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专题03阅读理解说明文说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的CD篇，主要分为两种类型：实验研究和介绍说明型。说明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解

释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意义和特征等。

Teenagersaroundtheworldarefamiliarwiththegreatpainofboredom.Andeveryparentisfamiliarwiththesoundsofgroaning(咕哝的)

kids,sulking(生闷气)intheirroomorpacingaimlesslyaroundthehouse.Butsometimes,it’sthisverysenseofboredomthat

caninspirecreativityandcreatefast-growingtrends.Thisistrueforpickleball(匹克球),nowapopularsportintheWest.Accordingtothe

MentalFlosswebsite,thesportwasinventedinthesummerof1965.Atthattime,FrankPritchard,13,hadnothingtodoinhisfamily’ssummerhomeinWashingto

n,US.Aftercomplainingloudly,hisfather,Joel,suggestedhemakeupagame.WhenFrankreplied“Whydon’tyou?”hisfathe

rgladlytookupthechallenge.Thus,pickleballwasborn.Certainpartsoftennis,badmintonandping-pongcanbeseenfrompickleball.It’sabatgameplayedona

badminton-sizedcourtwithwhatlookslikeawiffleball(威浮球)overalownet.Onlytheservingteamcanscorepoints,andallserv

esmustbemadewithanunderhandstroke(击球).Thepopularityofpickleballhasgrownsteadilyoverthelastdecade.AccordingtoMentalFloss,the

numberofpickleballcourtshasgrownbyanestimated385percentworldwidesince2010.Onereasonforitspopularityisthatit’s“asportforeveryone”.Anyon

ecanplaypickleballbecauseit’srelativelyeasytopickup.Therearesimplerules,andallpeopleneedisacoupleofbatsan

daball,whichisaffordableandaccessibletoall.Plus,pickleballisasportcenteredaroundfunandfriendship.Thegamelastsasshortas15minutes,whichmeanslessru

nningandstressforplayers.Pritchardsaidthatthegame’srapidriseinpopularitywasamazing,especiallyconsideringthatabad-

temperedkid“inspiredasportscrazebymakingastink(吵闹)aboutbeingboredoneafternoon56yearsago”.1．Whatdoweknowaboutpickleball,accordingtothepassag

e?A．Itwasinventedaccidentallybyayoungboy.B．Itisagamesuitableforfamilygatherings.C．Itcombineselementsfromseveralballgames.D．Thegame’sjudgescomefrom

aservingteam.2．WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytalkabout?A．Whypickleballhasbecomesowellreceived.B．Whatequipmentpickleballplayersneed.C．Howsignificant

pickleballistotheworld.D．Whatrulesmustbeobeyedinpickleball.3．WhatdidPritchardthinkofthepopularityofpickleball?A．Un

expected.B．Reasonable.C．Natural.D．Awkward.4．Whydoestheauthorwritethepassage?A．Toadviseustojoininsportsgames.B．Toteachushowtoplaypic

kleball.C．Totellusthebirthofasportsgame.D．Tomotivateustofollownewtrends.说明文阅读理解主要考查以下题型：一、主旨大意题主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料或所读材料片断）中心思想的概括，做这类题时，考生应通读全

文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕主题句进行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句，第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但位于段落中间（通常是第一段或最后一段的中间

）也是完全可能的，主旨大意题的考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。二、事实细节题顾名思义，事实细节题即对文章的某个事实或细节而设置的试题，事实细节题的命题方法很多，如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查，也可能是将文章中的几个细节放在一起要求考生判断是非（选出

正确的一项或选出错误的一项）或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比校从而确定答案（此时要特别注意一些常见的同义装换或简单换算）。三、代词指代题这类题要求考生根据一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义，它主要考

查考生在一定语境中对上下文逻辑关系的正确理解。做这类题时，考生不仅要读懂相关句子的句意，理顺相关句子的逻辑关系，而且还要学会合理变通，尤其要学会变通理解其中的同义表达。四、词义猜测题即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义，它是高考英语阅读理解中的一

个难点，同学们应引起充分重视。猜测生词词义的方法很多，常用的有同义解释法、因果推断法、前后对比法，基本构词法，语境理解法，举例说明法，常识背景法、类属分析法等。（一）、Intheendlesssky,theunaided

humaneyeshouldbeabletoperceiveseveralthousandstarsonaclear,darknight.Unfortunately,growinglightpollutionhasdisabled

peoplefromthenightlyview.Newcitizen-science-basedresearchthrowsalarminglightontheproblemof“skyglow”—thediffuseillumination(漫射照明

