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话题十七自然生态(A)Ⅰ.阅读理解A[2019·太原市高三年级模拟试题(二)]Adayinthelifeofasunbeariswhatyoumightexpectfromthename：sunny.Initsnaturalhabitat,thesunbearspend

sover80percentofitsactivewakingtimeindaylight.Butwhendisturbedbyhumanactivity,thatchangesdramatically.Inareaswhe

repeoplearepushingintothesunbear'shabitat,theanimalsarespending90percentoftheirwakingtimeafterdark.Effecti

vely,thethreatofhumanpresenceismakingthesunbearchangeinto“themoonbear”．LedbyscientistsattheUniversityof

California,Berkeley,thestudyfoundthathumanactivityisdrivingscoresofmammalstoshifttheiractivityfromthedaytimeintothedarkhoursofthenight.Asmanya

nimalshavealreadybeenforcedoutoftheirlocalhabitats,othersareattemptingtoavoidinteractionwithhumansbyseparatingthem

selvesintimeratherthaninspace.Forthework,theresearchersexaminedthebehaviorsof64mammalspecies,includingdeer,tigers,boars,and,ofcourse,sunbears.Theyobs

ervedincreasednocturnal(夜间发生的)behaviorinalargemajorityofthem,withspeciesthatarenaturallyactiveduringthedayt

endingtoshifttheiractivitytoafterdark,andthosethatarenaturallynocturnal(夜间的)becomingmoreso.Themammalsaffect

edrangedacrossbodysize,thehabitattype,theregionoftheworld,anddiet.Humanactivityofallsortsaffectanimals'li

ves,includingactivitieslikehunting,agricultureandlanddevelopment,harvestinglocalnaturalresources,evenhikingor

walkingthroughwildareas.SporthuntingintheHwangeNationalParkinZimbabwedroveantelopestospendmoreoftheiractivewakinghoursatnight,restrictingtheiracces

stowater.Similarly,hikersintheSantaCruzMountainsinCaliforniamadecoyotes(郊狼)morenocturnal,forcingthemtofindnewpreys(猎物)amongtraditionallynoctur

nalanimals.Theresearcherswarnthatprofoundshiftsinthenaturalbehaviorpatternsofsomanyspeciesdisturbdynamicsthathaveevolvedove

rgenerations,leadingtoaseriesofunknowneffectsontheentireecosystems.1．Whatdidthestudyfind?A．Moreanimalsseparatethems

elvesinspace.B．Humanactivitychangesanimals'wayoflife.C．Manyanimalswerepushedoutoftheirlocalhabitats.D．Thesunbearspendsover80%wakingtimeindaylight.2

．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”referto?A．Thesunbear.B．Thewakingtime.C．Humanactivity.D．Thenaturalhabitat.3．Whatc

anweinferfromparagraph5?A．Antelopeshaveeasieraccesstowater.B．Coyoteshavetopreyonnewtypesforsurvival.C．Humanactivityshortensanimals

'sleepingtime.D．Animalshavemanagedtoescapeinteractionwithhumans.4．Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusinthetext?A．Humanthreatmakesthesunbearnocturnal.B．An

imalsarebadlyhurtbyhumanpresence.C．Animalsbecomemoreadaptablethankstohumans.D．Ecosystemsmaybereshapedduetohumanactivity.B[2019·武汉四月调研]Whileel

ephantsbornwithouttusks(长牙)arenotunheardof,theynormallyformjust2to6percentofthepopulation.However,thatisnot

thecaseatMozambique'sGorongosaNationalPark,whereanastonishing33percentoffemaleelephantsbornafterthecountry'sconflictendedin1992aretuskless

