【文档说明】高考英语二轮冲刺:语法部分专题三重难点课时第1讲谓语动词(时态、语态和主谓一致)含解析.docx,共(12)页,100.724 KB,由envi的店铺上传
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专题三考点通关第1讲谓语动词(时态、语态和主谓一致)无论在语法填空还是短文改错中,动词的考查都是高考的必考点和重难点,在解答有关动词类的试题时,考生必须要分清是谓语动词还是非谓语动词,一个句子无论主句还是从句,必须要有谓语,对于语法填空来说,如果句中没有别的
谓语动词,或者虽已有谓语动词,但需填的动词与之是并列关系时,所给动词就是谓语动词,对于短文改错来说,则主要是时态、语态的错用或主谓不一致。无论是语法填空还是短文改错,一旦我们判定为谓语动词时,都要综合考虑时态
、语态和主谓一致的情况,因为这些都是紧密联系在一起进行考查的,都是高考的设题点。考点感悟语法填空短文改错语法填空对谓语动词的考查主要涉及动词的时态、语态和主谓一致三方面。感1.(2019·江苏高考)AfewmonthsafterhehadarrivedinChina,MrSmith________
(fall)inlovewiththepeopleandculturethere.答案:fell句意:史密斯先生抵达中国几个月后,爱上了那里的人和文化。arrive用了过去完成时,表示“过去的过去”,所以此处用一般过去时。2
.(2019·浙江高考)Wheneverypupilintheschoolwearstheuniform,nobody________(have)toworryaboutfashion(时尚).答案:has/willha
ve空格前面的从句为一般现在时,主句谓语动词应该用一般短文改错对谓语动词的考查重点是并列谓语动词形式不一致、主谓不一致、上下文时态不一致、主动语态和被动语态误用、过去式与过去分词形式不正确这几个方面。感1.(2019·
四川成都高三第三次诊断)IlistedallofmyachievementsandthevoluntaryworkIhavedone.___________________________________________
______________________答案:have→had这里含有一个定语从句,先行词是thevoluntarywork,表示发生在“过去的过去”,用过去完成时,所以have改为had。2.(2019·江西横峰中学五校竞赛)Allthe
internationalstudentswasquiteinterestedinmyintroduction.现在时或者一般将来时。而句子主语nobody是第三人称单数,所以当句子为一般现在时,谓语动词
用第三人称单数。3.(2019·天津高考)Amy,aswellasherbrothers,________(give)awarmwelcomewhenreturningtothevillagelastw
eek.答案:wasgivenAaswellasB作主语时,谓语动词的单复数由A,也就是本题中的Amy决定;由lastweek可知give表示的动作发生在过去,且Amy与give之间是被动关系,故用一般过去时的被动语态。4.(20
18·浙江高考)Whileregularlyeatingoutseemsto________(become)commonformanyyoungpeopleinrecentyears,it'snotwithoutacost.答案:hav
ebecome根据时间状语inrecentyears可知,此处应用现在完成时。seemtohavedone“似乎已经做过”。5.(2017·天津高考)I________(drive)downtoLondonwhenIsuddenlyfoundthatIwa
sonthewrongroad.答案:wasdriving此处为bedoing...when...结构,根据从句中的found可知,主句应用过去进行时。__________________________________________________
________________答案:was→wereAlltheinternationalstudents作主语,谓语应该使用复数形式,故将was改为were。3.(2019·长春质检)Youarethemostconsi
deratepersonwhoknowexactlywhatIneedinourclass.__________________________________________________________________答案:know→knows定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数应和先行词保持一致。
4.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Awomansawhimcryingandtellinghimtowaitoutsidetheshop.__________________________________________________________________答案:telli
ng→toldand后的动词和saw是并列关系,故形式应和saw一致。5.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Lotsofstudieshavebeenshownthatglobalwarminghasalreadybecomeaveryserious
problem.___________________________________________________________________答案:去掉beenstudies和show之间为主动关系。