)ofthenightskythatisaformoflightpollution.Thedatacamefromcrowd-sourcedobservationscollectedfromaroun

dtheworldaspartofGlobeatNight,aprogramdevelopedbyastronomerConnieWalker.Lightpollutionhasharmfuleffectsonthepracticeofastronomybutalsoonhumanhealt

handwildlife,sinceitdisturbsthecyclefromsunlighttostarlightthatbiologicalsystemshaveevolvedalongside.Furthermore,thelos

sofvisiblestarsisagreatlossofhumanculturalheritage.Untilrelativelyrecently,humansthroughouthistoryhadanimpress

iveviewofthestarrynightsky,andtheeffectofthisnightlyspectacle(壮观)isevidentinancientcultures.GlobeatNighthasbeengatheringdataonstarvisibilit

ysince2006.AnyonecansubmitobservationsthroughtheGlobeatNightwebapplication.Participantsrecordwhichonebestmatcheswhattheyca

nseeintheskywithoutanytelescopesorotherinstruments.Researchersfindthatthelossofvisiblestarsindicatesanincreaseinskybrightnessof9.

6%peryearwhileroughly2%ismeasuredbysatellites.Existingsatellitesarenotwellsuitedtomeasuringskyglowasitappearstohumans,becausetheycannotdetectwaveleng

thsshorterthan500nanometers(纳米).WhiteLEDs,withshorterwavelengthsunder500nanometers,nowareincreasinglycommonlyusedinoutdoorlighting.B

uthumaneyesaremoresensitivetotheseshorterwavelengthsatnighttime.Space-basedinstrumentsdonotmeasurelightfr

omwindows,either.Butthesesourcesaresignificantcontributorstoskyglowusseenfromtheground.“Theincreaseinskyglowoverthepastdecadeunderlinestheimpor

tanceofredoublingoureffortsanddevelopingnewstrategiestoprotectdarkskies,”saidWalker.“TheGlobeatNightdatasetisnecessaryinourongoingevaluationofchan

gesinskyglow,andweencouragewhoevercantogetinvolvedtohelpprotectthestarrynightsky.”1．WhatisapurposeofGlobeatNight?A．To

developnewlightsources.B．Tocollectdataonstarvisibility.C．Tohelpastronomersexplorespace.D．Topopularizescienceamongcitizens.2．Whatdoesthelossofvisible

starsleadto?A．Poorerhumanhealth.B．Fewerwildlifespecies.C．Moredelicatebiologicalsystems.D．Lessnightlycultureelementsofthesky.3．Whatdoestheauth

orstressinparagraph5?A．Satellitesplayavitalrole.B．WhiteLEDsarewidelyused.C．Crowd-sourceddataareinvaluable.D

．Shorterwavelengthsarehardtodetect.4．WhatcanbeinferredfromWalker’swords?A．Theirconsistenteffortspayoff.B．Thedatasetneedstobeupdate

d.C．Moreparticipantsareexpectedtojoinin.D．Theskyglowhasbeenover—emphasized.（二）、There’vebeenplentyofTokyo2020headline

saboutHendZaza,theSyriantabletennisgeniuswho,at12yearsold,isoneoftheyoungestOlympiansofalltime.Buttherearesomestrikingperso

nalstoriesontheothersideoftheagespectrum(年龄谱),too.OksanaChusovitina,a46-year-oldgymnastfromUzbekistan,impressivelycompetedinhereighthOlympicGam

esthissummer.Chusovitina,whocompetedinasportdominatedbyteenageathletes,receivedastandingovation(鼓掌欢呼)afterperform

inginwhatshesaidwouldbeherlastOlympics.“Ifeelverygoodtobehere.ButthiswillforsurebemylastOlympics,shetoldre

porters.“I’m46yearsold.Nothingisgoingtochangethat.I’malive,I’mhappy,I’mherewithoutanyinjuries,andIcanstandonmyown

