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专题限时检测(二十三)阅读理解D篇增分练(一)(共2篇，限时20分钟)AThosewhowanttolearnaforeignlanguage,orwanttheirchildrento,oftenfeeltheyareracingagainsttheclock.Peopleseemtogetw

orseatlanguagesastheyage.Childrenoftenlearntheirfirstlanguagewithoutanyinstruction,andcaneasilybecomemu

ltilingualwiththerightexposure.Buttheolderpeopleget,theharderitseemstobe.Witnesstheroughedgesonthegrammarofmanyimmigra

ntsevenaftermanyyearsintheirnewcountries.Scientistsmostlyagreethatchildrenarebetterlanguagelearners,butdonotkn

owwhy.Someposit(认定)biologicalfactors.Isitbecauseyoungbrainshaveanextremekindofplasticity?Or,asStevenPinker,aHarva

rdpsychologist,argues,aninstinctforlanguagelearningspecifically,whichfadesasthebrainagesand(inevolutionaryterms)isnolonger

needed?Othersthinkchildrenhavespecialenvironmentsandencouragements,notmoreintelligentbrains.Theyhave

strongmotivationtocommunicatewithcaregiversandimitatepeers,andarenotafraidofmakingmistakesinthewayadult

sare.Somebelieveany“criticalperiod”mayonlyapplytothesoundsofaforeigntongue.Adultsstrugglewithaccents:eightdecadesafterimmigratingtoA

mericaandfouryearsafterservingastheSecretaryofState,HenryKissingerstillsoundsfreshofftheboatfromFürth—inwhatisn

everthelesselaboratelyaccurateEnglish.Butgrammarisdifferent,andsomeresearchershaveconsideredthatwiththeir

greaterreasoningpowers,adults_are_not_really_a_underdog_relative_to_children.Onestudyfoundthatwhenadultsandchildrenareexposedtothesame

teachingmaterialsforanewlanguageforseveralmonths,theadultsactuallydobetter.Mostsuchresearchhashadtorelyonasmallnumberofsubjects,give

nthedifficultyofrecruitingthem;itishardtoknowhowmeaningfultheresultsare.NowalargenewstudyledbyJoshuaHartshorneofBostonCollege(withMrPinkerandJosh

uaTenenbaumasco-authors)hasgivenstrengthtothecriticalperiodhypothesis(假说)．Thestudyingeniouslyrecruited670

,000onlinetest-takersbyframingtheexerciseasaquizthatwouldguesstheparticipants'nativelanguageordialect.Thismadeitaviralhit.Therealpointwast

otestEnglishlearners'knowledgeoftrickybitsofgrammar,andtoseehowthiscorrelateswiththeageatwhichtheirstudiesb

egan.Doyoungerbeginnersdobetterbecausetheirearlierstartgavethemmorelearningtime,orbecausetheylearnedfaster

inearlyyears?Itcanbehardtoteaseapartthesetwoquestions.ButtestingahugeamountofdataagainstanumberofpossiblelearningcurvesallowedMrHartshorn

etodopreciselythat.Manypreviousresearchershadpositedadrop-offataroundpuberty(青春期).Thenewstudyfoundittoberatherlater,justafter17.Despitethatlatercut-

off,learnersmustbeginataroundteniftheyaretogettonear-nativefluency.Iftheystartat,say,14,theycannotaccumulateenoughexpertknowledgeinthecriticalper

iod.Unfortunately,14orsoispreciselywhenmanystudents,especiallyinAmerica,arefirstintroducedtoanewlanguage.(Evenworse,thisis

anagewhenchildrenareacutelysensitivetoembarrassmentinfrontofpeers.)Childrenwhostartatfivedon'tdonotice

ablybetterthanthosewhostartattenovertheirlifetimes.Butthereisstillreasontobegininthefirstyearsofschool,asinDenmark

andSweden.Becausemasterytakesalongtime—perhaps30yearsuntilimprovementstops—thosewhobeginatfiveandareforcedtoreadandwriteEnglishatuniversitywillbyth

enhavemademuchmoreprogressthanthosewhotaketheplunge(作出决定)atten,eveniftheirlevelisroughlythesameby40.Theexistenceofthecriticalper

