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专题12阅读理解说明文、议论文1.（2023年全国甲卷C篇）Iwasabout13whenanunclegavemeacopyofJosteinGaarder’sSophie’sWorld.Itwasfullofideasth

atwerenewtome,soIspentthesummerwithmyheadinandoutofthatbook.Itspoketomeandbroughtmeintoaworldofphilosophy(哲学).Thatloveforphilosophylast

eduntilIgottocollege.NothingkillstheloveforphilosophyfasterthanpeoplewhothinktheyunderstandFoucault,Baudrillard,orConfuciusbetterthany

ou—andthentrytoexplainthem.Ericweiner’sTheSocratesExpress:InSearchofLifeLessonsfromDeadPhilosophersreawakenedmyloveforphilosophy.Itisn

otanexplanation,butaninvitationtothinkandexperiencephilosophy.Weinerstartseachchapterwithasceneonatrainridebetweencitiesand

thenframeseachphilosopher’sworkinthecontext(背景)ofonethingtheycanhelpusdobetter.Theendresultisareadinwhi

chwelearntowonderlikeSocrates,seelikeThoreau,listenlikeSchopenhauer,andhavenoregretslikeNietzsche.This,morethanabooka

boutundestandingphilosophy,isabookabourlearningtousephilosophytoimprovealife.Hemakesphilosophicalthoughtanappealingexercisetha

timprovesthequalityofourexperiences,andhedoessowithplentyofhumor.Weinerentersintoconversationwithsomeofthemostimporta

ntphilosophersinhistory,andhebecomespartofthatcrowdintheprocessbydecoding(解读)theirmssagesandaddinghisowninterpre

tation.TheSocratesExpressisafun,sharpbookthatdrawsreadersinwithitsapparentsimplicityandgraduallypullsthemindeeperthoughtsondesire,loneliness,an

daging.Theinvitationisclear:Weinerwantsyoutopickupacoffeeorteaandsitdownwiththisbook.Iencourageyoutotakehisoffer.It’sworthyourtime,evenift

imeissomethingwedon’thavealotof.8．Whoopenedthedoortophilosophyfortheauthor?A．Foucault.B．EricWeiner.C．JosteinGaarder.D．Acoll

egeteacher.9．Whydoestheauthorlistgreatphilosophersinparagraph4?A．TocompareWeinerwiththem.B．Togiveexamplesofgreatworks.C．Topraise

theirwritingskills.D．TohelpreadersunderstandWeinersbook.10．WhatdoestheauthorlikeaboutTheSocratesExpress?A．Itsviewsonhistoryar

ewell-presented.B．Itsideascanbeappliedtodailylife.C．Itincludescommentsfromreaders.D．Itleavesanopenend

ing.11．WhatdoestheauthorthinkofWeinersbook?A．Objectiveandplain.B．Daringandambitious.C．Seriousandhardtofollow.D．Humorousa

ndstraightforward.【答案】8．C9．D10．B11．D【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者在13岁时开始喜欢哲学，随后Weiner的书TheSocratesExpress唤起了作者对哲学的热爱。文章通

过介绍了TheSocratesExpress这本书，倡导读者花时间去读这本书。8．细节理解题。根据第一段“Iwasabout13whenanunclegavemeacopyofJosteinGaarder’sSophie’sWorld.Itwasfullofideasthatweren

ewtome,soIspentthesummerwithmyheadinandoutofthatbook.Itspoketomeandbroughtmeintoaworldofphilosophy(哲学).(我13岁的时候，一个叔叔给了我一本Jostein

Gaarder的《Sophie的世界》。书里面的观点对我来说都很新奇，所以我整个夏天都在钻研那本书。它对我说话，把我带入一个哲学的世界。)”可知，JosteinGaarder为作者打开了通往哲学的大门。故选C。9．推理判断题

。根据第四段中“Weinerstartseachchapterwithasceneonatrainridebetweencitiesandthenframeseachphilosopher’sworkinthecontext(背景)ofon

ethingtheycanhelpusdobetter.TheendresultisareadinwhichwelearntowonderlikeSocrates,seelikeThoreau,listenlikeSchopenhauer,an

dhavenoregretslikeNietzsche.(Weiner在每一章的开头都描述了一个城市之间火车旅行的场景，然后将每一位哲学家的著作框定在一个他们能够帮助我们做得更好的事情上。最终的结果是，我们学会了像苏格拉底一样思考，像梭罗

一样看，像叔本华一样听，像尼采一样没有遗憾。)”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner书的内容，接着作者通过列举了几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举了几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiners的书。故选D。10．细节理解题。根据第四段中“

This,morethanabookaboutundestandingphilosophy,isabookabourlearningtousephilosophytoimprovealife.(这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习运用哲学来改善生活的书。)”可知，

作者喜欢TheSocratesExpress这本书，是因为它的思想可以应用到日常生活中。故选B。11．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Hemakesphilosopicalthoughtanappealingexercisethatimprovesthequalityofourexper

iences,andhedoessowithplentyofhumor.(他使哲学思想成为一种有吸引力的练习，可以提高我们经验的质量，而且他在做这件事的时候充满了幽默感。)”可知，Weiners的书很幽默，根据最后一段中“Th

eSocratesExpressisafun,sharpbookthatdrawsreadersinwithitsapparentsimplicityandgraduallypullsthemindeeperthoughtsondesire,l

oneliness,andaging.(TheSocratesExpress是一本有趣而尖锐的书，它以其表面上的简单吸引着读者，并逐渐将他们拉进对欲望、孤独和衰老的深层思考中。)”可知，Weiners的书简单易懂，由此可知，Weiners的书既幽默又简单

易懂。故选D。2.（2023年全国甲卷D篇）Grizzlybears,whichmaygrowtoabout2.5mlongandweighover400kg,occupyaconflictedcorneroftheAmericanpsyche-wereve

re(敬畏)themevenastheygiveusfrighteningdreams.AskthetouristsfromaroundtheworldthatfloodintoYellowstoneNationalParkwhattheymosthopetose

e,andtheiranswerisoftenthesame:agrizzlybear.“Grizzlybearsarere-occupyinglargeareasoftheirformerrange,”saysbearbiologistChrisServheen.Asgrizzlybearse

xpandtheirrangeintoplaceswheretheyhaven’tbeenseeninacenturyormore,they’reincreasinglybeingsightedbyhumans.Thewester

nhalfoftheU.S.wasfullofgrizzlieswhenEuropeanscame,witharoughnumberof50,000ormorelivingalongsideNativeAmericans.Bytheearly1970s,aftercenturiesofcru

elandcontinuoushuntingbysettlers,600to800grizzliesremainedonamere2percentoftheirformerrangeintheNorthernRockies.In1975,grizzlie

swerelistedundertheEndangeredSpeciesAct.Today,thereareabout2,000ormoregrizzlybearsintheU.S.Theirrecoveryhasbeensos

uccessfulthattheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicehastwiceattemptedtodelistgrizzlies,whichwouldloosenlegalprotectionsandallowthemtobehunted.Bothef

fortswereoverturnedduetolawsuitsfromconservationgroups.Fornow,grizzliesremainlisted.Obviously,ifprecautions(预防)aren’ttaken,gr

izzliescanbecometroublesome,sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryards

andcampsites,grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhousesandotherfarmanimalqu

artersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.“Ourhopeistohaveaclean,attractant-freeplacewherebearscanpassthroug

hwithoutlearningbadhabits,“saysJamesJonkel,longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.12．HowdoAmericanslookatgriz

zlies?A．Theycausemixedfeelingsinpeople.B．Theyshouldbekeptinnationalparks.C．Theyareofhighscientificvalue.D．TheyareasymbolofAmericanc

ulture.13．Whathashelpedtheincreaseofthegrizzlypopulation?A．TheEuropeansettlers’behavior.B．Theexpansionofbears’range.C．Theprotectio

nbylawsince1975.D．ThesupportofNativeAmericans.14．WhathasstoppedtheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicefromdelistinggrizzlies?A．Theoppositionofconservati

ongroups.B．Thesuccessfulcomebackofgrizzlies.C．Thevoiceofthebiologists.D．Thelocalfarmers’advocates.15．Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A．Foodsh

ouldbeprovidedforgrizzlies.B．Peoplecanliveinharmonywithgrizzlies.C．Aspecialpathshouldbebuiltforgrizzlies.D．Technologycanbeintrod

ucedtoprotectgrizzlies.【答案】12．A13．C14．A15．B【导语】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。12.细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzlybears,whichmaygrowtoabout2.5mlonga

ndweighover400kg,occupyaconflictedcorneroftheAmericanpsyche-wereverethemevenastheygiveusfrighteningdreams.(灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的

角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A项。13．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In1975,grizzlieswereli

stedundertheEndangeredSpeciesAct.(1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Today,thereareabout2,000ormoregrizzlybearsintheU.S.Their

recoveryhasbeensosuccessfulthattheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicehastwiceattemptedtodelistgrizzlies,whichwouldloo

senlegalprotectionsandallowthemtobehunted.(如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有

了增长。故选C项。14．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today,thereareabout2,000ormoregrizzlybearsintheU.S.TheirrecoveryhasbeensosuccessfulthattheU.S.F

ishandWildlifeServicehastwiceattemptedtodelistgrizzlies,whichwouldloosenlegalprotectionsandallowthemtobehunted.Bothef

fortswereoverturnedduetolawsuitsfromconservationgroups.Fornow,grizzliesremainlisted.(如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单

上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A项。15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviously,i

fprecautionsaren’ttaken,grizzliescanbecometroublesome,sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremove

foodandattractantsfromtheiryardsandcampsites,grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhous

esandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.“Ourhopeistohaveaclean,attractant-freeplacewherebearsca

npassthroughwithoutlearningbadhabits,“saysJamesJonkel,longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.(显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变

得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，

而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B项。3.（2023年全国乙卷C篇）Whatcomesintoyourmindwheny

outhinkofBritishfood?Probablyfishandchips,oraSundaydinnerofmeatandtwovegetables.ButisBritishfoodreallysouninteresting?EventhoughBritainhasarepu

tationforless-than-impressivecuisine,itisproducingmoretopclasschefswhoappearfrequentlyonourtelevisionscreensandwhoserecipebo

oksfrequentlytopthebestsellerlists.It’sthankstotheseTVchefsratherthananyadvertisingcampaignthatBritons

areturningawayfrommeat-and-two-vegandready-mademealsandbecomingmoreadventurousintheircookinghabits.Itisrec

entlyreportedthatthenumberofthosestickingtoatraditionaldietisslowlydecliningandaroundhalfofBritain’sconsumerswouldliketochangeorim

provetheircookinginsomeway.TherehasbeenariseinthenumberofstudentsapplyingforfoodcoursesatUKuniversitiesandcollege

s.ItseemsthatTVprogrammeshavehelpedchangewhatpeoplethinkaboutcooking.Accordingtoanewstudyfrommarketana

lysts,1in5BritonssaythatwatchingcookeryprogrammesonTVhasencouragedthemtotrydifferentfood.Almostonethirdsaytheynow

useawidervarietyofingredients(配料)thantheyusedto,andjustunder1in4saytheynowbuybetterqualityingredientsthanbefore.OneinfouradultssaythatTVchefshavemade

themmuchmoreconfidentaboutexpandingtheircookeryknowledgeandskills,andyoungpeoplearealsogettingmoreinterestedincooking.TheUK’

sobsession(痴迷)withfoodisreflectedthroughtelevisionscheduling.Cookeryshowsanddocumentariesaboutfoodarebroadcastm

oreoftenthanbefore.WithanincreasingnumberofmalechefsonTV,it’snolonger“uncool”forboystolikecooking.8.Whatdopeopleusuallythinko

fBritishfood?A.Itissimpleandplain.B.Itisrichinnutrition.C.Itlacksauthentictastes.D.Itdeservesahighreputation.9.Whichbes

tdescribescookeryprogrammeonBritishTV?A.Authoritative.B.Creative.C.Profitable.D.Influential.10.Whichisthepercentageofthepeopleusingmorediverseingr

edientsnow?A.20%.B.24%.C.25%.D.33%.11.Whatmighttheauthorcontinuetalkingabout?A.Theartofcookinginothercountries.B.MalechefsonTVprogrammes.C.Tablemanne

rsintheUK.D.Studiesofbigeaters.【答案】8.A9.D10.D11.B【解析】【导语】本篇是一篇说明文，介绍英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习惯。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段的“Whatcomesintoy

ourmindwhenyouthinkofBritishfood?Probablyfishandchips,oraSundaydinnerofmeatandtwovegetables.ButisBritishfoodreallysouninte

resting?”（当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物平平无

奇。故选A项。【9题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’sthankstotheseTVchefsratherthananyadvertisingcampaignthatBritonsareturningawa

yfrommeat-and-two-vegandready-mademealsandbecomingmoreadventurousintheircookinghabits.”（正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食餐，而变得更

加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“ItseemsthatTVprogrammeshavehelpedchangewhatpeoplethinkaboutcooking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。）可知，英

国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影响力。故选D项。【10题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almostonethirdsaytheynowuseawidervarietyofingred

ients(配料)thantheyusedto,andjustunder1in4saytheynowbuybetterqualityingredientsthanbefore.”（几乎三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好。）可知

，三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D项。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“WithanincreasingnumberofmalechefsonTV,it’snolonger“uncool”forboystolikecooking

.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选B项。4.（2023年全国乙卷D篇）Ifyouwanttotellthehi

storyofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,while

mostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societ

iesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andso

mechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon

-literatehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook’svoyageandtheAustralianAbor

iginals.FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain’srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)dropped

byamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.Ifwewanttoreconstructwhatwasactuallygoingonthatday,theshieldmustbe

questionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewrittenreports.Inadditiontotheproblemofmiscomprehensionfrombothsides,

therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.Thosewhoareonthelosingsideoftenhaveonly

theirthingstotelltheirstories.TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,all

ofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistoryto

ldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whenweconsidercontact(联系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-ha

ndaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheo

bjects.12.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactssp

eaklouderthanwords.D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.13.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningCaptainCookinparagraph2?A.Hisreportwasscientific.B.Here

presentedthelocalpeople.C.HeruledoverBotanyBay.D.Hisrecordwasone-sided.14.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“conversation”inparagraph3referto?A.Problem

.B.History.C.Voice.D.Society.15.Whichofthefollowingbooksisthetextmostlikelyselectedfrom?A.HowMapsTellStoriesoftheWorldB.AShortHistoryo

fAustraliaC.AHistoryoftheWorldin100ObjectsD.HowArtWorksTellStories【答案】12.A13.D14.B15.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世

界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。【12题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhuma

nity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostoft

hetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecorde

dtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多

数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideallyahistoryw

ouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.(理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这

一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“FromtheEnglishside,wehavescie

ntificreportsandthecaptain’srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfi

rstexperienceofgunshot.(在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角

度描述了问题。故选D。【14题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,allofwhomapp

earinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavo

ice.Whenweconsidercontact(联系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,only

onehalfofadialogue.(加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的

接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobj

ects.(如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段

“Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalon

e,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界

上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.(如果我们要找

到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。5.（20

23年新高考I卷C篇）Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyi

tworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilos

ophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople’sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable,b

eforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysugges

tedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivi

tiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubeli

evewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitald

eclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llhea

rtheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoush

ouldavoid.Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate(培养)asustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapt

ers,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitude(独处)andthenecessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethe

timemostnowspendonmindlessdeviceuse.Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanvie

wthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticularcircumstances.8.Whatisthebook

aimedat?A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems.D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.9.Wha

tdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.10.Whatispresentedinthefinalcha

pterofpartone?A.Theoreticalmodels.B.Statisticalmethods.C.Practicalexamples.D.Historicalanalyses.11.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdow

iththepracticesofferedinparttwo?A.Usethemasneeded.B.Recommendthemtofriends.C.Evaluatetheireffects.D.Identifytheideasbehindthem.【答案】8.B9

.A10.C11.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalm

inimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’

srightforyou.(这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。【9题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“Thisprocessrequiresyoutostep

awayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenon

lineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.(这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结

束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。【10题详解】推理判断题。通过文章第四段“Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’ll

guideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600pe

opleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.(在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理

的实际例子。故选C。【11题详解】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticularcir

cumstances.(你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。6.（2023年新高考I卷D篇）OnMarch7

,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestima

tionheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.This

effectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenougho

ftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesam

eerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sesti

matesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.Butanewstudyl

edbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdivide

dintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindiv

iduals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccurate

thantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudentstheresearcherstriedtogetabett

ersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didthey

followthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“s

haredargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitation

sandmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.12.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlya

bout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.13.Navajas’st

udyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereocca

sionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent14.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?,A.Thesizeofthe

groups.B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.15.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?

