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第一编专题一考点4[层级一真题题组]A(2018·北京卷，D)PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself－drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist'sdream，yearsawayfrommat

erializingintherealworld.Well，thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompa

niestotesttrulyself－drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself－d

rivingcars，andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California，itshouldbenoted，isn'tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentesti

ngtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It'shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads

.Buthoweverlongittakes，thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities，forbetterorforworse，dependingonhowthetransform

ationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso)，policymaker

salsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself－drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams，cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconveni

ent,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentall

yfriendlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars？Imagineafuturewheremostadultso

wnindividualself－drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong，slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork，entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride，w

hichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingfor

parking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning，theysendtheself－drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopleto

takepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride－hailing(叫车)services.AstudyfromtheUniversity

ofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol－poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric，self－drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemission

sfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基础设施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravel

soundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride－hailingservices，considerin

gthecostofself－drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题)．Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthep

ricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappear

anceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn'textendtheworstaspectsofthecar－controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechn

ologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople，andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureisco

ming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.文章大意：本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕无人驾驶汽车这项前沿科技话题，对以下方面进行了讨论：对无人驾驶汽车最大的担忧，对无人驾驶汽车未来发展的态度以及可能会出现的管理问题。通篇讨论了无人驾驶汽车的管理问题，引导考生辩证地看待问题。1．Acc

ordingtotheauthor，attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan_A__.A．helpdealwithtransportation－relatedproblemsB．providebe

tterservicestocustomersC．causedamagetoourenvironmentD．makesomepeoplelosejobs解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Whilemuchofthedebates

ofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafety...policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself－drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams，cutemissions

andoffermoreconvenient，affordablemobilityoptions.”可知，人们对无人驾驶汽车的关注点在于其安全性以及有助于减少交通拥堵等方面。选项A“有助于解决与交通有关的问题”与此意思吻合。2．Asfordr

iverlesscars，whatistheauthor'smajorconcern？_D__A．Safety.B．Sideeffects.C．Affordability.D．Management.解析：推理判断题。根据最后

一段第一句“Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn'textendtheworstaspectsofthec

ar－controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.”并结合上文内容可知，作者希望政策的制定者要考虑这些无人驾驶车辆的管理，不要扩大现有汽车管理运输系统中的最糟糕的方面，与选项D提到的“(车辆)管理”吻合，显然这是作者

比较关心的。3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fielded”inParagraph4probablymean？_A__A．Employed.B．Replaced.C．Shared.D．Reduced.解析

：词义猜测题。根据第四段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainly并结合下句中asthepr

icesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会被用到“叫车服务”中。选项A“使用”符合题意。4．Whatistheauthor'sa

ttitudetothefutureofself－drivingcars？_B__A．Doubtful.B．Positive.C．Disapproving.D．Sympathetic.解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句“Thecarofthefutureiscom

ing.Wejusthavetoplanforit.”可知，无人驾驶车辆的时代马上来到，准备好迎接它的到来吧。由此推断作者对于这种新科技持积极乐观的态度。B(2017·全国卷Ⅱ，B)IfirstmetPaulNewm

anin1968,whenGeorgeRoyHill,thedirectorofButchCassidyandtheSundanceKid,introducedusinNewYorkCity.Whenthestudiodidn'twantmeforthefilm—

itwantedsomebodyaswellknownasPaul—hestoodupforme.Idon'tknowhowmanypeoplewouldhavedonethat;theywouldhavelistenedtotheiragentsorthestudiopowers

.ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootinthefactthatalthoughth

erewasanagedifference,webothcamefromatraditionoftheaterandliveTV.Wewererespectfulofcraft(技艺)andfocusedondigg

ingintothecharactersweweregoingtoplay.BothofushadthequalitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalofAmericanactors:humorous,aggressive,andmakingfu

nofeachother—butalwayswithanunderlyingaffection.Thosewerealsoatthecore(核心)ofourrelationshipoffthescreen.Wesharedthebel

iefthatifyou'refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback—hewithhisNewman'sOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsfo

rkidswhoareseriouslyill,andmewithSundanceandtheinstituteandthefestival.PaulandIdidn'tseeeachotherallthatregularly,butsharingthatbroughtustogether.