iodisnotareasonforanyone11oroldertogiveup.Somepeopleremainexcellentlanguagestudentsintoadulthood.AndMrHartshornetestedsometrulysubtlefeatures

ofgrammarthattakeyearstomaster.Alanguagelearnedeventoalowerlevelcanstillbeextraordinarilyusefulatworkorenjoyableduringt

ravelling.Butforpolicymakers,thepossibleeffectisclear.语篇解读：本文探讨的是关于语言学习“关键期”的问题。1．Accordingtothescientists,whichCANNOTexplainchildren'

sbeingbetterlanguagelearners?A．Pleasantsurroundings.B．Powerfulmotivation.C．Biologicalfactors.D．Properinstruction.解析：

选D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Someposit(认定)biologicalfactors...needed？”“childrenhavespecialenvironmentsandencouragements”和“Theyhavestrongmotivationtocommunica

tewithcaregiversandimitatepeers...mistakes”可知，在科学家们看来，儿童能成为更好的语言学习者的原因可能是生理因素(他们大脑的可塑性和语言学习的本能更好)、环境因素(儿童能享有更好的语言学习环境和鼓励)、自身因素(儿童有很强的与他人交流和模仿同龄人的

积极性，并且不害怕犯错误)。故选D。2.WhyisHenryKissingermentioned?A．Tostresshisgreatachievementinlanguage.B．Toproveadu

ltshavedifficultyimprovingaccents.C．Toexplainlanguageisnotabarriertoone'ssuccess.D．Toshowtheimportanceofmasteringaforeignlanguage.解析：选

B推理判断题。根据第三段中所举的基辛格的例子及“Adultsstrugglewithaccents”可知，此处主要是为了突出在语言学习中，成人在改善口音上有困难。由此可知，提及基辛格就是为了说明这一问题。故选B。3．Whatdoesthe

underlinedsentenceinParagraph4probablymean?A．Adultsarebetteratlogicalthinkingthanchildren.B．Adultshelpalotwithchildren'sla

nguagelearning.C．Adultsarenotreallyatadisadvantagecomparedtochildren.D．Adultshavemoretroublelearninggrammarthanchildren.

解析：选C句意理解题。根据第四段中的“withtheirgreaterreasoningpowers”和“whenadultsandchildrenareexposedtothesameteachingmaterialsforan

ewlanguageforseveralmonths,theadultsactuallydobetter”可知，成人的推理能力比儿童的好，同样的时间内学习同样的语法知识，成人的学习效果要比儿童的好。由此可知，画线句的意思是

“与儿童相比，成人不一定就处于劣势”。故选C。4．WhichstatementmayMrHartshorneagreewith?A．Age14isaturningpointforforeignlanguagelearners.B．Adrop-

offinlearningresultsappearsaftertheageof17.C．Thecriticalperiodisofvitalimportanceingrammarlearning.D．Thecriticalperiodforlangu

agelearningvariesfrompersontoperson.解析：选B细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Thenewstudyfoundittoberatherlater,justafter17.”可知，MrHarts

horne主导的新研究发现，语言学习效果的下降出现在17岁之后，较之前研究者认为的约出现在青春期时要稍晚些。故选B。5．What'sthemainthemeofthepassage?A．It'snevertoolatetobegint

olearnaforeignlanguage.B．Youshouldstartlearningearlytomasteranewlanguage.C．Languagelearningshouldstartatthebeginningofschool

.D．Longerlearningperiodsleadtonative-likelanguagefluency.解析：选B主旨大意题。纵观全文，尤其是倒数第三段中的“learnersmustbeginataroundteniftheyaretogettonear-na

tivefluency”和倒数第二段中的“thereisstillreasontobegininthefirstyearsofschool”等信息可知，语言学习“关键期”的说法有其合理性，而要达到与当地人接近的流利程度，就应该早接触、早学习。故选

B。6.Whatmaybediscussedinthefollowingparagraph?A．Theimpactthecriticalperiodhasonpolicymakers.B．Theapplicationof

thecriticalperiodtopolicymaking.C．Theimportanceofthecriticalperiodinpolicymaking.D．Theattitudepolicymakersholdtowardthecriticalperiod.解析：选A推理判断题。