A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.【答案】12.B13.D14.C15.D【解析】【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独

立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。【12题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewillt

endtooverestimate,andcometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamor

eaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inm

oretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,peopleserrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccur

acyoftheestimatewillgodown.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的

错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的

平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequirestha

tpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwh

encrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratetha

nthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiong

roupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.(这项研究的关键发现是

，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成

更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段的“Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabette

rsenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthosel

eastwillingtochangetheirminds?(在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他

们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashave

limitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在

许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。7.（2023年新高考II卷C篇）Rea

dingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworks

frommuseumsaroundtheworld.Theimageofthereaderappearsthroughouthistory,inartmadelongbeforebooksaswenowknowthemcameintobeing.In

artists’representationsofbooksandreading,weseemomentsofsharedhumanitythatgobeyondcultureandtime.Inthis“bookofbooks,”artworksareselectedand

arrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearning

toreadathomeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed(描绘)aloneinmanysettingsandposes—absorbedin

avolume,deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.Booksthemselvesmay

beusedsymbolicallyinpaintingstodemonstratetheintellect(才智),wealthorfaithofthesubject.Beforethewideuseofthep

rintingpress,booksweretreasuredobjectsandcouldbeworksofartintheirownright.Morerecently,asbookshavebecomeinexpensiveoreventhrowaway,artistshaveu

sedthemastherawmaterialforartworks—transformingcovers,pagesorevencompletevolumesintopaintingsandsculptures.Continueddevelopmen

tsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbo

okiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmu

stbeactivatedbyauser:thecoveropened,thepagesparted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.An

dincontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,“off-li

ne”activity.8.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A.Anintroductiontoabook.B.Anessayontheartofwriting.C.Aguidebooktoamuseu

m.D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.9.Whataretheselectedartworksabout?A.Wealthandintellect.B.Homeandschool.C.Booksandreading.D.Workandleisure.10.Wha

tdotheunderlinedwords“relateto”inparagraph2mean?A.Understand.B.Paint.C.Seize.D.Transform.11.Whatdoestheau

thorwanttosaybymentioningthee-reader?A.Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.B.Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.C.Ourlivesinthe21stcentury

arenetworked.D.Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.【答案】8.B9.C10.A11.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。【

8题详解】推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksf

rommuseumsaroundtheworld.(ReadingArt:ArtforBookLovers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“Beforethewideuseoftheprintingpres

s,booksweretreasuredobjectsandcouldbeworksofartintheirownright.(在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品)”可推知，本文最有可能

出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。【9题详解】细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferen

terasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.(艺术品的选

择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。【10题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworksareselectedandarrangedi

nawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratscho

ol,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.(艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦

点)”以及“Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmoments(这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽

带，故与画线短语“relateto”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。【11题详解】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“itremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader(它仍然像任何电

池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,“off-line”activity(印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完

全过时。故选A。8.（2023年新高考II卷D篇）Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecomingh

ardertofind.Ifyou’relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.Pastr

esearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans,butanewstudyshowsthatwildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.The

researchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyha

dwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions,coding(编码)experiencesintodifferentcategorie

s.Forexample,oneparticipant’sexperienceof“Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile”wasassignedthecategories“sittingatbeach

”and“listeningtowaves.”Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissio

ns,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife,walkingalongtheedgeofwater,andfollowinga

nestablishedtrail.Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivi

tiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfy

ingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongaf

ountainontheirlunchbreak.“We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforth

attohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,”saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.12.Whatph

enomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?A.Pocketparksarenowpopular.B.Wildnatureishardtofindincities.C.Manycitiesareov

erpopulated.D.Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.13.Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?A.Tocomparediffe

renttypesofpark-goers.B.Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.C.Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.D.Tofindpatterns

inthevisitors’summaries.14.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?A.Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccessto

nature.B.Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C.Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D.Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformanc

e.15.WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?A.Languagestudy.B.Environmentalconservation.C.Pub

liceducation.D.Interculturalcommunication.【答案】12.B13.A14.C15.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有

重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段内容“Ascities

balloonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit’sunusu

altofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作

者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段的“Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrit

tensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmission

s,coding(编码)experiencesintodifferentcategories.(他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员

按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”bega

ntoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.(在这320份提交的作品中

，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。故选A。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Nami

ngeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremo

stsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingfor

ayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafo

untainontheirlunchbreak.(命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着

喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他

可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelps

bringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,”saidP

eterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.(“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然

互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。9.（2023年浙江卷1月）AccordingtotheSolarEnergyIndustryAssociation,thenumberofsolarpanelsinstalled(安装)hasgrownrap

idlyinthepastdecade,andithastogrowevenfastertomeetclimategoals.Butallofthatgrowthwilltakeupalotofspace,andthoughm

oreandmorepeopleaccepttheconceptofsolarenergy,fewlikelargesolarpanelstobeinstallednearthem.Solardeveloperswanttoputuppanelsasquicklyandc

heaplyaspossible,sotheyhaven’tgivenmuchthoughttowhattheyputunderthem.Often,they’llendupfillingtheareawithsmal

lstonesandusingchemicalstocontrolweeds.Theresultisthatmanycommunities,especiallyinfarmingregions,seesolarfarmsasdestroyersofthesoil.“Solar

projectsneedtobegoodneighbors,”saysJordanMacknick,theheadoftheInnovativeSitePreparationandImpactReductionso

ntheEnvironment(InSPIRE)project.“Theyneedtobeprotectorsofthelandandcontributetotheagriculturaleconomy.”InSPIREisinvestigatingpracticalap

proachesto“low-impact”solardevelopment,whichfocusesonestablishingandoperatingsolarfarmsinawaythatiskindertotheland.Oneo

ftheeasiestlow-impactsolarstrategiesisprovidinghabitatforpollinators(传粉昆虫).Habitatloss,pesticideuse,a

ndclimatechangehavecauseddramaticdeclinesinpollinatorpopulationsoverthepastcoupleofdecades,whichhasdamagedtheU.S.agr

iculturaleconomy.Over28stateshavepassedlawsrelatedtopollinatorhabitatprotectionandpesticideuse.Conservationorganizationsputoutpollinator-

friendlinessguidelinesforhomegardens,businesses,schools,cities—andnowthereareguidelinesforsolarfarms.Overthepastfewyears

,manysolarfarmdevelopershavetransformedthespaceundertheirsolarpanelsintoashelterforvariouskindsofpollinators,resultinginsoi

limprovementandcarbonreduction.“Thesepollinator-friendlysolarfarmscanhaveavaluableimpactoneverythingthat’sgoingoninthelands

cape,”saysMacknick.32．Whatdosolardevelopersoftenignore?A．Thedeclineinthedemandforsolarenergy.B．Thenegativeimpactofins

tallingsolarpanels.C．Therisinglaborcostofbuildingsolarfarms.D．Themostrecentadvancesinsolartechnology.33．WhatdoesInSPIREaimtodo?A．I

mprovetheproductivityoflocalfarms.B．Inventnewmethodsforcontrollingweeds.C．Makesolarprojectsenvironmentallyfriendly.D．Promotetheuseofsolare

nergyinruralareas.34．Whatisthepurposeofthelawsmentionedinparagraph4?A．Toconservepollinators.B．Torestrictsolardevelopment.C．Todi

versifytheeconomy.D．Toensurethesupplyofenergy.35．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．Pollinators:ToLeaveortoStayB．So

larEnergy:HopefortheFutureC．InSPIRE:ALeaderinAgricultureD．SolarFarms:ANewDevelopment【答案】32．B33．C34．A35．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建

立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。32．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often,they’llendupfillingtheareawithsmallstonesandusi

ngchemicalstocontrolweeds.Theresultisthatmanycommunities,especiallyinfarmingregions,seesolarfarmsasdestroyersofthesoil.(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质

来控制杂草。结果是，许多社区，特别是在农业地区，将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保的方式处理太阳能板安装后产生的问题，导致人们把太阳能农场看作是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开发者在安装太阳能板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故选B项。3

3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIREisinvestigatingpracticalapproachesto“low-impact”solardevelopment,whichfocusesonestablishingandoperatingsolarfarms

inawaythatiskindertotheland.(InSPIRE正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。)”可知，InSPIRE采用有好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选C项。34．细节理解题。根据第四段中的

“Over28stateshavepassedlawsrelatedtopollinatorhabitatprotectionandpesticideuse.(超过28个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律

的目的是保护授粉者。故选A项。35．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Overthepastfewyears,manysolarfarmdevelopershavetransformedthespaceundertheirsolarpanelsintoashelterforvarious

kindsofpollinators,resultinginsoilimprovementandcarbonreduction.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农

场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。1.（2022年全国甲卷）Goffin’scock

atoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotkn

owntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwitha

boxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”to

choosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbefor

etheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(对称的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfit

iscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognit

ionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanal

locentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandwork

outwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(线索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.24.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxinthe

experiment?A.Byfollowinginstructions.B.Byusingatool.C.Byturningtheboxaround.D.Byremovingthelid.25.Whichtaskcanhu

manone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext?A.Usingakeytounlockadoor.B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.C.Putti

ngaballintoaroundhole.D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.26.Whatdoesthefollow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?A.Howfartheyar

eabletosee.B.Howtheytrackmovingobjects.C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys.D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.27.Whichcanbeas

uitabletitleforthetext?A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckersB.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverS

ignal-ReadersD.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters体裁：说明文主题：人与自然——自然生态——生物与人的智力对比【语篇导读】通过实验发现，澳大拉西亚地区戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉的形状识别

能力相当于两岁的人类幼儿。24.【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.(

虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具)”以及“thebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Inserting,thecorrect“keys”wouldle

toutthenut.(研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。25.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Inhumans,babiescanputaroundsh

apeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage(在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞

里”的任务。故选C。26.【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues,oralsouseas

enseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.(根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。27.

【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-r

ecognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.(科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters(凤头鹦鹉：识别形

状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。2.（2022年全国甲卷）Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Austra

lia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,andacultu

rallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispent

thewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewento

urseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.“I’llmisstheseoldboats,”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean?”Iasked.“Oh,they’

rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.Butthat

’sprogress,Iguess.”EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandprogressarethewatchwords(口号),andtraditionsareincreasinglyrare.ShirleyFi

tzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfine

stbuildings.“Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself,”shesaid.“Wecan’tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It’

saconflictthatwearen’tgettinganybetteratresolving(解决).”Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.I

consideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.“Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,”hetoldme.“Whatpeopl

eforgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,theGreekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We’vegotafoundati

onbuiltonancientculturesbutwithadriveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It’saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”Heisright,butIcan’thelpwishingtheywouldkeeptho

seoldferries.32．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．Sydney’sstrikingarchitecture.B．TheculturaldiversityofSydney.C．ThekeytoSydney’sdeve

lopment.D．Sydney’stouristattractionsinthe1960s.33．WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?A．Hegoestoworkbyboat.B．Helooksforwardtoanewlife.C

．Hepilotscatamaranswell.D．Heisattachedtotheoldferries.34．WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?A．Itislosingitstra

ditions.B．Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.C．Itshouldexpanditspopulation.D．Itisbecomingmoreinternational.35．Whichstatementwilltheautho

rprobablyagreewith?A．Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.B．Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.C．Modernityisusuallyachievedatthecostofele

gance.D．Compromiseshouldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.【答案】32．C33．D34．A35．A【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章介绍了悉尼城市发展中

对于现代化和传统保护的困惑，并提出“一座城市可以同时年轻和年老”的观点。32．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia

.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.(20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了自己的港口。)”和最后一句“Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.(但正是港口造就了这座城市。)”可知

，第一段主要是讲悉尼发展的关键。故选C。33．细节理解题。根据第三段““I’llmisstheseoldboats,”hesaidasweparted.(“我会想念这些旧船的，”我们分手时他说。)”和第五段第二句“Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoele

gant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.(双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣。)”可知，AndrewReynolds喜欢那些旧渡船。故选D。34．细节理解题。根据第六段第二句中的“initsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneyswe

ptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings(在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼抛弃了许多过去的东西，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”和第四句“Wecan’tseemto

makeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.(我们似乎无法决定是要一个现代的城市还是一个传统的城市。)”可知，ShirleyFitzgerald认为悉尼正在丢失传统。故选A

。35．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句“Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.(另一方面，同时年轻和年老也有它的吸引力。)”可知，作者会

认同“一座城市可以同时年轻和年老”的观点。故选A。3.(2022年全国乙卷)In1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N.Y.—DorothyWoodr

uffandRosamondUnderwood—traveledtoasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.Thegirlshadgoneto

SmithCollege.Theyworeexpensiveclothes.SoforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.toinstructthechildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstri

ngwasasurprise.TheirstayinElkheadisthesubjectofNothingDaunted:TheUnexpectedEducationofTwoSocietyGirlsintheWestbyDorothyWicken

den,whoisamagazineeditorandDorothyWoodruff’sgranddaughter.Whydidtheygothen?Well,theywantedtodosomethinguseful.Soon,however,theyreal

izedwhattheyhadundertaken.Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,theHarrisons,and,likethem,hadlittleprivacy,rarebaths,andablanketofsnowon

theirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.Somemornings,RosamondandDorothywouldarriveattheschoolhousetofindthechildrenweepingfromthecold.Inspring,t

hesnowwasreplacedbymudoverice.InWickenden’sbook,sheexpandedonthehistoryoftheWestandalsoonfeminism,whichofcourseinflu

encedthegirls’decisiontogotoElkhead.Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads,whichentailed(牵涉)drillingthroughtheRockies,of

teninblindingsnowstorms.ThebookendswithRosamondandDorothy’sreturntoAuburn.Wickendenisaverygoodstoryteller.Thesweepofthelandandthestoicism(坚忍)of

thepeoplemovehertosomebeautifulwriting.HereisapictureofDorothyWoodruff,onherhorse,lookingdownfromahilltop:“Whenthesunslippedbehindthemountains,itshed

arosyglowallaroundthem.Thenafullmoonrose.Thesnowwasmarkedonlybysmallanimals:foxes,coyotes,mice,andvaryingha

res,whichturnedwhiteinthewinter.”24．WhydidDorothyandRosamondgototheRockyMountains?A．Toteachinaschool.B．Tost

udyAmericanhistory.B．Towriteabook.D．Todosightseeing.25．Whatcanwelearnaboutthegirlsfromparagraph3?A．Theyenjo

yedmuchrespect.B．Theyhadaroomwithabathtub.B．Theylivedwiththelocalkids.D．Theysufferedseverehardships.26．WhichpartofWickenden’swritingish

air-raising?A．TheextremeclimateofAuburn.B．ThelivingconditionsinElkhead.C．TherailroadbuildingintheRockies.D．ThenaturalbeautyoftheWest.27．Whatisth

etext?A．Anewsreport.B．Abookreview.C．Achildren’sstory.D．Adiaryentry.【答案】24．A25．D26．C27．B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章是一则书评，简要介绍了DorothyWickenden的书籍并对其进行了评价。24．