.Whilethatmayappeartobejustacoincidence,JoycePoole，anelephantbehaviorexpert,hasanothertheory.Theresearcherthinkswemaybewitnessingunnaturalev

olutionofthespeciesduetotheconstanthuntingofelephantsforvaluableivory.Poolesaysbeforethecountry's15-year-longconflict,theparkwashometoov

er4,000elephants.However,bythetimetheconflictendedin1992,about90percentofthemhadbeenkilledforivorytogetmoney.Ofthelessthan200survivors,over50p

ercentofadultfemaleshadnotusks.Therefore,itisnotsurprisingthatthepark'stusklesselephantpopulationhasgrowngreatly.Thisisnotthefirsttimer

esearchershaveobservedagreatchangeinthepopulationofelephants.AtZambia'sSouthLuangwaNationalParkandLupandeGameManagem

entArea,areaswhichwereheavilyhuntedinthe1970sand1980s,35%ofelephants25yearsoldorolderand13%ofthoseyoungerthan25a

renowwithouttusks.A2008studypublishedintheAfricanJournalofEcologyfoundthatthenumberoftusklessfemalesattheRuahaNationalParkinTanzaniawe

ntfrom10.5percentin1969toalmost40percentin1989,largelyduetoillegalhuntingforivory.TherecentbanonivoryinboththeUSandChinashould

helpgetridof,oratleastreduce,elephanthunting.However,scientistsarenotsurehowlongitwilltakeforelephantswithahigherrateoftusklessfema

les,tochangethe_trend.5．WhatistheprobablecauseofthephenomenonmentionedinParagraph1?A．Illegalhunting.B．Con

stantfarming.C．Apurecoincidence.D．Naturalevolution.6．WhydidpeoplekillsomanyelephantsduringtheconflictinMozambique?A．Togetmoneybysellingivory.B．Todeve

lopnewdecorations.C．Toprovidefoodforlocalpeople.D．Tomakeivoryproducts.7．Whichofthefollowinghadtheearliestrecordontusk

lesselephants?A．GorongosaNationalPark.B．SouthLuangwaNationalPark.C．RuahaNationalPark.D．LupandeGameManagementArea.8．Whatdoestheunderlinedphras

e“thetrend”inthelastparagraphreferto?A．Elephantsfacinggreaterdanger.B．Elephantsgrowingmoreslowly.C．Fewerfemaleelephantsstayingalive.D．

Morefemaleelephantsbeingtuskless.Ⅱ.完形填空Advancesinfarmanimalprotectionarehappeningwithscientistspaintingeyesonthebutts(屁股)ofcows.Theexp

erimentisbasedontheideathatfarmers,whoareprotectingtheiranimalsfromlions,__1__shootandkilllionsinanefforttoprotecttheirfarmanimals.__2__thi

smakesalotofsense,itresultsinmanyliondeathsthatotherwisewouldhavebeenunnecessary.ResearchersinAustraliahavebeen__3__atrick

tomakelionsthinktheyarebeingwatchedbythepaintedeyesoncowbutts.Asconservationareasbecome__4__，lionsareincreasinglycomingintocontact

withhumanpopulations,whichare__5__totheboundariesoftheseprotectedareas.Effortslikepaintingeyesoncowbuttsmayseem__6__atfirst

,buttheycouldmakeactualprogressinthe__7__forconservation.“Ifthemethod__8__，itcouldprovidefarmersinBotswanawit

halow-cost,sustainable(可持续的)tooltoprotecttheirfarmanimals,andawaytokeeplionssafefrombeing__9__.”Lionsare

primarilyambush(埋伏)hunters,sowhentheyfeeltheirtargethas__10__them,theyusually__11__thehunt.Researchersare__12__testingthei

rideaoncattle.Theyhavepainted__13__ofthecowswitheyesandlefttheotherhalfasnormal.Withsatellite__14__boththecattleandthelionsintheare

a,theywillbeableto__15__iftheirpsychologicaltrickwillworktohelpkeepfarmersfromshootinglions.1．A.wouldB．mightC．couldD．should2．A