Wesupportedeachotherfinanciallyandbyshowingupatevents.Ilastsawhimafewmonthsago.He'dbeeninandoutofthehospital.Heand

Ibothknewwhatthedealwas,andwedidn'ttalkaboutit.Ourswasarelationshipthatdidn'tneedalotofwords.文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了与Paul的相识及与其

建立友谊的原因，虽不常见面但是却因共同的信念而保持着友谊。5．Whywasthestudiounwillingtogivetheroletoauthoratfirst？_C__A．PaulNewmanwantedit.B．Thestudiopowersdidn'tlikehisa

gent.C．Hewasn'tfamousenough.D．Thedirectorrecommendedsomeoneelse.解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Whenthestudiodidn'twantmeforthefilm—itwanted

somebodyaswellknownasPaul—hestoodupforme”可知，摄影棚起初不愿意给作者角色的原因是想找一个与Paul一样著名的人物。故可知作者当时不够有名。该题选C项。6．WhydidPau

landtheauthorhavealastingfriendship？_D__A．Theywereofthesameage.B．Theyworkedinthesametheater.C．Theywerebothgoodactors.D．Theyhavesimi

larcharacteristics.解析：考查推理判断。根据文章第二段中的“Wewererespectfulofcraft(技艺)andfocusedondiggingintothecharactersweweregoingtoplay.Botho

fushadthequalitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalofAmericanactors”可知，作者与Paul之所以拥有持久的友谊是因为他们有相似的性格特征。故D项符合题意。7．Wha

tdoestheunderlinedword“that”inParagraph3referto？_A__A．Theirbelief.B．Theircareforchildren.C．Theirsuccess.D．Theirsu

pportforeachother.解析：考查代词指代。根据第三段中的“Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou'refortunateenoughtohavesuccess，youshouldputsomethingback”可知，下文的内容是对thebelief的解释，that引导

同位语从句，解释说明thebelief的具体内容。下文提到了我们并不经常见面，但是分享这个信念把我们带到了一起。故选A项。8．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext？_B__A．Toshowhisl

oveoffilms.B．Torememberafriend.C．Tointroduceanewmovie.D．Tosharehisactingexperience.解析：考查写作目的。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段

中的“IfirstmetPaulNewmanin1968”以及最后一段中的“Ilastsawhimafewmonthsago”可知，该篇文章的写作目的是回忆一位朋友，所以选B项。C(2017·江苏卷，B)Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifference

betweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother'svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearnin

g(胎教),birdscouldrule_the_roost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk:OrnithologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingeven

beforetheyhatch(孵化)．New－bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom'scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobserv

edin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abiologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbf

airywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebab

ybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme！”call.Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds,theresearch

erssoughtthered－backedfairywren,anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nes

tsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalyzingtheorderandnumberofnote

s.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks,rankingthembysimilarity.Itturnsoutthatbabyred－backedfairyw

rensalsoemergechirpingliketheirmoms.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs,themoresimilarwerethebabies'beggingcalls.Inaddition,

theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmom'svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood.Thisobservationhint

sthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurological(神经系统的)strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn.“Asaparent,

doyouinvestinqualitychildren,ordoyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed？”Kleindorferasks.“Ourresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingf

orquality.”文章大意：研究发现胎教并非人类独有，一些鸟儿在这方面做得甚至更出色。9．TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means“_B__”．A．betheworstB．bethebes

tC．betheasbadD．bejustasgood解析：考查词义猜测。根据句中的转折词But与下文提到的鸟类在胎教方面做得很出色可知选择B。10．WhatareKleindorfer'sfindingsbasedon？_A__A．Similaritiesbetweenthecallso

fmomsandchicks.B．TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAustralia.C．ThedatacollectedfromQueensland'slocals.D．Controlledexperimentsonwrensandother

birds.解析：考查细节理解。根据第二、三、四段的内容，尤其是第二段中的“thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers”，第三段的最后一句及第四段的第二句可知，Kleindorfer的发现是基于母鸟与幼鸟发出的叫

声的相似性的，因此本题答案为A。11．Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich_C__.A．canreceivequalitysignalsB．areinneedoftrai

ningC．fittheenvironmentbetterD．maketheloudestcall解析：考查细节理解。根据文章倒数第二段的最后一句和最后一段中的“Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbed

rawn”可知，与母鸟的叫声最相似的幼鸟可以得到最多的食物，这也能说明它符合进化论的理论：适者生存，故本题答案为C。D(全国卷Ⅲ，B)OnoneofhertripstoNewYorkseveralyearsago,EudoraWeltydecidedtotakeacoup

leofNewYorkfriendsouttodinner.TheysettledinatacomfortableEastSidecaféandwithinminutes,anothercustomerwasapproachingtheirtable.“Hey,aren'

tyoufromMississippi？”theelegant,white－hairedwriterrememberedbeingaskedbythestranger.“I'mfromMississippitoo.”Withoutasecondthought,thewomanjoin

edtheWeltyparty.Whenherdinnerpartnershowedup,shealsopulledupachair.“TheybegantellingmeallthenewsofMississippi，”Weltysaid.“Ididn't

knowwhatmyNewYorkfriendswerethinking.”TaxisonarainyNewYorknightarerarerthansunshine.Bythetimethegroupgotuptoleave,itwaspouringoutside.Welty'snewfri

endsimmediatelysentawaitertofindacab.Headingbackdowntowntowardherhotel,herbig－cityfriendswereamazedattheturno

feventsthathadchangedtheirBigAppledinnerintoaMississippi.“Myfriendsaid：‘Nowwebelieveyourstories，’”Weltyadded.“AndIsaid，Nowyouknow.Thesearethep