根据最后一段中的“Butforpolicymakers，thepossibleeffectisclear.”可知，文章接下来可能会涉及语言学习“关键期”对政策制定者的影响。故选A。BBritisheconomistandphilo

sopher,ThomasRobertMalthus,wroteAnEssayonthePrinciplesofPopulationin1798andcreatedshockwavesaroundtheworldsayingthatp

opulationwouldgrowinageometricprogression(like1,2,4,8,16,32,64...)whilefoodproductionwouldincreaseinana

rithmeticprogression(like1,2,3,4,5,6,7...).Malthushadsaidthatitisbiologicallyinherent(固有的)inalllivingorganismstomultiplyfast.Now,a

ftermorethan200yearsofMalthus'stheory,weseethattheworldpopulationhasincreasedfromabout1billiontoabout7.6billion,butatamuchslo

werratethanthatpredictedbyMalthus.Thisisbecauseofvariouscontraceptive(避孕的)methodsadoptedinmanycountriesandalsothe

adoptionofpoliciesregulatingbirth.Worldfoodproductionhadincreasedfromabout500milliontonnesin1960－1961

toabout2,600milliontonnesin2017－2018.Thisisbecauseofincreaseinproductionandcultivated(用于耕作的)areasaswellasinnovationsinagriculturaltechnology.Myint

entionisnottoproveMalthuswrong.Rather,itwashisalarmingpredictionthatcreatedanawakeningworldwideregardingadoptionoffamilyplanningprogr

ammes.Havingsaidthat,onemustrealizethatevenanincreasefromabout1billiontoabout7.6billiontodayiscausingseriousdamagetotheplanet,whichwilldefi

nitelynotbeabletosupportlargerpopulations.Imagine,whatitwouldbelikeiftheworldpopulationincreasesto11billionby2100,ashasbeenpredicte

dundersomemodels.Letmenowdiscusshowthispopulationexplosionhasgivenrisetoenvironmentalpollution.Therearethreemainre

asons:First,thelargerthepopulation,thelargerthedemandforfood,andthus,thehighertherequirementofcultivableland.Second,changinglifestyleshasledt

oevolvingconsumptionpatterns;moreandbiggercars,TVs,refrigerators,mobilephones,packagedfoods,furnitureitems,andelectricaldevicesofseveraltypesarebe

ingconsumedwidelyandingreaternumberswitheachpassingday.Third,weneedtocreatehousingforever-increasingpopulati

ons.Allthisputsapressureontheenvironmentandland.Thus,forestsandbodiesofwaterarebeingdestroyedtomeettherequirementofland

,moresoinpoorcountries.Asaconsequence,speciesofwildlifearedisappearingastheirhabitatsdonotexistanymoreorarecompletelychange

d,resultingintheecologicalbalancegettingdisturbed.Notonlythis,giventhatforestsactascarbonsinks,theirdestructionisworseni

ngglobalwarming.Thus,whenitcomestopollution,ever-increasingglobalpopulationisthecriminal.Further,duetotheabovehuman

activities,ourenergyconsumptionisincreasing,whichislargelyfossil-fuel-basedtoday.Thisiscausingmassiveemission(排放)ofgr

eenhousegasesthatisresponsibleforclimatechange.Heavyvehiculartraffic,besidescreatingnoisepollution,isfurt

hercontributingtotheseemissions.Thecarbonemissionsintheatmospherepresentlystandatabout380ppmcomparedto280ppmabou

tadecadebackand,atthecurrentrateofemission,thethresholdlimitof550ppmmaybebreached(违背)verysoon.Today,wearefaci

ngseveraltypesofpollution.Iamnotdiscussingthemindetailsastheissuesarewellknown.Poorpeoplearemoreaffectedbybothincreasingpopulationandpollution

