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专题03阅读理解说明文说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的CD篇，主要分为两种类型：实验研究和介绍说明型。说明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，

解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意义和特征等。Teenagers

aroundtheworldarefamiliarwiththegreatpainofboredom.Andeveryparentisfamiliarwiththesoundsofgroaning(咕哝的)kids,sulking(生闷气)intheirroomorpacingaimles

slyaroundthehouse.Butsometimes,it’sthisverysenseofboredomthatcaninspirecreativityandcreatefast-growingtrend

s.Thisistrueforpickleball(匹克球),nowapopularsportintheWest.AccordingtotheMentalFlosswebsite,thesportwasinventedinthesummerof1965.Atthattime,F

rankPritchard,13,hadnothingtodoinhisfamily’ssummerhomeinWashington,US.Aftercomplainingloudly,hisfath

er,Joel,suggestedhemakeupagame.WhenFrankreplied“Whydon’tyou?”hisfathergladlytookupthechallenge.Thus,pickleballwasborn.Certainpartsofte

nnis,badmintonandping-pongcanbeseenfrompickleball.It’sabatgameplayedonabadminton-sizedcourtwithwhatlookslikeawiffleball(威浮球)over

alownet.Onlytheservingteamcanscorepoints,andallservesmustbemadewithanunderhandstroke(击球).Thepopularityofpickleballhasgrownsteadil

yoverthelastdecade.AccordingtoMentalFloss,thenumberofpickleballcourtshasgrownbyanestimated385percentworldwidesince2010.Onereasonfo

ritspopularityisthatit’s“asportforeveryone”.Anyonecanplaypickleballbecauseit’srelativelyeasytopickup.Therearesimplerules,andallpeoplen

eedisacoupleofbatsandaball,whichisaffordableandaccessibletoall.Plus,pickleballisasportcenteredaroundfunandfriendship.Thegamelastsas

shortas15minutes,whichmeanslessrunningandstressforplayers.Pritchardsaidthatthegame’srapidriseinpopularitywasamazing,e

speciallyconsideringthatabad-temperedkid“inspiredasportscrazebymakingastink(吵闹)aboutbeingboredoneafternoon56yearsago”.1．Whatdoweknowaboutpickleba

ll,accordingtothepassage?A．Itwasinventedaccidentallybyayoungboy.B．Itisagamesuitableforfamilygatherings.C．Itcombineselementsfromsevera

lballgames.D．Thegame’sjudgescomefromaservingteam.2．WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytalkabout?A．Whypickleballhasbecomesowe

llreceived.B．Whatequipmentpickleballplayersneed.C．Howsignificantpickleballistotheworld.D．Whatrulesmustbeobeyedinpickleball.3．What

didPritchardthinkofthepopularityofpickleball?A．Unexpected.B．Reasonable.C．Natural.D．Awkward.4．Whydoestheauthorwritethepassage?A．Toadvis

eustojoininsportsgames.B．Toteachushowtoplaypickleball.C．Totellusthebirthofasportsgame.D．Tomotivateustofollownewtrends.说明

文阅读理解主要考查以下题型：一、主旨大意题主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料或所读材料片断）中心思想的概括，做这类题时，考生应通读全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达中心思想，其他

句子均围绕主题句进行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句，第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但位于段落中间（通常是第一段或最后一段的中间）也是完全可能的，主旨大意题的考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。二、事实细

节题顾名思义，事实细节题即对文章的某个事实或细节而设置的试题，事实细节题的命题方法很多，如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查，也可能是将文章中的几个细节放在一起要求考生判断是非（选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项）或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时

，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比校从而确定答案（此时要特别注意一些常见的同义装换或简单换算）。三、代词指代题这类题要求考生根据一定的上下文推测代词

的指代意义，它主要考查考生在一定语境中对上下文逻辑关系的正确理解。做这类题时，考生不仅要读懂相关句子的句意，理顺相关句子的逻辑关系，而且还要学会合理变通，尤其要学会变通理解其中的同义表达。四、词义猜测题即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义，它是高考英语阅读理解中的一个难点，同学们应引起充分重

