【文档说明】专题09 阅读理解之推断题（原卷版）-2023年高考英语毕业班二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（新高考专用）.docx，共(70)页，790.235 KB，由envi的店铺上传

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专题09阅读理解之推断题（原卷版）推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推

理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。推理判断能力是阅读理解能力的重要组成部分，因而也是阅读理解部分重点考查的能力之一。每年每套题通常会有4～6题。一

、思维导图推断隐含意义思维导图二、方法点拨(一)推理判断题题干常用词一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：knowabout,learnfrom,infer,imply,suggest,conclude,purpose,a

ttitude,probably,mostlikely等。(二)推理判断题正确选项特征推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征：1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如on

ly,never,all,absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。(三)推理判断题

干扰选项特征1．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。2．张冠李戴：

即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。3．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改

变。4．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。5．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。6．扩缩范围

：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost,all,nearly,morethan,normally,usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生

解题造成干扰的命题方法。Part4：推断题解题技巧（思维导图+真题演练）例子1Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandne

w,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(装置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment—

andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.…32．Whatdoesthe

authorthinkofnewdevices?A．Theyareenvironment-friendly.B．Theyarenobetterthantheold.C．Theycostmoretouseathome.D．Theygooutofstylequickly.[解题示

范]题干信息Whatdoestheauthorthinkof：作者态度newdevices：新设备文体特点科技说明文：一项研究新旧设备耗能的报告。原文查找That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseo

utdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.信息整合①做同样的事情旧设备耗能高(consumemuchmoreenergy)②旧设备不利于环境保护(badnewsforth

eenvironment)③旧设备更浪费钱财(ourwallets)信息推断上面旧设备的缺点是在和新设备相比较(thanthenewerones)得出的结论，故新设备可以克服以上缺点。选项分析A．新设备是环保的(The

yareenvironment-friendly)；属于正确信息推断。B．新设备并不比旧设备好(Theyarenobetterthantheold)；属于“无中生有”型错误。C．新设备在家中使用的费用更高(Theycostmoretouseathome)；属于“无

中生有”型错误。D．新设备很快就过时了(Theygooutofstylequickly)；属于“曲解文意”型错误。得出结论由以上信息分析可知，A项正确。例子2We'veallbeenthere:inal

ift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.…32

．Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A．Addictiontosmartphones.B．Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C．Absenceofcommunic

ationbetweenstrangers.D．Impatiencewithslowservice.[解题示范]细研题干定题型由题干可知本题是对文章局部(第一段)进行深层理解的考查。细读语段明大意地点公共场合：①电

梯中；②在银行排队中；③飞机上人物①专注地盯着自己的手机；②苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中甄别选项定答案细研干扰项A项为原文中的事实，不是推断出的内容。B项，文中提及的这些行为是否“合适”原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。D项在原文中没有提及

，属于“无中生有”型错误。断定答案该段提到在公共场合中，周围都是人的情况下，人们只是专注地盯着自己的手机，或者苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中，从中可以推断出文章首段描述了陌生人之间缺少交流的现象。故选择C项。例子3[1]

ManyofusloveJulybecauseit'sthemonthwhennature'sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.Thesecolourfulandsweetjewe

lsfromBritishColumbia'sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.[2]Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestin

vitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticula

rlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.As

forcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.[3]Whencombinedwithberriesorslicesofo

therfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispur

pose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonj

uiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefree

zer.[4]Ifyouhavea_juicer,_youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft­serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenr

ightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren'sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachine

andwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.27．Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A．Abiologytextbook.B．Ahealthmagazine.C

．Aresearchpaper.D．Atravelbrochure.[解题示范]细研题干定题型文章出处题。文章内容本文介绍了丰收的七月给我们带来的多种浆果和核果，并告诉我们这些果实富含的营养成分和可以制作成各种美食。文章语气第一段介绍了七月是水果丰富的季节；第二段介绍了各

