavetheforgivablechild.D．T

owinbackthereputationofhisbar.4．WhatwouldhappentoPrathernext?A．Hewouldbesenttoprison.B．Hewouldnotbeaccusedbythewoman.C．HewouldgetajobinGilleece’sb

ar.D．Hewouldliveabetterlifeeverafter.【答案】1．D2．B3．C4．B【解析】这是一篇记叙文。记叙了JimmyGilleece的酒吧中一位女士丢失了钱包，钱包里有她最珍视的结婚戒指。JimmyGilleece找到了捡到钱包的年轻人RiversPrathe

r，但是RiversPrather拿了钱包里的钱将钱包丢进了海里。Gilleece觉得Prather只是个孩子，于是决定帮助他，最终找到了戒指，Prather也被撤销了指控。1．推理判断题。根据第一段中Shedidn’tcareaboutherID,credi

tcards,or150incash-butherweddingringwasinside.(她不在乎她的身份证、信用卡或150美元现金——但她的结婚戒指在里面)可知那位妇女最珍视钱包里的结婚戒指。故选D。2．细节理解题。根据第三段中Hesaidh

esawtheringbutthoughtitwasfake,sohetookthemoneyandthrewthewalletintotheocean.(他说他看到了戒指，但认为是假的，所以他拿了钱，把钱包扔进了大海)

可知Prather得到钱包后，他把里面的钱花了。故选B。3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中Seeingtheteenager’ssmallbuild,Gilleecethoughthewasmoreofakidthanacriminal.However,becauseofthemi

ssingring,Prathercouldbeputintoprison.(看到这个少年的小个子，Gilleece觉得他更像个孩子，而不是罪犯。然而，因为丢失戒指，Prather可能会被关进监狱)可知Gilleece帮

助Prather是因为他认为Prather是个可原谅的孩子。故选C。4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中WhenGilleececalledthewallet’sowner,sheburstintotearsandimmediatelydroppedth

echargeagainstPratherforstealingthering.(当Gilleece打电话给钱包的主人时，她哭了起来，并立即撤销了对Prather偷戒指的指控)可知接下来Prather不会被那个女人指

控。故选B。2.【四川省宜宾市2021届普2021届高三“一诊”】OnMonday,about270pilotwhalesgotintodifficultyonasandbankatMacquarieHeads,nea

rStrahanonTasmania’swestcoast,about190kilometresfromHobart.Another200oftheanimalswerefoundearlyonWednesday,m

akingitTasmania’slargestrecordedstrandingevent.TheDepartmentofPrimaryIndustry,Parks,WaterandEnvironment(DPIPWE

)saidthataboutathirdhaddied.Marinebiologistsarrivedintheareatocarryoutrescueoperations.Theyplannedtousespecializedequipme

ntsuchasspecialtarpaulinstopushthewhalesbackintothedeepwater.Thelocalpolicealsoassistedintherescue.Thewhalesthatwerestrandedare

PilotWhales,andtheyarefoundinalmostalltheoceansoftheworld,accordingtotheMarineconservationgroup.Pilotwhalesareinfactoneofthelarg

estmembersofthedolphinfamily,buttheyaretreatedaswhalesfortheMarineMammalsProtectionRegulationsissuedin1992.Theywerenamedpilotwhalesbecauseitw

asthoughtthateachpodfolloweda‘pilot’inthegroup.Cetaceanstranding,commonlyknownasbeaching,isaphenomenon

inwhichwhalesanddolphinsstrandthemselvesonland,usuallyonabeach.Severalexplanationsforwhycetaceansstrandth

emselveshavebeenproposed,includingchangesinwatertemperatures,unusualfeaturesofwhales’echolocationincert

ainsurroundings,andgeomagneticdisturbances,butnonehavesofarbeenuniversallyacceptedasadefinitivereasonforthebehavior.Inrecent

years,whalestrandingshavebecomemorefrequentaroundtheworld.InNovember2018,adeadspermwhalethathadwashedashoreineasternIndonesiaconsumedahorrifying

collectionofplastictrash,including115drinkingcups,25plasticbags,plasticbottles,twoflip-flopsandabagcontaining

morethan1,000piecesofstring.Inall,theplasticcontentsofthewhale’sstomachweighed13.2pound(sixkilograms).Theb