细节理解题。根据第一段“In1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N.Y.-DorothyWoodruffandRosamondUnderwood-traveled

toasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.(1916年，来自纽约奥本市的两个富裕家庭的女孩——DorothyWoodruff和RosamondUnderwood

——来到落基山脉的一个定居点，在一间只有一个房间的学校教书)”可知，Dorothy和Rosamond去落基山脉是为了去学校里教书。故选A项。25．推理判断题。根据第三段“Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,theHarri

sons,andlikethem,hadlittleprivacy,rarebaths,andablanketofsnowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.(他们和

一个当地家庭，哈里森一家一起搬进去，和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上覆盖着一层雪)”以及“Inspring,thesnowwasreplacedbymudoverice.(在春天，雪被泥替代覆盖在冰上)”可推知，女孩们的生活条件非常艰苦，她们的生活饱受磨

难。故选D项。26．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads,whichentaileddrillingthroughtheRockies,of

teninblindingsnowstorms.(令人毛骨悚然的一段与铁路建设有关，这涉及到在令人眩目的暴风雪中钻穿落基山脉)”可知，Wickenden的作品中涉及落基山脉的铁路建设这一部分是令人毛骨悚然的。故选C项。27．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“ThebookendswithRosam

ondandDorothy’sreturntoAuburn.(这本书以Rosamond和Dorothy回到奥本结束)”以及最后一段“Wickendenisaverygoodstoryteller.Thesweepofthelandan

dthestoicismofthepeoplemovehertosomebeautifulwriting.(Wickenden是个很好的讲故事的人。大地的辽阔和人们的坚忍使她创作出了一些美丽的作品)”可知，本文简要介绍了Wickenden的书籍内容，并对其进行

了评价，所以文本是一篇书评。故选B项。4.（2022年全国乙卷）Canasmallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,h

elprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technology

tomakesurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealread

ybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofraili

nfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityando

n-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsin

maintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespe

ndapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastr

ucture.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnol

ogies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.T

operformthesetasks,dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefutu

re.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIand

travellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothat

fast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.28．Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A．Theuseofdr

onesincheckingonpowerlines.B．Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C．Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D．

Drones’reliableperformanceinremoteareas.29．Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto?A．Personnels

afety.B．Assistancefromdrones.C．Inspectionandrepair.D．Constructionofinfrastructure.30．Whatfunctionisexpected

oftheraildrones?A．Toprovideearlywarning.B．Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.C．Toearnprofitsforthecrews.D．Toacc

eleratetransportation.31．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB．How

ProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC．WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD．HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways【答案

】28．A29．C30．A31．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。28．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Dronesarealreadybeingused

toexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrai

linfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁

路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可推知，使用无人机检查电力线使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。29．词义猜测题。根据后文“ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespen

dapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastruct

ure.(据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure（检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知

“Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安

全，画线词和C项：Inspectionandrepair(检修)含义相近。故选C。30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadof

thetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletor

eactintime.(带有先进传感器和人工智能的非常小的无人机可以像副驾驶一样在火车前面行驶。凭借他们的预见能力，他们可以发出任何问题的信号，以便快速行驶的火车能够及时做出反应)”可知，对于无人机期待的功能是提前发现问题。故选A。31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Cana

smallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionso

feuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakesurethatthemillionsof

kilometersofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元？这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼

”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到

了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。5.（202

2年全国乙卷）TheGovernment’ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirstpredicteditwouldgenerate,thefirstofficialdataonthepoli

cyhasshown.FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,

wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity(肥胖).Itisbelievedthattoday’schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar,put

tingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Initiallythesugartaxwasexpectedtomake£520mayearfortheTreasury.However,dataofthefirstsixmonthsshoweditwouldmake

lessthanhalfthisamount.Atpresentitisexpectedtogenerate£240mfortheyearendinginApril2019,whichwillgotoschoolsports.Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinks

soldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers(制造商)sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionf

ewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers’effortstoavoidthecharge,accordingtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeen

forcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport,dependingonthesugarcontent.However,somehigh

sugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmost

alcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.Today’sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial

,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities(设施)andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgen

erationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindustryisplayingitspart.32．Whywasthesugartax

introduced?A．Tocollectmoneyforschools.B．Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.B．Toprotectchildren’shealth.D．Toencourageresearchineducation.33．Howdidsomedrink

scompaniesrespondtothesugartax?A．Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets.B．Theyraisedthepricesoftheirproducts.C．Theycutdo

wnontheirproduction.D．Theyreducedtheirproducts’sugarcontent.34．Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?A．Mostalcoholicdrink

s.B．Milk-baseddrinks.C．Fruitjuices.D．ClassicCoke.35．Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?A．Itisash

ort-sighteddecision.B．Itisasuccessstory.C．Itbenefitsmanufacturers.D．Itupsetscustomers.【答案】32．C33．D34．D35．B【导语】本文是一

篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。32．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftd

rinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity.(该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖)”可

知，征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖，保护儿童健康。故选C项。33．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugar

levelscutbymanufacturerssotheycanavoidpayingthetax.(此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税)”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的

含糖量来避税。故选D项。34．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettin

gconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingf

ewerthan1mlitresperyear.(然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的)”可知，糖税主要来自经典

可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。35．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Today’sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugar

taxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilitiesandhealthiereatinginschools.(根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据

显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑)”可知，糖税政策带来了积极影响。由此推知，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。6.（2022年新高考I卷）Likemostofus,Itrytob

emindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwitha

dinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoo

much;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagai

nstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(bu

tquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfood

thatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,

“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepi

tassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstraw

berriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D．C．,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearit

recoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfield

s.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemo

bvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryi

nyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.24．Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytel

lingthearugulastory?A．Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B．Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C．Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat

.D．Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.25．Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A．Moraldecline.B．Environmentalharm.C．

Energyshortage.D．Worldwidestarvation.26．WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A．Itproduceskitchenequipment.B．Itturnsrott

enarugulaintocleanfuel.C．Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.D．Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.27．WhatdoesCurtinsugg

estpeopledo?A．Buyonlywhatisneeded.B．Reducefoodconsumption.C．Goshoppingonceaweek.D．Eatinrestaurantslessoften.【答案】24．B2

5．B26．D27．A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。24．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Likemostofus,Itry

tobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtway

toomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜

的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B项。25．细节理解题。根据第三段“Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andother,resourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenviron

mentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”

(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B项。26．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curti

nisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington.D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffood

bytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)produce,thatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,c

ut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农

产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D项。27．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,wheth

erbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”C

urtinsays.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A项。7

.（2022年新高考I卷）Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwas

dreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing.Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessof

themind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojec

tis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorning

beforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthereagai

natnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitouts

idetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehom

esintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneof

thefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfunt

heprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresident

sthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”28．Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?A．Toensureharmonyincarehomes.B．Toprovidepar

t-timejobsfortheaged.C．Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch.D．Topromotetheelderlypeople’swelfare.29．HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?A．S

hehaslearnednewlifeskills.B．Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.C．Shehasrecoveredhermemory.D．Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.30．Wh

atdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A．Improve.B．Oppose.C．Begin.D．Evaluate.31．Whatcanwelearnaboutthepro

jectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Itiswellreceived.B．Itneedstobemorecreative.C．Itishighlyprofitable.D．Ittakesagestoseetheresults.【答案】28．D29

．B30．C31．A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。28.细节理解题。根据第二段“Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreduceloneliness

andimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing(该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况。)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了减少孤独和提高老年人的幸福感。故选D项。29．推理判断题。根

据第五段““It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthe

m.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”(有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来

外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好。)”可知，RuthXavier很享受做这些事，她觉得自己在做有用的事，这能够给她来良好的感觉，因此可知通过该项目她获得了一种成就感。故选B项。30．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“WendyWilso

n,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessi

ons.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”(彭福街60号的额外护理经理WendyWilson是第一批参与该项目的人之一

，她说：“居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。”)”可知，WendyWilson是着手这项工程的人之一，也是做这个项目的创始人之一，因此可知，画线处embarkon意为“开始着手做某事”，与C项“Begin(开始)”含义相近。故选C项。31

．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardto

thebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.(居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。)”以及最后一段“LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“W

earehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativ

eactivities.”(“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说：“我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来。”)”可知，该项目得到了居民们的认可，大家很欢迎这个项目，而且这个项目将会带来一些好处，因

此可知这个项目的反响很好，很受欢迎。故选A项。8.（2022年新高考I卷）Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherarecli

cksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdi

et-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholar

CharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiest

hatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydisco

veredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheuppe

rteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.Theteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasco

nnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’t

growtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f

”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.T

hisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweuseh

asnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwef

indtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.32．Whichaspectofth

ehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A．Itsvariety.B．Itsdistribution.C．Itsquantity.D．Itsdevelopment.33．Wh

ywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A．Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B．Theycouldnotopenandclosethei

rlipseasily.C．Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D．Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.34．Whatispa

ragraph5mainlyabout?A．Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B．Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C．Afurtherexplanationoftheresearch

methods.D．Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.35．WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A．Itiskeyt

oeffectivecommunication.B．Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C．Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D．Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings

.【答案】32．D33．C34．A35．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。32．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Morethan30yearsago,thescho

larCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocie

tiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundh

owandwhythistrendarose.(30多年前，学者CharlesHockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的DamianBlasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因)”可知，Damian

Blasi的研究关注的是这一趋势是如何产生的以及产生的原因，可知他的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。33．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswereali

gned,makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbit

estructure,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.(他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音)”可知，因为古代成年人因为上下门牙是对

齐的，他们的下颚结构跟现在的我们不一样，这就导致他们发不出这个唇齿音，也就是说他们的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。34．主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchang

einthesoundofworldlanguagesafterthesoNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.These

soundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.(对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许

多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现)”可知，此段主要是通过介绍语言数据库的分析结果来证实语音是发生了很大变化，有些以前使用的语音，现在不一定找得到，因此此处主要是通过相关证据进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。35．推

理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofsp

eechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amember

oftheresearchteam.(研究小组成员StevenMoran说：“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”)”可知，人类的语意一直在发展变化中，并不会一成不变，而且会因生物变化和文化变化等进行复杂的相互作

用而改变，因此可知StevenMoran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。9.（2022年新高考II卷）Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtex

tingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byju

staboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetw

orksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMark

Rosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted（分心）drivingwas"onlyinc

reasing,unfortunately.""Bigchangerequiresbigideas."hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinct

lymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddri

vinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldw

orklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforre

centactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-fr

eedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's200

1banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."8．Whichofthe

followingbestdescribesthebanondrivers'textingintheUS?A．Ineffective.B．Unnecessary.C．Inconsistent.D．Unfair.9．WhatcantheTextalyzerhelpapoliceofficer

findout?A．Whereadrivercamefrom.B．Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.C．Howfastadriverwasgoing.D．Whenadriverarrivedatthescene.10．W

hatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A．Advice.B．Data.C．Tests.D．Laws.11．Whatisasuitabletitle

forthetext?A．ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB．TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzerC．NewYorkBanningHand-HeldD

evicesbyDrivers.D．TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer-【答案】8．A9．B10．D11．B【导语】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手

机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。8．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingb

ydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共

服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车

的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。9．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjustte

xted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws.”（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Texta

lyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。10．词义猜测题。根据句中的“Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatca

nchangepeople'sbehavior.”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peopl

earegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone.”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改

变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。受到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。11．主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服

人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore.”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新

的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正地改变人们的行为。故B选项TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzer（发

短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。10.（2022年新高考II卷）Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessi

ngoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartev

ensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine

,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatev

enifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearc

hteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswereran

domlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(无氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweightt

raining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears

,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,

”saysLevine.“Andthereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Butt

heheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouha

ven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,a

ndnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassm

allandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebi

ggestdifference.12．WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?A．Therightwayofexercising.B．Th

ecausesofaheartattack.C．Thedifficultyofkeepingfit.D．Theagingprocessoftheheart.13．Inwhichaspectwerethetwog

roupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?A．Dietplan.B．Professionalbackground.C．Exercisetype.D．Previousphysicalcond

ition.14．WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?A．Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.B．High-intensityexerciseismo

resuitablefortheyoung.C．Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.D．Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.15．WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsu

ggest?A．Makinguseofthefindings.B．Interviewingthestudyparticipants.C．Conductingfurtherresearch.D．Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.【答案】1

2．D13．C14．A15．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。12．推理判断题。根据第二段的““Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecome

dryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，

它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。13．推理判断题。根据第三段的“Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobicex

ercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormored

aysaweek.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。14．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Thesecondgroupdidh

igh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.(第二

组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.

(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。15．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Butthestudywassmallandne

edstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebi

ggestdifference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。11.（2022年浙江卷1月）TheUnitedStates

rosetoglobalpoweronthestrengthofitstechnology,andthelifebloodthattechnologyhaslongbeenelectricity.Byprovidinglong-distancecommunicationa

ndenergy,electricitycreatedthemodemworld.Yetproperlyunderstood,theageofelectricityismerelythesecondst

ageintheageofsteam,whichbeganacenturyearlier."Itiscuriousthatnoonehasputtogetherahistoryofboththesteamandelectr

icrevolutions."writesMauryKleininhisbookThePowerMakers,Steam,Electricity,andtheMenInventedModernAmerica.Klein,anotedhistoria

noftechnology,spinsanarrativesolivelythatattimesitreadslikeanovel.Thestorybeginsinthelastyearsofthe18thcenturyinScotland,whereWattperfected"themach

inethatchangedtheworld".Kleinwrites,"Americadidnotinventthesteamengine,butoncetheygraspeditspasswordstheyputittomoreu

sesthananyoneelse."Meanwhile,overthecourseof19thcentury,electricitywentfrommerecuriositytoabasicnecessity.Morseinventedacodeforsendingmessag

esoveranelectromagneticcircuit.Bellthengavethetelegraphavoice.Edisonperfectedanincandescentbullsthatbroughtele

ctriclightintotheAmericanhome.Mostimportantly,Edisonrealizedthatsuccessdependedonmasselectrification,whichheshowedinNewYorkCity

.WithhelpfromTesla,Westinghouse'sfirmdevelopedasystemusingalternatingcurrent,whichsoonbecamethemajorformsofpowerdelivery.Toframehisstory,Kleincreates

thecharacterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduri

ngoneman'slifetime.It'satechniquethathelpsturnalongnarrativeintoaninterestingone.4．WhatisKlein'sunderstandingoftheageofelectricity?A．Itiscloselyl

inkedtothesteamage.B．Itbeganearlierthanproperthought.C．Itisalittle-studiedperiodofhistory.D．Itwillcometoane

ndsoonerorlater.5．WhatcanbeinferredaboutNed?A．HewasborninNewYorkCity.B．Hewrotemanyincreasingstories,C．Hec

reatedanelectricitycompany.D．Helivedmainlyinthe19thcentury.6．Whatisthetext?A．Abiography.B．Abookreview.C．Ashortstory.D．Ascienc

ereport.【答案】4．A5．D6．B【分析】本文是说明文。文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系。4．推理判断题。根据第二段“Itiscuriousthatnoonehasputtogetherahistory

ofboththesteamandelectricrevolutions.”（我很好奇，竟然没有人把蒸汽和电力革命的历史放在一起。）可知，在Klein看来，电力时代和蒸汽时代是有很紧密的联系的。故选A。5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Toframehisstory,Kleincreatest

hecharacterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime

.”（为了编织他的故事，Klein创造了一个人物Ned，它是对美国蒸汽和电力革命在一个人的整个人生中的进程的神奇的见证。）和第四段“Meanwhile,overthecourseof19thcentury,electricity

wentfrommerecuriositytoabasicnecessity.”（同时，在19世纪，电力从好奇变成了根需。）可知，Ned见证了蒸汽时代和电力革命，所以他应该是生活在19世纪。故选D。6．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Toframehisstory,Kle

increatesthecharacterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifet

ime.It'satechniquethathelpsturnalongnarrativeintoaninterestingone.”（为了构建他的故事，克莱因创造了奈德这个角色，一个虚构的人物，在一个人的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步。这是一种有助于