种莓类所含的营养成分；第三、四段介绍各种水果搭配的食用方法。在这一过程中作者使用了客观的语气，通俗易懂的方法，形象地说明了水果搭配的技巧。确定答案本文是向大众介绍饮食方法，跟健康有关，应该出自健康杂志。所以B项正确。三、高考真题1.2022年6月新高考1卷B篇Likem

ostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkingl

ate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawen

tbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosho

wbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D.We

havegoodreasonsforwastingfood.2.2022年6月新高考1卷C篇Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggive

nhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swel

lbeing,Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseof

medicinewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyounger

andhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglet

tingthehensoutanddownthereagainatnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringin

gtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedoneso

methinguseful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbe

engivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Res

identsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheproje

ctcanbringtopeoplehere.”LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidents

throughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”28.Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?A.Toensureharmonyincarehomes.B.Toprovidepart-t

imejobsfortheaged.C.Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch.D.Topromotetheelderlypeople’swelfare.29.HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?A.Shehaslear

nednewlifeskills.B.Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.C.Shehasrecoveredhermemory.D.Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.31.Wh

atcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Itiswellreceived.B.Itneedstobemorecreative.C.I

tishighlyprofitable.D.Ittakesagestoseetheresults.3.2022年6月新高考1卷D篇years.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguageso

fmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaroun

d300,000yearsago.”Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings

,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandcu

lturalevolution,“saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiske

ytoeffectivecommunication.B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.4.2022年6月全国甲卷B篇Th

enextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(线索),oralsouseasense

oftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.26.Whatdoesthefollow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?A.Howfartheyareabletosee.B.Howtheytrackmo

vingobjects.C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys.D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.5.2022年6月全国甲卷D篇Sometimeinthee

arly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscover

edlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.And

rewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingba

ckandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexploretheci

ty.“I’llmisstheseoldboats,”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean?”Iasked.“Oh,they’rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamar

ansarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.Butthat’sprogress,Iguess.”EverywhereinSydneythesedays,change

andprogressarethewatchwords(口号),andtraditionsareincreasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushto

modernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.“Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself,”shesa

id.“Wecan’tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It’saconflictthatwearen’tgettingan

ybetteratresolving(解决).”Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony

.“Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,”hetoldme.“WhatpeopleforgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,

theGreekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We’vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwithadriveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It’saprettyhardcom

binationtobeat.”Heisright,butIcan’thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.34.WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?A.I

tislosingitstraditions.B.Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.C.Itshouldexpanditspopulation.D.Itisbecomingmoreinternational.35.Whichstatementwi

lltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A.Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.B.Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.C.Moderni

tyisusuallyachievedatthecostofelegance.D.Compromiseshouldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.6.2022年6月全国乙卷B篇Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,theHarrisons

,and,likethem,hadlittleprivacy,rarebaths,andablanketofsnowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.Somemornings,RosamondandDo

rothywouldarriveattheschoolhousetofindthechildrenweepingfromthecold.Inspring,thesnowwasreplacedbymudoverice.InWickenden’sbook,sheexpandedonthehis

toryoftheWestandalsoonfeminism,whichofcourseinfluencedthegirls’decisiontogotoElkhead.Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingofther

ailroads,whichentailed(牵涉)drillingthroughtheRockies,ofteninblindingsnowstorms.ThebookendswithRosamondandDorothy’sreturntoAuburn.Wickendenisaverygood

storyteller.Thesweepofthelandandthestoicism(坚忍)ofthepeoplemovehertosomebeautifulwriting.HereisapictureofDorothyWo

odruff,onherhorse,lookingdownfromahilltop:“Whenthesunslippedbehindthemountains,itshedarosyglowallaroundthem.Th

enafullmoonrose.Thesnowwasmarkedonlybysmallanimals:foxes,coyotes,mice,andvaryinghares,whichturnedwhi

teinthewinter.”25.Whatcanwelearnaboutthegirlsfromparagraph3?A.Theyenjoyedmuchrespect.B.Theyhadaroomwithabathtub.C.Theylivedwiththe

localkids.D.Theysufferedseverehardships.27.Whatisthetext?A.Anewsreport.B.Abookreview.C.Achildren’sstory.D.