agsareblackduetoareactionwiththecreature’sstomachacids,accordingtoThaiWhalesorganization.Aperson,onaverage,breathesorswallowsa

tleast74,000microscopicparticlesofplasticeachyear.1．HowmanywhalesdiedaccordingtoDPIPWE?A．About160.B．About200.C．About270.D．About470.2．Whatdoestheun

derlinedword“stranding”meaninParagraph1?A．Beingputintodanger.B．Beingtrappedintrouble.C．Beingfoundinextinction.D．Beingleftordrivenashore.3．Whatdoesth

eauthorwanttotellusbythenumbersinParagraph5?A．Whalesmistakeplasticsforfood.B．Whalesneedtheabilityofself-protection.C．Whales’livingconditionsarew

orsening.D．Whaleshaveanexcellentdigestivesystem.4．Whatwillbediscussedprobablyfollowingthelastparagraph?A．Protective

measuresforwhales.B．Thereasonsforwhalestranding.C．Studyingwhales’stomachdeeply.D．Researchingtheocean

s’ecosystem.【答案】1．A2．D3．C4．A【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述了星期一，大约270头领航鲸在麦格理海兹的沙洲上搁浅了。1．细节理解题。由第一段“OnMonday,about270pilotwhalesgotintodifficult

yonasandbankatMacquarieHeads,nearStrahanonTasmania’swestcoast,about190kilometresfromHobart.Another200oftheanimalswere

foundearlyonWednesday,makingitTasmania’slargestrecordedstrandingevent.TheDepartmentofPrimaryIndustry,Parks,WaterandEnvi

ronment(DPIPWE)saidthataboutathirdhaddied.”（星期一，大约270头领航鲸在麦格理海兹的沙洲上遇到了麻烦，这里靠近塔斯马尼亚州西海岸的斯特拉汉，距离霍巴特大约190公里。周三早些时候又发现了200只这种动物，这是塔斯马尼亚

有记录以来最大的鲸搁浅事件。DPIPWE说，大约三分之一的鲸已经死亡。）可知总共有470头鲸搁浅，三分之一的鲸已经死亡，说明157头鲸死亡,即大约有160头。故选A项。2．词句猜测题。由第二段中的“Marinebiologistsarrived

intheareatocarryoutrescueoperations.Theyplannedtousespecializedequipmentsuchasspecialtarpaulinstopushthewhalesbackintot

hedeepwater.”（海洋生物学家抵达该地区展开营救行动。他们计划使用特殊的设备，如特殊的防水布将鲸鱼推回到深水中。）可知海洋生物学家要把鲸鱼推回到深水中，说明这些鲸鱼在岸上搁浅了，stranding在此处意为“被留在或者被驱赶上岸”。故选D项。3．推理判断题

。由第五段中的“InNovember2018,adeadspermwhalethathadwashedashoreineasternIndonesiaconsumedahorrifyingcollectionofplastictra

sh,including115drinkingcups,25plasticbags,plasticbottles,twoflip-flopsandabagcontainingmorethan1,000piecesofstring.Inall,theplasticcontentsof

thewhale’sstomachweighed13.2pound(sixkilograms).”（2018年11月，一头在印尼东部被冲上岸的死抹香鲸吃掉了一堆骇人听闻的塑料垃圾，包括115个饮水杯、25个塑料袋、塑料瓶、两个人字拖和一个装有1000多条细绳的袋子。总的来说，鲸鱼胃

中的塑料物质重13.2磅（6公斤）。）可知这头鲸鱼吃了很多的塑料垃圾，作者想通过第五段中的数字告诉我们鲸鱼的生存条件正在恶化。故选C项。4．推理判断题。由第五段中的“Inrecentyears,whalestrandingshave

becomemorefrequentaroundtheworld.InNovember2018,adeadspermwhalethathadwashedashoreineasternIndonesiaconsumedahorrifyingcollectionof

plastictrash,including115drinkingcups,25plasticbags,plasticbottles,twoflip-flopsandabagcontainingmoretha

n1,000piecesofstring.Inall,theplasticcontentsofthewhale’sstomachweighed13.2pound(sixkilograms).Thebagsa

reblackduetoareactionwiththecreature’sstomachacids,accordingtoThaiWhalesorganization.”（近年来，鲸鱼搁浅在世界各地变得越来越频繁。20

