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第1讲名词和数词[全国卷考情分析]题型典题试做命题解读语法填空1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014whichshowedameref
iveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses(cause).2.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Thisswitchhasdecreas
edpollution(pollute)inthecountry'smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.3.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I'mascientist(science)whostudiesanimals
suchasapesandmonkeys.1.给出名词提示词,考查名词的数;2.不同词性和词形之间的相互变化。短文改错1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)LastwinterwhenIwentthereagain,theyhadabigseparatehousetoraise
dozensofchicken.chicken→chickens2.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)WhenIwaslittle,Friday'snightwasourfamilygamenight.Friday's→Friday3.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Besides,theyoftengetsomeus
efulinformationsfromtheInternet.informations→information4.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Inthesummerholidayfollowingmyeighteenbirthday,Itookdrivinglessons.eight
een→eighteenth1.可数名词单复数的错用;2.混淆名词的可数与不可数;3.考查序数词和基数词的基本用法。考点一名词的数[题组试做]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2019·福州四校联考)Ihavenotice
dhowthemusiccanchangeone'sview,andIamthankfulforthewaymusiciansworktothebestoftheir(able)toprovidethismusicfortheiraudience.ab
ilities[考查词性转换。根据空前的their可知,空处应用名词形式,且ability作“能力”讲时为可数名词,结合语境可知,应用其复数形式,故填abilities。tothebestofone'sability“竭尽全力”。]2.(2019·沈阳质量监测一)Chinaha
sonceagainshoweditsabilitytochangetheworldwithits“fourgreatnew(invent)”—high-speedrail,electronicpayment,sharedbicy
cle,andonlineshopping.inventions[考查名词和名词的数。前面有fourgreatnew修饰,故用其对应名词的复数形式,故填inventions。]3.(2019·陕西质量检测一)Likemanyother(uni
versity)atthattime,theHarvardattheearlystageoftenranintofinancialcrisis.TheschoolboardoftenhadtogotoEuropetoraise(donate),butasyoucanpredi
ct,theyoftencamebackwiththeirhandsempty.universities[考查名词的复数形式。句意:和当时的其他许多大学一样,早期的哈佛大学经常遭遇金融危机。university为可数名词,此处表示“其
他许多大学”,故用其复数形式。]donation(s)[考查名词。句意:学校董事会经常不得不去欧洲筹集捐款,但正如你所能预测的,他们经常空手而归。根据该句中的及物动词raise可知,空处作此及物动词的宾语,故用名词形式。]Ⅱ.单句
改错4.(2019·太原阶段测评)ItisoneoftheofficiallanguageoftheUnitedNationstodevelopmoreeffectivecommunication.language→languages[考查固定用法。“oneof+可数名词复数”为固定用
法,故此处应用名词复数形式。]5.(2019·合肥第一次质量检测)Myfavouritesportisswimming,soIdecidedtogoswimmingintheseaoneafternoonwithmyfriend,Wan
gFeiandLiLei.friend→friends[考查名词单复数。根据该句中的“WangFeiandLiLei”可知,作者和两个朋友一起去游泳了。friend为可数名词,故用复数形式。][要点解读]名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名
词。可数名词有单数和复数之分,不可数名词没有单复数之分。一、可数名词的数可数名词都有单数和复数之分。(一)名词复数的规则变化变化规则例词一般情况加smap—maps;girl—girls;house—houses;mouth—mouths以-s,x,