Adiaryentry.7.2022年6月全国乙卷C篇Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethi

ngtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeins

pected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheb

oard.Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancau

seanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.The

ywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.Verysmalldroneswithadvancedsens

orsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothat

fast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.28.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A.Theuseofdronesinc

heckingonpowerlines.B.Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C.Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D.Drones’reliableperformanceinremo

teareas.30.Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?A.Toprovideearlywarning.B.Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.C.Toearnprofitsforthecrews.D.Toaccelerat

etransportation.8.2022年6月全国乙卷D篇Today’sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyrais

ingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities(设施)andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthy

andactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindustryisplayingitspart.35.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?A.Itisashort-si

ghteddecision.B.Itisasuccessstory.C.Itbenefitsmanufacturers.D.Itupsetscustomers.9.2022年6月北京卷B篇MynameisAlice.Earlylastyear,Iwastroubledbyanan

xietythatcrippled(削弱)myabilitytodoanything.Ifeltlikeastormcloudhungoverme.ForalmostayearIstruggledon,constantlys

taringatthiswallthatfacedme.Myperfectionisttendencieswerethemainrootofthis:IwantedtobeperfectatwhateverIdid,whichobviouslyinlifeisnotpossible,buti

tconsumedme.Oneday,IattendedapresentationbywildlifeconservationistGrantBrownatmyhighschool.Hispresentationnotonlyawedandinspiredme,butalsohe

lpedemergeaninnerdesiretomakeadifferenceintheworld.Ijoinedapre-presentationdinnerwithhimandthatsmallers

ettingallowedmetoslowlybuildupmycouragetospeakone-on-onewithhim—anideathathadseemedcompletelyimpossible.Thisfirstcontactwaswheremysto

rybegan.Amonthlater,BrowninvitedmetoattendtheWorldYouthWildlifeConference.Lookingback,Inowseethatthiswouldbethefirst

inaseriesoftimelyopportunitiesthatmyoldselfwouldhaveletpass,butthatthisnewandmoreconfidentAliceenthusiasticallyseized.ShortlyafterIreceivedhisinvita

tion,applicationstojointheYouthforNatureandtheYouthforPlanetgroupsweresentaroundthroughmyhighschool.Idecidedtocommit

tocompletingtheapplications,andsoonIwasapartofagrowingglobalteamofyoungpeopleworkingtoprotectnature.Eachofthesenewstepscontinuedt

ogrowmyconfidence.27.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Practicemakesperfect.B.Patienceisacureofanxiety.C.Actionisworry’sworstenemy.D.Everythi

ngcomestothosewhowait.10.2022年6月北京卷C篇“Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfo

undithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengine

ers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthink

ing—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecaus

eitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsintersect(交叉)withhumanhealth,theenvironme

nt,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthre

ethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowthey

relatetoeachother;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutrition.

InthelatestUNreportonglobalfoodsecurity,thenumberofundernourished(营养不良)peopleintheworldhasbeenrising,despit

egreatadvancesinnutritionscience.Trackingof150biochemicalsinfoodhasbeenimportantinrevealingtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fatandtheoccurrenc

eofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,somescientistsproposethathumandietsconsi

stofatleast26,000biochemicals—andthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobject

iveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsap

proachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpower.Butassomeresearchersfind,thefoodsystemisnotanequalone

.Agoodwaytoredress(修正)suchpowerimbalanceisformoreuniversitiestodowhatCrystaldidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Mor

eresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlineso

fresponsibilityandadoptasystemsapproach.Crystalknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’l

lneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.28.TheauthorusesthequestionunderlinedinParagraph1to________.A.illustrateana

rgumentB.highlightanopinionC.introducethetopicD.predicttheending30.Asforsystemsthinking,whichwouldtheauthoragree

with?A.Itmaybeusedtojustifypowerimbalance.B.Itcanbeappliedtotacklechallenges.C.Ithelpstoprovewhyhunge

rexists.D.Itgoesbeyondhumanimagination.11.2022年6月北京卷D篇Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvest

ors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpro

mises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughsta

gesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushould

n’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.31.RegardingJohnson’

sconcerns,theauthorfeels________.A.sympatheticB.unconcernedC.doubtfulD.excited12.2022年6月浙江卷A篇Pastaandpizzawereoneveryone’slunchmenuinmynativelandofI

taly.Everyonewhohadsuchalunchwasfair-skinnedandspokeItalian.Afewyearslater,asIstoodinthelunchlinewithmykindergartenclassinaschoolinBro