视。猜测生词词义的方法很多，常用的有同义解释法、因果推断法、前后对比法，基本构词法，语境理解法，举例说明法，常识背景法、类属分析法等。（一）、Intheendlesssky,theunaidedhumaneyeshouldbeabletoperceiveseveralthousands

tarsonaclear,darknight.Unfortunately,growinglightpollutionhasdisabledpeoplefromthenightlyview.Newcitizen-science-basedresearchthrowsalarmingli

ghtontheproblemof“skyglow”—thediffuseillumination(漫射照明)ofthenightskythatisaformoflightpollution.Thedatacamefromcrowd-s

ourcedobservationscollectedfromaroundtheworldaspartofGlobeatNight,aprogramdevelopedbyastronomerConnieWalker.Lightpollutionha

sharmfuleffectsonthepracticeofastronomybutalsoonhumanhealthandwildlife,sinceitdisturbsthecyclefromsunlighttostarlightthatbiologicalsystemshaveevolv

edalongside.Furthermore,thelossofvisiblestarsisagreatlossofhumanculturalheritage.Untilrelativelyrecently,huma

nsthroughouthistoryhadanimpressiveviewofthestarrynightsky,andtheeffectofthisnightlyspectacle(壮观)isevidentinancientcultures.GlobeatNighthasbeengathe

ringdataonstarvisibilitysince2006.AnyonecansubmitobservationsthroughtheGlobeatNightwebapplication.Participantsrecordwhichonebest

matcheswhattheycanseeintheskywithoutanytelescopesorotherinstruments.Researchersfindthatthelossofvisiblestarsindicatesanincreaseinskybrightness

of9.6%peryearwhileroughly2%ismeasuredbysatellites.Existingsatellitesarenotwellsuitedtomeasuringskyglowas

itappearstohumans,becausetheycannotdetectwavelengthsshorterthan500nanometers(纳米).WhiteLEDs,withshorterwavelengthsunder500nan

ometers,nowareincreasinglycommonlyusedinoutdoorlighting.Buthumaneyesaremoresensitivetotheseshorterwavelengthsatnightti

me.Space-basedinstrumentsdonotmeasurelightfromwindows,either.Butthesesourcesaresignificantcontributorstoskyglowusseenfromtheground.“Theincreasein

skyglowoverthepastdecadeunderlinestheimportanceofredoublingoureffortsanddevelopingnewstrategiestoprotectdarkskies,”saidWalker.“TheGlobeatNi

ghtdatasetisnecessaryinourongoingevaluationofchangesinskyglow,andweencouragewhoevercantogetinvolvedtohelpprotectthestarrynightsky.”1．Whatisapurposeof

GlobeatNight?A．Todevelopnewlightsources.B．Tocollectdataonstarvisibility.C．Tohelpastronomersexplorespace.D．Topopularizescience

amongcitizens.2．Whatdoesthelossofvisiblestarsleadto?A．Poorerhumanhealth.B．Fewerwildlifespecies.C．Moredelicatebiologicalsystem

s.D．Lessnightlycultureelementsofthesky.3．Whatdoestheauthorstressinparagraph5?A．Satellitesplayavitalr

ole.B．WhiteLEDsarewidelyused.C．Crowd-sourceddataareinvaluable.D．Shorterwavelengthsarehardtodetect.4．Whatca

nbeinferredfromWalker’swords?A．Theirconsistenteffortspayoff.B．Thedatasetneedstobeupdated.C．Moreparticipantsareexpectedtojoinin.D．Theskyglow

hasbeenover—emphasized.（二）、There’vebeenplentyofTokyo2020headlinesaboutHendZaza,theSyriantabletennisgeniuswho,at1

2yearsold,isoneoftheyoungestOlympiansofalltime.Buttherearesomestrikingpersonalstoriesontheothersideofthe

agespectrum(年龄谱),too.OksanaChusovitina,a46-year-oldgymnastfromUzbekistan,impressivelycompetedinhereighthOlympicGamesthiss

ummer.Chusovitina,whocompetedinasportdominatedbyteenageathletes,receivedastandingovation(鼓掌欢呼)afterperformingi

nwhatshesaidwouldbeherlastOlympics.“Ifeelverygoodtobehere.ButthiswillforsurebemylastOlympics,shetoldreporters.“I