18年11月，一头在印尼东部被冲上岸的死抹香鲸吃掉了一堆骇人听闻的塑料垃圾，包括115个饮水杯、25个塑料袋、塑料瓶、两个人字拖和一个装有1000多条细绳的袋子。总的来说，鲸鱼胃中的塑料物质重13.2磅（6公斤）。根据泰国鲸鱼

组织的说法，这些袋子是黑色的，这是因为它们与胃酸发生反应。）可知搁浅鲸鱼越来越多，有些还吃了很多的塑料垃圾，鲸鱼的生存环境不好，导致鲸鱼死亡，接下来应该谈保护鲸鱼的措施。故选A项。3.【辽宁省辽东南普通高中协作校

2021-2022学年高三下学期第一次模拟】TheAmazonrainforest,isasundisturbedaplaceasmostpeoplecanimagine,buteventhere,theeffectsofachangingclimateareplayingout.

Now,researchsuggeststhatmanyoftheregion'smostsensitivebirdspeciesarestartingtoevolveinresponsetowarming.Birdsareoftenconsideredsent

inel（哨兵）species-meaningthattheyindicatetheoverallhealthofanecosystem-soscientistsareparticularlyinteres

tedinhowthey'rerespondingtoclimatechange.Ingeneral,thenewshasnotbeengood.Forinstance,a2019reportbytheNationalAudubonSocietyf

oundthatmorethantwo-thirdsofNorthAmerica'sbirdspecieswillbeindangerofextinctionby2100ifwarmingtrendscontinueontheircurrentcourse.Forthen

ewstudy,researcherscollectedthebiggestdatasetsofarontheAmazon'sresidentbirds,representing77non-migratoryspec

iesandlastingthe40yearsfrom1979to2019.Duringthestudyperiod,theaveragetemperatureintheregionrose,whiletheamountofrainfalldeclined,makingforaho

tter,dryerclimateoverall.AccordingtothereportonNovember12inthejournalScienceAdvances,36specieshavelostsubstantialweight

,asmuchas2percentoftheirbodyweightperdecadesince1980.Meanwhile,allthespeciesshowedsomedecreaseinaveragebodymass,whileathirdgrewlongerw

ings.Becauseofthestudy'slongtimeseriesandlargesamplesizes,theauthorswereabletoshowthemorphological（形态学的）effectsofclimatechangeonresidentbirds.Howev

er,theresearchersthemselvesareunsureandwonderwhatadvantagethewinglengthchangesgivethebirds,butsupposesma

llerbirdsmayhaveaneasiertimekeepingcool.Ingeneral,smalleranimalshavealargerrateofsurfaceareatobodysize,sotheydissipatemoreheatfasterthan

abiggeranimal.Lessavailablefood,suchasfruitorinsects,indryerweathermightleadtosmallerbodysize.32．Whyarescientistsfondofdoingresearchonbirds?A．Th

eyhavesmallbodysizes.B．Theyaresensitivetohotweather.C．Theyliveinanundisturbedrainforest.D．Theyareecologicalbalanceindicators.33．Whatca

nwelearnfromthenewstudy?A．Athirdofspecieshavebeenextinctforadecade.B．36specieslost2%oftheirbodyweighteveryyear.C．Two

-thirdsofspeciesshowedaconsiderabledecreaseinweight.D．About26speciesrespondedtoclimatechangewithlongerwings.34．Wh

atdoestheunderlinedword"dissipate"inthelastparagraphmean?A．Putoff.B．Giveoff.C．Putaway.D．Giveaway.35．Whatwo

uldprobablytheresearchersfurtherstudy?A．Whyitiseasierforsmalleranimalstokeepcool.B．Whateffectsthewinglengthchangesha

veonbirds.C．WhytheAmazonianbirdshavelostsubstantialweight.D．WhetherbirdspeciesinNorthAmericawillbeextinctin2100.【答案】32．D33．

D34．B35．B【解析】这是一篇说明文,主要介绍了气候变化对鸟的影响。32．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Birdsareoftenconsideredsentinel（哨兵）species-meaningthattheyindicatethe

overallhealthofanecosystem-soscientistsareparticularlyinterestedinhowthey'rerespondingtoclimatechange.(鸟常被认为是物种的哨兵，指的是它们能暗示生态系