eoplethatmakemewritethem.’”Sittingonasofainherroom,Welty,aslimfigureinasimplegraydress,lookedpleasedwiththisexp

lanation.“Idon'tmakethemup，”shesaidofthecharactersinherfictiontheselast50orsoyears.“Idon'thaveto.”Beauticians,bartenders,pianoplayersandpeoplewit

hpurplehats,Welty'speoplecomefromafternoonsspentvisitingwitholdfriends,fromwalksthroughthestreetsofhernativeJackso

n,Miss,fromconversationsoverheardonabus.ItannoysWeltythat,at78,herleftearhasnowgivenout.Sometimes,sittingonabusoratrain,shehearsonlyaf

ragment(片段)ofaparticularlyinterestingstory.文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文，介绍了美国著名女作家EudoraWelty在纽约的一次经历，并以此作为背景说明她的创作源于

生活。12．WhathappenedwhenWeltywaswithherfriendsatthecafé？_A__A．Twostrangersjoinedher.B．Herchildhoodfriendscamein

.C．Aheavyrainruinedthedinner.D．Somepeopleheldapartythere.解析：考查细节理解。第三段中的“thewoman”指的是第二段中的那个陌生人，根据第三段中的“Whenherdinnerpartnershowedup

，shealsopulledupachair”可知，陌生女子的晚餐伙伴也加入了她们的行列中，故有两个陌生人加入到了Welty和朋友的晚餐中。13．Theunderlinedword“them”inParagraph6referstoWelty's_D__.A．readersB．partiesC

．friendsD．stories解析：考查代词指代。画线词所在句“Thesearethepeoplethatmakemewritethem”的主语These指的就是像那两位陌生人那样的人，换言之，这些新朋友就成了Welty笔下

的写作素材，这些人就是让她写小说的人，故them指的是“小说”。14．WhatcanwelearnaboutthecharactersinWelty'sfiction？_C__A．Theyliveinbigcities.B．

Theyaremostlywomen.C．Theycomefromreallife.D．Theyarepleasureseekers.解析：考查推理判断。根据最后两段的内容可知，Welty小说中的人物源于真实生活。E(2017年11月浙江高

考)WhenIwasinfourthgrade,Iworkedpart－timeasapaperboy.Mrs.Stanleywasoneofmycustomers.She'dwatchmecomingdownherstreet,andbythetimeI'dbikeduptoher

doorstep,there'dbeacolddrinkwaiting.I'dsitanddrinkwhileshetalked.Mrs.Stanleytalkedmostlyaboutherdeadhusband,“Mr.StanleyandIwentsh

oppingthismorning，”she'dsay.Thefirsttimeshesaidthat,soda(汽水)wentupmynose.ItoldmyfatherhowMrs.StanleytalkedasifMr.Stanleywerestillalive.Dadsaidshewas

probablylonely,andthatIoughttositandlistenandnodmyheadandsmile,andmaybeshe'dwork_it_out_of_her_system.Sothat'swhatIdid,anditturnedoutDadwasright

.Afterawhilesheseemedcontenttoleaveherhusbandoveratthecemetery(墓地)．Ifinallyquitdeliveringnewspapersanddidn'tseeMrs.Stanleyfors

everalyears.Thenwecrossedpathsatachurchfund－raiser(募捐活动).Shewasspooningmashedpotatoesandlookinghappy

.Fouryearsbefore,she'dhadtoofferherpaperboyadrinktohavesomeonetotalkwith.Nowshehadfriends.Herhusbandwasgone,butlifewenton.Iliveinthecitynow,andm

ypaperboyisaladynamedEdnawiththreekids.SheasksmehowI'mdoing.WhenIdon'tsay“fine，”shesticksaroundtohearmyp

roblems.She'slivedinthecitymostofherlife,butsheknowsaboutcommunity.Communityisn'tsomuchaplaceasitisastateofmind.Youfinditwheneverpeopleask

howyou'redoingbecausetheycare,andnotbecausethey'regettingpaidtodoso.Sometimesit'sgoodtojustsmile,nodyourheadandli

sten.文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者小时候作为报童倾听别人的诉说，而现在作者也会向送报纸的人诉说自己的困难的经历，并感慨在我们的社会中，人与人之间需要互相关爱。15．Whydidsodagouptheaut

hor'snoseonetime？_B__A．Hewastalkingfast.B．Hewasshocked.C．Hewasinahurry.D．Hewasabsent－minded.解析：考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“herdeadhusband”可知，Stanley先生已经去世了，可是Stan

ley太太却说：“Stanley先生和我今天早上去购物了。”她第一次这样说时，苏打水呛进了作者的鼻子。由此可推断出，Stanley太太的话使“我”很震惊。结合第三段父亲向“我”解释原因的内容也可以推知当时“我”是很震惊并迷惑不解的，所以选B

项。16．WhydidtheauthorsitandlistentoMrs.StanleyaccordingtoParagraph3？_B__A．Heenjoyedthedrink.B．Hewantedtobehelpful.C．Hetookthechancetorest.