将长篇故事变得有趣的技巧。）可知，这篇文章是一篇书评。故选B。12.(2022年浙江卷1月)Thebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocumentedbutthere’sanewbonustoaddtotheever-growinglist.Ne

wresearchersfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementi

ainlaterlife,andastheydid,itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.LeadresearcherDr.HelenaHorder,oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden,said:"The

sefindingsareexcitingbecauseit’spossiblethatimprovingpeople'scardiovascular（心血管的）fitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayor

evenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia."Forthestudy,191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheywereexhaustedtomeasureth

eirpeak（最大值的）cardiovascularcapacity.Theaveragepeakworkloadwasmeasuredat103watts.Atotalof40womenmetth

ecriteriaforahighfitnesslevel,or120wattsorhigher.Atotalof92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscategory;and59womenwereinthelowfitnesscategory,defined

asapeakworkloadof80wattsorless,orhavingtheirexercisetestsstoppedbecauseofhighbloodpressure,chestpainorothercardiovascularproblems.Thesew

omenwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades.Duringthattime,44ofthewomendevelopeddementia.Fivepercentofthehighlyfitwomendeveloped

dementia,comparedto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessand32percentofthewomenwithlowfitness."However,thisstudydoesnotshowcauseandeffe

ctbetweencardiovascularfitnessanddementia,itonlyshowsanassociation.Moreresearchisneededtoseeifimprovedfitnessco

uldhaveapositiveeffectontheriskofdementiaandalsotolookatwhenduringalifetimeahighfitnesslevelismostimportant."Sheal

soadmittedthatarelativelysmallnumberofwomenwerestudied,allofwhomwereformSweden,sotheresultsmightnotbeapplicabletoother

groups.7．Whatisontheever-growinglistmentionedinthefirstparagraph?A．Positiveeffectsofdoingexercises.B．Exercisessuitableforthemi

ddle-aged.C．Experimentalstudiesondiseases.D．Advantagesofsportywomanoverman8．Whydidtheresearchersaskthewomentodobicycleexercise?A．Topredic

ttheirmaximumheartrate.B．ToassesstheircardiovascularcapacityC．TochangetheirhabitsofworkingoutD．Todetecttheirpotentialhealthproble

ms9．WhatdoweknowaboutDrHorder'sstudy?A．Itaimedtofindacurefordementia.B．Datacollectionwasalengthyprocess.C．Someparticipantswithdrewfromit.D．Theres

ultswerefarfromsatisfactory.10．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．MoreWomenAreExercisingtoPre

ventDementiaB．Middle-AgedWomenNeedtoDoMoreExerciseC．FitWomenAreLessLikelytoDevelopDementiaD．BikingImprovesWomen'sCardiovascularFitness【答

案】7．A8．B9．B10．C【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时罹患失智症的几率会大大降低。7．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Newresearchersfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysic

allyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementia（失智症）inlaterlife,andastheydid,itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywo

men.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）可知，第一段提到了健身锻炼的好处。故选A项。8．细节理解题。

根据上文“Thesefindingsareexcitingbecauseit’spossiblethatimprovingpeople'scardiovascularfitnessinmiddleage

coulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia.”（这些发现令人兴奋，因为在中年时改善人们的心血管健康可能会延缓甚至防止他们患上痴呆症。）以及本段“Fo

rthestudy,191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheywereexhaustedtomeasuretheirpeakcardiovascularcapacity

.”（在这项研究中，191名平均年龄为50岁的女性进行了自行车运动测试，直到她们精疲力竭，以测量她们的心血管峰值能力。）可知，做这项实验的目的是为了测试女性的心血管峰值能力。故选B项。9．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Thesewomenwerethente

stedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades.”（这些女性在随后的四十年里测试了六次失智症状况。）可知，此次实验的数据收集是一个长期的过程。故选B项。10．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Newresearchersfou

ndthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementia（失智症）inlaterlife,andastheydid,itcameonadecadelate

rthanlesssportywomen.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）以及文章后面几段通过列举实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健

康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大大降低。故选C项。13.(2022年浙江卷6月)Allaroundtheworld,therearesmallchangestakingplace.Atthesideofroads,behindschoolplaygroundsandonallki

ndsofunlovedpiecesoflandacrosstownsandcities,tinyforestsbarelythesizeoftenniscourtsareappearing,makingagreatplaceforbothwildlifeandlocalpeoplewhom

aynotnormallyhaveeasyaccesstonature.ThisistheTinyForestmovement,whichaimstoprovethatthebestthingsinlifereallydoco

meinsmallpackages.Tinyforestswerefirstpioneeredasaconceptinthe1970sbyDrMiyawaki,aJapanesebotanist.Ashewentontosharehisconceptwith

others,theideasoontookoffinIndiaandothercountriesbeforeeventuallyreachingEurope,whereitbecamepopularinplaceslikeFrance,BelgiumandtheNe

therlands.Sohowdoesitwork?LouiseHartley,whoisleadingtheTinyForestprojectintheUK,explainsthattheprocessbeginsbyidentif

yingareasinwhichatinyforestcouldhavethebiggestinfluence.“Wefocusonurbanareaswhereaccesstonatureisoftennotthateasy”,saysHa

rtley.“Weseeitasachancetotrytobreakthegrowingdisconnectbetweenpeopleandnature.”InaTinyForest,theremustbeaminimumof600trees,andthetreesareplante

dmuchclosertogetherandwithoutchemicalsorfertilisers(肥料).Thereareusuallyaround30differentkindsofall-nativetreespecies(物种).Thisvariety,coupledwi

ththefactthattinyforestsgrowuptotentimesfasterthanstandardforests,meanstheyattractarichabundanceofwildlif

e.It’salsothoughtthattheseplacescouldhelpreducetheriskofflooding,removecarbonfromtheatmosphereandfig

htclimatechange,aswellasimprovingthementalhealthofthoselivinglocally.4．WhatdoweknowabouttheTinyForestmovement?A．Ithasachievednotables

uccess.B．Itisledbynumberofschools.C．ItbeganinEuropeinthe1970s.D．Itwillspreadtothecountryside.5．Whatisthepurposeo

ftheprojectledbyHartleyintheUK?A．Topromoteeco-tourism.B．Toimproveforestryresearch.C．Topopularisegardening.D．Togetpeopleclos

etonature.6．WhatisspecialaboutthetreesinaTinyForest?A．Theyaresmallinsize.B．Theyarethicklyplanted.C．Theyareforeignspecies.D．They

areheavilyfertilised.【答案】4．A5．D6．B【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。4．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Ashewentontosharehi

sconceptwithothers,theideasoontookoffinIndiaandothercountriesbeforeeventuallyreachingEurope,whereitbecamepopularinplaceslikeFrance,

BelgiumandtheNetherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来，最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的成功。故选A。5．推理判断题。根据第三段的““W

efocusonurbanareaswhereaccesstonatureisoftennotthateasy”,saysHartley.“Weseeitasachancetotrytobreakthegrowingdisconnectbetweenpeopleandnatu

re.”(哈特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破人与自然之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。6．细节理解题。根据

最后一段的“InaTinyForest,theremustbeaminimumof600trees,andthetreesareplantedmuchclosertogetherandwithoutchemicalsorfertilisers(肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少600棵树，树木种

植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得很密。故选B。14.(2022年浙江卷6月)Manypeoplebelievethatworkingtothemaximumisthesecrettosuccess,butresearchhasfoundthatmode

ration(适度)alsogetsresultsonthejob.InastudyledbyEllenLangerofHarvardUniversity,researchersaskedpeopletotranslatesentencesintoanewamade-uplanguage.S

ubjectswhopracticedthelanguagemoderatelybeforehandmadefewererrorsthanthosewhopracticedextensivelyornotat

all.Highlevelsofknowledgecanmakepeopletooattachedtotraditionalwaysofviewingproblemsacrossfieldsthearts,sciences,andpolitics.Highconscientio

usnessisrelatedtolowerjobperformance,especiallyinsimplejobswhereitdoesn’tpaytobeaperfectionist.Howlongwestayontheclockandhowwespend

thattimeareundercarefulexaminationinmanyworkplaces.Theyoungbankerwhoeatslunchathisdeskisprobablyseenasago-getter,whileh

iscolleagueswhochatoverarelaxedconference-roommealgetdirtylooksfromthecorneroffice.“Peoplefromculture

sthatvaluerelationshipsmorethanoursdoesareshockedbythethoughtofeatingaloneinfrontofacomputer”,saysArtMarkman,aprofe

ssorofpsychologyattheUniversityofTexas,Austin.Socialinteractionhasbeenshowntoliftmood(情绪)andgetpeoplethinkinginnewdire

ctionsandinwaysthatcouldhelpimproveanypost-luncheffort.Markmanalsopromotesoff-tasktime.“Partofbeingagoodthinkerisexperiencingthin

gsthatareseeminglyunrelatedtowhatyouareworkingonatthemomentbutgiveyoufreshideasaboutyourwork,”hesays.“Also,thereisalotofresearc

hshowingthatapositivemoodleadstohigherlevelsofproductivityandcreativity.So,whenpeopledothingstoincreasetheir

lifesatisfaction,theyalsomakethemselvesmoreeffectiveatwork.”7．WhatdoesEllenLanger’sstudyshow?A．Itisworthwhiletobeap

erfectionistB．Translationmakespeopleknowledgeable.C．Simplerjobsrequiregreatercaution.D．Moderateeffortproducestheb

estresult.8．Theunderlinedword“go-getter”inparagraph3referstosomeoneWho_______.A．isgoodathandlingpressureB．w

orkshardtobecomesuccessfulC．ahasanaturaltalentforhisjob.D．getsonwellwithhisco-workers9．Whatcanbeinferredfromthe

lastparagraph?A．Agoodthinkerisabletoinspireotherpeople.B．Experienceunrelatedtoyourjobisuseless.C．Acheerfulmoodhelpsmakeacreativemind

.D．Focusingonwhatyoudoraisesproductivity.10．Whatdoesthetextseemtoadvocate?A．Middle-of-the-roadworkhabits.B．Balancebetweenworkand

family.C．Long-standingculturaltraditions.D．Harmonyintheworkenvironment.【答案】7．D8．B9．C10．A【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，

适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。7．推理判断题。根据第一段“Manypeoplebelievethatworkingtothemaximumisthesecrettosuccess,butresearchha

sfoundthatmoderation(适度)alsogetsresultsonthejob.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“InastudyledbyEllen

LangerofHarvardUniversity,researchersaskedpeopletotranslatesentencesintoanewamade-uplanguage.Subjectswhopracticedthel

anguagemoderatelybeforehandmadefewererrorsthanthosewhopracticedextensivelyornotatall.(在哈佛大学EllenLanger领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些事先适度练习这门

语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用EllenLanger的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，EllenLanger的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。8．词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while

hiscolleagueswhochatoverarelaxedconference-roommealgetdirtylooksfromthecorneroffice.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议

室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。9．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Also,

thereisalotofresearchshowingthatapositivemoodleadstohigherlevelsofproductivityandcreativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。)”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此

可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。10．推理判断题。根据第一段中“butresearchhasfoundthatmoderation(适度)alsogetsresultsonthejob.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“Highconscientiou

snessisrelatedtolowerjobperformance,especiallyinsimplejobswhereitdoesn’tpaytobeaperfectionist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的

工作也会带来成果，所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。15.(2022年北京卷卷)“Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwoul

daskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.It

istaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult

—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungeran

dbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsinte

rsect(交叉)withhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwo

rk—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother

;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutrition.Inthelat

estUNreportonglobalfoodsecurity,thenumberofundernourished(营养不良)peopleintheworldhasbeenrising,despitegreatadvances

innutritionscience.Trackingof150biochemicalsinfoodhasbeenimportantinrevealingtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,f

atandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,somescientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000b

iochemicals—andthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthink

ing-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltonthea

ssumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpower.Butassomeresearchersfind,thefoodsystemisnotanequalone.Agoodwaytoredress(修正)suchp

owerimbalanceisformoreuniversitiestodowhatCrystaldidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Mo

reresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandadoptasystemsapproach.Crystalk

newthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.8．Theauthorusesth

equestionunderlinedinParagraph1to________.A．illustrateanargumentB．highlightanopinionC．introducethetopicD．predicttheending9．Whatcanbein

ferredaboutthefieldofnutrition?A．Thefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinkinghasn’tbeenachieved.B．Therelationshipsamongplayershaveb

eenclarified.C．Machinelearningcansolvethenutritionproblem.D．Theimpactofnutritioncannotbequantified.10．As

forsystemsthinking,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A．Itmaybeusedtojustifypowerimbalance.B．Itcanbeappliedtotacklechallenges.C．Ithelpstoprovewhyhungerex

ists.D．Itgoesbeyondhumanimagination.【答案】8．C9．A10．B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。8．推理判断题。由文章第一段““Whatwouldtheworldbeif

therewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingth

atisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoft

entoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasesse

ntialinmeetingglobalchallenges.(“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东

西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开

头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。9．细节理解题。由文章第三段“Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,i

nthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路

需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。10．推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinki

ng—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应

用于解决挑战。故选B项。16.(2022年北京卷)Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthel

psolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.Oneiscomput

erscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlem

orethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.According

toBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.

”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwro

te,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asquantumcomputingattracts

moreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesab

outtheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns

.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsb

ecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQua

ntum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefir

mheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesays,is

closerthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulpro

blemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoft

imequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“bya

widemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItru

stJohnson.11．RegardingJohnson’sconcerns,theauthorfeels________.A．sympatheticB．unconcernedC．doubtfulD．excited12．WhatleadstoTay

lor’soptimismaboutquantumcomputing?A．Hisdominanceinphysics.B．Thecompetitioninthefield.C．HisconfidenceinPyQuantum.D．Theinvestmentoftechcompanies.