6.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)ItwasMondaymorning,andthewritingclasshadjustbegin.____________________________________________________________________答案:begin→begun根据语
意语境可知,and并列句应用过去完成时,即haddone的形式,begin的过去分词应为begun。续表语法填空短文改错悟1.时态对于时态问题我们可通过①时态定义,即各时态的基本用法;②标志性状语;③主从句时态的呼应;④固定句式结构;⑤语
境暗示,这五个方面来解决。(参“考点素能一”)2.语态对于语态问题我们主要是根据与主语的逻辑关系来解决,语态考查是包含在时态之中的,不可分割。3.主谓一致对于主谓一致的问题,要根据主谓一致的三原则来解决。悟1.时态短文改错中一定要注意:上
下文时态、并列连词所连接的时态及并列句中的谓语动词的时态,都应保持一致。此外,还要注意过去式与过去分词的形式是否正确。2.语态判断主被动语态的关键在于判断主语与谓语动词的关系为主动还是被动关系。3.主谓一致熟悉主谓
一致的语法知识为解题关键,平时一定要注意总结记忆。考点素能一动词的时态和语态解答谓语动词的时态和语态的问题时,可通过以下几种途径来解决:1.通过“时态定义”解决时态:虽然新课标或考纲中列出了10种时态,但近三年全国卷主要考查一般现在时和一般过
去时两种时态。尽管如此,以下8种时态的基本用法和构成还应掌握。准确理解常考时态的定义是做题的根本。一般将来时willdo过去将来时woulddo一般现在时do/does一般过去时did现在进行时am/is/
aredoing过去进行时was/weredoing现在完成时have/hasdone过去完成时haddone2.通过“标志性状语”解决时态:高考中,很多题目本身就带有明确的用某种时态的时间状语,要学会利用这些状语来解决时态问题。(1)看到always,everytim
e,nowandthen,often,seldom,sometimes,usually等表示频率的时间状语,要想到用一般现在时。(2)看到yesterday,lastweek,twodaysago,theotherda
y,in1998,justnow,onceuponatime等时间状语,要想到用一般过去时。(3)看到tomorrow,nextyear,inaweek等时间状语,要想到用一般将来时。(4)看到thenextday/morning
,thenext/followingweek/month/year等时间状语,要想到用过去将来时。(5)看到allthetime,now,at4o'clock,atthismoment,atpresent等时间状语
,要想到用现在进行时。(6)看到atthattime,atthistimeyesterday,atfiveyesterday,thewholemorning等时间状语,要想到用过去进行时。(7)看到atthistimetomorrow,from1:30to4:30tomorrow等时间状语,要
想到用将来进行时。(8)看到since,recently,lately,already,in/for/duringthelast/pastfewyears,sofar,uptonow,duringthepast/last+时间段等时间状语,要想到用现在完成时。(9)看到byth
attime,bytheendof+过去时间,before2000,bythetime+一般过去时的从句,要想到用过去完成时。(10)看到bythetime+一般现在时的从句,bytheendof+将来时
间的名词,by+将来时间名词等时间状语,要想到用将来完成时。3.通过“动作先后”解决时态:此种方法主要用来解决两种类型的试题:①并列连词and,but,aswellas,or,orelse,both...and...,neither...nor...,either
...or...,notonly...butalso...,ratherthan等及从属连词than可连接两个平行的结构。平行的另外一个结构与所选谓语动词的先后关系,决定着所选动词的时态;②涉及主从句时态的题目,我们可通过考虑主句和从句的关系和动作发生的时间先后来
确定时态。例如:Oneday,whenIwasdrawingdiagramsonthebalconyandhe________(bathe)inside,thevolcanoeruptedunexpected
ly.本句为and连接的并列结构,根据前面的wasdrawing便可得知此处应填wasbathing。MrWhite________(teach)inourschoolfornearlyfortyyearsbeforeheretire
dlastmonth.根据fornearlyfortyyears可知应用完成时,再根据before从句中的retired可知,从句中用的为过去时,主句动作发生在其前,故应用过去完成时,即hadtaught。4.通过“语境暗示”解决时态:实际
上,高考对时态的考查更注重“情境立意”,即考生在具体的语境下运用各种时态的能力。正因为如此,有些试题的时间状语和其他参照物都不明显,此时考生要树立全局观念,根据提供的语境,挖掘隐含信息,从而找到解题的突破口。例如:Whileonlineshopping________(c
hange)ourlife,notallofitseffectshavebeenpositive.根据语境结合后面的havebeen可知此处应用现在完成时,强调对现在造成的结果或影响,又主语为onlineshopping,故应填haschanged。5.通过“固定句式”解决时态:所谓固定就是需要
考生记住,因此考生必须要熟记一些常见的固定句式结构。(1)看到nosooner...than...或hardly...when...,要想到主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。(2)看到并列连词when,要想到was/weredoingsth.when.