D．Hetriedtopleasehisdad.解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段内容可知，“我”不理解为什么Stanley太太谈论Stanley先生时仿佛他还在世。“我”向父亲说了这件事并听从父亲的建议，静静地坐着倾听Stanley太太的诉说，“我”希望这是有帮助的。17．

Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedphrase“workitoutofhersystem”？_A__A．recoverfromhersadnessB．moveoutoftheneighborhoodC．turntoheroldfriendsD．s

peakoutaboutherpast解析：考查词义猜测。根据第二至三段内容可知，Stanley太太刚开始无法接受丈夫去世的事实，常常向“我”倾诉她去世的丈夫的事，后来“我”接受了父亲的建议，静静地倾听她的诉说。结合第三段最后一句“Afterawhilesheseemedcontenttoleav

eherhusbandoveratthecemetery(墓地)”可知，不久之后，她慢慢地接受了丈夫去世的事实，从悲伤中恢复过来。18．Whatdoestheauthorthinkpeopleinacommunityshoulddo？_D__A．Openuptoothers.B．Dependo

neachother.C．Payforothers'help.D．Careaboutoneanother.解析：考查推理判断。根据最后一段内容尤其是“Youfinditwheneverpeopleaskhowyou

'redoingbecausetheycare,andnotbecausethey'regettingpaidtodoso.Sometimesit'sgoodtojustsmile,nodyourheadandlisten”可推知，在我们的社会中，人与人之间需要互相

关爱，哪怕有时候仅仅是微笑、点头和倾听，这些都能够给别人以关心，由此选D项。[层级二模拟题组]1(2019·广州市一模)Tourismisoftenaboutseekingdeeperemotionalandpers

onalconnectionswiththeworldaroundus.Notalltravelexperiences,however,needtotakeplaceintherealworld.Withtheevolutionofvir

tualreality(VR)technology，tourismwillincreasinglybecomeacombinationofphysicalandvirtualworlds.VRmayevenremovetheneedtotravelentirely.B

utcanaVRexperiencereallyequalarealworldone？Manyexpertsbelieveitcan.StudieshaveshownthatourbrainshaveaninbuiltVR－likem

echanismthatenablesustoliveimaginedexperiences.Muchofourwakinglifeisspentthinkingabouteitherthepasto

rthefuture.Thisisknownas“mindwandering”.Duringtheseeventswe'renotpayingattentiontothecurrentworldaroundus.

Instead,we'rerecallingmemories,orcreatingandprocessingimaginedfutures.Whenengagedinmindwandering,ourbrainsprocessthesementalimagesusingthesamepathwa

ysusedtoreceiveinputsfromtherealworld.So,theimaginedpastorfuturecancreateemotionsandfeelingssimilartohowwereacttoeverydaylife.VRcancre

atethesesamefeelings.Whilecriticsmightarguethatavirtualexperiencewillnevermatchreality,thereareseveralwaysVRtourismcouldmakeapositiv

econtribution.Firstlyitcouldhelpprotectsensitivelocationsfromovertourism.InrecentyearsfamoussitessuchasMayaBayinThai

land,havehadtolimitthenumberofvisitorsbecauseoftheirnegativeimpact.TheseplacesarenowproducingtheirownVRexperiencesthatwillallowtourist

stopassthroughvirtualmodelsofthesites.Virtualrealitymayalsoallowpeoplebackintime，toexperiencehistoricalevents

,visitancientcities,andeventowalkamongdinosaurs.Finally,inaworldwheremanypeoplesufferfromstressanddepressionduetoover

work,virtualtourismmayprovideacheapandconvenientwayforpeopletotakebriefholidaystootherwiseunreachablede

stinationsandrechargetheirbatteries,withouteverleavingtheirhomes.Itsoundslikesciencefictionbutit'salready

happening(流行的)．Asvirtualtechnologyimprovesandaspeoplecontinuetodemandnewandinterestingexperiences,morevirtualtourismwillbeexpected,bothinco

mbinationwiththerealworldandinsteadofit.文章大意：随着虚拟现实技术的发展，旅游业将日益成为客观世界和虚拟世界的结合体。1．Whatisdrivingthedevelopmentofvirtua

ltourism？_B__A．Companiesseekingtomakemoremoney.B．Improvementsinvirtualrealitytechnology.C．People'sdemandformoresha

redexperiences.D．People'sdeeperunderstandingofthephysicalworld.解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段第三句“Withtheevolutionofvirtualr

eality(VR)technology，tourismwill...andvirtualworlds”可知，虚拟现实技术的进步促进了虚拟旅游业的发展。故选B。2．Whichofthefollowin

gbestdescribes“mindwandering”？_C__A．ThebrainprocesseswhichhelppeoplethinkVRisreal.B．Thewaythebrainpro

cessesinputsfromtherealworld.C．Brainactivitiesfocusingonpastorfutureevents.D．Experiencescomingfromaperson's

imagination.解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Muchofourwakinglifeisspentthinkingabouteitherthepastorthefuture.Thisisknownas‘mindwandering’”可