13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A．Open.B．Cool.C．Useful.D．Resistant.14．Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．Is

JohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?B．IsQuantumComputingRedefiningTechnology?C．WillQuantumComputersEverComeintoBeing?D．WillQuantumComputingE

verLiveUptoItsHype?【答案】11．A12．C13．A14．D【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分

别阐明了自己的观点。11．推理判断题。根据第三自然段“Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvest

ors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodo

ubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.（随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会

让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A.sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B.unconcerned不关心的；C.doubtful怀疑的；

D.excited激动的。故选A。12．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful

”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplew

illnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”（他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计

算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。13．词

义猜测题。根据第三自然段“Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’stand

sforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”（但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该

理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A.Open.开放的；易受损害的；B.Cool.酷的；C.Useful.有用的；D.Resistant.有抵抗力的。故选A。14．主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now,bigtechcompa

nieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventa

kestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.”（现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进

行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallth

ecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcom

puters.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物

理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。17.(2022年天津卷)Isittruethatourbrainaloneisresponsiblefohumancogni

tion(认知)?Whataboutourbody?Isitpossibleforthoughtandbehaviortooriginatefromsomewhereotherthanourbrain?PsychologistswhostudyEmbodiedCognition(EC)as

ksimilarquestions.TheECtheorysuggestsourbodyisalsoresponsibleforthinkingorproblem-solving.Moreprecisely,themindshapesthebodyandthebodyshape

sthemindinequalmeasure.Ifyouthinkaboutitforamoment,itmakestotalsense.Whenyousmellsomethinggoodorhearamusingsounds,certa

inemotionsareawakened.Thinkabouthownewbornsusetheirsensestounderstandtheworldaroundthem.Theydon’thaveemotionssomuchasne

eds—theydon’tfeelsad,they’rejusthungryandneedfood.Evenunbornbabiescanfeeltheirmothers’heartbeatsandth

ishasacalmingeffect.Intherealworld，theycrywhenthey’recoldandthengethugged.Thatway,theystarttoas-sociatebeingwarmwithbeingloved.Understandabl

y,theoristshavebeenarguingforyearsandstilldisagreeonwhetherthebrainisthenervecentrethatoperatestherestofthebo

dy.OlderWesternphilosophersandmainstreamlanguageresearchersbelievethisisfact,whileECtheorisesthatthebrainandbodyareworkingtogetherasanorganicsuperc

omputer,processingeverythingandformingyourreactions.Furtherstudieshavebackedupthemind-bodyinteraction.Inoneex-periment,testsub

jects(实验对象)wereaskedtojudgepeopleafterbeinghandedahotoracolddrink.Theyallmadewarmevaluationswhentheirfingertipsperceivedwarmthrat

herthancoolness.Anditworkstheotherwaytoo;inanotherstudy,subjects’fingertiptemperaturesweremeasuredafterbeing“included”inor“rejected”fromagroup

task.Thosewhowereincludedfeltphysicallywarmer.Forfurtherproof,wecanlookatthemetaphors(比喻说法)thatweusewithouteventhinking.Akindandsym

patheticpersonisfrequentlyreferredtoasonewithasoftheartandsomeonewhoisverystrongandcalmindifficultsituationsisoftendescribe

dassolidasarock.Andthiskindofmetaphoricaluseiscommonacrosslanguages.Nowthatyouhavetheknowledgeofmind-bodyinteraction,whynot

useit?Ifyou’rehavingabadday,awarmcupofteawillgiveyouaflashofpleasure.Ifyouknowyou’rephysicallycold,warmupbeforemakingan

yinterpersonaldecisions.46.Accordingtotheauthor,thesignificanceoftheECtheoryliesin________.A.facilitatingourun

derstandingoftheoriginofpsychologyB.revealingthemajorroleofthemindinhumancognitionC.offeringaclearerpictureoftheshapeofhumanbrainD.b

ringingusclosertothetruthinhumancognition47.Wheredoesthenewborns’understandingoftheirsurroundingsstart

from?A.Theirpersonallooks.B.Theirmentalneeds.C.Theirinneremotions.D.Theirphysicalfeelings.48.TheexperimentsmentionedinParagraph4fu

rtherprove________.A.environmentimpactshowwejudgeothersB.howbodytemperatureisrelatedtohealthC.themindan

dthebodyinfluenceeachotherD.howhumansinteractwiththeirsurroundings49.Whatdoestheauthorintendtoprovebycitingthemetaphorsi

nParagraph5?A.Humanspeechisalivewithmetaphors.B.Humansenseshaveeffectsonthinking.C.Humanlanguageisshapedbyvisualimages.D.Humanemotionsareoftencompa

redtonaturalmaterials.50.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthelastparagraph?A.Tosharewiththereaderwaystoreleasetheiremotions.B.Toguidether

eaderontothepathtocareersuccess.C.ToencouragethereadertoputECintopractice.D.Todeepenthereader’sunderstandingofEC.【答

案】46.D47.D48.C49.B50.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了心理学家的一项EC理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确的说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。【46题详解】推理判断题。

根据文章第一段“TheECtheorysuggestsourbodyisalsoresponsibleforthinkingorproblem-solving.Moreprecisely,themindshapesthebod

yandthebodyshapesthemindinequalmeasure.(EC理论表明，我们的身体也负责思考或解决问题。更准确地说，思维塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思维。)”可知，EC理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断EC理论的意义在于

让我们更接近人类认知的真理。故选D项。【47题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Theydon’thaveemotionssomuchasneeds—theydon’tfeelsad,they’rejusthungryandneedf

ood.Evenunbornbabiescanfeeltheirmothers’heartbeatsandthishasacalmingeffect.Intherealworld，theycrywhenthey’recoldandthengethugged

.Thatway,theystarttoas-sociatebeingwarmwithbeingloved.(他们没有如同需要那么多的情感——他们不会感到悲伤，他们只是饿，需要食物。即使是未出生的婴儿也能感觉到母亲的心跳，这具有镇

静作用。在现实世界中，他们冷了就哭，然后被拥抱。这样，他们开始将温暖与被爱联系起来。)”可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。故选D项。【48题详解】推理判断题。文章首句“Furtherstudieshavebackedupt

hemind-bodyinteraction.(进一步的研究支持了思想与身体的相互作用。)”接下来列举了两个实验“Inoneexperiment,testsubjects(实验对象)wereaskedto

judgepeopleafterbeinghandedahotoracolddrink.Theyallmadewarmevaluationswhentheirfingertipsperceivedwarmthratherthancoolness

.(在一项实验中，测试对象被要求在递给热饮或冷饮后判断人。当他们的指尖感知到温暖而不是凉爽时，他们都做出了温暖的评价。)”表明，身体会影响到思想，以及“Anditworkstheotherwaytoo;inanotherstudy,subjects’fingertiptemperat

uresweremeasuredafterbeing“included”inor“rejected”fromagrouptask.Thosewhowereincludedfeltphysicallywarmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一项研究中，受试者的指尖温度是在被“纳入”或“拒绝

”小组任务后测量的。那些被纳入在内的人感到身体温暖。)”表明身体会受到思想的影响，因此推断实验进一步证明了身体与思想间的相互作用。故选C项。【49题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的主题句“Forfurtherproof,wecanlookatthe

metaphors(比喻说法)thatweusewithouteventhinking.(为了进一步证明，我们可以看看我们不假思索就使用的比喻说法）。)”以及下文的陈述“Akindandsympatheticpersonisfrequentlyref

erredtoasonewithasoftheartandsomeonewhoisverystrongandcalmindifficultsituationsisoftendescribedassolidasarock.(一

个善良和富有同情心的人经常被称为心软的人，而在困难的情况下非常坚强和冷静的人通常被描述为坚如磐石。)”说明人们使用身体触感比喻人可推断，作者通过陈述比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。故选B项。【50题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Nowthatyouhavethek

nowledgeofmind-bodyinteraction,whynotuseit?(既然您已经掌握了身心互动的知识，为什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列举的两种现实生活中的情况“Ifyou’rehavinga

badday,awarmcupofteawillgiveyouaflashofpleasure.Ifyouknowyou’rephysicallycold,warmupbeforemakinganyinterpersonaldeci

sions.(如果你今天过得很糟糕，一杯温暖的茶会给你带来一瞬间的快乐。如果你知道自己身体很冷，在做出任何人际关系决定之前先热身。)”可知，理论知识已经知道，且在现实生活中有一定的运用价值，所以作者最后一段是在鼓励读者把EC理论运

用于现实生活中。故选C项。18.(2022年天津卷)RalphEmersononcesaidthatthepurposeoflifeisnottobehappy,buttobeuseful,tobeloving,t

omakesomedifferenceinheworld.Whileweappreciatesuchwordsofwisdom,werarelytrytofollowtheminourlives.Mostpeopleprefertoliveagoodli

fethemselves,ignoringtheirresponsibilitiesfortheworld.Thisnarrowperceptionofagoodlifemayprovideshort-termbenefits,butissureto

leadtolong-termharmandsuffering.Agoodlifebasedoncomfortandluxurymayeventuallyleadtomorepainbe-causewespoilourhealthandevenourcharacter,principles,ide

als,andrelationships.Whatthen,isthesecretofagoodlife?Agoodlifeisaprocess,notastateofbeing:adirection,notadestination.Wehavetoe

arnagoodlifebyfirstservingotherswithoutanyexpectationinreturnbecausetheirhappinessistheverysourceofourownhappiness.Moreimporta

ntly,wemustknowourselvesinsideout.Onlywhenweexamineourselvesdeeplycanwediscoverourabilitiesandrecognizeourl

imitations,andthenworkaccordinglytocreateabetterworld.Thefirstrequirementforagoodlifeishavingalovingheart.Whenwedocertainrightthingsmere

lyasaduty,wefindourjobsotiresomethatwe’llsoonburnout.However,whenwedothatsamejoboutoflove,wenotonlyenjoywhatwedo,butalsodoitwi

thaneffortlessfeeling.However,lovealoneisinsufficienttoleadagoodlife.Lovesometimesblindsustothereality.Consequently,ourg

oodintentionsmaynotleadtogoodresults.Toachievedesiredoutcome,thosewhowanttodogoodtoothersalsoneedtoequipthemselveswithaccurateworldkn

owledge.Falseknowledgeismoredangerousthanignorance.Ifloveistheengineofacarknowledgeisthesteeringwheel(方向盘).Ift

heenginelackspower,thcarcan’tmove;ifthedriverlosescontrolofthesteering,aroadaccidentprobablyoccurs.Onlywithloveinheartandtherightknowledgeinmin

dcanweleadagoodlife.Withloveandknowledge,wegoallouttocreateabetterworldbydoinggoodtoothers.Whenweseetheimpactofourg

oodworkontheworldwegivemeaningtoourlifeandearnlastingjoyandhappiness.51.Whateffectdoesthenarrowperceptionofagoodlifehaveo

nus?A.Makingussimple-mindedB.Makingusshort-signted.C.Leadingusontoabusyroad.D.Keepingusfromcomfortandluxury.52.Accordingtotheauthor,howcanonegaintru

ehappiness?A.Throughmaintaininggoodhealth.B.Bygoingthroughpainandsuffering.C.Byrecognizingone’sabilitiesandlimitations.D.Throughofferingh

elpmuchneededbyothers.53.AccordingtoParagraph4,doingcertainrightthingswithalovingheartmakesone________.A.lessselfishB.lessannoyingC.moremotivatedD.

moreresponsible54.Inwhatcasemaygoodintentionsfailtoleadtodesiredresults?A.Whenwehavewrongknowledgeoftheworld.B.Whenourlovefortheworldisinsuffici

ent.C.Whenweareinsensitivetodangersinlife.D.Whenwestayblindtothereality.55.AccordingtoParagraph5,lifecanbemadetrulygoodwhen________.A.ins

piredbyloveandguidedbyknowledgeB.directedbyloveandpushedbyknowledgeC.purifiedbyloveandenrichedbyknowledgeD.promotedbyloveandde

finedbyknowledge【答案】51B52.D53.C54.A55.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生而有益。【51题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Thisna

rrowperceptionofagoodlifemayprovideshort-termbenefits,butissuretoleadtolong-termharmandsuffering.(这种对美好生

活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处，但肯定会导致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知，对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处，所以时间长了会让我们目光短浅、短视。故选B项。【52题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Wehavetoearnagoodlifebyfirstservin

gotherswithoutanyexpectationinreturnbecausetheirhappinessistheverysourceofourownhappiness.(我们必须先为他人服务而不求回报，因为他人的幸福是我们

自己幸福的源泉。)”可知，我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。【53题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However,whenwedothatsamejoboutoflove,wenotonlyenjoywhatwedo,butalsod

oitwithaneffortlessfeeling.(然而，当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时，我们不仅享受我们做的事情，而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知，带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情；越享受做某件事，做事越有动力。故选C项。【54题详解

】推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Falseknowledgeismoredangerousthanignorance.(虚假的知识比无知更危险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致不

好的、违背预期的结局。故选A项。【55题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Withloveandknowledge,wegoallouttocreateabetterworldbydoinggoodtoothers.(带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，

有爱和知识，生活就会变得更美好。故选A项。1.（2021年新高考I卷）.WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theski

esandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately

,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werek

illedatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopul

ations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcerned

nationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(迁徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.Un

derthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuc

kStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectorof

theBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstam

pdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusio

nintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1

934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeenc

alledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.28.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNort

hAmerica?A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwatersports.C.Pollutionofrivers.D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.29.

Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Acquire.B.Export.C.Destroy.D.Distribute.30.Whatisadir

ectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D.The

governmenthascollectedmoney.31.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TheFederalDuckStampStoryB.TheNationalWildlifeRefu

geSystemC.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting【答案】28.A29.C30.D31.A【解析】本文是一篇说明文

。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的急需大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，

从而保护了水禽。28.细节理解题。根据第一段“Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabita

t.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降，故选A。29.词义猜测题。根据前一句“NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnatur

alresourceswisely.”可知，北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句与上一句形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破坏了这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A.Acq

uire获得；B.Export出口；C.Destroy破坏；D.Distribute分配。故选C。30.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5mill

ionacresofhabitat.”可知，自1934年起，超过5亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过500万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选D。31.主旨大意题。

根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。2.（2

021年新高考I卷）Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intellingence.Manypeoplenowmisunde

rstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,moti

vation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmayco

ntributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecif

icsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofin

dhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeonea

moralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupp

ort,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanew

andmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizat

ionofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivel

yineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagrea

terinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(视角)fro

mwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetop

ointusintherightdirection.32.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest.B.Ithelpstoexerciseapers

on’smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills.D.Itreferstoaperson’spositivequalities.33.Whydoestheauthormention“doctor”and“cheate

r”inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule.B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Topresentafact.D.Tomakeaprediction.34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemoti

onalintelligence?A.Favorable.B.Intolerant.C.Doubtful.D.Unclear.35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalin

telligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic.B.Expectationsforfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication.D.Scientistswithnewperspect

ives.【答案】32.D33.B34.A35.B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。32.细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmayco

ntributetosomeofthesequalities(研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。33.推理判断题。通过文章第二段“Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeeli

ngmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.(医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最

好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。34.推理判断题。通过文章第三段“theoverallef

fectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.…Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchers(宣传的总体

效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。35.推理判断题。通过

文章最后一段“wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advances

insciencewilloffernewperspectivesfromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.(我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年

里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。3.（2021年全国甲卷）PortLympneReserve,whichrunsabreeding(繁育)programme,haswelcomedthearrivalof

arareblackrhinocalf(犀牛幼崽).WhenthetinycreaturearrivedonJanuary31,shebecamethe40thblackrhinotobebornatthereserve.AndofficialsatPortLympneweredelig

htedwiththenewarrival,especiallyasblackrhinosareknownforbeingdifficulttobreedincaptivity(圈养).PaulBeer,headofrhinosectionatPortLy

mpne,said:“Obviouslywe'reallabsolutelydelightedtowelcomeanothercalftoourblackrhinofamily.She'shealthy,strongandalr

eadyeagertoplayandexplore.Hermother,Solio,isafirst-timemumandsheisdoingafantasticjob.It'sstillalittletoocoldforthemto

gooutintotheopen,butassoonastheweatherwarmsup,Ihavenodoubtthatthelittleonewillbeoutandaboutexploringandplayingeveryday.”Theadora

blefemalecalfisthesecondblackrhinobornthisyearatthereserve,butitistooearlytotellifthecalveswillmakegoodcandidates

tobereturnedtoprotectedareasofthewild.ThefirstrhinotobebornatPortLympnearrivedonJanuary5tofirst-timemotherKisimaandweighedabout32kg.