..;beabouttodosth.when...等句式。(3)看到It/This/Thatis+the+序数词+time+that从句,要想到从句用现在完成时。(4)看到It/This/Thatwas+the+序数词+time+that
从句,要想到从句用过去完成时。(5)在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,如果主句是一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时表示将来。(6)在由since引导的时间状语从句中,如果主句是现在完成时,从句则用一般过去时。(7)看到“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”,要想到陈述句用一般
将来时。6.通过“逻辑关系”解决语态:对于语态问题的解题关键就在于理清主语与谓语的关系,如果为主动关系,则用主动语态,如果为被动关系,则用被动语态。需要注意的是,考生在做题时往往对时态问题比较关注,但却容易忽略语态问题,因此我们可采用“先语态,后时态”的做题方式来避免此类问
题的发生。被动语态在各种时态中的构成形式如下所示:7.注意“特殊动词”:有些动词(短语)的用法比较特殊,要格外注意。如belongto(属于)不用进行时和被动语态;datefrom或datebackto(追溯到)常用一般现在时;系动
词如look,seem,feel,taste,sound,smell,prove,appear等不能用被动语态。对于这些特殊的词汇,考生务必要记牢。二主谓一致所谓主谓一致,就是说在英语中,句子的谓语动词的形式应与句子的主语在人称和数
上保持一致。主谓一致主要分为语法一致、意义一致及就近或就远一致,共三种。近几年来高考中对它的考查主要集中于语法一致和意义一致,并且常将主谓一致与动词的时态和语态结合起来进行考查。1.语法一致(1)可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数;可数名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数。(2
)在定语从句中,关系代词that,who,which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中的先行词的数一致。(3)单个动名词、不定式、名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。但what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时,谓语
动词用复数。2.意义一致(1)集体名词作主语时,若强调整体,则谓语动词用单数;若强调个体,则谓语动词用复数。常见的集体名词有:family,class,team,group,public,committee,government,audience等。(
2)“分数/百分数/themajority+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数及其表示的意义;all,some,half,most,therest等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。3.就近/就远原则(1)
就近原则:由either...or...,neither...nor...,not...but...,notonly...butalso...等连接的并列主语或者在therebe句型中,谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。(2)就远原则:主语后跟有with,toge
therwith,alongwith,aswellas,but,except,ratherthan,including等引起的短语时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。过关检测(限时:30分钟)Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.—Excuseme,wh
ichmovieareyouwaitingfor?—ThenewStarWars.We________(wait)hereformorethantwohours.答案:havebeenwaiting2.Justa
sIgottotheschoolgate,IrealizedI________(leave)mybookinthecafé.答案:hadleft3.Festivalsandcelebrationsofallkinds______
__(hold)everywheresinceancienttimes.答案:havebeenheld4.LongagoHongbao________(see)asameansofprotectingchildrenfromevilspirits.答案:wasseen5.—Youlooks
otiredandpale.Anythingwrong?—Ihatetocomplain,butanewroad________(build)throughoutthenight.答案:wasbeingbuilt6.Itisreportedthathisnewbook________(publis
h)bythatcompanynextyear.答案:willbepublished7.Howcloseparentsaretotheirchildren________(have)astronginfluenceonthedevelopmentofthech
ildren'scharacters.答案:has8.Ittookalongtimebuteventuallythedog________(stop)barkingandthemanwasabletotouchit.答案:stopped9
.Thefamousmusician,aswellashisstudents,________(invite)toperformattheopeningceremonyofthe2012TaipeiFlowerExpo.
答案:wasinvited10.YouratherthanI________(be)goingtogocampingtomorrow.答案:areⅡ.单句改错1.IweptandsaidIdowanttodomybestbutIjustcouldn'tc
oncentrate.________________________________________________________________答案:第一个do→did2.Moreefforts,asreported,willmakeinthey
earsaheadtoacceleratethesupply-sidestructuralreform._______________________________________________________________
_答案:make→bemade3.Despitethepreviousroundsoftalks,noagreementhasreachedsofarbythetwosides.____________________________________________
____________________答案:has后加been4.—Whattimeisit?—Ihavenoidea.Butjustaminute,Icheckitforyou.________________________________
________________________________答案:check前加will5.Thefactthatsomanypeoplestillsmokeinpublicplacessugges
tthatwemayneedanationwidecampaigntoraiseawarenessoftherisksofsmoking.________________________________________________________________答案:sugg
est→suggests6.TheyfeltthattheBritisheconomywasbeenheldbackbyexcessivegovernmentcontrols._______________________________