oklyn,Irealizedthingswerenolongerthatsimple.Myclassmatesrangedfromthosekidswithpaleskinandlargeblueeyestothosewithrichbrownskinanddarkhair.Thefoodcho

iceswerealmostasdiverseasthestudents.InfrontofmewasanarrayoffoodsIcouldn’tevennameinmynativelanguage.FearingthatIwou

ldpickoutsomethingawful,Idesperatelytriedtoasktheboyaheadofmeforarecommendation.Unfortunately,betweenusstoodthebarrieroflangua

ge.Althoughmykindergartenexperiencefeelslikeacenturyago,thelessonsIlearnedwillstickinmymindforever.Forthepastthreesummers,Ihaveworkedinagovernmenta

gencyinNewYork.Newimmigrantsmuchlikethelittlegirlinthelunchlinefloodedourofficeseekinghelp.Ioftenhadt

obeaninterpreterfortheItalian-speakingones.AsIservedtheroleofvitalcommunicationlink,IwasremindedofmydesperatestruggletoconversebeforeIlearne

dEnglish.IwatchedwithgreatsympathyaselderlyItalianstriedtoholdaconversationinItalianwithpeoplewhodidnotspeakthelanguage.Itsuddenlybecam

everycleartomehowluckyIwastobefluentintwolanguages.InNewYork,amulticulturalcity,studentslikemeareblessedwithachancetoworkwithadiver

sepopulation.InmyEnglishtoItaliantranslations,I’velearnedaboutsocialprogramsthatIdidn’tknowexisted.Thisworkexpandedmymindinwaysthatareimpossible

insidethefourwallsofaclassroom.WalkingthroughthestreetsofBrooklyntoday,Iamnolongerconfusedbythiscity’ssoundsandsmells.Instead

,enjoyitsdiversity.2.Whodoes“thelittlegirl”inparagraph2referto?A.AnItalianteacher.B.Agovernmentofficial.C.Theauthorherself.D.Theauthor’sclassmate.3

.Howdidthesummerjobbenefittheauthor?A.Itstrengthenedherloveforschool.B.Ithelpedsharpenhersenseofdirection.C.Itopenedhereyestotherealworld

.D.Itmadeherchildhooddreamcometrue.13.2022年6月浙江卷B篇Allaroundtheworld,therearesmallchangestakingplace.Atthesideofroads,behindschoolplaygroundsandon

allkindsofunlovedpiecesoflandacrosstownsandcities,tinyforestsbarelythesizeoftenniscourtsareappearing,makingagreatpla

ceforbothwildlifeandlocalpeoplewhomaynotnormallyhaveeasyaccesstonature.ThisistheTinyForestmovement,whic

haimstoprovethatthebestthingsinlifereallydocomeinsmallpackages.Tinyforestswerefirstpioneeredasaconceptinthe1970sbyDrMiyawaki,aJapanesebotanist

.Ashewentontosharehisconceptwithothers,theideasoontookoffinIndiaandothercountriesbeforeeventuallyreachi

ngEurope,whereitbecamepopularinplaceslikeFrance,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.Sohowdoesitwork?LouiseHartley,whoisleadingtheTinyForestproject

intheUK,explainsthattheprocessbeginsbyidentifyingareasinwhichatinyforestcouldhavethebiggestinfluence.“Wefocusonurbanareaswhereaccesst

onatureisoftennotthateasy”,saysHartley.“Weseeitasachancetotrytobreakthegrowingdisconnectbetweenpeopleandnature.”InaTinyFore

st,theremustbeaminimumof600trees,andthetreesareplantedmuchclosertogetherandwithoutchemicalsorfertilisers(肥料).Thereareusuallyaround30dif

ferentkindsofall-nativetreespecies(物种).Thisvariety,coupledwiththefactthattinyforestsgrowuptotentimesfasterthanstandard

forests,meanstheyattractarichabundanceofwildlife.It’salsothoughtthattheseplacescouldhelpreducetheriskoffloodi

ng,removecarbonfromtheatmosphereandfightclimatechange,aswellasimprovingthementalhealthofthoselivinglocally.4.Wha

tdoweknowabouttheTinyForestmovement?A.Ithasachievednotablesuccess.B.Itisledbynumberofschools.C.ItbeganinEuropeinthe1970s.D.Itwillspreadtothecount