sh,ch结尾的加-esclass—classes;box—boxes;brush—brushes;match—matches,但是stomach(胃)的复数是stomachs;ox(公牛)的复数是oxen“辅音字母+y”结尾的变y为i加-escity—cities;count
ry—countries;party—parties;factory—factories,注意:以元音字母+y结尾的则直接加-s,如boy—boys;toy—toys以-o结尾的名词许多加-estomato—to
matoes;potato—potatoes;hero—heroes;Negro—Negroes;mango—mangoes;volcano—volcanoes;zero—zeroes/zeros但是,以下这些以-
o结尾的名词复数直接加-s:radio—radios;zoo—zoos;bamboo—bamboos;piano—pianos;kilo—kilos;photo—photos以-f,fe结尾的名词,通常变f或fe为v再加-eshalf—halves;leaf—leaves
;shelf—shelves;thief—thieves;wolf—wolves;wife—wives;life—lives;knife—knives。但是也有的直接加-s,如roof—roofs;chief—chiefs;handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerc
hieves合成名词构成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一部分变成复数sons-inlaw女婿;passersby过路人;storytellers讲故事的人;gobetween
s中介人;grownups成年人(二)名词复数的不规则变化变化情况例词特殊变化child—children;foot—feet;tooth—teeth;mouse—mice;man—men;woman—women注意:由man或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式
也是-men和-women,如anEnglishman—twoEnglishmen;但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans单复数同形deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,means集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数people,police,catt
le有些名词的单复数有不同的拼写方法细菌bacterium(单数)—bacteria(复数);资料、数据datum(单数)—data(复数);现象phenomenon(单数)—phenomena(复数)二、不可数名词不可数名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词,一般没有单复数之分。1.常考的不
可数名词advice建议equipment装备experience经验(注:作“经历”讲时可数)exercise锻炼(注:作“练习;体操”讲时可数)fun开心、快乐的事furniture家具news/information/wor
d消息,新闻baggage/luggage行李progress进步practice练习wealth财富,富裕knowledge知识jewelry珠宝change零钱(注:作“变化”讲时为可数名词)2.抽象名词具体化抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不
定冠词连用,常见的和常考的有:单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义beauty美;美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰;慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物success成功成功的人或事failure失败失败的人或事honor荣幸令人荣幸的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情shock震惊令人震惊的
事情delight高兴令人高兴的事情surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事情3.物质名词的复数现象(1)有些物质名词用复数形式表示与原来不同的事物。paper(纸)—papers(证件,论文)custom(风俗习惯)—custo
ms(海关)arm(胳膊)—arms(武器,装备)air(空气)—airs(摆架子,装腔作势)(2)有一些物质名词用复数形式,表示由大量该物质组成的事物。sand(沙子)—sands(沙滩,沙漠)water(水)—waters(水域,水体)time
(时间)—times(时代)wood(木头,木材)—woods(树林)(3)有些物质名词用复数形式表示不同的种类,如food,wine,metal,fish,vegetable等。ThewinesofFranceareamon
gthebestintheworld.法国的酒在世界上是最好的。三、与名词有关的词形转化1.名词后缀(t)ion表行为或状态;ment表行为或结果;er/or表人物;ist/ian表专家或从事……的人;ice表性质,状态;dom表集体,领域或状态。2.名词
与形容词之间的转化①“名词+y”构成形容词。例如:rain—rainy;cloud—cloudy等。②“名词+ly”构成形容词。例如:friend—friendly;mother—motherly等。③“名词+ish”构成形容词