’m46yearsold.Nothingisgoingtochangethat.I’malive,I’mhappy,I’mherewithoutanyinjuries,andIcanstandonmyown,”sheadded

withalaugh.Thenthere’sAustralianequestrian(马术师)MaryHanna,whoatage66isthesecond-oldestfemaleathleteinOl

ympichistoryandtheoldestOlympiancompetinginTokyo.“Throughtheirefforts,HannaandChusovitinaarechangingtheconversationaroundageandagility.They

’reproofthatyoucancompeteorputyourselfuptoaphysicalchallengewaypastwhatisconsideredyourpeak,”saidMichaelStones,aprofessoratL

akeheadUniversityinOntario,Canada,whoresearcheshealthyagingandphysicalperformance.“It’sgreatthatthisyear’sOlympicsincludesomanyyoungerandolderathlete

s,”hetoldHuffPost.“Theyshowthatagealoneisnotaninsurmountable(不可克服的)barriertoexcellenceinphysicalactivities.”TheseOlympiansalsolendthegamessomeexperi

enceandmaturity,especiallyinteamsports,saidSandraHunter,aprofessorofexercisescienceatMarquetteUniversityinMilwaukee,Wisconsin.

“Theseolderathletescanhelpguidetheyoungerones,particularlywithallthementalandpsychologicalchallengesthatwe’veseen,”shesaid.“Theybring

alevelofmaturitytotheteamsandsurroundingathletesthatallowstheyoungerathletestolearn.”“Ifyoulimityourchoicesonlytowhatseemspossibleorreasona

ble,youdisconnectyourselffromwhatyoutrulywant,andallthatisleftiscompromise.”ThequotefromAmericanwriterRobertF

ritzishighlyconsistentwiththeOlympicspiritaswellasenlighteningusonourwaytosuccess.5．WhoisOksanaChusovitina?A．A12-ye

ar-oldtabletennisplayer.B．A46-year-oldgymnastfromSyria.C．A66-year-oldAustralianequestrian.D．Aneight-timeOlympianfromUzbekistan

.6．Thefirstparagraphisintendedto________.A．leadinthetopicofthepassageB．stresstheimportanceofbeingageniusC．tellthedifferencebetwee

nyoungerandolderathletesD．introducearesearchonperformancesofyoungerathletes7．What’sprofessorMichaelStones’sattitudetothoseyoungerando

lderOlympians?A．Doubtful.B．Uncaring.C．Supportive.D．Indifferent.8．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．Olympicathletesshouldtrytheirbesttobeuninjur

ed.B．Olympicathletesprovesuccessisnotrelatedtoage.C．Olympiansshowthatagealoneisnotaninsurmountablebarrier.D．Olderathl

etesarechangingtheconversationaroundageandagility.一、（2023·广东广州·统考二模）Thisparagraphisnotordinary.Lookatit.Atfirst,itwon’tlooktooodd.Justanormalp

aragraph—youmaythink.Butlookatitagainandyoumightfinditabitunusual.Canyouspotit?Isanything...missing?Whatyou’vejustreadisalipogram-ate

xtwithoutaparticularletter.Itisthehardestkindasitdoesn’tcontaintheletterE-themostcommonletterintheEnglishlangu

age.Trywritingoneyourselfandyou’llimaginethetaskfacedbytheFrenchwriterGeorgesPerec,whenafriendchallengedhimtowr

iteawholenovelwithoutusingE-aletterwhichisevenmorecommoninFrench.Perecwasafrighteninglycleverwriter,aloverofwordgamesandpuzzlesandalsoam

asteroftheChineseboardgameGo.AswellaswritingcrosswordpuzzlesforParismagazines,hehadalreadywrittena5,000-wordpalindrome,atextthatreadsthesameforwardsa

ndbackwards,likethewell-known“Aman,aplan,acanal-Panama.”Buthisfriendsthoughtthistaskwouldbebeyondhim.Perectookupthechalle

nge.Hewasunabletousemorethan70%oftheFrenchwords,includingthosemostcommonlyused.Surprisingly,hediscoveredthis“impossible”ruleunlockedhi

simagination.Helaterclaimedhewrotethisnovelfasterthananyofhisotherbooks.Hewasforcedtothinkandfightforeverysentence.Hehadnochoicebuttobeorigi

nal.TheresultwasLaDisparition,adetectivestoryaboutthemysteriousdisappearanceofacharacternamedA．Vowl.TheonlyEswerethefourinhisnameonthecov

er.Despitethedozensofcluesaboutthefantasticallydifficultrule,manyoriginalreviewersfailedtospotwhatwasstaringtheminthefaces—themissingletter.Embarr

assingforthecritics,buthilariousforthewriterandhisfriends.Fortunately,thegamePerecwasplayingdidnotdestroythebookitself.Everysentenceseemstw

istedslightlyoutofshape,andtheresultingstyleisunique.1．Whydoesthewriterstartwithalipogram?A．ToprovePerec’sworkishard.B