ryside.5.WhatisthepurposeoftheprojectledbyHartleyintheUK?A.Topromoteeco-tourism.B.Toimproveforestryre

search.C.Topopularisegardening.D.Togetpeopleclosetonature.14.2022年6月浙江卷C篇Manypeoplebelievethatworkingtot

hemaximumisthesecrettosuccess,butresearchhasfoundthatmoderation(适度)alsogetsresultsonthejob.InastudyledbyEllenLangerofHarvardUniversity,researc

hersaskedpeopletotranslatesentencesintoanewamade-uplanguage.Subjectswhopracticedthelanguagemoderatelybeforehandmad

efewererrorsthanthosewhopracticedextensivelyornotatall.Highlevelsofknowledgecanmakepeopletooattachedtotraditio

nalwaysofviewingproblemsacrossfieldsthearts,sciences,andpolitics.Highconscientiousnessisrelatedtolowerjobperformance,especiallyinsimplejobs

whereitdoesn’tpaytobeaperfectionist.Howlongwestayontheclockandhowwespendthattimeareundercarefulexaminationinmanyworkpl

aces.Theyoungbankerwhoeatslunchathisdeskisprobablyseenasago-getter,whilehiscolleagueswhochatoverarelaxedconference-roomme

algetdirtylooksfromthecorneroffice.“Peoplefromculturesthatvaluerelationshipsmorethanoursdoesareshockedbythethoughtofeatingaloneinfrontofacomput

er”,saysArtMarkman,aprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofTexas,Austin.Socialinteractionhasbeenshownt

oliftmood(情绪)andgetpeoplethinkinginnewdirectionsandinwaysthatcouldhelpimproveanypost-luncheffort.Markmanalsopromotesoff-tasktime.“Partofbei

ngagoodthinkerisexperiencingthingsthatareseeminglyunrelatedtowhatyouareworkingonatthemomentbutgiveyoufreshideasaboutyour

work,”hesays.“Also,thereisalotofresearchshowingthatapositivemoodleadstohigherlevelsofproductivityandcr

eativity.So,whenpeopledothingstoincreasetheirlifesatisfaction,theyalsomakethemselvesmoreeffectiveatwork.”7.WhatdoesEllenLanger’sstudysh

ow?A.ItisworthwhiletobeaperfectionistB.Translationmakespeopleknowledgeable.C.Simplerjobsrequiregreatercaution.D.Moderateeffortproducesthebestres

ult.9.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Agoodthinkerisabletoinspireotherpeople.B.Experienceunrelatedtoyourjobisuseless.C.Acheerfulm

oodhelpsmakeacreativemind.D.Focusingonwhatyoudoraisesproductivity.10.Whatdoesthetextseemtoadvocate?A.Middle-of-the-roadworkhabits.B.Balancebet

weenworkandfamily.C.Long-standingculturaltraditions.D.Harmonyintheworkenvironment.15.2022年1月浙江卷B篇Mostimp

ortantly,Edisonrealizedthatsuccessdependedonmasselectrification,whichheshowedinNewYorkCity.WithhelpfromTesla,Westinghouse'sfirmdevelopedasystem

usingalternatingcurrent（交流电）,whichsoonbecamethemajorformofpowerdelivery.Toframehisstory,Kleincreatesthechara

cterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime.It'satechniquethathelp

sturnalongnarrativeintoaninterestingone.25.WhatcanbeinferredaboutNed?A.HewasborninNewYorkCity.B.Hewrotemanyinterestingstories,C.Hecr

eatedanelectricitycompany.D.Helivedmainlyinthe19thcentury.16.2021年6月北京卷B篇Irememberthedayduringourfirstweekofclasswhenwewerein

formedaboutoursemester（学期）projectofvolunteeringatanon-profitorganization.Whentheteacherintroducedustothedifferentorganization

sthatneededourhelp,mylastchoicewasOperationIraqiChildren(OIC).Myfirstimpressionoftheorganizationwasthatitwasnotgoingtomakeenoughofadiffe

rencewiththeplansIhadinmind.Then,anOICrepresentativegaveussomedetails,whichsomewhatinterestedme.Afterdoingsomeres