统的整体健康，因此科学家关注它们对气候变化的反应)”可知，科学家喜欢研究鸟是因为鸟是生态系统平衡的暗示者。故选D。33．推理判断题。根据第三段“representing77non-migratoryspecies”以及“w

hileathirdgrewlongerwings.(在研究的77种不迁移的鸟类中，1/3的鸟长着较长的翅膀)”可知，大约26种鸟类长着较长的翅膀来应对气候变化。故选D。34．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“smallerbirdsmayhaveaneasiert

imekeepingcool.Ingeneral,smalleranimalshavealargerrateofsurfaceareatobodysize(较小的鸟可能很快就会凉下来。总体来讲，相对于身体尺寸而言，较小动物的

表面积较大)”可知较小动物的表面积相对于自身整体而言较大，因此散发热量就容易，dissipate的意思是散发，与Giveoff（散发）的词义一致。故选B。35．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However,theresearchersthemselvesareu

nsureandwonderwhatadvantagethewinglengthchangesgivethebirds,(然而，研究者自己也不确信，对鸟的翅膀长度变化对鸟有什么好处感到困惑)”可知，研究者将进一步研究鸟的翅膀长度变化对鸟有什么影响。故选B。4.【2022届吉林

省长春市普通高中高三质量监测（三）】IQisoftenconsideredasanimportantdriverofsuccessparticularlyinfieldssuchasscience,innovat

ionandtechnology.InfactmanypeoplehaveendlessfascinationwiththeIQscoresoffamouspeople.Butthetruthisthatsomeofthegreatestachieve

mentsbyourspecieshaveprimarilyreliedonqualitiessuchascreativity,imagination,curiosityandempathy(同感).Manyofthesecharacteristcsar

erootedinwhatscientistscall“cognitive(认知的)flexibility”—askillthatenablesustoswitchbetweendifferentconceptsortoadaptbehaviortoachievego

alsinanovelorchangingenvironment.Cognitiveflexibilityprovidesuswiththeabilitytoseethatwhatwearedoingisnotle

adingtosuccessandtomaketheappropriatechangestoachieveit.Cognitiveflexibilitymayhaveaffectedhowpeoplecopedwit

hthepandemiclockdowns(疫情封锁)whichproducednewchallengesaroundworkandschooling.Someofusfounditeasierthanotherstoadaptourroutinestodomanyactivitiesfr

omhome.Suchflexiblepeoplemayalsohavechangedtheseroutinesfromtimetotimetryingtofindbetterandmorevariedwaysofgoingabouttheirday.Others,however,str

uggledandultimatelybecamemorerigidintheirthinking.Flexiblethinkingiskeytocreativity.Italsosupportsacademicandworkskillssuchaspro

blemsolving.Forexample,visualartistsmaybeofaverageintelligencebuthighlycreativeandhaveproducedmasterpieces.Creativityisalsoimportantinscienceandin

novation.Wehavediscoveredthatsuccessfulbusinessmenwhohavecreatedmultiplecompaniesaremorecognitivelyflexiblethanmanagersofas

imilarageandIQ.Cognitiveflexibilityisalsoassociatedwithhighrecoveryfromnegativelifeeventsaswellashigherqualityoflifeinolderindividuals.It

canevenbebeneficialinemotionalandsocialcognition:studieshaveshownthatcognitiveflexibilityhasastronglinktotheabilitytounderstandtheemotions

,thoughtsandintentionsofothers.Neuroimagingstudieshaveshownthatcognitiveflexibilityisdependentonanetworkoffrontalbrainregions.Thereareanumbero

fwaystoobjectivelyassesspeople’scognitiveflexibilityincludingtheWisconsinCardSortingtestandtheCANTABSetShiftTask.A

ndthegoodnewsisthatitseemsthatyoucantraincognitiveflexibility.32．WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph1?A．Creativityistheonlysourceofpeople’ssuccess.B．Adrive

r’sachievementisnotdeterminedbyIQ.C．TheIQoffamouspeopleismysterious.D．IQmaynotbethekeyfactorinhuman’sachievements.33．WhichmightNOTbean

exampleofcognitiveflexibilityduringpandemiclockdowns?A．Organizingonlinemeetings.B．Takingupindoorworkout.C．Joiningingrouphiking.D．Learningtobakeatho

me.34．Whichbelongstotheconsequencesofcognitiveflexibility?A．Flexiblepeopletendtosticktotheirroutines.B．Peoplehaveabetterunderstandingo

fothers’feelings.C．Businessmenaremorelikelytosucceedthanvisualartists.D．Olderindividualsareabletoavoidmisf

ortunesinlife.35．Whatwouldthefollowingparagraphtalkabout?A．Thewaystodevelopcognitiveflexibility.B．Theapplicationofcognitiv

eflexibility.C．TheWisconsinCardSortingtest.D．Theimportanceoftrainingcognitiveflexibility.【答案】32．D33．C34．B35．A【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章