.Further,povertyitselfistheworstkindofpollution.Thus,thereisacause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenenvi

ronmentalpollutionandpoverty.Climatechangeisnegativelyaffectingagri-production,andthedegradationofforestsandoceansisreducingtheavailabilit

yofforestproduceandmarineproductsonwhichabout35%oftheglobalpopulationdepends.Itisallleadingtopricerise,affectingthep

oorthemostandonmultiplefronts.Thelossofrichlandtoconstructionalsoaggravatespoverty.Thus,povertygetsworsedu

etoincreaseinpopulationandpollution.Toconclude,theworldisinurgentneedofstabilizationofthepopulationtofightbothpollutionandpoverty.语篇解读：本文是一篇议论

文。作者分析了人口快速增长所带来的污染及贫困问题。鉴于此，作者呼吁要保持人口的稳定。7．Accordingtothepassage,Malthusbelievesthat______.A．thereareeffectivewaystodecrease

thegrowthofpopulationB．foodproductionshouldincreaseinlinewithpopulationgrowthC．theincreaseofpopulationwouldexceedthatoffoodproductio

nD．lackoffoodsupplyislikelytobringaboutpollutionandpoverty解析：选C推理判断题。根据第一段中的“populationwouldgrowinageometricprogression(like1

,2,4,8,16,32,64...)whilefoodproductionwouldincreaseinanarithmeticprogression(like1,2,3,4,5,6,7...)”可知，马尔萨斯认为，人口会以等比数列的形式增长，而粮食产量会以等差数列的形式增

长。由此可推知，人口的增长会超过粮食产量的增长。故选C。8．Whatisimpliedinthesecondparagraph?A．Malthus'spredictionofworldpopulationistotallyinexact.B

．Peoplehaverealizedthenecessitytocontrolpopulationgrowth.C．Worldfoodproductionhasincreasedbyaboutfourtimessince1960.D．Moderntechnologycontribu

tesmosttotheincreaseinfoodproduction.解析：选B推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Thisisbecauseofvariouscontraceptive(避孕的)methodsadoptedinman

ycountriesandalsotheadoptionofpoliciesregulatingbirth.”可知，人口增长的速度比马尔萨斯预测的慢的原因是避孕措施的采用，而且许多国家也通过了一些政策来控制出生率。由此可推知，人们已经意识到了控制人口增长的必要性。故选B。9．What'sthea

uthor'sattitudetowardMalthus'stheory?A．Critical.B．Positive.C．Doubtful.D．Opposing.解析：选B观点态度题。根据第三段中的“MyintentionisnottoproveMal

thuswrong.Rather,itwashisalarmingpredictionthatcreatedanawakeningworldwideregardingadoptionoffamilyplanningprog

rammes.”可知，作者认为，正是马尔萨斯令人震惊的预言警醒全世界的人们采用计划生育的方案。由此可知，作者对马尔萨斯的理论是持支持态度的。10.Whichwordcanreplacetheunderlinedword“aggravates”int

helastparagraph?A．Increases.B．Relieves.C．Exposes.D．Witnesses.解析：选A词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“Thelossofrichlandtoconstructionalsoaggra

vatespovertyThus,povertygetsworseduetoincreaseinpopulationandpollution”可知，画线词所在句的含义为“肥沃的土地沦为建筑用地也加剧了贫穷”，画线词的意思是“使加重”，与increase的含义相近。故选A。11.Whatisthep

assagemainlyabout?A．Thepossibilityoftakingmeasurestocontrolpopulation.B．Theurgencyforthewholeworldtofightagainstpov

erty.C．Therelationshipbetweenpopulation,pollutionandpoverty.D．Theconsumptionpressureontheenvironmentfromrisingpopulation.解析：选C主旨大

意题。纵观全文可知，文章重点讲述了人口增长所带来的污染及贫困问题。故C项最能概括文章的主要内容。12.Howisthepassagemainlydeveloped?A．Bylistingrelevantfigure

s.B．Byprovidingtypicalexamples.C．Bycomparingopinionsfromdifferentfields.D．Bypresentingacauseandanalyzi

ngitseffects.解析：选D写作手法题。本文首先讲述人口增长的原因，然后重点分析了人口的增长带来的负面影响，如污染和贫困问题等，由此可知，本文是通过陈述一个原因，然后分析其影响的方式来行文的。故选D。