,”sheaddedwithalaugh.Thenthere’sAustralianequestrian(马术师)MaryHanna,whoatage66isthesecond-oldestfemaleathle

teinOlympichistoryandtheoldestOlympiancompetinginTokyo.“Throughtheirefforts,HannaandChusovitinaarechan

gingtheconversationaroundageandagility.They’reproofthatyoucancompeteorputyourselfuptoaphysicalchallengewaypastwhatisconsideredyourpeak,

”saidMichaelStones,aprofessoratLakeheadUniversityinOntario,Canada,whoresearcheshealthyagingandphysicalperformance.“It’sgreatthat

thisyear’sOlympicsincludesomanyyoungerandolderathletes,”hetoldHuffPost.“Theyshowthatagealoneisnotaninsurmountable(不可克服的)barriertoexcellence

inphysicalactivities.”TheseOlympiansalsolendthegamessomeexperienceandmaturity,especiallyinteamsports,sa

idSandraHunter,aprofessorofexercisescienceatMarquetteUniversityinMilwaukee,Wisconsin.“Theseolderathle

tescanhelpguidetheyoungerones,particularlywithallthementalandpsychologicalchallengesthatwe’veseen,”shesaid.“Theybringalevelofmaturitytotheteamsandsu

rroundingathletesthatallowstheyoungerathletestolearn.”“Ifyoulimityourchoicesonlytowhatseemspossibleorreasonable,youdisconnect

yourselffromwhatyoutrulywant,andallthatisleftiscompromise.”ThequotefromAmericanwriterRobertFritzishighlyconsistentwiththeOlympicspiritaswel

lasenlighteningusonourwaytosuccess.5．WhoisOksanaChusovitina?A．A12-year-oldtabletennisplayer.B．A46-year-oldgymnastfromSyria.C．A66-year

-oldAustralianequestrian.D．Aneight-timeOlympianfromUzbekistan.6．Thefirstparagraphisintendedto________.A．leadinthe

topicofthepassageB．stresstheimportanceofbeingageniusC．tellthedifferencebetweenyoungerandolderathletesD．introducearesearchon

performancesofyoungerathletes7．What’sprofessorMichaelStones’sattitudetothoseyoungerandolderOlympians?A．Doubtful.B．Uncaring.C．Supportive.D．Ind

ifferent.8．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．Olympicathletesshouldtrytheirbesttobeuninjured.B．Olympicathletesprovesuccessisnotrelatedtoage.C．Olym

piansshowthatagealoneisnotaninsurmountablebarrier.D．Olderathletesarechangingtheconversationaroundageandagility.一、（2023·广东广州·统考二模）Thisparagra

phisnotordinary.Lookatit.Atfirst,itwon’tlooktooodd.Justanormalparagraph—youmaythink.Butlookatitagainandyoumightfinditabi

tunusual.Canyouspotit?Isanything...missing?Whatyou’vejustreadisalipogram-atextwithoutaparticularletter.Itisthehardestkindasitdoesn’tco

ntaintheletterE-themostcommonletterintheEnglishlanguage.Trywritingoneyourselfandyou’llimaginethetaskfacedbytheFrenchwriterGeorgesPerec,whenafriendcha

llengedhimtowriteawholenovelwithoutusingE-aletterwhichisevenmorecommoninFrench.Perecwasafrighteninglycleverwriter,alov

erofwordgamesandpuzzlesandalsoamasteroftheChineseboardgameGo.AswellaswritingcrosswordpuzzlesforParismagazines,hehadalrea

dywrittena5,000-wordpalindrome,atextthatreadsthesameforwardsandbackwards,likethewell-known“Aman,aplan,acanal-Panama.”

Buthisfriendsthoughtthistaskwouldbebeyondhim.Perectookupthechallenge.Hewasunabletousemorethan70%oftheFrenchwords,includingthosemostcom

monlyused.Surprisingly,hediscoveredthis“impossible”ruleunlockedhisimagination.Helaterclaimedhewrotethisnovelfasterthananyofhisotherbooks.Hewasfo

rcedtothinkandfightforeverysentence.Hehadnochoicebuttobeoriginal.TheresultwasLaDisparition,adetectivestoryaboutthemys

teriousdisappearanceofacharacternamedA．Vowl.TheonlyEswerethefourinhisnameonthecover.Despitethedozensofcluesaboutthefantasticall

ydifficultrule,manyoriginalreviewersfailedtospotwhatwasstaringtheminthefaces—themissingletter.Embarrassingforthecritics,buthilariousforthewriteran

dhisfriends.Fortunately,thegamePerecwasplayingdidnotdestroythebookitself.Everysentenceseemstwistedslightlyoutofshape,andtheresultingstyleisunique.