．TointroducePerec’stoughtask.C．Todemonstratewhatalipogramis.D．Tochallengereaderstowriteone.2．WhichofthefollowingisNOTapalindrome?A．M

adam.B．Nursesran.C．NoXinNixon.D．Nolemons,nomelon.3．WhatdidPerecthinkofthechallengehetookup?A．Itforcedhimtowritef

aster.B．Itenrichedhiswritingstyles.C．Nowriterbuthecouldmakeit.D．Itfreedhiscreativityinwriting.4．Whatdoestheunderlineword

“hilarious”meaninparagraph5?A．Confusing.B．Surprising.C．Verylucky.D．Extremelyfunny.二、（2023·河北·校联考模拟预测）Aroboticgameofcatandmousepla

yingoutinalabprovidesasightatfuturepossibilitiesofrobotscarryingoutsearch-and-rescuemissionswithoutmuchhumanguidance.TheT

ianjicatrobotdevelopedbyresearchersatTsinghuaUniversityinChinausesabrain-inspiredcomputingchipcalledTianjicX.Theso-calledneuromor

phicchip(神经形态芯片)canrunmultipleartificialintelligencetechniquesatthesametimeinanenergy-efficientmanner.Itisoneexampleofexperimentswithn

euromorphicsystemsthatcouldallowsmallrobotstomakedecisionsusinglimitedcomputingresourcesandpower.Theresearcherschallengedthe

Tianjicatrobottochase(追逐)anotherrobotthatwassettomoverandomlyinaroomfilledwithobstacles.ThisrequiredTianjicattotrackthemouserobotbyusingbothvisualr

ecognitionandsounddetection,andtofigureoutthebestpathtochasedownitspretendprey(假想猎物)withoutknockingonanything.Theteam

saysthattheTianjicXchipreducedtheamountofpowerrequiredfortherobotcattomakedecisionsduringthechasebyabout.halfcomparedwithanNVIDIAchipdesignedfor

AIcomputing.Performingacat-and-mousechasewouldbeastepupindifficultyformostcommercializedrobots,whichusuallyfollowverypre

dictableroutinesinwarehousesorfactories.Manyrobotsthatinteractwithmorecomplexandunpredictableenvironmentsrelyonr

emotecontrolbyhumanoperators,orelsemustmaintainwirelessconnectionswithdistantdatacentresthathavethecomputingpowernecessaryformoreinte

nsivedecision-making.Neuromorphicsystemshaven’tyetbeencommercializedinabigway,buttheirrelativelylowsize,weightand

powerrequirementscouldprovidepracticaladvantagesorroboticdeployment(部署).TheTianjicatrobotisworldwideacknowledged.“Forrobotics,this

isveryimportantbecauseitallowsthesystemtooperateforlongerdurationsinhard-to-reachenvironmentswithgreaterautonomy,”saysJeffreyKrichmar

attheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvine.5．Whatdotheresearcherswanttherobottodobytestingit?A．Dorescue-work.B．Assistinresearch.C．Helpgetrid

ofrats.D．Savepower.6．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytellus?A．Whytherobotchasesanotherrobot.B．Whattherobot’spretendpreyis

like.C．Howresearcherstesttherobot.D．Howmuchpowertherobotusesinanaction.7．WhatmakesaTianJicatrobothaveadva

ntagesoverothers?A．Itssmallsize.B．Itsmouse-likeshape.C．Itsbusinessvalue.D．Itsdatecenter.8．What’sJeffreyKrichmar’sattitudetowardstheinventionoftheT

ianjicatrobot?A．Negative.B．Doubtful.C．Unconcerned.D．Favorable.三、（2023·湖南株洲·统考一模）SittingatthetopofamountainonLaGomeraIsla

d,Antonioissuedaninvitationtothreevisitinghikersinthedistance—“Comeoverhere”.We’regoingtotreatyoutolun