。例如:fool—foolish;child—childish等。④“名词+en”构成形容词。例如:gold—golden;wood—wooden等。考点二名词的固定搭配和所有格[题组试做]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2019·江西五校第一次联考)Inaddition,
the(hostess)cookingwillguaranteeyouawonderfulchanceoftastingdeliciousChinesefood.hostess'[考查名词所有格。这里指女主人的厨艺,应用名词所
有格。]2.(2019·河北石家庄二中联考)Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldtakemeinto(consider).Lookingforwardtoreceivingyourreply.consideration[句意:如果你能考虑我,我将不胜感
激。盼望收到你的回复。介词into后需加名词形式。此处take...intoconsideration(考虑到……)为固定短语。]3.(2019·陕西检测一)What(happy)shouldwefindinreviewingthepast,andwhatregrets?happiness
[考查词性转换。What修饰名词,所以happy应该变成名词形式。另外,根据“whatregrets”也可以判断此处应用名词形式,故用名词happiness。]Ⅱ.单句改错4.(2019·福州质量检测
)Butwithmyteammatesencouragement,Iwasabletocommunicatesmoothlywiththem.teammates→teammates'[考查名词所有格。分析句子结构可知此处作定语,修饰en
couragement,意为“队友的鼓励”,表示人的名词变所有格时,在该名词后加's或',根据上下文可知,这里teammate是可数名词,表示不止一个,因此用复数,故把teammates改为teammates'。
][要点解读]一、固定搭配名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类:“介词+名词”和“动词+名词+介词”。常考的高频短语:1.介词+名词withpatience耐心地bychance/accident偶然ataloss不知所措inadv
ance提前onpurpose故意地beyondrecognition无法辨认2.动词+名词+介词have/gainaccessto可以获得takeadvantageof利用,趁……之机makeuseof
利用findfaultwith挑……的错keeppacewith与……同步putanendto结束……takenoticeof注意到catchsightof看见dodamageto损害……attachimportanceto重视……taketheplaceof取代,代替takep
ridein以……自豪takepossessionof占有makepreparationsfor为……做准备makecontributionsto对……做出贡献二、名词的所有格1.有生命的名词,其所有格一般
在名词后加-'s。hisfather'sboss他爸爸的老板2.表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等非生命的事物后也可加's表示其所有格。today'spaper今天的报纸England'sshore英国的海岸thecar'sdesign这辆车的设计Weacceptedtheinvitationw
ithoutamoment'shesitation.我们毫不犹豫的接受了邀请。3.在某些习惯用语中,也需要加-'s所有格。forfriendship'ssake为了友情atastone'sthrow一箭之远
atarm'slength保持距离;在伸手可及处atone'swits'end黔驴技穷4.无生命的名词,借用of表示所属关系。thewindowoftheroom这个房间的窗户5.如果一样东西为两个人共有,则只在后一个名词后加's,如果不是共有的则两
个名词后都要加-'s。JaneandMary'smother简和玛丽的妈妈(共有,暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系)Jane'sandMary'smothers简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈(不是共有,分别指两位妈妈)6.双重所有格:“
a/two/some...+名词+of+名词's/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格,“of+名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人,不能表示事物。afriendofhermother's她妈妈的一个朋友twophotosofhers她的两张照片考点三数词[题组试做]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(201
9·滨州二模)40%ofthestudentsinourschool(be)fromtheotherpartsofHunan,which(be)arelativelylargenumber.are;is[句意:我们学校百分之四十的学生来自湖南的其他地方,这是一个相对较大的数量。分数或
百分数作主语时,谓语动词应依据分数或百分数所指代的名词而定,本句第一空40%指代的是thestudents,故谓语动词应用复数;第二空which指代的是先行词40%本身,故谓语动词应用单数,且句子描述
一般事实,应用一般现在时。]2.(2019·运城月考)Asurveyshowsthatfourhoursofexerciseeveryweek(be)goodforourhealth.is[“fourhoursofexercise”被看成一个