1．Whydoesthewriterstartwithalipogram?A．ToprovePerec’sworkishard.B．TointroducePerec’stoughtask.C．Todemon

stratewhatalipogramis.D．Tochallengereaderstowriteone.2．WhichofthefollowingisNOTapalindrome?A．Madam.B．Nursesran.C．NoXinNixon.D．Nolemons,nome

lon.3．WhatdidPerecthinkofthechallengehetookup?A．Itforcedhimtowritefaster.B．Itenrichedhiswritingstyles.C．Nowriterbuthecouldmakeit.D．Itfreedhiscrea

tivityinwriting.4．Whatdoestheunderlineword“hilarious”meaninparagraph5?A．Confusing.B．Surprising.C．Verylucky.D．Extre

melyfunny.二、（2023·河北·校联考模拟预测）Aroboticgameofcatandmouseplayingoutinalabprovidesasightatfuturepossibilitiesofrobotscarryin

goutsearch-and-rescuemissionswithoutmuchhumanguidance.TheTianjicatrobotdevelopedbyresearchersatTsingh

uaUniversityinChinausesabrain-inspiredcomputingchipcalledTianjicX.Theso-calledneuromorphicchip(神经形态芯片)canrunmultipleartificialintelligenc

etechniquesatthesametimeinanenergy-efficientmanner.Itisoneexampleofexperimentswithneuromorphicsystemsthatcoulda

llowsmallrobotstomakedecisionsusinglimitedcomputingresourcesandpower.TheresearcherschallengedtheTianjicatrobottochase(追逐)anotherrobotthatw

assettomoverandomlyinaroomfilledwithobstacles.ThisrequiredTianjicattotrackthemouserobotbyusingbothvisualr

ecognitionandsounddetection,andtofigureoutthebestpathtochasedownitspretendprey(假想猎物)withoutknockingonanything.TheteamsaysthattheTianjicXchipre

ducedtheamountofpowerrequiredfortherobotcattomakedecisionsduringthechasebyabout.halfcomparedwithanNVIDIAchipdesignedforAIcomputing.Pe

rformingacat-and-mousechasewouldbeastepupindifficultyformostcommercializedrobots,whichusuallyfollowverypr

edictableroutinesinwarehousesorfactories.Manyrobotsthatinteractwithmorecomplexandunpredictableenvironmentsrely

onremotecontrolbyhumanoperators,orelsemustmaintainwirelessconnectionswithdistantdatacentresthathavethecomputingpowernecessaryformoreintensivedeci

sion-making.Neuromorphicsystemshaven’tyetbeencommercializedinabigway,buttheirrelativelylowsize,weightandpowerrequirementscouldprovidepractica

ladvantagesorroboticdeployment(部署).TheTianjicatrobotisworldwideacknowledged.“Forrobotics,thisisveryimportantbecauseitallowsthes

ystemtooperateforlongerdurationsinhard-to-reachenvironmentswithgreaterautonomy,”saysJeffreyKrichmarattheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvine.

5．Whatdotheresearcherswanttherobottodobytestingit?A．Dorescue-work.B．Assistinresearch.C．Helpgetridofrats.D．Savepower.6

．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytellus?A．Whytherobotchasesanotherrobot.B．Whattherobot’spretendpreyislike.C．Howresearc

herstesttherobot.D．Howmuchpowertherobotusesinanaction.7．WhatmakesaTianJicatrobothaveadvantagesoverothers?A．Itssmallsize.B．Itsmouse-likeshape.C