知，大脑漫游是指我们的大脑关注过去或未来的活动。故选C。3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inthelastparagraphreferto？_D__A．Sciencefiction.B

．Virtualtechnology.C．Virtualtourism.D．Therealworld.解析：考查代词指代。根据第七段最后一句中的“bothincombinationwiththerealworldandinsteadofit”并

结合语境可推知，代词it在这里指代上文中出现的“therealworld”。故选D。4．Whatisthepurposeofthepassage？_A__A．TodescribetheadvantagesofVRtourism.B．Togivesuggestionsf

orreducingovertourism.C．ToencouragepeopletodevelopVRtechnology.D．ToarguethatVRtourismwillreplacetherealworldtra

vel.解析：考查写作意图。本文前三段主要介绍了虚拟旅游业兴起的原因以及虚拟现实的运行原理，后四段主要介绍了虚拟旅游业的好处。由此可知，本文是为了介绍虚拟旅游业的优势。故选A。2(2019·河南省五校联考)Iwasgettingreadytogot

obedwhenthephonerang.Thiscouldnotbegood.Mymindracedthroughthelistoffamilymemberswhomightneedhelp,butthevoicewash

ardlyfamiliar.“Lindy,thisisLesley.”Ididn'tknowLesleywell.Wedidoccasionallyspeakwitheachother,buttosaywewerefriendsnotappropr

iate.Iaskedwhatsheneeded.Perhapssomethingreallyawfulcausedhertoreachsomeoneshebarelyknew.Instead,sheaskedme，“Doyouhaveroomforaturkey？Inyourfreeze

r？”We_had_lots_of_room_in_our_freezer,_and_in_fact，too_much.“Sure，”Iresponded，“didyourfreezerbreakdown？”“Note

xactly，”Lesleyreplied,“butIwillexplainwhenIarrive.”Minuteslatercameahugefreezertruck.Lesleysteppeddownandexplainedthelease(租约)oft

hegrocerystoreherhusbandservicedhadrunoutandthattheyhadtoemptyallthefreezersthatverynight.Thinkingitwasashametothrowawayallthisgoodfood,theydeci

dedtodropofffoodtoanyoneshecouldthinkof.Noticingourfreezerwasprettyempty,Lesleyaskedtofillitup.Ourhomewastheirlaststopandanythingleftwouldha

vetobeputinourfreezer.Anhourlater,everythingfinished,Iaskedher,“Whenwillyoucomebackforallthis？”Lesleylaughed,“Wedon'twa

ntitback.Itisyours!Thanksforhelpingusout！”Thentheywavedgoodbyeanddroveaway.“Forhelpingthemout？”Weopenedourfreezerdoor.Insidewereallexpensivefo

odsweneverboughtbutoftenlongedtotry.Wewerestrugglingtobuygroceries,yetitwasnotsomethingwesharedwithanyone.However,ourneedsw

eremetinanunexpectedway,bythatcall,“Doyouhaveroomforaturkey？”文章大意：本文为记叙文，讲述了作者一家在困难时期意外收到一位只有点头之交的人的“求助”，实际上却得到对方帮助的故事

。5．Howdidthewriterfeelwhensheheardthephoneringing？_B__A．Angry.B．Anxious.C．Shocked.D．Relieved.解析：考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“T

hiscouldnotbegood.Mymindracedthroughthelistoffamilymemberswhomightneedhelp”可知，作者刚听到电话铃响时认为不会有好事发生，猜测是哪个家人需要帮助

，因此作者应是担忧的(anxious)。6．WhatdoestheauthorindicatebytheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph2？_A__A．Theywererunningoutoffoodsupplies.B

．Theyfreezerwastoolargetofill.C．Theyweregladtoputtheturkeyinthefreezer.D．Theirfreezerwaslessfrequentlyused.解析：考查句意理解。画线句表示“我们冰箱的空间很多，事实上，是太多了”

；最后一段中的“Insidewereallexpensivefoodsweneverboughtbutoftenlongedtotry”暗示，作者真正想要表达的是他们生活困难，贮存的食物快吃完了，因此她家冰箱有太多的空间，故A项正确。7．WhydidLesleycallupthew

riter？_A__A．Becauseshedidn'twantfoodtogotowaste.B．Becausethewriterwashergoodfriend.C．Becausesomethingawfulhadhappened.