整体,所以谓语动词用单数。]Ⅱ.单句改错3.(2019·河南周口一模)Thepopulationofthiscity,fortypercentofwhichareGermans,haverisenby15%inthelastthreeyears.have→
has[句意:这个城市40%的人是德国人,其人口在过去的三年里已经增加了15%。population指人口多少,如用作主语,谓语动词用单数形式,且本句描述一般事实,应用一般现在时。][要点解读]1.数词的定义数词是表示
数目多少或先后顺序的词,有基数词和序数词两种。表数量的数词叫基数词,如one,two,three,...表顺序的数词叫序数词,如first,second,third,fourth,fifth,...2.基数词构成①1-12单独记one,two,three,four,five,
six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve②13-19词尾为-teen:thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen③20-90逢整十词尾为-ty:twe
nty,thirty,forty,fifty,...④21-99在十位数和个位数之间加连字符构成,如:73seventythree,88eightyeight3.序数词(1)基数词变为序数词,记忆
口诀一二三要单独记:one→first,two→second,three→thirdth要从四加起:four→fourth,five→fifth,...eight少个t:eight→eighthnine去掉e:nine→nint
hve用f来代替:five→fifth,twelve→twelfthty变成tie:twenty→twentieth表第“几十几”,基数加序数记心里:twenty-one→twenty-first(2)序数词的使用①序数词在句中主要作定语,一
般情况下序数词前要加定冠词。Mondayistheseconddayofaweek.星期一是一周的第二天。②序数词前有时加不定冠词,表示“又一、再一”,相当于another。Wouldyoulikeasecondcupoftea?你还想再来一杯茶吗?Ihadafourthapple.我(吃了三
个苹果后)又吃了一个苹果。③first,second等有时可表示一批人或物。ThefirstmiludeercamefromChinainthe1860s.最早的麋鹿是在十九世纪六十年代来自中国的。④有时序数词作状语,不加冠词。Hecameoutfirstinthe
contest.他在比赛中获得第一名。⑤first,second等在用来指“冠军、亚军”等获胜名次时也常不加冠词。Heisfirst.他是冠军。4.百分数、分数、小数的构成及用法(1)百分数:基数词加百分号%(percent):89%→eighty-ninepercen
t(2)分数:分子基数词,分母序数词。分子大于1,分母用复数。1/3:onethird,2/5:twofifths[易错提醒]1.oneandahalf后的名词用复数,谓语动词一般用单数,不过事实上也可用复数。2.①当hundred,thousand,million,billion前
面有基数词时,用单数形式,词尾不加-s;前面有many,several,afew修饰时,仍用单数形式:severalbillionyears②表示概数时,用ten,hundred,thousand,billion的复数形式加of,后面接复数名词。thousandsofl
akesandforests3.“许多;很多;大量”的表达在英语中,表示“许多,很多,大量”含义的单词除了many和much以外,还有许多较常用的词组。①只接可数名词复数的有several,(agood/great)m
any,hundredsof,a(large/good/great)numberof,numbersof,few,afew,quiteafew,notafew等。②只接不可数名词的有little,alitt
le,quitealittle,anamountof,amountsof(谓语动词用复数形式),agood/greatdealof,alargesumof等。③既可接可数名词复数也可接不可数名词的有some,any,all,none,enough,
plentyof,alotof,lotsof,a(large)quantityof,quantitiesof(谓语动词用复数形式),adiversityof,diversitiesof,avarietyof,varietiesof,aworldof,awealthof等。【
技法点拨】在语法填空中:1.词性转换题:“句子成分”是关键(1)如果要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语要考虑名词形式;(2)如果要填的词被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词所修饰,要考虑名词形式;2.名词复数题:“牢记规则”辨是非(1)如果空格
处被these,several,many和数词等修饰时,要考虑名词的复数形式;(2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are,要考虑用名词的复数形式。3.数词的复数形式前要注意基数词的应用;可数名词单数前要注意序数词的应用,序数词前通常有定冠词。[易错提
醒]在短文改错中:1.遇到名词,首先想到是可数名词还是不可数名词;2.看到several,afew,many,oneof,three,anumberof等要想到名词应用复数形式;3.看到information,advice,progress,kn