earch,Ibelievedthatwecouldreallydosomethingforthosekids.WhenIwentonlinetotheOICwebsite,Isawpicturesoft

heIraqichildren.Theirfacesweresopowerfulinsendingamessageoftheirdespair（绝望）andneedthatIjoinedthisprojectwithouthesitation.W

edecidedtocollectasmanyschoolsuppliesaspossible,andmakethemintokits—onekit,onechild.Themostrewardingdayforourgroupwasprojectday,whenalltheeffort

sweputintocollectingtheitemsfinallycametogether.WhenIsawthevarioussupplieswehadcollected,ithitmethateverykitweweretobuildthatdaywouldevent

uallybeinthehandsofanIraqichild.Overthepastfourmonths,IhadneverimaginedhowIwouldfeelonceourprojectwascompleted.Whilemakin

gthekits,IrealizedthatIhadlostsightofthetruemeaningbehindit.IhadonlyfocusedonthefactthatitwasanotherschoolprojectandoneIwantedtogetagoodgradeon.W

henthekitswerecompleted,andreadytobesentoverseas,thewarmfeelingIhadwasoneIwouldneverforget.Inthebeginni

ng,Idaredmyselftomakeadifferenceinthelifeofanotherperson.Nowthatourprojectisover,IrealizethatIhaveaffectednotonlyonelife,butten.Withou

refforts,tenyoungboysandgirlswillnowbeabletofurthertheireducation.2.Whatmainlyhelpedtheauthorchangehis/herattit

udetowardtheproject?A.ImagesofIraqichildren.B.Researchbyhis/herclassmates.C.Ateacher'sintroduction.D.Arepresentative'scomments.4.Whatcanweconclud

efromthispassage?A.One'spotentialcannotalwaysbeunderrated.B.Firstimpressioncannotalwaysbetrusted.C.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.D.Hewh

ohesitatesislost.17.2021年6月北京卷C篇Onlyifwediscusstheconsequencesofourbiophysicallimits,theDecemberwarn

inglettersays,canwehavethehopetoreducetheir"speed,severityandharm".Andyetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearel

ikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.Asapoetwrote,Manisavictimofdope（麻醉品）Intheincurablefor

mofhope.Thehundredsofscholarswhosignedtheletterareintent（执着）onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness."Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcoll

apse,"theysay,"anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture."3.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A

.Thesignatoriesmaychangethebiophysicallimits.B.Theauthoragreeswiththemessageofthepoem.C.Theissueofcollapseisbeingprioritized.D.Theglobalcollapsei

swellunderway.18.2021年6月北京卷D篇Earlyfifth-centuryphilosopherSt.Augustinefamouslywrotethatheknewwhattimewasun

lesssomeoneaskedhim.AlbertEinsteinaddedanotherwrinklewhenhetheorizedthattimevariesdependingonwhereyoumeasureit.

Today'sstate-of-the-artatomic（原子的）clockshaveprovenEinsteinright.Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequ

estionyou'reasking.Forgetabouttimeasanabsolute.Whatif,insteadofconsideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimetoecology?Whatifwealloweden

vironmentalconditionstosetthetempo（节奏）ofhumanlife?We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengi

neeringalone,andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance.Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflecte

dthat?Recently,Iconceptualizedanewapproachtotimekeepingthat'sconnectedtocircumstancesonourplanet,conditionsthatmightchangeasaresultofglobalwarmi

ng.We'renowbuildingaclockattheAnchorageMuseumthatreflectsthetotalflowofseveralmajorAlaskanrivers,whicharesensitivetolocalandglo

balenvironmentalchanges.We'veprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate

.Iftheriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage,theclockwillgetaheadofstandardtime.Iftheyrunslower,you'llseetheoppositeeffect.Theclockregistersbothshort