．Itsbusinessvalue.D．Itsdatecenter.8．What’sJeffreyKrichmar’sattitudetowardstheinventionoftheTianjicatrobot?A．Negative.B．Doub

tful.C．Unconcerned.D．Favorable.三、（2023·湖南株洲·统考一模）SittingatthetopofamountainonLaGomeraIslad,Antonioissuedaninvitationtothreev

isitinghikersinthedistance—“Comeoverhere”.We’regoingtotreatyoutolunch“-withoutspeakingword:Hewhistled(吹口哨)it.Antonio,71,saidinhisyouth,whennativ

esratherthantouristswalkedtherockyfootpathsofhisisland,hisnewswouldhavebeengreetedrightawaybyarespondingwhistle,loudandclear.Buthismessagewaslost

onthesehikers,andtheycontinuedtheirjourney.AntonioisaproudguardianofLaGomera’swhistlinglanguage,whichhecalledthepoetryofmyisland.”He

added.Likepoetry,whistlingdoesnotneedtobeusefulinordertobespecialandbeautiful.“Thelanguage,officiallyknownasSilboGomero,re

placeswrittenletterswithwhistledsoundsthatvarybypitch(高音)andlength.Unfortunately,therearefewerwhistlestha

nSpanishletters,soasoundcanhavemultiplemeanings,causingmisunderstandings.Withitsdistinctgeography,it’seasytoseewhywh

istlingcameintoexistenceonLaGomera.Onmostoftheisland,deepvalleysrunfromhighpeaksdowntotheocean,andplentyoftimeandeffortarere

quiredtotravelevenashortdistanceoverland.Whistlingdevelopedasagoodalternativewaytodeliveramessage,withitssou

ndcarryingfartherthanshouting--asmuchastwomilesacrosssomevalleyswithfavorablewindconditions.In2009,theisland’slanguagewasaddedbyUNESCOtoitslistof

theIntangibleCulturalHeritageofHumanity.Butwithwhistlingnolongeressentialforcommunication,SilboGomero’ssurvivalmostlyreliesona1999lawthathasm

adeteachingitanecessarypartofLaGomerasschoolcourses.ErinGerhards,alocalgirlkeentoimproveherwhistling,said,“Whistlingisawaytohonorthepeoplethatli

vedhereinthepastandtorememberwedidn’tstartwithtechnologybutsimplebeginnings.”9．HowdidthehikersreacttoAntonio’sin

vitation?A．Theyignoredit.B．Theywavedtheirhands,C．Theywhistledback.D．Theystoppedsuddenly.10．WhyisLaGomera’swhistlinglang

uagelikelytobemisinterpreted?A．Becauseitisaformofpoetry.B．Becausethesamesoundcarriesdifferentmeanings.C．Becauseitisn’tusefulinlife.D．Bec

auseitssoundsincludevariouspitchesandlengths.11．WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A．ThetouristattractionsofLaGomera.B

．ThegeographicfeaturesofLaGomera.C．Thereasonforwhistling’suseonLaGomera.D．Thecomparisonbetweenwhistlinga

ndshouting.12．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph4?A．Erinfiguresouthowislanderslivedbefore.B．SilboGomeroistaughti

nLaGomera’sschools.C．TechnologyoutweighstraditionsonLaGomera.D．SilboGomeroisimportantindailyconversations.四、（2023·江苏

南京·校联考一模）Youremotionhelpsyoumakesenseoftheworld.Atthecoreofanemotionisasubjectiveexperienceofthevalenceofit—wha

temotionscientistscall“affect”(情感).Generallyspeaking,affectiswhatwearemostfocusedon.Doyouhavechocolatecakeinfrontofyou?That’sgood!Do

youseeaspideronthetable!That’sbad!Youraffectivereactionstellyouwhichexperiencesaredesirable,andwhicharen’t,butthetotalemotiona

lexperienceincludesallyoudoandthink.Youcanlearnalotbyobservinganddescribingthem.Youcanalsolearnalotbyappreciatingth

eirsecretlife.Theproblemis:theaffectivefeaturesofemotionstendtodominate.Oursubjectivevalenceofemotionisalmostallwecansee.Whenemotionsare

onlyaboutwhatispleasantorunpleasantinsubjectiveexperiencerightnow,themoreimportantfeaturesofemotiondisappear.Ifyoucanslowdownan

dexpand;ifyoustoprunningorclinging(沉浸其中)andadoptasenseofcuriosity,emotionsbecomemoresubtleanddifferent.Whenfearcomesup,don’twalkawaysoth

atfeardissipates.Instead,stay.Allowyourselftofeelthenervousness,thesweating,andeverythingelsethatcomesalongwithit.Itiso

neofthehardestthingstodoinlife,butit’salsooneofthemostrewarding.Ifyourun,youaretellingbasicpartsofyour

brain,“Iguessthisthreatreallywasreal.Ibetterstayawayfromit.”Youaretrainingyourselftofear,regardlessofthatsitu

ation.Ifyoucling,youaresaying,“Escapefromthisemotionisathreat”,andsinceitisnotahappyexperience,happinessslipsthroughyourhandslikes

and.Notethatyoucannotfoolyourself.Justallowthefullemotion.Youwillneverenterintotheirsecretlifeuntilyoustoprunningorclinging.