.WhileB．SinceC．UntilD．When3．A.testingB．designingC．approvingD．recommending4．A.biggerB．richerC．deeperD．s

maller5．A.facingB．decreasingC．formingD．expanding6．A.puzzlingB．scaryC．crazyD．exciting7．A.needB．fightC．callD．hope8．A.failsB．endsC．startsD．wor

ks9．A.caughtB．watchedC．drivenD．killed10．A.observedB．spottedC．desertedD．escaped11．A.giveuponB．makeupforC．keepupwithD．

breakawayfrom12．A.recentlyB．currentlyC．previouslyD．regularly13．A.halfB．allC．bothD．none14．A.trackingB．protectingC．launchingD

．investigating15．A.debateB．explainC．determineD．distinguish话题十七自然生态(A)Ⅰ.阅读理解A体裁：说明文题材：人与动物主题：人类活动和动物习性的关系【文章大意】研究发现，人类活动正迫使许多哺乳

动物将它们的活动时间从白天转移到黑夜，这样一来，将会影响到整个生态系统。1．答案与解析：B考查细节理解。根据第三段第一句中的“thestudyfoundthathumanactivityisdrivingscoresofmammalstoshifttheiractiv

ityfromthedaytimeintothedarkhoursofthenight”可知，研究发现，人类活动正迫使许多哺乳动物将它们的活动时间从白天转移到黑夜。由此可知，人类活动改变了动物的生活方式。故选B项。2．答案与解析：B考查代词指代。根据第一段最后

一句“Initsnaturalhabitat,thesunbearspendsover80percentofitsactivewakingtimeindaylight”可知，在自然栖息地，太阳熊白天超过80%的时间度过它们的waking

time，并结合画线词所在句可知，因受到人类活动的干扰，太阳熊的wakingtime极大地改变了。故画线词指代Thewalkingtime。故选B项。3．答案与解析：B考查细节理解。根据第五段第三句“Similarly,hiker

sintheSantaCruzMountainsinCaliforniamadecoyotes(郊狼)morenocturnal,forcingthemtofindnewpreys(猎物)amongtraditionallynocturnalanimal

s”可知，因为人类活动，郊狼为了生存不得不寻找新的猎物。故选B项。4．答案与解析：D考查写作意图。根据最后一段“Theresearcherswarnthatprofoundshiftsinthenaturalbehaviorpatte

rnsofsomanyspeciesdisturbdynamicsthathaveevolvedovergenerations,leadingtoaseriesofunknowneffectsontheentireecosystems”并结合文章其他内容可知，作者想要告诉我们，由于人类活动，生态系

统可能会被重塑。故选D项。B体裁：说明文题材：人与自然主题：没有长牙的大象【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。在1992年，在莫桑比克的Gorongosa国家公园，有33%的雌象出生时就没有长牙，大象行为专家认为，这是人们为了获得珍贵的象牙，而对

大象进行持续不断的猎杀而造成的非自然的进化。【难句分析】However,thatisnotthecaseatMozambique'sGorongosaNationalPark，whereanastonishing33percentoffemaleelephantsbornafterthecount

ry'sconflictendedin1992aretuskless.分析：该句为主从复合句。句中“whereanastonishing33percentoffemaleelephantsbornafterthec

ountry'sconflictendedin1992aretuskless”为where引导的定语从句，修饰先行词“Mozambique'sGorongosaNationalPark”；其中“bornafterthecount

ry'sconflictendedin1992”为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰名词“femaleelephants”。译文：然而，这在莫桑比克的Gorongosa国家公园并非如此，在那里，令人惊讶的是，在1992年国家冲突结束后有3

3%的雌象出生时就没有长牙。5．答案与解析：A考查细节理解。根据第一段尾句“Theresearcherthinkswemaybewitnessingunnaturalevolutionofthespeciesduetotheconstanthuntingofelephantsforvalu

ableivory”可知，这位研究人员认为，由于持续不断地猎杀大象以获取珍贵的象牙，我们可能正在目睹该物种的非自然进化。据此可知，第一段中提到的现象的可能原因是非法猎杀大象，故A项正确。6．答案与解析：A考查推理判断。根据第二段第二句“However，bythetimetheconfli

ctendedin1992,about90percentofthemhadbeenkilledforivorytogetmoney”可知，人们猎杀大象是为了通过销售象牙来获得钱，故A项正确。7．答案与解析：C考查细节