Hismother,grandmotherandgreatgrandmotherwereallbornatthereserveandstilllivethere.AccordingtotheWorldWildlifeFund,thegl

obalblackrhinopopulationhasdroppedaslowas5500,givingtherhinosa“criticallyendangered”status.4.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebreedingp

rogramme?A.Costly.B.Controversial.C.Ambitious.D.Successful.5.WhatdoesPaulBeersayaboutthenew-bornrhino?A.Shelovesstayingwithhermoth

er.B.Shedislikesoutdooractivities.C.SheisingoodconditionD.Sheissensitivetoheat.6.WhatsimilarexperiencedoSol

ioandKisimahave?A.TheyhadtheirfirstborninJanuary.B.TheyenjoyedexploringnewplacesC.Theylivedwiththeirgran

dmothers.D.Theywerebroughttothereserveyoung7.WhatcanbeinferredaboutPornLympneReserve?A.Therhinosectionwillbeopentothepublic.B.Itaims

tocontrolthenumberoftheanimals.C.ItwillcontinuetoworkwiththeWorldWildlifeFund.D.Someofitsrhinosmaybesenttotheprotectedwildareas.【答案】4.D5.C6.A7.D【分析

】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在PortLympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状。4.推理判断题。通过文章第一段“shebecamethe40thblackrhinotobebornatthereserve(她成为该保护区出生的第40头黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“

Hismother,grandmotherandgreatgrandmotherwereallbornatthereserveandstilllivethere.(他的母亲、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保护区，至今仍住在那里)”可知，保护区的繁育计划使很多黑犀牛成功存活，可推知，这计

划是成功的。故选D项。5.细节理解题。通过文章第二段“She'shealthy,strongandalreadyeagertoplayandexplore.(她很健康，很强壮，已经渴望玩耍和探索了)”可知，PaulBeer认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选C项。6.细节理

解题。通过文章第一段“WhenthetinvcreaturearrivedonJanuary31,shebecamethe40thblackrhinotobebornatthereserve.(1月31日，当这头小犀牛来到保护区时，她成为了第40头在保护区出生的黑犀

牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“ThefirstrhinotobebornatPortLympnearrivedonJanuary5tofirst-timemotherKisimaandweighedabout32kg.(1月5日，犀牛妈妈Kisima分娩

的第一头小犀牛，同时也是第一个出生在PortLympne，体重约为32公斤)”可知，Solio和Kisima的第一个孩子都是在一月份出生的。故选A项。7.推理判断题。通过文章倒数第二段“itistooea

rlytotellifthecalveswillmakegoodcandidatestobereturnedtoprotectedareasofthewild(要判断这些小犀牛是否会成为返回野生保护区的好的候选者还为时过早)”可推知，PonLympn

e保护区的一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D项。4.（2021年全国乙卷）TheBiggestStadiumsintheWorldPeoplehavebeenpouringintostadiumssincethedaysofancientGreece

.Inaround80A.D.,theRomansbuilttheColosseum,whichremainstheworld’sbestknownstadiumandcontinuestoinformcontemporarydesign.Rome’

sColosseumwas157feettallandhad80entrances,seating50,000people.However,thatwassmallfrycomparedwiththecity’sCircusMaximus,whichaccommodatedaroun

d250,000people.Thesedays,safetyregulations-nottomentionthemodernsportsfan’sdesireforagoodviewandcomfo

rtableseat—tendtokeepstadiumcapacities（容量）slightlylower.Evensoccerfanstendtohaveaseateach;gonearethedaysofthousand

sstandingtowatchthematch.Forthebiggeststadiumsintheworld,wehaveuseddatasuppliedbytheWorldAtlaslistsofar,whichranksthembytheirstatedpermanentcapacity,

aswellasupdatedinformationfromofficialstadiumwebsites.Allthesestadiumsarestillfuntiona1,stillopenandstillhost

ingthebiggesteventsinworldsport.·Rungrado1stofMayStadium,PyongyangD.P.R.Korea.Capacity:150,000.Opened:May1,1989.·MichiganStadium,AnnArbor,Michigan,U.

S.Capacity:107,601.Opened:October1,1927.·BeaverStadium,StateCollege,Pennsylvania,U.S.Capacity:106,572.Op

ened:September17,1960.·OhioStadium,Columbus,Ohio,U.S.Capacity:104,944.Opened:October7,1922.·KyleField,CollegeStation,Texas,U.S.Capacity:

102,512.Opened:September24,1927.21.HowmanypeoplecouldtheCircusMaximushold?A.104,944.B.107,601.C.About150

,000.D.About250,000.22.Ofthefollowingstadiums,whichistheoldest?A.MichiganStadium.B.BeaverStadium.C.OhioStadium.D.Ky

leField.23.Whatdothelistedstadiumshaveincommon?A.Theyhostbiggames.B.Theyhavebecometouristattractions.C.Theywereb

uiltbyAmericans.D.Theyarefavoredbyarchitects.【答案】21.D22.C23.A【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上著名的大型竞技场的基本情况。目前这些竞技场仍在运行并且还在承办大型体育赛事。21.细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Ho

wever,thatwassmallfrycomparedwiththecity’sCircusMaximus,whichaccommodatedaround250,000people.”(然而，与这座城市容纳了25万人的大竞技场相比，这只是小巫见大巫。)可知，CircusMaximus

的可以容纳250,000人。故选D项。22.细节理解题。根据文章最后部分中的“OhioStadium,Columbus,Ohio,U.S.Capacity:104,944.OpenedOctober7

,1922.”(美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市俄亥俄体育场，容纳人数：104,944人。1922年10月7日开业。)及其他四个著名竞技场的开放时间介绍可知，OhioStadium开放时间最早在1922年，属于年代最久远的。故选C项。23.细节

理解题。根据文中“Allthesestadiumsarestillfunctional,stillopenandstillhostingthebiggesteventsinworldsport.”(所有这些体育场馆仍在使用，仍在开放，仍在举办世

界上最大的体育赛事。)可知，这些体育馆都还在承办大型的体育赛事。故选A项。5.（2021年全国乙卷）Whenalmosteveryonehasamobilephone,whyaremorethanhalfofAustralianhomesstillpayingforalandline

（座机）?Thesedaysyou’dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn’townamobilephone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirpocket.P

racticallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere,anytime.Still,55percentofAustralianshavealandlinephoneathomeandonl

yjustoveraquarter（29%）relyonlyontheirsmartphonesaccordingtoasurvey（调查）.OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline,athirdconcedethatit’snotreallynecessar

yandthey’rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies.Ithinkmyhomefalls

intothatcategory.MorethanhalfofAustralianhomesarestillchoosingtostickwiththeirhomephone.Ageisnaturallyafactor（因素）—only58percentofGenerationYsstilluse

landlinesnowandthen,comparedto84percentofBabyBoomerswho’veperhapshadthesamehomenumberfor50years.Ageisn’t

theonlyfactor;I’dsayit’salsotodowiththemakeupofyourhousehold.GenerationXerswithyoungfamilies,likemywifeandI,canstillfinditconven

ienttohaveahomephoneratherthanprovidingamobilephoneforeveryfamilymember.Thatsaid,tobehonesttheonlypeoplewhoeverringourhomephoneareour

BabyBoomersparents,tothepointwhereweplayagameandguesswhoiscallingbeforewepickupthephone（usingCallerIDwouldtakethefunoutofit）.Howatta

chedareyoutoyourlandline?Howlonguntiltheygothewayofgasstreetlampsandmorningmilkdeliveries?24.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusaboutmobileph

ones?A.Theirtargetusers.B.Theirwidepopularity.C.Theirmajorfunctions.D.Theircomplexdesign.25.Whatdoestheun

derlinedword“concede”inparagraph3mean?A.Admit.B.Argue.C.Remember.D.Remark.26.WhatcanwesayaboutBabyBoomers?A.Theylikesmartphonegames.B.Theyenjoy

guessingcallers’identity.C.Theykeepusinglandlinephones.D.Theyareattachedtotheirfamily.27.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthelandlin

efromthelastparagraph?A.Itremainsafamilynecessity.B.Itwillfalloutofusesomeday.C.Itmayincreasedailyexpenses.D.Itisasimportantasthegaslight.

【答案】24.B25.A26.C27.B【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。24.主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Thesedaysyou'dbehar

dpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn'townamobilephone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirp

ocket.Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere,anytime.(现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随

时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。25.词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline(在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的

目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it'snotreallynecessaryandthey'rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaytheynev

eruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies(固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情

况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A项。26.推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84perce

ntofBabyBoomerswho'veperhapshadthesamehomenumberfor50years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“Thatsaid,tobehonesttheon

lypeoplewhoeverringourhomephoneareourBabyBoomersparents(也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固

定电话。故选C项。27.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Howattachedareyoutoyourlandline?Howlonguntiltheygothewayofgasstreetlampsandmorningmilkdeliveries?(你有多喜欢你的

座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。6.（2021年全国乙卷）You’veheardthat

plasticispollutingtheoceans—between4.8and12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?Artist

BenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle

-useplasticproducts.Atthebeginningoftheyear,theartistbuiltapiececalled“Strawpocalypse,”apairof10-foot-tallplasticw

aves,frozenmid-crash.Madeof168,000plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanups,thesculpturemadeitsfirs

tappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsar

ebynomeansthebiggestsource（来源）ofplasticpollution,butthey’verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon’tneedthemtod

rinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartofVonWong’sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneu

sedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.Inapiecefrom2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate（说明）a

specificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic,”VonWongand

agroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbee

ndumped（倾倒）fromatruckallatonce.VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint.28.WhatareVonWong’s

artworksintendedfor?A.Beautifyingthecityhelivesin.B.Introducingeco-friendlyproducts.C.Drawingpublicattentiontoplasticwaste.D.Reducing

garbageonthebeach.29.Whydoestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinparagraph3?A.Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling.B.Toexplainw

hytheyareuseful.C.Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart.D.Tofindasubstituteforthem.30.Whateffectwould“TruckloadofPlastic”haveonview

ers?A.Calming.B.Disturbing.C.Refreshing.D.Challenging.31.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Artists’OpinionsonPlast

icSafetyB.MediaInterestinContemporaryArtC.ResponsibilityDemandedofBigCompaniesD.OceanPlasticsTransformedin

toSculptures【答案】28.C29.A30.C31.D【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术家BenjaminVonWong用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕塑作品，让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与一次性塑料制品的关系。此外他在2018的一件作品“TruckloadofPlastic”

说明了每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。VonWong通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提高人们的环保意识。28.推理判断题。根据第一段“Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?Arti

stBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationsh

iptosingle-useplasticproducts.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王（BenjaminVonWong）想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性

塑料产品的关系。)”可知，VonWong用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想让人们重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系，由此可知他做这个雕塑的目的是为了引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。故选C项。29.推理判断题。根据第三段“Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrec

ycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource(来源)ofplasticpollution,butthey’verecentlycomeunderfirebeca

usemostpeopledon’tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartof

VonWong’sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.(全球只有9%的

塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源，但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利用。冯·王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能来自只喝了几分钟的饮料。一旦饮料消失了，吸管也要几个世纪才能消失。)”可知，吸管由于体积小，重量轻，无

法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论吸管是为了展示它们回收的困难。故选A项。30.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Inapieceform2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate(说明)aspecifi

cstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic,”VonWongandagroupofvolunt

eerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbeendumped(倾倒)fromatruckallato

nce.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯·王(VonWong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知，这个作

品以创新的方式让人们了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量倾入海洋，刷新了观众对海洋塑料污染的认知，由此可推断，这个作品会让观众对塑料垃圾进入海洋这件事“耳目一新”。故选C项。31.标题判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“Butdoesone

plasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpture

soutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王(BenjaminVonWong)

想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”和倒数第二段“Inapieceform2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate(说明)aspecificsta

tistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic,”VonWongandagroupofvoluntee

rscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbeendumped(倾倒)fromatruckallatonce.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯·王(VonWong)想要说明

一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知艺术家本杰明·冯·王(BenjaminVonWong)通过利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法来提示

人们重新思考与一次性塑料的关系，唤醒和提高人们循环利用的意识，促进环保的发展。由此可知，D项“海洋塑料变成雕塑”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选D项。7.（2021年全国乙卷）Duringanintervie

wforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthinkaboutoften.Annoyedbythelevelofdistraction（干扰）inhisopenof

fice,hesaid,“That’swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet—soIcanfocus”.Hiscommentstruckmeasst

range.Afterall,coworkingspacesalsotypicallyuseanopenofficelayout（布局）.ButIrecentlycameacrossastudythatshowswhyhisapproachworks.Ther

esearchersexaminedvariouslevelsofnoiseonparticipantsastheycompletedtestsofcreativethinking.Theywererandomlydividedintofourgroupsandexposed

tovariousnoiselevelsinthebackground,fromtotalsilenceto50decibels（分贝）,70decibels,and85decibels.Thedifferencesbetweenmostofthegroupswerestatisticallyi

nsignificant;however,theparticipantsinthe70decibelsgroup—thoseexposedtoalevelofnoisesimilartobackgroundchatt

erinacoffeeshop—significantlyoutperformedtheothergroups.Sincetheeffectsweresmall,thismaysuggestthatourcreativethinkingdoesnotdifferthatm

uchinresponsetototalsilenceand85decibelsofbackgroundnoise.Butsincetheresultsat70decibelsweresignificant,thestudyalso

suggeststhattherightlevelofbackgroundnoise—nottooloudandnottotalsilence—mayactuallyimproveone’screativethinkingability.Therightle

velofbackgroundnoisemayinterruptournormalpatternsofthinkingjustenoughtoallowourimaginationstowander,withoutmakingitimpossibletofocus.Thi

skindof“distractedfocus”appearstobethebeststateforworkingoncreativetasks.Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices?Theprob

lemmaybethat,inouroffices,wecan’tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoothers’conversationswhilewe’retrying

tofocus.Indeed,theresearchersfoundthatface-to-faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess,andyetacow

orkingspaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhilealsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.32.Whydoestheinterviewerpre

feracoworkingspace?A.Ithelpshimconcentrate.B.Itblocksoutbackgroundnoise.C.Ithasapleasantatmosphere.D.Itencour

agesface-to-faceinteractions.33.Whichlevelofbackgroundnoisemaypromotecreativethinkingability?A.Totalsilence.B.50decibelsC.