owledge等,要想到它们是不可数名词,没有复数形式;4.看到冠词等修饰词,要想到应用名词形式;5.形容词和名词都可作表语,但形容词作表语说明主语的特点(how),名词作表语则说明主语的身份、职业等(what);6.“第几个”要用序数词;“多少”要用基数词。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2019·四川雅安月考)HerquestionwassodifficultthatIcouldhardlymakeanysenseitatall.of[makesenseof“理解,弄懂,明
白”,固定短语。]2.(2019·陕西83中二模)Ithinktheboss,ratherthantheworkers,(be)toblameforthefirethatcausedsomany(dead)lastweek.was;deaths[当主语后接由ratherthan引导的短语时,谓语动
词的形式依主语的单复数和人称而定,且由caused可知用一般过去时,故第一空填was;death意为“死亡事件/人数”时,为可数名词,且第二空格前有many修饰,空格处应填名词的复数形式,故填deaths。]3.(2019·吉林松原模拟)Afteraboutoneanda
half(hour)climbing,wesawtwomountainpathsbeforeus.hours'[此处用所有格形式,oneandahalfhours'climbing表示“爬了一个半小时的山
”。]4.(2019·广东佛山质检二)Imadeupmymindtodevelopdifferent(skill)sothatIwouldbeabletoworkinthisfieldinthefut
ure.skills[根据空格前的形容词different可知,此处填名词,且skill在此处表示“技术,技能”,为可数名词,故应填其复数形式。]5.(2019·河南濮阳二模)Collegestudent
sinChinawon'thavetofear(fail)asmuchwhenlaunchingtheirownbusinessesunderanewMinistryofEducationregulation.failure[fear是及物动词,后缺少宾语,用动词fail的名词failure作
其宾语。表示在教育部的新规则下,大学生在创业时不必过多地害怕失败。此处failure为抽象名词。]6.Thereisnoneedtotellmeyouranswernow.Giveitsome(think)andthenletmeknow.thought[句
意:现在没必要告诉我你的答案。认真考虑,然后告诉我。some后应跟名词,thought“思索,考虑”。]7.Onlyafewdollarscanhelptofilla(child)hungrystomach.child's[此处表示“仅仅几美元就能帮助一个孩子不挨饿”,空后是名词sto
mach,提示词是child,空前是不定冠词a,故用child的所有格形式。]8.—Whyisthechemicalplantclosed?—Becauselargequantitiesofwastewater
(release)intotheYangtzeRiver.havebeenreleased[“(large)quantitiesof+不可数名词/可数名词”作主语,谓语动词需用复数,有类似用法的还有amountsof...。根据化工厂被关闭这一
语境可知大量的废水已经被排放到长江,故用现在完成时的被动语态。]Ⅱ.单句改错1.(2019·武汉武昌区调研)Foranotherreason,itwillbemuchmoreconvenientforyoutolookafteryourparent
astheyaregettingold.parent→parents[考查名词。根据下文中的they可知,此处要用parent的复数形式。]2.(2019·福州质量检查)FromthisexperienceI'vegainedseveralski
llforinterviewingpeopleasajournalist.skill→skills[考查名词的数。several修饰可数名词的复数形式。]3.(2019·广州调研)Someworktohelppaytheirschoolexpenses,othersworkt
ogainexperienceintheirchosenprofessions;stillothersworkjustforthefunnyofit.funny→fun[考查名词。句意:……还有一些(学生)工作只是为了其中的乐
趣。根据句中的定冠词the可知,此处应用名词fun,表示“乐趣”。]4.(2019·云南11校区调研)Whatwasworse,manytouriststhrewrubbisheshereandthere.rubbi
shes→rubbish[考查名词。rubbish作“垃圾”讲时,为不可数名词。]5.(2019·郸城一模)Severalfriendsofmetogetherwithmewillvisitourheadmaster.第一个me→mine[考查双重所有格。此处表示“我的几个朋友”
,应用“n.+of+名词性物主代词”结构。]Ⅰ.语法填空(2019·山东高三下学期高考预测)ThefamousPekingOperaartistYuanHuiqinhostedtwoculturetalks1.werecalled
“Charm(魅力)ofPekingOpera”inStockholmandSt.Petersburglastyear.Thetwosessions,asprogramsofChineseCultureTalk,2.(or
ganize)bytheBureauforExternalCulturalRelationsoftheMinistryofCultureofChina,Chineseembassiesandlocalculturalorganizations.3.(member)