ch“-withoutspeakingword:Hewhistled(吹口哨)it.Antonio,71,saidinhisyouth,whennativesratherthantouristswalkedtherockyfootpathsofhisisland,hisnew

swouldhavebeengreetedrightawaybyarespondingwhistle,loudandclear.Buthismessagewaslostonthesehikers,andtheycontinuedthe

irjourney.AntonioisaproudguardianofLaGomera’swhistlinglanguage,whichhecalledthepoetryofmyisland.”Headd

ed.Likepoetry,whistlingdoesnotneedtobeusefulinordertobespecialandbeautiful.“Thelanguage,officiallyknownas

SilboGomero,replaceswrittenletterswithwhistledsoundsthatvarybypitch(高音)andlength.Unfortunately,therearefewerwhistlesthanSpanishl

etters,soasoundcanhavemultiplemeanings,causingmisunderstandings.Withitsdistinctgeography,it’seasytoseewhywhistlingc

ameintoexistenceonLaGomera.Onmostoftheisland,deepvalleysrunfromhighpeaksdowntotheocean,andplentyoftimeandeffortarerequiredto

travelevenashortdistanceoverland.Whistlingdevelopedasagoodalternativewaytodeliveramessage,withitssoundcarryingfartherthanshouting--asmuchastw

omilesacrosssomevalleyswithfavorablewindconditions.In2009,theisland’slanguagewasaddedbyUNESCOtoitslistoftheIntangibleCulturalHeritageofHumanity.Butwi

thwhistlingnolongeressentialforcommunication,SilboGomero’ssurvivalmostlyreliesona1999lawthathasmadeteachingitanecessarypartofLaGomerasschoolcours

es.ErinGerhards,alocalgirlkeentoimproveherwhistling,said,“Whistlingisawaytohonorthepeoplethatlivedhereinthepastandtorememberwedidn’tstartw

ithtechnologybutsimplebeginnings.”9．HowdidthehikersreacttoAntonio’sinvitation?A．Theyignoredit.B．Theywavedtheirhand

s,C．Theywhistledback.D．Theystoppedsuddenly.10．WhyisLaGomera’swhistlinglanguagelikelytobemisinterpreted?A．Becausei

tisaformofpoetry.B．Becausethesamesoundcarriesdifferentmeanings.C．Becauseitisn’tusefulinlife.D．Becauseitssoundsincludevariouspitchesandlengths.11

．WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A．ThetouristattractionsofLaGomera.B．ThegeographicfeaturesofLaGomera.C．Thereasonforwhistling’suseonLa

Gomera.D．Thecomparisonbetweenwhistlingandshouting.12．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph4?A．Erinfiguresouthowislande

rslivedbefore.B．SilboGomeroistaughtinLaGomera’sschools.C．TechnologyoutweighstraditionsonLaGomera.D．SilboGomeroisimportantindailyconve

rsations.四、（2023·江苏南京·校联考一模）Youremotionhelpsyoumakesenseoftheworld.Atthecoreofanemotionisasubjectiveexperienceofthevalenceofit—whatemotionsc

ientistscall“affect”(情感).Generallyspeaking,affectiswhatwearemostfocusedon.Doyouhavechocolatecakeinfrontofyou?That’sgood!Doyouseeaspidero

nthetable!That’sbad!Youraffectivereactionstellyouwhichexperiencesaredesirable,andwhicharen’t,butthetotalemotionalexperienc

eincludesallyoudoandthink.Youcanlearnalotbyobservinganddescribingthem.Youcanalsolearnalotbyappreciatingtheirsecretlife.Theproblemis:thea

ffectivefeaturesofemotionstendtodominate.Oursubjectivevalenceofemotionisalmostallwecansee.Whenemotionsareonlyaboutwhatispleasanto

runpleasantinsubjectiveexperiencerightnow,themoreimportantfeaturesofemotiondisappear.Ifyoucanslowdown

andexpand;ifyoustoprunningorclinging(沉浸其中)andadoptasenseofcuriosity,emotionsbecomemoresubtleanddifferent.Whenfearcomesup,don’twalkawayso

thatfeardissipates.Instead,stay.Allowyourselftofeelthenervousness,thesweating,andeverythingelsethatcomesalo