70decibels.D.85decibels.34.Whatmakesanopenofficeunwelcometomanypeople?A.Personalprivacyunprotected.B.Limitedworkingspace.C.Restrict

ionsongroupdiscussion.D.Constantinterruptions.35.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A.He’sanewsreporter.B.He’sanofficemanager.C.He’saprofessi

onaldesigner.D.He’sapublishedwriter.【答案】32.A33.C34.D35.D【分析】这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经历讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究。32.细节理解题。根据

第一段“That’swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet-soIcanfocus.（这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格——这样我就可以集中精力了。）”可知，采访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助

他集中精力。故选A项。33.细节理解题。根据第二段“Thedifferencesbetweenmostofthegroupswerestatisticallyinsignificant;however,theparticipantsinthe70decibelsgroup

-thoseexposedtoalevelofnoisesimilartobackgroundchatterinacoffeeshop-significantlyoutperformedtheothergroups.（大多数组之间的

差异在统计学上是不显著的；然而，音量为70分贝的那组参与者（置身于类似于咖啡店背景噪音的环境中）的表现明显好于其他组。）”和第三段“Butsincetheresultsat70decibelsweresignificant,thestudyals

osuggeststhattherightlevelofbackgroundnoise-nottooloudandnottotalsilence-mayactuallyimproveone'screativethinkingability.（但由于70分贝

的结果很显著，该研究还表明，适当的背景噪音——不要太大声，也不要完全安静——实际上可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力。）”可知，70分贝的那组参与者表现好于其他组，所以70分贝的噪音背景环境更有可能促进创造性思维能力。故选C项。34.细节理

解题。根据最后一段“Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices?Theproblemmaybethat,inouroffices,wecan'tstopourselvesfromge

ttingdrawnintoothers'conversationswhilewe'retryingtofocus.Indeed,theresearchersfoundthatface-to-faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreati

veprocess,andyetacoworkingspaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhilealsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.（那么，为什么我们中有那么多人讨厌开放式办公室呢？问题可能是

，在我们的办公室里，当我们试图集中注意力时，我们无法阻止自己卷入别人的谈话中。的确，研究人员发现，面对面的互动和对话会影响创作过程，然而，共同工作空间或咖啡馆在提供一定程度的噪音的同时，也提供不受干扰的自由。

）”可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D项。35.推理判断题。根据第一段“Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillth

inkaboutoften.（在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还经常想起的话。）”可知，作者提到有人采访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家。故选D项。8.（2021年天津卷）AtrialprojectbytheMontrealChildren'sHospitals

uggestedthattheuseofmedicalhypnosis(催眠)canreducepainandanxietyinpatients.Theprojectalsoresultedinareductionintheamountofmedicinesusedtoperfor

mmedical-imagingimaging(医学影像)procedures.“Duringtheexaminationchildrendon'tmove.Itworksperfectly.It'samazing,“saidJohanneL'Ecuyer,amedical-im

agingtechnologistatthehospital.TheprojectwasinspiredbyaFrenchteamfromRouenUniversityHospitalCentrewh

ereexaminationsaredoneunderhypnosisinsteadofgeneralanesthesia(麻醉）.AFrenchmedical-imagingtechnologist-alsoahypnotist—wasinvitedtotrainafewmembersint

hemedical-imagingdepartmentofthechildren'shospital.Inall,80examinationswereconductedfortheprojectbetweenJanuar

yandSeptember,2019,focusingontheimagingproceduresthatwouldcauseanxiety.Hypnosisisnotastateofsleep:Itisratheramodified

(改变的)stateofconsciousness.Thetechnologistwillguidethepatienttothismodifiedstate—animaginaryworldthatwilldisasso

ciateitselfmoreandmorefromtheprocedurethatfollows.“Thetechnologistmustbuildupastorywiththepatient,"M

s.L'Ecuyersaid."Thepatientisleftwiththepowertochoosewhathewantstotalkabout.Doyouplaysports?Doyoulikegoingtothebeach?Weestablishasubjec

tthatwewilldiscussthroughouttheprocedure."Everythingthathappensnextduringtheproceduremustberelatedtothisstory—aninjection（注射）b

ecomesthebiteofaninsect;theheatontheskinbecomesthesensationofthesunandamachinethatringsbecomesapolicecarpassingnearby.“Theimportantthingisthatthetech

nologistassociateswhatishappeningoutsidethepatient'sbodywithwhatthepatientseesinhishead,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid."Itrequire

screativityonthepartofthetechnologist,imagination,alotofpatienceandkindness."Theprocedureappealedtothest

affalotwhenitwasintroducedinJanuary.ItspreadlikewildfirethatsomeonefromFrancewasheretotrainthetechnol

ogists,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid.Sheaddedthatshehadalineofstaffatherdoorwantingtotakethetraining.51．Oneoftheresultsproducedbythetria

lprojectis________.A．abetterunderstandingofchildrenB．lessuseofcertainmedicinesC．newmedical-imagingtechnologyD．animprovedreput

ationofthehospital52．TheFrenchtechnologistcametothechildren'shospitalto________.A．assistintreatingapatientB．carryouthy

pnosistrainingC．startupanewdepartmentD．learnabouttheprocedure53．AccordingtoParagraph5,hypnosisworksby__

______.A．creatingaperfectworldforpatientsB．forcingpatientsintoastateofdeepsleepC．puttingpatientsintoanunconsciousstateD．leadingpatients'consciousnes

sawayfromreality54．Whatcanwelearnaboutthestoryusedintheprocedure?A．Itshouldkeeppacewiththeprocedure.B．Itreflects

thepatient'screativity.C．Itisselectedbythetechnologist.D．Ittellswhatdoctorsaredoingtothepatient.55．Theprocedurewasreceivedamongthestaffwith________

.A．uncertaintyB．enthusiasmC．worryD．criticism56．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Aneasywaytocommunicatewithpatients.B．Thestandardmethodofconductinghypno

sis.C．Anintroductionofmedical-imagingtechnology.D．Theuseofhypnosisinmedical-imagingprocedures.【答案】51．B52．B53．

D54．A55．B56．D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工。51．细节理解题。

根据第一段“Theprojectalsoresultedinareductionintheamountofmedicinesusedtoperformmedical-imaging(医学影像)procedures.”（该项目还导致用于医学影像程序的药品数量

减少。）可知，实验的结果之一就是减少某些药物的使用。故选B。52．细节理解题。根据第三段“AFrenchmedical-imagingtechnologist--alsoahypnotist--wasinvitedtotrainafewmembersinthemedical-imagingde

partmentofthechildren'shospital.”（一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，法国技术专家来儿童医院是做催眠培训来的。故选B。53．细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Hypnosisisnotasta

teofsleep:Itisratheramodified（改变的）stateofconsciousness.Thetechnologistwillguidethepatienttothismodifiedstate—animaginaryworldthatwilldisassociate

itselfmoreandmorefromtheprocedurethatfollows.”（催眠状态不是一种睡眠的状态：而是一种被改变的意识状态。技术专家会引导病人进入这种改变的状态——一个想象中的世界，它会越来越脱离接下来的程序）可知，

催眠是引导病人的意识远离现实，进入一个想象中的世界。故选D。54．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Everythingthathappensnextduringtheproceduremustberelatedtothisstory”（催眠过程中接下来发生的一切都必须和这个故事有

关）以及倒数第二段“Theimportantthingisthatthetechnologistassociateswhatishappeningoutsidethepatient'sbodywithwh

atthepatientseesinhishead”（重要的是技术专家把病人身体外发生的事情和他在大脑里看到的联系起来）可知，故事必须跟整个催眠过程同步。故选A。55．细节理解题。根据倒数第一段“Theprocedureappealedtothestaffal

otwhenitwasintroducedinJanuary.”（这个程序在一月份开始引进的时候，吸引了很多员工）以及最后一句“Sheaddedthatshehadalineofstaffatherdoorwantingtotakethetraining.”（她补充说，有一

队员工在她门口等着接受培训）可知，这个催眠程序受到了员工的欢迎。A.uncertainty不确定；B.enthusiasm热情；C.worry担心；D.criticism批评。故选B。56．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段

“AtrialprojectbytheMontrealChildren'sHospitalsuggestedthattheuseofmedicalhypnosis(催眠)canreducepainandanxietyinp

atients.Theprojectalsoresultedinareductionintheamountofmedicinesusedtoperformmedical-imagingimaging(医学影像)procedures

.”（蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，全文主要讲述催眠技术在医学影像程序中的应用。故选D。9.（2021年1月浙江）Youruninto

thegrocerystoretopickuponebottleofwater.Yougetwhatyouneed,headtothefront,andchoosethelinethatlooksfaste

st.Youchosewrong.Peoplewhoyousweargotinotherlineslongafteryouarealreadycheckedoutandofftotheparkinglot.1．Itturnsout,it'sjustmathworkingagains

tyou;chancesare,theotherlinereallyisfaster.Grocerystorestrytohaveenoughemployeesatcheckouttogetalltheircustomersthroughwithminimumdelay.

2．Anysmallinterruption-apricecheck,achattycustomer-canhavedownstreameffects,holdingupanentireline.Iftherearethreelinesinthestore,delay

swillhappenrandomlyatdifferentregisters.Thinkabouttheprobability:3．Soit'snotjustinyourmind:Anotherlineprobablyismovingfaster.Researchershav

eagoodwaytodealwiththisproblem.Makeallcustomersstandinonelong,snakingline-calledaserpentineline-andservee

achpersonatthefrontwiththenextavailableregister.4．Thisiswhattheydoatmostbanksandfast-foodrestaurants.Withaserpen

tineline,alongdelayatoneregisterwon'tunfairlypunishthepeoplewholinedupbehindit.Instead,itwillslowdowneveryonealittlebitbutspeedupcheckoutoverall.5．

Ittakesmanyregisterstokeeponelinemovingquickly,andsomestorescan'taffordthespaceormanpower.Sowhereveryournextwaitmay

be:Goodluck.A．Whydoesthisalwaysseemtohappentoyou?B．Sowhydon'tmostplacesencourageserpentinelines?C．Someofthemayhavestoodinaqueuefora

lmostanhour.D．Thechancesofyourlinebeingthefastestareonlyoneinthree.E.Howhighistheprobabilitythatyouareinthefastestwaitingline?F.Withthreeregist

ers,thismethodismuchfasterthanthetraditionalapproach.G.Butsometimes,asonaSundayafternoon,thesystemgetsparticul

arlybusy.【答案】1．A2．G3．D4．F5．B【分析】本文是说明文。文章说明了杂货店排队方式以及研究人员提出的蛇形队伍的新方式，并分析了各自的利弊。1．下文“Itturnsout,it'sjustmathworkingagainstyou;chancesare,theotherl

inereallyisfaster.（原来，这只是你的数学问题；很可能，另一个队伍真的更快。）”解释了上文“Youchosewrong.(你选错了)”的原因，下文与空格处是因果关系，所以本空应该是对前文选错提出疑惑，故选A项。2．上文“Grocerystores

trytohaveenoughemployeesatcheckouttogetalltheircustomersthroughwithminimumdelay.（杂货店尽量让足够的员工在结账时让所有的顾客以最小的延误完成结账。）”解释了杂货店之前的工作模式，下文“Anys

mallinterruptionapricecheck,achattycustomer-canhavedownstreameffects,holdingupanentireline.（任何一个小小的中断，一个价格检查，一个喋喋不休的顾客，都会

产生下游效应，拖住整个生产线。）”描述了杂货店的特殊情况，故本空应该填出现特殊情况的原因，故选G项。3．根据上文“Iftherearethreelinesinthestore,delayswillhappenrandomly

atdifferentregisters.（如果杂货店中有三列队伍，延迟将在不同的队伍中随机发生。）”联系下文“Soit'snotjustinyourmind:Anotherlineprobablyismovingfaster.（所以这不仅仅是在你的脑海里：另一条队伍可能

移动得更快。）”可知本空说的是任何一个队伍都有可能出现问题。你的队伍跑得最快的几率只有三分之一。故选D项。4．根据“上文Researchershaveagoodwaytodealwiththispro

blem.(我们得知研究人员有一个很好的方法来处理这个问题)”以及下文“Thisiswhattheydoatmostbanksandfast-foodrestaurants.Withaserpentineline,alongdelayatoneregis

terwon'tunfairlypunishthepeoplewholinedupbehindit.Instead,itwillslowdowneveryonelittlebitbutspeedupcheckoutoverall.（这个大多数银行和快餐

店都是这样做的。有了一条蜿蜒的队伍，在一个登记处长时间拖延不会不公平地惩罚后面排队的人。相反，它会减慢每个人一点点，但加快了整体结帐速度。）”说明这个新方案迅速有效，联系上下文可知，空格中应该是与旧的结账方案作比较。故选F

项。5．结合下文“Ittakesmanyregisterstokeeponelinemovingquickly,andsomestorescan'taffordthespaceormanpower.（要保持一条生产线的快速运转，需要很多的收银机，而

且有些商店负担不起空间和人力。）”说明了一个原因，由此可知，空格处提出了一个问题；通过“Ittakesmanyregisterstokeeponelinemovingquickly.(保持一条生产线的快速运转)”可知这里描述的是不鼓励蛇形队伍的原因。故选B项。10.（2021年1月浙江卷）A

tthestartofthe20thcentury,anAmericanengineernamedJohnElfrethWatkinsmadepredictionsaboutlifetoday.Hispredictionsaboutslowingpopulati

ongrowth,mobilephonesandincreasingheightwereclosetothemark.Buthewaswronginoneprediction:thateverybodywouldwalk10milesaday

.Today,inAustralia,mostchildrenonaveragefall2,000stepsshortofthephysicalactivitytheyneedtoavoidbeingoverweight.Intheearly

1970s,40percentofchildrenwalkedtoschool,whilein2010,itwasaslowas15percent.Thedeclineisnotbecausewehaveallbecomelazy.Families

arepressedfortime,manywithbothparentsworkingtopayfortheirhouse,oftenworkinghoursnotoftheirchoosing,livingincar-dependentneighborhoodswithli

mitedpublictransport.Theothersideofthecoinisequallyadeprivation:forhealthandwell-being,aswellaslostopportunities（机会）forchildrento

gettoknowtheirlocalsurroundings.Andforparentstherearelostopportunitiestowalkandtalkwiththeiryoungscholarabouttheirday.Mostparentswillhaveeagerlyas

kedtheirchildabouttheirday,onlytomeetwitha“good”,quicklyfollowedby"I'mhungry".Thisisalsomyexperienceasamother.Butsomewhereoverthedailywalkmoreabo

utmyson'sdaycomesout.Ihearhimmakingsenseoffriendshipanditslimits.Thisistheunexpectedandrareparentalopportuni

tytohearmore.Manyprimaryschoolssupportwalkingschool-busroutes（路线）,withdaysofregular,parent-accompaniedwalks.Doingjustoneoftheseafewtimesaweekisbette

rthannothing.Itcanbetoughtobeginandtakesalittleplanning-runningshoesbythefrontdoor,lunchesmadethenightbefore,umbrell

asonrainydaysandhatsonhotones-butit'scertainlyworthtrying.41．WhydoestheauthormentionWatkins'predictionsinthefirstparagraph?A．Tomakecompari

sons.B．Tointroducethetopic.C．Tosupportherargument.D．Toprovideexamples.42．WhathascausedthedecreaseinAustralianchildren'sphysical

activity?A．Plainlaziness.B．Healthproblems.C．Lackoftime.D．Securityconcerns.43．Whydoestheauthorfindwalkingwithhersonworthwhile?A．Shecangetrel

axedafterwork.B．Shecankeepphysicallyfit.C．Shecanhelpwithherson'sstudy.D．Shecanknowhersonbetter.【答案】41．B42．C43．D【分析

】这是一篇说明文。文章通过否定沃特金斯的预言，进而提出现在人们时间的紧缺和陪伴的重要性。41．推理判断题。通过文章第二段“Today:inAustralia:mostchildrenonaveragefall2:000stepsshortofthephysicalactivitytheyneed

toavoidbeingoverweight.Intheearly1970s,40percentofchildrenwalkedtoschoolwhilein2010,itwasaslowas15percent.(今天：在澳大利亚：大多数孩子平均比

避免超重所需的体力活动少了2000步。在上世纪70年代初，40%的孩子步行上学，而在2010年，这一比例降至15%)”说明作者根据沃特金斯的预言做了相关调查，并且写下了这篇文章。通读全文得知作者在第一段提到沃特金斯的预言，是为了介绍文章主题。故选B项。42．细节理解题。通