理解。根据第一段的第二句可知，在莫桑比克的Gorongosa国家公园，在1992年，有33%的雌象出生时无长牙；根据第三段尾句“A2008studypublishedintheAfricanJournalofEcologyfoun

dthatthenumberoftusklessfemalesattheRuahaNationalParkinTanzaniawentfrom10.5percentin1969toalmost40percentin1989,largely

duetoillegalhuntingforivory”可知，Ruaha国家公园在1969年有10.5%的无长牙雌象，到1989年时，有大约40%的无长牙雌象；据此可知，Ruaha国家公园是最早记录无长牙雌象的地区，故C项正确。8．答案与解析：D考查推理判断。根据尾段第一句“Ther

ecentbanonivoryinboththeUSandChinashouldhelpgetridof,oratleastreduce,elephanthunting”可知，最近美国和中国都颁布了象牙禁令，这应该有助于消除或至少减少对大象的猎杀；结合该段第二句“However，s

cientistsarenotsurehowlongitwilltakeforelephantswithahigherrateoftusklessfemales，tochangethetrend”可知，科学家们并不确定对拥有较高比例无长牙雌象的大象们来说需要多长时间才能改变这种趋势。据此可推知，

画线词指代“更多的雌象没有长牙”这一趋势，故D项正确。Ⅱ.完形填空体裁：记叙文题材：人与自然主题：在牛屁股上画眼睛【文章大意】科学家们正在尝试在牛屁股上画眼睛，一方面能够减少狮子对牛的攻击，另一方面也能够有效保护狮子种群。1．答案与解析：A根据上下文可知，过去为保护牛免受狮子的猎捕

，农民常常会射杀狮子，所以用would表示“过去常常”。2．答案与解析：A根据上文可知，此处表示“虽然这在一定程度上是有道理的，但也导致很多狮子的不必要的死亡”，while表示“虽然”。3．答案与解析：A根据下文的“testingtheirideaonca

ttle”和“iftheirpsychologicaltrickwillworktohelpkeepfarmersfromshootinglions”可知，研究人员已经开始测试这种“把戏”能否让狮子上当。test表示“测试，试验”。4．答案与解析：D根据下文的“lio

nsareincreasinglycomingintocontactwithhumanpopulations”可知，动物保护区越来越小了，所以狮子才会更频繁地与人类接触，所以选smaller。5．答案与解析：D根据语境可知，人类活动也扩展到了保护区的边缘。expand表示“拓展，

扩展”。6．答案与解析：C根据下文可知，刚开始，给牛屁股画眼睛的做法似乎会让人觉得疯狂。crazy表示“疯狂的，不理智的”。7．答案与解析：B但是，这样做能够为动物保护斗争带来切实的进展。fight表示“努力，斗争”，符合

语境。8．答案与解析：D根据上文的“theycouldmakeactualprogress”可知，此处表示如果这一方法有效。work表示“起作用，有用”。9．答案与解析：D根据语境和第一段的“farmers...killlion

sinanefforttoprotecttheirfarmanimals”可知，此处表示防止狮子被人类杀害，故填killed。10．答案与解析：B根据上文可知，当发现猎物在看着它们的时候，狮子们通常就会放弃猎捕了，spot表示“看到，发现”，符合语境。11．答案与解

析：A参见上题解析。giveupon表示“放弃……”；makeupfor表示“弥补……”；keepupwith表示“继续做……”；breakawayfrom表示“脱离……”。12．答案与解析：B根据语境

可知，研究人员当前正在牛身上检验他们的想法，currently表示“当前地”，符合语境。13．答案与解析：A根据下文的“theotherhalf”可知，一半的牛被画上眼睛，故填half。14．答案与解析：A根据上下文可知，现在还有卫星在跟踪牛和狮子的情况。track表示“

追踪”。15．答案与解析：C通过这种方式，研究人员就能够判断这种方法是否有效，此处determine表示“查明，断定”。