_________________________________答案:been→being7.One-thirdofthecountryiscoveredwithtreesandthemajorityofthecitizensisblackpeople._______
_________________________________________________________答案:第二个is→are8.Ourschoolalongwithmanyotherbrothermiddlesch
oolsaretotakeanotherjointtestnextmonth.________________________________________________________________答案:are→is9.Themanretur
nedthehandbagafterhemadesureitwasbelongedtoher._________________________________________________________________答案:去掉was10.Arecentsurv
eyshowsthatthenumberofchildrenwhocomefromthecountrysidewiththeirparentsarenearly320,000inBeijing._________
________________________________________________________答案:are→isⅢ.语法填空Tobeacharming(有魅力的)leader,ithelpstohavespeaking
skillsthatconveystrengthandexperience.Contrary__1__popularbelief,aspeaker'smessagemaynotmatterasmuchasthestyleinwhichthespeech__2__(del
iver).Anewstudyfindsit'saleader'stoneofvoice__3__isactuallyimportant.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofCalifor
niaanalyzedthevocalstylesoffourUSpoliticians.Theyfoundthatwhileallofthempresented__4__(complete)differentmessages
,they__5__(change)theirvoicesinsimilarways,dependingontheaudience.“Politiciansusevoiceasastrongtool__6__(
convey)theircharm,”RosarioSignorello,oneoftheresearchersbehindthework,saidatarecentconference.Whenitcomestop
olitics,it'snotonlyabout__7__yousaybuthowyousayit.There'sagoodreasonwhysomeofthemostsuccessfulpoliticians,forbettero
rworse,arealsoknownasoutstanding__8__(speak),abletopersuadelargeanddiversecrowdswith__9__(attraction)speeches.Butit'snotjustaboutthewordsth
eychoose;thesameparagraphmightsoundboringinaflatspeaker'svoicebutbeautifulwhen__10__(recite)byaShakespeareanactor.1.________2
.________3.________4.________5.________6.________7.________8.________9.________10.________篇章导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述的是领导者的演说魅力的来源。1.t
o考查介词。(be)contraryto“与……相反”,为固定搭配。2.isdelivered考查动词的时态和语态。本文阐述一种研究成果,且全文用一般现在时作为基本时态,因此此处应用一般现在时;又因speech和deliver“发表”之间是被动关系,所以要用被动语态。3.that
考查强调句式。一项新的研究表明,一个领导者的语调才是真正重要的东西。本句为强调句的基本句型:It's+被强调部分+that+其他部分,句中被强调的部分aleader'stoneofvoice为主语。4.completely考查词性转换。修饰形容词应用副词compl
etely。5.changed考查动词的时态。根据上文的“analyzed”“found”可知,此处表示发生在过去的事情,故应用一般过去时。6.toconvey考查非谓语动词。政治家们把声音作为一种有力的工具来表现他们的魅力。usesth.todosth.“用某物做某事”为固定用法,故空处填toc
onvey。7.what考查宾语从句的连接词。当谈及政治的时候,它不仅关乎所说的内容,也关乎你表达它的方式。设空处在句中引导从句作about的宾语,且在从句中作say的宾语,故用what,意为“……的事物、
东西”。8.speakers考查词性转换。根据语境可知,此处表示一些最成功的政治家也被称为杰出的演讲者。空格前有形容词outstanding作定语,故空格处应填名词,且speaker“演讲者”是可数名词,其前无限定词,故应用其复数形式speakers。9.attractive考查词性转换。空
格处在句中作定语修饰名词speeches,故应用形容词attractive“有吸引力的”。10.recited考查非谓语动词。句子主语thesameparagraph与recite之间是被动关系,应用其过去分词形式,构成状语从句的省略形式。Ⅳ.短文改错(2019·合肥一中高三月考)
Incoupleofweeks,we'llsaygoodbyetoourschool.Nowthisisreallyhardtoputmyfeelingsintowords.Thepastthreeyearshasgeneralbeenaw
onderfuljourneywithyouguys.Tomakethejourneygoodandsafer,ourteachershadcontributedtheirtimeandenergy.Wearegratefult
owhatyou,dearteachers,havedoneforus.Nomatterwhetherunwillingweare,wewilldepartsoon.Anditisnottheend.Itjustmeansit'stimetobeginane
wjourney.Finally,onbehalfofallthegraduatehere,letmetoextendoursincerewishestoourschoolandtoourteachers.Thankyou!答案:In∧①acoupleofweeks,we'llsaygoodb
yetoourschool.Nowthis②itisreallyhardtoputmyfeelingsintowords.Thepastthreeyearshasgeneral③generallybeen
awonderfuljourneywithyouguys.Tomakethejourneygood④betterandsafer,ourteachershad⑤havecontributedtheirtimeandenergy.Wearegratefulto⑥forwhatyou,dearteac
hers,havedoneforus.Nomatterwhether⑦howunwillingweare,wewilldepartsoon.And⑧Butitisnottheend.Itjustmeansit'stimetobeginanewjourney.Finally,on
behalfofallthegraduate⑨graduateshere,letmeto\⑩extendoursincerewishestoourschoolandtoourteachers.Thankyou!