提出人类一些最伟大的成就主要依赖于创造力、想象力、好奇心和同理心等品质，这些品质大多植根于科学家们所说的“认知灵活性”——这是一种使我们能够在不同的概念之间转换，或在一个新的或不断变化的环境中调整行为以实现目标的技能。文章说明了认知灵活性的重要性以

及带给人们的影响。32．推理判断题。根据第一段“IQisoftenconsideredasanimportantdriverofsuccessparticularlyinfieldssuchasscienc

e,innovationandtechnology.InfactmanypeoplehaveendlessfascinationwiththeIQscoresoffamouspeople.Butthetruthisth

atsomeofthegreatestachievementsbyourspecieshaveprimarilyreliedonqualitiessuchascreativity,imagination,curiosityandempathy(同感).(智商通常被认为是

成功的重要驱动力，特别是在科学、创新和技术等领域。事实上，许多人对名人的智商分数有着无尽的迷恋。但事实是，人类一些最伟大的成就主要依赖于创造力、想象力、好奇心和同理心等品质。)”可知，人类一些最伟大的成就主要依赖于创造力、想象力、好奇心和同理心等品质，由此可推知智商

可能不是人类成就的关键因素。故选D项。33．细节理解题。根据第二段“Cognitiveflexibilityprovidesuswiththeabilitytoseethatwhatwearedoingisnotl

eadingtosuccessandtomaketheappropriatechangestoachieveit.(认知上的灵活性使我们能够认识到我们所做的并不会带来成功，并做出适当的改变来实现它。)”可知，认知上的灵活性会让我们对自己的思想和行为带来适当的引导和调整，结合第三段“Cogniti

veflexibilitymayhaveaffectedhowpeoplecopedwiththepandemiclockdowns(疫情封锁)whichproducednewchallengesaroundworkandschooling.Someofusfou

nditeasierthanotherstoadaptourroutinestodomanyactivitiesfromhome.Suchflexiblepeoplemayalsohavechangedtheseroutinesfromtimetotime

tryingtofindbetterandmorevariedwaysofgoingabouttheirday.Others,however,struggledandultimatelybecamemorerigidintheirthinking.(认知灵活性可能影响了人们如何应对

疫情封锁，这给工作和教育带来了新的挑战。我们中的一些人比其他人更容易调整我们的日常活动，在家里做许多活动。这些灵活的人可能也会时不时地改变这些习惯，试图找到更好、更多样化的方式来度过他们的一天。然而，另一些人则挣扎着，最终变得更加固执。)”可知，

疫情封锁期间，去参加团体远足这样的户外活动，没有体现出灵活调整所处的现实情况与自身行为，不符合认知的灵活性，故选C项。34．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Itcanevenbebeneficialinemotionalandsocialcognition:studies

haveshownthatcognitiveflexibilityhasastronglinktotheabilitytounderstandtheemotions,thoughtsandintentionsofothers.(它甚至对情绪和社会认知也有好处:研究表明，

认知灵活性与理解他人情绪、思想和意图的能力有很强的联系。)”可知，认知灵活性与理解他人情绪、思想和意图的能力有很强的联系，由此可知，B项“人们能更好地理解他人的感受。”属于认知灵活性的结果，故选B项。35．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章

说明了认知灵活性的意义以及它对人们产生的影响，结合最后一段“Andthegoodnewsisthatitseemsthatyoucantraincognitiveflexibility.(好消息是，你似乎可以训练认知灵活性。)”可知，此处提出认知灵活性是可以训练的，由此可推断，接下来应说明“培养认

知灵活性的方法。”，故选A项。获得更多资源请扫码加入享学资源网微信公众号www.xiangxue100.com