ofChineseembassies,famoussinologists(汉学家)andthose4.(show)aninterestinPekingOpera,attendedthetwoculturetalks.Thehost,YuanHui
qin,isanationalclassartistofChinaNationalPekingOperaCompanyandawinnerofthePlumBlossomPrize.Duringthetalks,she5.(patient)sharedthechar
mofPekingOperainmorethanoneway.Withthehelpofthelocalsinologists,6.(she)talksweretranslatedintoSwedishandRussian.The
sewordsexploredtheconceptsandartisticcharacteristicsof7.(tradition)Chineseoperas,whichgotaudience8.(experience)thedistinctcharmofPekingOpera.9.addit
ion,youngartistsfromtheChinaNationalPekingOperaCompanyperformedclassicoperaselections.Duringtheinteractionofthet
alks,someoperaloversperformedwithyoungartistsandon10.spottheaudiencetriedcostumes(戏装)ofPekingOperawith
greatcuriosity.1.which/that[考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句,先行词是talks,空处在从句中作主语,故用which或that。]2.wereorganized[考查时态和语态。此处讲述的是过去的动作,应用一般过去时;主语是Thetwosessions
,与organize是被动关系,故应用被动语态。]3.Members[考查名词的单复数。根据本句中的ofChineseembassies可知,应用member的复数形式。]4.showing[考查非谓语动
词。空处是非谓语动词作后置定语,show与those是逻辑上的主谓关系,故用现在分词。]5.patiently[考查副词。此处修饰谓语动词,故用副词。]6.her[考查代词。句意:她的演讲被翻译成瑞典语和俄语。故使用she的形容词性物主代词。]7
.traditional[考查形容词。这里使用形容词修饰后面的Chineseoperas,表示“传统的中国戏剧”。]8.toexperience[考查非谓语动词。getsb.todosth.表示“使某人做某事”,exp
erience在此作动词用,表示“经历,体验”。]9.In[考查介词。inaddition意为“此外,除此之外”,相当于besides。]10.the[考查冠词。onthespot“当场”,是固定搭配,故填
the。]Ⅱ.短文改错(2019·贵阳适应性考试一)KnowingfromyourwebsitethatacompetitionforfreelyticketstotheMulanmusicalisbeingheld,Iamwritingapplyforone.The
followingcanwellexplainwhyIshoulddeserveit.ShewastoldaboutthestoryofMulanbymygrandpawhenIamonlythreeyear
sold.SincethenIhavebeencrazyaboutthebraveordutifulgirl.I'vecollectedandreadover20differentbookversionofMulan,seenalltheMulanmovi
esandattendplayperformancestwice.I'vereadifit'sanunbelievableshowwithwonderfulsongs,amazingcostumesandremarkablesets.Soyoucanimag
inehowexcitingIamtohearthemusicaliscomingtotown.ThanksfororganizingthecompetitionandIhopeI'llbeoneoftheluckywinners.IfIam,theticketcan
besentitto91RenminRoad.【答案】KnowingfromyourwebsitethatacompetitionforfreelyfreeticketstotheMulanmusicalisbeing
held,Iamwriting∧toapplyforone.ThefollowingcanwellexplainwhyIshoulddeserveit.SheIwastoldaboutthestoryofMula
nbymygrandpawhenIamwasonlythreeyearsold.SincethenIhavebeencrazyaboutthebraveoranddutifulgirl.I'vecollectedand
readover20differentbookversionversionsofMulan,seenalltheMulanmoviesandattendattendedplayperformancestwice.I'vereadifthatit'sanunbelievableshoww
ithwonderfulsongs,amazingcostumesandremarkablesets.SoyoucanimaginehowexcitingexcitedIamtohearthemusicaliscomingtotown
.ThanksfororganizingthecompetitionandIhopeI'llbeoneoftheluckywinners.IfIam,theticketcanbesentto91RenminRoad.