过文章第三段中“Familiesarepressedfortime:manywithbothparentsworkingtopayfortheirhouse,oftenworkinghoursnotoftheirchoosing,livingincar-dependentnei

ghborhoodswithlimitedpublictransport.(家庭时间紧迫：许多家庭的父母都在为房子买单而工作，工作时间往往不是他们自己选择的，他们住在公共交通有限的依赖汽车的社区)”可知，导致澳大利亚儿童体育活

动的减少的原因是时间不够。故选C项。43．细节理解题。通过文章倒数第二段中“Butsomewhereoverthedailywalkmoreaboutmyson’sdaycomesout.Ihearhimmakingsenseoffri

endshipanditslimits.Thisistheunexpectedandrareparentalopportunitytohearmore.(但是，在每天散步的某个地方，更多关于我儿子日常的事情出现了。我听到他在理解友谊及其局限性。这

是一个意想不到的难得的机会，家长听到更多)”说明作者觉得和儿子一起散步能让她更了解她的儿子。故选D项。11.（2021年1月浙江卷）Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeanin

gofgesturesthatwildchimpanzees(黑猩猩)usetocommunicate.Theysaywildchimpscommunicate19specificmessagestooneanotherwitha"vocabu

lary"of66gestures.ThescientistsdiscoveredthisbyfollowingandfilminggroupsofchimpsinUganda,andexaminingmorethan

5,000incidentsofthesemeaningfulexchanges.DrCatherineHobaiter,wholedtheresearch,saidthatthiswastheonlyformofintentionalcommunicationtobereco

rdedintheanimalkingdom.Onlyhumansandchimps,shesaid,hadasystemofcommunicationwheretheydeliberatelysentamessaget

oanothergroupmember."That'swhat'ssoamazingaboutchimpgestures,"shesaid."They'retheonlythingthatlookslikehumanlangu

ageinthatrespect.”Althoughpreviousresearchhasshownthatapesandmonkeyscanunderstandcomplexinformationfromanothe

ranimal'scall,theanimalsdonotappeartousetheirvoicesintentionallytocommunicatemessages.Thiswasasignificantdifferen

cebetweencallsandgestures,DrHobaitersaid.Chimpswillchecktoseeiftheyhavetheattentionoftheanimalwithwhic

htheywishtocommunicate.Inonecase,amotherpresentsherfoottohercryingbaby,signaling:"Climbonme."Theyoungster

immediatelyjumpsontoitsmothersbackandtheytravelofftogether."Thebigmessagefromthisstudyisthatthereisanotherspecies(物种)out

there.thatismeaningfulinitscommunication,sothat'snotuniquetohumans,"saidDrHobaiter.DrSusanneShultz,anevolutionarybiologistfromtheUniversityofMan

chester,saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But,sheadded,theresultswere"alittledisappo

inting"."Thevaguenessofthegesturemeaningssuggestseitherthatthechimpshavelittletocommunicate,orwearestillmissingalotofth

einformationcontainedintheirgesturesandactions,"shesaid."Moreover,themeaningsseemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalconveywithnon-

verbalcommunication.So,itseemsthegulfremains."44．WhatdochimpsandhumanshaveincommonaccordingtoDrHobaiter?A．Memorizingspecificwords.

B．Understandingcomplexinformation.C．Usingvoicestocommunicate.D．Communicatingmessagesonpurpose.45．WhatdidDrShultzthinkofthestudy?A．Itwaswellde

signedbutpoorlyconducted.B．Itwasagoodtrybutthefindingswerelimited.C．Itwasinspiringbuttheevidencewasun

reliable.D．Itwasafailurebutthemethodsdeservedpraise.46．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"gulf"inthelastparagraphmean?A．Difference.B．Con

flict.C．Balance.D．Connection.47．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．Chimpanzeebehaviourstudyachievedabreakthro

ughB．ChimpanzeesdevelopedspecificcommunicationskillsC．Chimpanzees:thesmartestspeciesintheanimalkingdomD．Ch

impanzeelanguage:communicationgesturestranslated【答案】44．D45．B46．A47．D【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们通过跟踪和拍摄乌干达的黑猩猩群，翻译出了黑猩猩用来交流的手势含义。44．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Onlyhumans

andchimps,shesaid,hadasystemofcommunicationwheretheydeliberatelysentamessagetoanothergroupmember.（她说，只有人类和黑猩猩有一个交流系统，他们故意向其他成员发送信息）”可知，根据DrHobaiter

，黑猩猩和人类的共同点在于故意传递信息，故选D。45．推理判断题。根据第六段中的“DrSusanneShultz,anevolutionarybiologistfromtheUniversityofManchester,saidthestudywaspraisewor

thyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But,sheadded,theresultswere“alittledisappointing”（曼彻斯特大学的进化生物学家苏珊娜·舒尔茨博士说，这

项研究是值得称赞的，它试图丰富我们对人类语言进化的知识。但是，她补充说，结果“有点令人失望”）”可知，这项研究是一个好的尝试，但是发现的结果是有限的。故选B。46．词义猜测题。首先根据第三段中的“They’reth

eonlythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespect.（在这方面，它们是唯一看起来像人类语言的东西）”可知，黑猩猩的手势交流很像我们人类语言的交流方式。但是根

据最后一段中的“Moreover,themeaningsseemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalsconveywithnon-verbalcommunications.（此外，这些含义似

乎并不超越其他动物通过非语言交流所传达的信息）”可知，黑猩猩手势的交流方式还是和我们语言的交流方式存在不同的，也就是“So,itseemsthegulfremains.（所以，看来差异依然存在）”，故gulf的意思是differ

ence，故选A。47．主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzeesusetocommuni

cate.（研究人员表示，他们已经翻译出了野生黑猩猩用来交流的手势的含义）”以及文章对这方面的讨论可知，文章主要讲科学家们对黑猩猩手势的研究及一些成果，所以D项：黑猩猩语言：翻译出来的交流手势，这一题目涵盖文章的内容。故选D。12.（2021年6月浙江卷）Ifyouevergetthei

mpressionthatyourdogcan"tell"whetheryoulookcontentorannoyed,youmaybeontosomething.Dogsmayindeedbeabletodistinguishbetweenhappyand

angryhumanfaces,accordingtoanewstudyResearcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages(图像)oft

hesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfoftheperson'sface.Theresearchersth

entestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimagesto

tallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeirn

osesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthumanfaces

duringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage."Wecanruleoutthatthedogssimplydistinguishbetweenthepicturesbasedonasimplecue,suchast

hesightofteeth,"saidstudyauthorCorsinMuller."Instead,ourresultssuggestthatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmil

ingeyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes.""Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidentlyconcludethatatleast

somedogscandistinguishhumanfacialexpressions,"MullertoldLiveScience.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabi

litytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans."Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesint

heirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,"andthisexposurehasprovidedthemwithmanychancestolearntodisti

nguishbetweenthem,Mullersaid.8.Thenewstudyfocusedonwhetherdogscan_________.A.distinguishshapesB.makesenseofhumanfa

cesC.feelhappyorangryD.communicatewitheachother9.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestudyfromparagraph2?A.Researcherstested

thedogsinrandomorder.B.Diversemethodswereadoptedduringtraining.C.PicturesusedinthetwostagesweredifferentD.Thedogswere

photographedbeforethelest.10.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Asuggestionforfuturestudies.B.Apossiblereasonforthes

tudyfindings.C.AmajorlimitationofthestudyD.Anexplanationoftheresearchmethod.【答案】8.B9.C10.B【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。一项研究证明狗能够识别

人类的面部表情，但目前还不清楚它们为什么有这种能力，可能的原因是它们长时间与人类共同生活。【8题】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimage

softhesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.(研究人员训练了11只狗来区分同一个人脸上的表情是高兴还是愤怒)”可知，该新研究的关注点是狗是否能够区分人的面部表情。故选B。【9题】细节理解题。根据

第二段的“Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfoftheperson’sface.Theresearchersthe

ntestedthedogs’abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson’sfac

eorimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.(在训练阶段，每只狗只看到人脸的上半部分或下半部分。研究人员随后测试了狗辨别人类面部表情的能力，向狗展示

了人的另一半面部或与训练中使用的完全不同的图像)”可知，在训练和测试阶段，狗看的照片是不一样的。故选C。【10题】主旨大意题。根据最后一段的““Tous,themostlikelyexplanationa

ppearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,an

dthisexposurehasprovidedthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem”Mullersaid.(Muller说：“对我们来说，最可能的解释似乎是，基于他们与人类生活在一起，这让他们有很多机会接触人类的面部表

情，而这种接触为他们提供了很多机会，让他们学会区分他们。”)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了狗能够辨别人类面部表情的可能原因。故选B。13.(2021年北京卷)Hundredsofscientists,writersandacademicssounde

dawarningtohumanityinanopenletterpublishedlastDecember:Policymakersandtherestofusmustengageopenlywiththeriskofglobalcollapse.Researc

hersinmanyareashaveprojectedthewidespreadcollapseas“acrediblescenario(情景)thiscentury”.Asurveyofscientistsfoundthatextremeweatherevents,

foodinsecurity,andfreshwatershortagesmightcreateglobalcollapse.Ofcourse,ifyouareanon-humanspecies,collapseiswellunderway.

Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworl

d'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Notverylongago,itwasalsounthinkablethataviruswouldshutdownnationsandthatsafetynetswouldb

eprovensodisastrouslylackinginflexibility.Theinternationalscholars’warningletterdoesn'tsayexactlywhatcollap

sewilllooklikeorwhenitmighthappen.Collapseology,thestudyofcollapse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrendsandwiththemthedangersofev

erydaycivilization.Amongthesignatories(签署者)ofthewarningwasBobJohnson,theoriginatorofthe“ecologicalfootprint”concept,whichm

easuresthetotalamountofenvironmentalinputneededtomaintainagivenlifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,“itseemsthatglobalcollapseiscertaintohap

peninsomeform,possiblywithinadecade,certainlywithinthiscentury,”Johnsonsaidinanemail.“Onlyifwediscusstheconsequencesofourbiophysicallimits,”theD

ecemberwarninglettersays,“canwehavethehopetoreducetheirspeed,severityandharm”.Andyetmessengersofthecomingdi

sturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.Asapoetwrote,Manisavictimofdope(麻醉品)Intheincurableformof

hope.Thehundredsofscholarswhosignedtheletterareintent(执着)onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness.“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“an

ddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“germ

ane”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Scientific.B.Credible.C.Original.D.Relevant.29.Asforthepublicawarenessofglobalcollapse,theauthoris________

.A.worriedB.puzzledC.surprisedD.scared30.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Thesignatoriesmaychangethebiophysicallimits.B

.Theauthoragreeswiththemessageofthepoem.C.Theissueofcollapseisbeingprioritized.D.Theglobalcollapseiswellunderway.【答案

】28.D29.A30.B【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（globalcollapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。

文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。【28题详解】词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableis

especiallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.”（呼吁公众对世

界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之

前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A.Scientific科学的；B.Credible可信的，可靠的；C.Original原来的，原创的；D.Re

levant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。【29题详解】推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethings

willturnoutfine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollap

se,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”（他们说

，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A.worried担忧的；B.puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C.surprised惊讶的；D.scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧

的”，故选A。【30题详解】推理判断题。原文诗歌“Manisavictimofdope;Intheincurableformofhope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充

满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很

可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quietinghopethatignorespreparedness.”（掐灭不做准

备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilit

iesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见

，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。14.（2021年北京卷）Earlyfifth-century

philosopherSt．Augustinefamouslywrotethatheknewwhattimewasunlesssomeoneaskedhim．AlbertEinsteinaddedanotherwrinklewhenhetheo

rizedthattimevariesdependingonwhereyoumeasureit．Today'sstate-of-the-artatomic（原子的）clockshaveprovenEinsteinright．Evenadvanced

physicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequestionyou'reasking．Forgetabouttimeasanabsolute．Whatif，insteadofcons

ideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimetoecology？Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstosetthetem

po（节奏）ofhumanlife？We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone，andrealizingthatweneedtomod

erate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat？Recently，Iconceptualizedanewapproachtotimekee

pingthat'sconnectedtocircumstancesonourplanet，conditionsthatmightchangeasaresultofglobalwarming．We'renowbuildinga

clockattheAnchorageMuseumthatreflectsthetotalflowofseveralmajorAlaskanrivers，whicharesensitivetolocaland

globalenvironmentalchanges．We'veprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate．Ifth

eriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage，theclockwillgetaheadofstandardtime．Iftheyrunslower，you'llseetheoppositeeffect．T

heclockregistersbothshort-termirregularitiesandlong-termtrendsinriverdynamics．It'sasortofobservatorythatrevealshowtheriversarebehavingfro

mtheirowntemporalframe（时间框架），andallowsustowitnessthosechangesonoursmartwatchesorphones．AnyonewhooptstogoonAlaskaMeanRiverT

imewillliveinharmonywiththeplanet．Anyonewhoconsidersrivertimeinrelationtoatomictimewillencounteramajorimbalanceandmaybemoti

vatedtocounteractitbyconsuminglessfuelorsupportinggreenerpolicies．Evenifthismethodoftimekeepingisnovelinitsparticulars

，earlyagriculturalsocietiesalsoconnectedtimetonaturalphenomena．Inpre-ClassicalGreece，forinstance，people

“corrected”officialcalendarsbyshiftingdatesforwardorbackwardtoreflectthechangeofseason．Temporalconne

ctiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheirsurvival．Likewise，rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenviron

mentalawareness．WhenSt．Augustineadmittedhisinabilitytodefinetime，hehighlightedoneoftime'smostnoticeablequalities：Timebecomesmeaningfulonlyi

nadefinedcontext．Anytimekeepingsystemisvalid，andeachisaspraiseworthyasitspurpose．31WhatisthemainideaofParagraph1？

A.Timekeepingisincreasinglyrelatedtonature．B.Everyonecandefinetimeontheirownterms．C.Thequalitiesoftimevarywithhowyoumeasureit．D.Timeisam

ajorconcernofphilosophersandscientists．32.TheauthorraisesthreequestionsinParagraph2mainlyto________．A.presentanassumptionB.evaluateanargume

ntC.highlightanexperimentD.introduceanapproach33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage？A.Thosewhodonotgoonrivertimewillliveanimbalancedlife．B.Newwaysofmeasur

ingtimecanhelptocontrolEarthsystems．C.Atomictimewillgetaheadofrivertimeiftheriversrunslower．D.Moderntechnologymayhelptoshapetherivers

’temporalframe．34.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage？A.Itiscrucialtoimprovethedefinitionoftime．B.Afixedframe

willmaketimemeaningless．C.Weshouldliveinharmonywithnature．D.Historyisamirrorreflectingreality．【答案】31.B32.D33.C34.C【解析

】【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。【31题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytell

uswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequestionyou'reasking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．

Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。【32题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsys

temswith.engineeringalone，andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就

需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“Whatif，insteadofconside

ringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimetoecology？Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstosetthetempo（节奏）ofhumanlife？(如果我们不考虑天文学

方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段的“We'veprogrammedittomatchan

atomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate．Iftheriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage，theclockwillgetaheadofstandardtime．Iftheyr

unslower，you'llseetheoppositeeffect．（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”

可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。【34题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeri

ngalone，andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第

二段的“Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheirsurvival．Likewise，rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencoura

geenvironmentalawareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保

护环境。故选C。获得更多资源请扫码加入享学资源网微信公众号www.xiangxue100.com