D．Becausesheknewthewriterwasinneed.解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Thinkingitwasashametothrowawayallthisgoodfood，theydecidedtodropofffoodt

oanyoneshecouldthinkof”可知，Lesley不想把这么好的食物扔掉，所以决定把食物送给她能想起的任何人，包括作者，故A项正确。8．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext？_D__.A．AfriendonspeakingtermsB．Whoi

smyangel?C．UnexpectedbargainsD．Doyouhaveroomforaturkey?解析：考查标题判断。文章主要讲述了作者一家在困难时期收到Lesley的“求助”电话，询问其冰柜是否有空间存放火鸡，结果却得到Lesley的帮助

的故事。结合文章前后均提到“Doyouhaveroomforaturkey”可知，D项正确。3(2019·山东省、河北省重点中学二模)Publiclibrariesareanexcellentresour

ceforresearch，literacy(读写能力)education,andreading－centeredevents.Mosttownshaveoneorsharelibraryserviceswithothertownsthroughamobilelibrary,andth

euseofapubliclibraryisfreetopeoplewhoarewillingtoapplyforalibrarycard.Thereareseveralprimarysourcesoflibraryfunding(资金)，startingwithnational

fundswhicharedistributedtostatesorprovinces.Theseregionssendthefundsontopubliclibraries.Localgovernmentsalsoplayanimportantrolei

nprovidingfundingforlibraries,andmostlibrariansapplyforgrants(拨款)．Finally,privatedonationshelptomaintainlibraries—mos

tlibrarieshaveanassociationofFriendsoftheLibrarywhichorganizesfund－raisingsalesandpaysannualduestohelpmaintainthelibrary.Grantsandpriva

tedonationscanalsobeusedtoprovidealargeamountoffundingforpubliclibraries,andsomelargelibrariesmaintainaseparatestaffmembertoincreasethea

mountoffundingthattheycanobtainthroughthesesources.Grantsincludetechnologygrantswhichallowlibrariestoinstallandupgradecomputers

ystems,grantswhichfocusonaparticulartopicsuchasscience,fiction,children'sbooks,orlocalhistory，andeducationgrantswhichs

upportlocally－basedcommunityeffortssuchasafter－schoolreadingprograms.Manyprivatedonorsarepleasedtosupporttheirloc

alpubliclibrariesbydonatingfundsorincludingsomelibraryintheirwills,andlibrariesrewardtheirdonorswithtreatslikeafter－hoursvisitsorp

rivilegedaccesstospecialcollections.Bycombiningmultipleresources,creativelibrarianscankeeptheirlibrariesuseful,informative,andfunforbrow

sers.Whenitcomestosupportingpubliclibraries,everylittlebitcounts:ifyoucannotaffordtodonatetoalocallibrary,thinkaboutvolunteeringtime

tohelpshelvebooks,leadafter－schoolprograms,ororganizefund－raisers.Beingactivewithyourpubliclibraryisaveryimportantwaytoc

ontributetoyourlocalcommunity.文章大意：本文是说明文，主要介绍了图书馆资金的几个主要来源。9．Howmanymainsourcesoflibraryfundingarementioned？_B__A．Two.B．Three.C．Four.D．Five.解析：考查细节

理解。根据第二段可知，图书馆资金来源主要有三个：国家资金；当地政府的拨款；私人捐款。本题容易误选C项，误选原因是考生以为第二段中的“Finally，privatedonationshelptomaintainlibraries...maintainthelibrary”提到

了两个资金来源，认为“haveanassociationofFriendsoftheLibrary”表示的是图书馆有互帮互助的朋友，即其他图书馆，其实此处的“anassociationofFriendsoftheLibrary”指的还是前面的

私人捐款者。10．Howisthefundingmadeuseofaccordingtothetext？_C__A．Byexploringmoreabouthistory.B．Bydevelopingascientif

iccomputersystem.C．Byholdingafter－schoolactivitiesforstudents.D．Byenrichingspecialcollectionsforthedonors.解析：考查细节

理解。根据第三段中的“educationgrantswhichsupportlocally－basedcommunityeffortssuchasafter－schoolreadingprograms”可知，有些资金用于为学生举办一些课外活动。11．Whatdoestheu

nderlinedword“browsers”refertointhelastparagraph？_A__A．Viewersinthelibrary.B．Programsusedtoviewdocuments.C．Peoplerunningthe

library.D．Donorsvisitingthelibraryregularly.解析：考查词义猜测。根据画线词所在句“Bycombiningmultipleresources，creativelibrarianscankeeptheirlib

rariesuseful，informative，andfunforbrowsers”可知，通过组合多种资源，有创造力的图书馆馆长可以使他们的图书馆有用、信息丰富并且对于browsers来说有趣。故可推知b

rowsers应是去图书馆的人。故答案为A。12．Whatisthepurposeofthetext？_C__A．Tostressthevalueofpubliclibraries.B．Toappealfordonationtolocallibrarie

s.C．Tointroducesourcesofpubliclibraryfunding.D．Toshowtheprocedureoffundinglibraries.解析：考查写作意图。本文主要介绍了图

书馆资金的几个主要来源，故答案为C。A项是第一段的中心，不是文章的写作目的，可以排除；最后一段的最后两句提到支持图书馆有多种方式，可以从很多小事做起，作者并没有强调要给图书馆捐款，所以也没有“呼吁”一