-termirregularitiesandlong-termtrendsinriverdynamics.It'sasortofobservatorythatrevealshowtheriversar

ebehavingfromtheirowntemporalframe（时间框架）,andallowsustowitnessthosechangesonoursmartwatchesorphones.AnyonewhooptstogoonAlaskaMeanRiverTi

mewillliveinharmonywiththeplanet.Anyonewhoconsidersrivertimeinrelationtoatomictimewillencounteramajorimbalanceandmaybemotivatedtocounte

ractitbyconsuminglessfuelorsupportinggreenerpolicies.Evenifthismethodoftimekeepingisnovelinitsparticulars,e

arlyagriculturalsocietiesalsoconnectedtimetonaturalphenomena.Inpre-ClassicalGreece,forinstance,people"corrected"officialcalendar

sbyshiftingdatesforwardorbackwardtoreflectthechangeofseason.Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltot

heirsurvival.Likewise,rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmentalawa

reness.WhenSt.Augustineadmittedhisinabilitytodefinetime,hehighlightedoneoftime'smostnoticeablequalities:Tim

ebecomesmeaningfulonlyinadefinedcontext.Anytimekeepingsystemisvalid,andeachisaspraiseworthyasitspurpose.3.Whatcanwelearnfr

omthispassage?A.Thosewhodonotgoonrivertimewillliveanimbalancedlife.B.NewwaysofmeasuringtimecanhelptocontrolEarthsystems.

C.Atomictimewillgetaheadofrivertimeiftheriversrunslower.D.Moderntechnologymayhelptoshapetherivers'temporalframe.4.

Whatcanweinferfromthispassage?A.Itiscrucialtoimprovethedefinitionoftime.B.Afixedframewillmaketimemeaningless.C.Weshould

liveinharmonywithnature.D.Historyisamirrorreflectingreality.19.2021年6月天津卷B篇Sincethatfirstmorningin1978,Ihavebe

enfollowingthehabittothisday,notmakingoracceptingmanyexcusesfornotwriting.Iwrotemypoemsinthismannerfornearly

tenyearsbeforemyfirstbookwaspublished.WhenIdecidedtowriteanovel,Idividedmytwohours:thefirstforpoetry,thesecondforfiction.Wellorbadly,Iwroteatle

asttwopagesaday.Thisishowmynovel,TheLineoftheSun.wasfinished.IfIhadwaitedtohavethetime,Iwouldstillbewaitingtowr

itemynovel.WhatIgotoutofgettingupinthedarktoworkisthefeelingthatIamincontrol.Formanypeople,theinitialsense

ofurgencytocreateeasilydiesawaybecauseitrequiresmakingthetoughdecision:takingthetimetocreate,stealingitf

romyourselfififstheonlyway.44．Howdidtheauthormanagetofinishhernovel?A．Bystickingtowritingeverymorning.B.Bywritingwhenhermindwasmostactive.C.Bydr

awinginspirationsfromclassicnovels.D.Byreducingherteachinghoursatschool.45．Whatcanwelearnfromtheauthor'ssuccessinhe

rwritingcareer?A．Itisnevertoolatetochangeyourjob.B.Imaginativeideasdieawayifnottakenintime.C.Atightsche

duleisnoexcuseforlackofaction.D.Dailylifeprovidesideasforcreativewriting.20.2021年6月天津卷C篇ShiwaliMohan,anAlscientistatthePaloResearchCenter,

isskepticalofthesedigitalbeings."They'rehumanlikeintheirlooksandthewaytheysound,butthatinitselfisnotbeinghuman,"shesays."Human

qualitiesalsoinvolvehowyouthink,howyouapproachproblems,andhowyoubreakthemdown;andthattakesalotofalgorithmic(算

法)design.Designingforhuman-levelintelligenceisadifferentattemptthandesigningimagesthatbehavelikehumans."Shethencontinues,“Ifsomethinglookslik

eahuman,wehavehighexpectationsofthem,buttheymightbehavedifferentlyinwaysthathumansjustinstinctively(直觉地)knowhowotherhumansreact.Ye

tthedemandisthere,withUneeQseeinghighadoptionofitsdigitalemployeesacrossthefinancial,healthcare,andcommercialsectors（行业）."Unlessthesesectorsmak

etheirbusinessmodelsmuchmoreefficientdigitally,theymightbeleftbehind,"saysChetanDube,UneeQ9sCEO.Someothercompaniesa

retakingtheirdigitalbeingsastepfurther,enablingorganizationsandindividualstocreatedigitalhumansthemselvesusingfree-accessplatform