ngwithit.Itisoneofthehardestthingstodoinlife,butit’salsooneofthemostrewarding.Ifyourun,youaretellingbasicp

artsofyourbrain,“Iguessthisthreatreallywasreal.Ibetterstayawayfromit.”Youaretrainingyourselftofear,regardlessofthatsituation.Ifyouclin

g,youaresaying,“Escapefromthisemotionisathreat”,andsinceitisnotahappyexperience,happinessslipsthroughyou

rhandslikesand.Notethatyoucannotfoolyourself.Justallowthefullemotion.Youwillneverenterintotheirsecretlifeuntilyoustoprunningorclinging.Toco

ntrolyourlife,youneedtoactivelytrainyouremotionstobeyourally(同盟).Observe.Describe.Appreciate.Dothatandyoumayfindyouhavealliesforhe

althylivingthatwerethereallalong.13．Whydoestheauthormention“chocolatecake”and“spider”inparagraph1?A．Toexplainthecomple

xresponseofemotions.B．Toshowthesubjectiveexperienceofemotions.C．Toindicatethegoodnessandbadnessoftheworld.D．Toemphasizethesignifi

canceofemotionsinlife.14．Whatistheconsequenceifyoujustfocusonyourpresentfeelings?A．Thepresentfeelingsarelessobvious.B．Thesubjectiv

eemotionsarelesspowerful.C．Theoverallpictureofemotionsiseasiertoignore.D．Theobservationanddescriptionofemotionsareeasier.1

5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dissipates”inParagraph4probablyreferto?A．Deepens.B．Spreads.C．Disappears.D．Sticks.

16．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Thesecretofemotions.B．Thesubjectiveexperience.C．Theimportanceofalliesinlife.D．Magicalfunctionsofemot

ions.五、（2023·重庆·统考模拟预测）LastApril,ElonMusk,theworld’srichestman,attemptedatakeoverofTwitter,for$44billion,whichquickly

turnedintopubliccontroversyandcourtbattles.Butthemostinterestingpartofthestoryisthemorefundamentalquest

ion:WhywouldMuskwanttobuyTwitterinthefirstplace?IfyoulookatthesizeofTwitter,itsappealisn’tobvious.Thecompany

makesarelativelysmallprofiteachyear,andintermsofthenumberofusers,Twitterhasaround436millionuserseverymonth,whichi

sstillalongwaybehindthelikesofFacebook(nearthreebillion),Instagram(twobillion),andTikTok(onebillion).SowhydoesMuskwanttospendaconsiderabl

eamountofmoneyonTwitter?TheanswermightbewhatmakesTwittersointeresting:itcarriesenormousculturalpowerandhasanunmatchedabilitytoshiftthecourseofnewsa

ndculture.Twitter’sculturalpoweriseasytosee.Clickonanyrandomnewsarticle,andthere’sagoodchancethatsomewhereinthetext,it’squotingw

hatsomeonesaidonTwitter.Whatmakestheplatformimportantisessentiallyitsclients.Twitteristheplacewherethemostpowerfulandinfluentialpeopleliket

ohangout.BecauseTwitterismostlybasedonshort,text-basedposts,itisperfectforconveyinginformation,anargument,orajoke

,atenormousspeed,makingitextremelyusefulforthelikesofpoliticians,journalists,executivesandcelebrities.What

Twitterisreallygoodatisactingasaglobalwatercooler-apersistentbackchannelforgossip(流言蜚语),jokesandinformalconnections.It’saplacewherenewidea

semerge,orargumentshappen,andbecausethepeopledoingthegossipingareimportant,influentialtypes,whathappensonTwittercanac

tuallyaffecttherestoftheworld.IthinkthisexplainswhyElonMuskmightwanttopaybigmoneyforit.IfyouownTwitter,yousuddenlyhaveasayint

heworld’smostimportantwatercoolerconversation.17．WhatcanweknowaboutTwitter?A．ElonMusk’spurchaseofitwentsmoothly.B．Ithassignifican

tpowertoshapeculture.C．WhatpeoplesayonTwittercomesfromrandomarticles.D．Itsinfluencecan’tcomparewiththoseofitscompetitors.18．WhatmakesT

wittervaluableforitsusers?A．Thevolumeofinformation.B．Thepotentialclientsitattracts.C．Theprofititgenerates.D．Theefficie

ncyofspreadingideas.19．Accordingtotheauthor,whymightElonMuskwanttobuyTwitter?A．Topromotenewideas.B．Toimproveitsproducts.C