说，故排除B项；D项错在procedure，文章并未提及相关信息，故排除D项。4(2019·南昌市二模)Althoughtheideaof“zeroemissionandsustainable(可持续的)devel

opment”waspromotedworldwide,mostcitiesareatalosswhattodoorevensomehaveobjectedtoit.ButinLiuzhou，acityinsouthern

China,attitudescouldnotbemoredifferent.TheLiuzhouMunicipalityUrbanPlanningBureauhassignedupItalianarchitectStefanoBoeri,thefatherofthe

forestcitymovement，tobuildaself－containedcommunityforupto30,000people.Heisthego－tomanforsuchprojectsthankstothesuccessofhis“verticalforests”，tw

oresidential(住宅的)towers.Completedin2014，theyremoveupto17.5tonsofsoot(煤烟)fromtheaireachyear,andayearlateroneofthem

wasnamedBestTallBuildingWorldwide.TheLiuzhouprojectisamuchmoreambitiousundertaking，however.Itshomes,hospitals,hotels,sc

hoolsandofficeswillbebuiltona340－acresiteinwhatBoericallsthefirstattempttocreatean“urbanenvironmentthatisreallytrying

tofindabalancewithnature”.Its100speciesofplantlifeareexpectedtoabsorbalmost10,000tonsofcarbondioxideand57tonsofpollut

antsperyear，whileatthesametimeproducing900tonsoflife－givingoxygen.Althoughthearchitectshaven'tpublishedthecostofthefo

restcity,theMilantowerscostonlyfivepercentmorethantraditionalskyscrapers.TheconstructionofhisforestcityatLiuzhouiss

ettobeginin2020,andthereisstillagreatdealofplanningandresearchrequiredbeforeaprojectedcompletiondatecanbeset.Howe

ver，Boeriremainsoptimisticabouttheprojectandhasconfidenceinthesoundnessofhisvision：“Ireallythinkthatbringingforestsintothecityisawaytodealwithgloba

lwarming.”文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。为了改善环境，响应“可持续发展”的号召，柳州市聘用了著名建造设计师StefanoBoeri，计划在2020开始设计低碳环保的城市小区。13．What'sLiuzhou'sattitudetowardsthesustain

abledevelopment？_A__A．Approving.B．Cautious.C．Unfavorable.D．Doubtful.解析：考查推理判断。根据第一段“Althoughtheideaof‘zeroemissionandsustainable(可持

续的)development’waspromotedworldwide，mostcitiesareatalosswhattodoorevensomehaveobjectedtoit.ButinLiuzhou，acityinsouthernChina，attitudescould

notbemoredifferent”可知，尽管很多城市对“可持续发展”理念不知所措甚至有些城市反对这个理念，但是柳州市的态度与它们大为不同；结合下文介绍的柳州市引进“城市森林”的小区设计可推知，对于可持续发展，柳州市的态度是赞

同的，故A项正确。14．WhyisStefanoBoeriemployedfortheLiuzhouproject？_D__A．Hevolunteeredtodotheproject.B．Heisafamou

sarchitectintheworld.C．Heisthefatheroftheforestrecovery.D．Hehasgainedexperienceinsimilarprojects.解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段第二句“Heisthe

go－tomanforsuchprojectsthankstothesuccessofhis‘verticalforests’，tworesidential(住宅的)towers”可知，由于设计“垂直森林”的成功，柳州市邀请StefanoBoeri设计类似的项目，故D项正确。15．

Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”referto？_B__A．Thearchitects.B．Thetwotowers.C．Forestsinthecity.D．Theresidentsofthecity.解析：考查代词

指代。根据上文可知，Boeri成功设计了“垂直森林”，两个住宅塔楼；结合该句“Completedin2014，theyremoveupto17.5tonsofsoot(煤烟)fromtheaireachyear,andayearlateroneofthemwasnamedBestTallBu

ildingWorldwide.”可知，这两座住宅塔楼2014年完工，每年最多可消除17.5吨煤烟，其中一座被评为全球最佳高层建筑。由此可推知they指代上文中的“tworesidential(住宅的)towers”，故B项正确。16．What'sthepurp

oseofLiuzhouproject？_D__A．Toprovidemorejobs.B．Tobringforestintocity.C．Tosolvehouseshortage.D．Toimpro

vetheenvironment.解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段尾句“Its100speciesofplantlifeareexpectedtoabsorbalmost10,000tonsofcarbondioxideand57tonsofpollutantsperyear

，whileatthesametimeproducing900tonsoflife－givingoxygen”可知，柳州的这种城市设计项目中，有100种植物预计每年吸收近10000吨二氧化碳和57吨污染物，同时产生900吨氧气。结合本文最后一句可知，Bo

eri认为把森林引入城市是应对全球变暖的一种方式。据此可推知，柳州的城市项目旨在改善环境，故D项正确。5(2019·安徽省百所重点高中三模)Metal－organicframeworks(MOFs)arecompoundsthat

aresettosolvesometoughchallenges:producingwaterinthedesert,removinggreenhousegasesfromtheairandstoringdangerousgasesmoresafel

y.TheArizonadesertisreallydry.Anyonestuckinitwithoutwaterwoulddiefromdehydrationwithinthreedays,unlesshehadoneofOmarYag

hi'snext－generationwaterharvesters,whoisachemistattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Althoughdaytimehumidity(