Tocontrolyourlife,youneedtoactivelytrainyouremotionstobeyourally(同盟).Observe.Describe.Appreciate.Dothatandyoumayfindyouhaveal

liesforhealthylivingthatwerethereallalong.13．Whydoestheauthormention“chocolatecake”and“spider”inparagraph1?A．Toexplainthecomplexresponseofemotion

s.B．Toshowthesubjectiveexperienceofemotions.C．Toindicatethegoodnessandbadnessoftheworld.D．Toemphasizethesign

ificanceofemotionsinlife.14．Whatistheconsequenceifyoujustfocusonyourpresentfeelings?A．Thepresentfeelingsarelessobvious.B．Thesubj

ectiveemotionsarelesspowerful.C．Theoverallpictureofemotionsiseasiertoignore.D．Theobservationanddescriptionof

emotionsareeasier.15．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dissipates”inParagraph4probablyreferto?A．Deepens.B．Spreads.C．Disappears.D．Sticks.1

6．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Thesecretofemotions.B．Thesubjectiveexperience.C．Theimportanceofalliesinlife

.D．Magicalfunctionsofemotions.五、（2023·重庆·统考模拟预测）LastApril,ElonMusk,theworld’srichestman,attemptedatakeoverofTwitter,f

or$44billion,whichquicklyturnedintopubliccontroversyandcourtbattles.Butthemostinterestingpartofthestoryisthemore

fundamentalquestion:WhywouldMuskwanttobuyTwitterinthefirstplace?IfyoulookatthesizeofTwitter,itsappealisn’tobvious.Thecompanymakesarela

tivelysmallprofiteachyear,andintermsofthenumberofusers,Twitterhasaround436millionuserseverymonth,whichisstillalongwaybe

hindthelikesofFacebook(nearthreebillion),Instagram(twobillion),andTikTok(onebillion).SowhydoesMuskwanttos

pendaconsiderableamountofmoneyonTwitter?TheanswermightbewhatmakesTwittersointeresting:itcarriesenormousculturalpowerandhasanunmatc

hedabilitytoshiftthecourseofnewsandculture.Twitter’sculturalpoweriseasytosee.Clickonanyrandomnewsart

icle,andthere’sagoodchancethatsomewhereinthetext,it’squotingwhatsomeonesaidonTwitter.Whatmakestheplatformimporta

ntisessentiallyitsclients.Twitteristheplacewherethemostpowerfulandinfluentialpeopleliketohangout.BecauseTwitterismostlybasedonshort,text-bas

edposts,itisperfectforconveyinginformation,anargument,orajoke,atenormousspeed,makingitextremelyusefu

lforthelikesofpoliticians,journalists,executivesandcelebrities.WhatTwitterisreallygoodatisactingasaglobalwatercooler-apersistentbackchan

nelforgossip(流言蜚语),jokesandinformalconnections.It’saplacewherenewideasemerge,orargumentshappen,andbecausethepeopledoingthegossipingareimportant,influ

entialtypes,whathappensonTwittercanactuallyaffecttherestoftheworld.IthinkthisexplainswhyElonMuskmightwanttopaybigmoney

forit.IfyouownTwitter,yousuddenlyhaveasayintheworld’smostimportantwatercoolerconversation.17．WhatcanweknowaboutTwitter?A．ElonMusk’s

purchaseofitwentsmoothly.B．Ithassignificantpowertoshapeculture.C．WhatpeoplesayonTwittercomesfromrandomarticles.D．Itsinfluencecan’tcomp

arewiththoseofitscompetitors.18．WhatmakesTwittervaluableforitsusers?A．Thevolumeofinformation.B．Thepotentialclientsitattra

cts.C．Theprofititgenerates.D．Theefficiencyofspreadingideas.19．Accordingtotheauthor,whymightElonMuskwanttob

uyTwitter?A．Topromotenewideas.B．Toimproveitsproducts.C．Tohaveagreatervoice.D．Tocontrolpowerfulpeople.20．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．WhyIsTwitt

ersoValuable?B．WhoAreTwitter’sTargetUsers?C．WhatDidElonMuskDotoTwitter?D．HowDoesTwitterDominatetheWorld?一、（2022·全国·