．Tohaveagreatervoice.D．Tocontrolpowerfulpeople.20．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．WhyIsTwittersoValuable?B．WhoAreTwitter’sTargetUsers?C．WhatDidElonMu

skDotoTwitter?D．HowDoesTwitterDominatetheWorld?一、（2022·全国·统考高考真题）Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasi

tusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartevensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Intheb

eginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,ahea

rtspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusias

ticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45an

d64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofn

onaerobic(无氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobic

exerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimpro

vementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“And

thereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercis

e.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinl

atemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,a

ndnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreat

start.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexe

rciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.1．WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?A．Therightwayofexercising.B．Thecauseso

faheartattack.C．Thedifficultyofkeepingfit.D．Theagingprocessoftheheart.2．Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearc

hdesign?A．Dietplan.B．Professionalbackground.C．Exercisetype.D．Previousphysicalcondition.3．WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?A．Middle-agedhea

rtsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.B．High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.C．Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.

D．Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.4．WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A．Makinguseofthefindings.B．Interviewingt

hestudyparticipants.C．Conductingfurtherresearch.D．Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.二、（2022·全国·统考高考真题）Overthe

lastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopers

uadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.

Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartly

becausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistrac

ted（分心）drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately.""Bigchangerequiresbigideas."hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadly

totheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarer

eachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoli

ceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:Anofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephone

softhedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedord

oneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeo

ple'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoin

gtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."5．Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebanondrivers'textingintheUS?A．Ineffective.B．Unneces

sary.C．Inconsistent.D．Unfair.6．WhatcantheTextalyzerhelpapoliceofficerfindout?A．Whereadrivercamefrom.B．Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.C．Howfast

adriverwasgoing.D．Whenadriverarrivedatthescene.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A．Advice.B．Data.C．Tests.

D．Laws.8．Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB．TextingandDriving?WatchOu

tfortheTextalyzerC．NewYorkBanningHand-HeldDevicesbyDrivers.D．TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer-三、（2022·全国·高考真题）Humanspeechcontainsmor

ethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Agr

ound-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalfthew

orld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguages

ofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theyd

iscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthe

lowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.Theteamshow

edthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoas

muchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinth

esoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundint

helanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepres

entwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesin

cetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandcul

turalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.9．WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A．Itsvar

iety.B．Itsdistribution.C．Itsquantity.D．Itsdevelopment.10．Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A．Theyha

dfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B．Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C．Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D．Theirlowerfrontteet

hwerenotlargeenough.11．Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A．Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B．Potent

ialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C．Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D．Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearch

process.12．WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A．Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.B．Itcon

tributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C．Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D．Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.四、（2022·全国·高考真题）Lik

emostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.The

nfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;Icoul

dhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesin

thismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetabl

esrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fu

el,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacoun

try,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefr

igerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlas

tdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D．C．,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyear

itrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaver

ottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooften

wejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppin

gorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.13．Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthe

arugulastory?A．Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B．Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C．Wewastemorevegeta

blesthanmeat.D．Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.14．Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A．Moraldecline.B．

Environmentalharm.C．Energyshortage.D．Worldwidestarvation.15．WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A．Itproduceskitchenequipment.B．Itturnsrottena

rugulaintocleanfuel.C．Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.D．Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.16．WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A．Buyonlywhatisneeded.B．Reducefo

odconsumption.C．Goshoppingonceaweek.D．Eatinrestaurantslessoften.五、（2022·全国·高考真题）Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLon

donarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swell

being.Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedici

newherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerandhadtoprepareth

eirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthereagainatnightto

seethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsid

etowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesint

heNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarko

ntheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheproj

ectcanbringtopeoplehere.”LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillr

eallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”17．Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?A．Toensureharmonyincarehomes.B．

Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.C．Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch.D．Topromotetheelderlypeople’swelfare.18．HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?A．

Shehaslearnednewlifeskills.B．Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.C．Shehasrecoveredhermemory.D．Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.19．Whatdotheu

nderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A．Improve.B．Oppose.C．Begin.D．Evaluate.20．Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A

．Itiswellreceived.B．Itneedstobemorecreative.C．Itishighlyprofitable.D．Ittakesagestoseetheresults.