湿度)isonlyabout10percent,thisrisesto40percentatnight,whichmeansthere'senoughwaterintheatmospheretosuppor

tlife—ifitcanbetransformedintoliquidform.That'sexactlywhatYaghi'sinventiondoes.It'saboutthesizeofasmallmicrowaveoven,designedtos

uckthewaterfromtheairatnightandturnitintodrinkingwaterthenextdayusingonlytheheatofthesunasitspowersource.Whatmakesitworkisaspecialmaterialcalle

daMOF,whichatnormaltemperaturesattractswatermolecules(分子)ontothesurfaceofitsinternalsmallholes.Warmitupandgetthewater,eachharvestproducingo

ne－thirdofacupofpuredrinkingwater.“Adevicethesizeofawashingmachinecouldproduceenoughwaterforthebasicneedsofahousehold，”saysYaghi.Thesecrystalline(

结晶的)groupsofmetalslinkedbyorganicmoleculescanbemadeintomaterialswithanextremelyhighabsorptionability,attractingspecificmoleculestotheirsurfac

es.Inthisway,MOFscling_toavarietyofliquidsandgases.MOFsworkthankstotheirdistinctivestructure.Infact,oneMOFthesizeofasugarcu

behassomanysmallholesthattheywouldcoveranareaaslargeassixfootballfields.MOFsarealsoextremelystable,lightand

havemanydifferentuses：theirmolecularstructurecanbevariedtoattractspecificmolecules.Addingasmallamountof

heatorpressurecausestheMOFtogivewhatit'sholding.Morethan70,000differentMOFshavebeenproducedtodateforvariousapplications.文

章大意：本文是一篇科普说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新型材料——金属有机框架，它仅以空气中的水分为来源，利用太阳能即可源源不断地生产出大量淡水，即使在空气中水分子稀薄的沙漠中也毫不费力。17．WhyistheArizonadesertmentionedinthesecondpara

graph？__A__A．Tointroducewaterharvesters.B．Tostresstheimportanceofwater.C．Toexpresstheurgentneedforwaterthe

re.D．Toshowtheseverityofitscondition.解析：考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“TheArizonadesert...unlesshehadoneofOmarYaghi'snext－generatio

nwaterharvesters”可知，作者提及亚利桑那州的沙漠是为了引出OmarYaghi的下一代吸水设备以及下文及其介绍。故选A。18．Whatplaysavitalroleinwaterharvesters？_D__A．Solarenergy.B．Watermolecules.C．MOFs'

internalsmallholes.D．Metal－organicframeworks.解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“WhatmakesitworkisaspecialmaterialcalledaMOF”可知，使吸水设备工作的是一种叫作金属有机

框架的特殊材料，故金属有机框架在该设备中起了关键作用。根据第三段中的“usingonlytheheatofthesunasitspowersource”“whichatnormaltemperaturesattractswatermolecules(分子)ontothesurfaceofitsi

nternalsmallholes”“Warmitupandgetthewater”可知，金属有机框架在正常温度下会把水分子吸引到内部孔隙的表面，然后利用太阳能加热进而产生淡水。太阳能、水分子和MOFs内部的孔隙虽然均在文中被提及了，但三者发挥各自作用的前提都是金属有机框架的存在，故可排除A

、B、C三项。19．Whichcanexplainthephrase“clingto”underlinedinParagraph4？_C__A．Giveoff.B．Breakdown.C．Holdonto.D．Turninto.解析：考查词义猜测。根据画线短语前的“

Thesecrystalline(结晶的)groupsofmetals...canbemadeintomaterialswithanextremelyhighabsorptionability，attractingspecificmoleculestotheirsurfaces”可

知，这些由有机分子连接在一起的金属结晶群可被制成吸收能力极高的材料，以吸引特定分子到它们的表面，即金属有机框架可以吸附各种液体和气体，故holdonto“抓紧”和画线短语clingto的意思最为接近。20．Whatwillprobablybecoveredinthefol

lowingparagraphs？_B__A．ThefutureoftheMOFtechnology.B．OtherusesoftheMOFtechnology.C．TheimprovementtotheMOFtechnology.D．Poss

iblelimitationsoftheMOFtechnology.解析：考查推理判断。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了金属有机框架可以帮助解决沙漠地区的缺水问题，再结合第一段中的“solvesometoughchallenges：pro

ducingwaterinthedesert，removinggreenhousegasesfromtheairandstoringdangerousgasesmoresafely”可推知，接下来可能会介绍金属有机框架在清

除温室气体、安全储存危险气体方面的用途。故选B。