统考高考真题）Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sor

early60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartevensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning

,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTe

xas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpi

mproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandom

lydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(无氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgro

updidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearth

ealth.“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“Andthereasontheygotso

muchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessinten

seexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewh

entheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothinghappenedtothematall.”D

r.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestud

ywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutine

makethebiggestdifference.1．WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?A．Therightwayofexercising.B．Thecausesofaheartattack.C．Thedifficulty

ofkeepingfit.D．Theagingprocessoftheheart.2．Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?A．Dietplan.B．Pro

fessionalbackground.C．Exercisetype.D．Previousphysicalcondition.3．WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?A．Middle-agedheartsgety

oungerwithaerobicexercise.B．High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.C．Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.D．Themoreexer

cisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.4．WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A．Makinguseofthefindings.B．Interviewingthestudyparticipants.C．Con

ductingfurtherresearch.D．Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.二、（2022·全国·统考高考真题）Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedt

extingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswh

entheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingso

cialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekin

d,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted（分心）drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately.""Bigcha

ngerequiresbigideas."hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochange

adistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotr

eatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledt

heTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoper

atingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-free

drivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhan

d-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."5

．Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebanondrivers'textingintheUS?A．Ineffective.B．Unnecessary.C．Inconsistent.D．U

nfair.6．WhatcantheTextalyzerhelpapoliceofficerfindout?A．Whereadrivercamefrom.B．Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.C．Howfastadriverwasgoing.D．Whenadriverar

rivedatthescene.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A．Advice.B．Data.C．Tests.D．

Laws.8．Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB．TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzer

C．NewYorkBanningHand-HeldDevicesbyDrivers.D．TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer-三、（2022·全国·高考真题）Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2

,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecer

tainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthat

arenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,w

eremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUnivers

ityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanad

ultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverb

itestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.Theteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultu

reintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.

AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”

increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter

-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolveda

round300,000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehug

evarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberofther

esearchteam.9．WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A．Itsvariety.B．Itsdistribution.C．Itsqua

ntity.D．Itsdevelopment.10．Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A．Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B．Theycouldnotopenand

closetheirlipseasily.C．Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D．Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.11．Whatisparagraph

5mainlyabout?A．Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B．Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C．Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmetho

ds.D．Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.12．WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A．Itiskeytoeffectiv

ecommunication.B．Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C．Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D．Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.四、（2022·全国·高考真题）Likemo

stofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedu

pworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,I

hadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwaste

goesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisth

rownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Pro

ducingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Royte

writes,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’s

keepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberries

nearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D．C．,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmore

than807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawbe

rries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinred

ucingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishy

ouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.13．Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A．Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B．Wewastefoodunintentionallyatti

mes.C．Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D．Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.14．Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtoth

etest?A．Moraldecline.B．Environmentalharm.C．Energyshortage.D．Worldwidestarvation.15．WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A．Itpr

oduceskitchenequipment.B．Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C．Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.D．Itmakesmeal

soutofunwantedfood.16．WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A．Buyonlywhatisneeded.B．Reducefoodconsumption.C．Goshoppingonceaweek.D．Eatinr

estaurantslessoften.五、（2022·全国·高考真题）Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Th

eprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing.Itisals

obeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareduct

ionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenI

wasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensout

anddownthereagainatnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresident

scomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Ther

earenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.Wendy

Wilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheproject

andthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappy

tobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”17．Whatisthepurposeofthepr

oject?A．Toensureharmonyincarehomes.B．Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.C．Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch

.D．Topromotetheelderlypeople’swelfare.18．HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?A．Shehaslearnednewlifeskills.

B．Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.C．Shehasrecoveredhermemory.D．Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.19．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“emb

arkon”meaninparagraph7?A．Improve.B．Oppose.C．Begin.D．Evaluate.20．Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagra

phs?A．Itiswellreceived.B．Itneedstobemorecreative.C．Itishighlyprofitable.D．Ittakesagestoseetheresults.