stheyprovide."ThebiggestmotivationforsuchplatformsistopopularizeAl,"Dubesays.Mohaniscautiousaboutthisap

proach,yetshesupportsthepurposebehindthesedigitalbeingsandisoptimisticaboutwheretheyareheaded."AswedevelopmoreadvancedAltechnology,wewo

uldthenhavetousenewwaysofcommunicatingwiththattechnology,shesays."'Hopefully,allofthatisdesignedtosupporthumans

intheirgoals."48．InMohan'sopinion,whathumanqualityislackingindigitalbeings?A．Calculatingbrain.B.Languageskills.C.Insti

nctivejudgments.D.Problem-solvingability.50．WhatdoesMohanthinkofthefutureofdigitalbeings?A．It'swellplanned.B.Itispromi

sing.C.Itisuncertain.D.It'squitehopeless.21.2021年6月新高考I卷（B篇）Byday,RobertTittertonisalawyer.Inhissparetim

ethoughhegoesonstagebesidepianistMariaRaspopova—notasamusicianbutasherpageturner."I'mnotatrainedmusician,butI'velearnttoreadmusicsoIcanhelpMariainh

erperformance."MrTittertonischairmanoftheOmegaEnsemblebuthasbeenthegroup'sofficialpageturnerforthepastfouryears.Hisjobistositbesidet

hepianistandturnthepagesofthescoresothemusiciandoesn'thavetobreaktheflowofsoundbydoingitthemselves.Hesaidhebecamejustasnervo

usasthoseplayinginstrumentsonstage."Alotofskillsareneededforthejob.Youhavetomakesureyoudon'tturntwopagesatonc

eandmakesureyoufindtherepeatsinthemusicwhenyouhavetogobacktotherightspot,"MrTittertonexplained.Beingapageturner

requiresplentyofpractice.Somepiecesofmusiccangofor40minutesandrequireupto50pageturns,includingbacktur

nsforrepeatpassages.Silentonstagecommunicationiskey,andeachpianisthastheirownstyleof"nodding"toindicateapageturnwhichtheyneedtoprac

tisewiththeirpageturner.Butlikeallperformances,therearemomentswhenthingsgowrong."Iwasturningthepagetogetrea

dyforthenextpage,butthedraftwindfromtheturncausedthesparepagestofalloffthestand,"MrTittertonsaid."LuckilyIwasable

tocatchthemandputthemback."2.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesTitterton'sjobonstage?A.Boring.B.Well-paid.C.Demanding.D.Dangerous.22.2021年6月新高考I卷

（C篇）In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedes

tructionofmigratory（迁徙的）waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16year

sofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N."Ding"Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoin

es,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypay

thestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundt

opurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerat

ionstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.Littlew

ondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.3.Whatisadirectresultofthe

Actpassedin1934?A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D.Thego

vernmenthascollectedmoney.23.2021年6月新高考I卷（D篇）Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional（情感的）intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunde

rstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,moti

vation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand"peopleskills."Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostof

themmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorba

dpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermight

useittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionali

ntelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthan

harmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis（重视）onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromoting

socialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheys

ervepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,weho

pethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewillo

ffernewperspectives（视角）fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,

mayservetopointusintherightdirection.2.Whydoestheauthormention"doctor"and"cheater"inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule.B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Topresentaf

act.D.Tomakeaprediction.3.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable.B.

Intolerant.C.Doubtful.D.Unclear.24.2021年6月新高考二卷B篇Thingsquicklygotveryintenseduetothehugeamountofenergyrequiredtolookafterthem.Thereweresometoughtime

sandIjustfeltextremelytired.Iwasgratefulthatmyfamilywastheretohelp.Wehadtohaveabitofaproductionlinegoing,makingup“tigermilk”,washingbabybottles,a

ndcleaningthefloors.6.Whatdidtheauthorthinkofraisingthetigercubsathome?A.Boring.B.Tiring.C.Costly.D.Ris

ky.25.2021年6月新高考二卷C篇Theprojectresultsfromthedifficultiesmanyschoolshaveingettingartistsofanysort-whetheranup-and-cominglocalmusicianoramajormoviest

ar-intoschoolstoworkwithandinspirechildren.ZafirakoubegantheprojectatAlpertonCommunitySchool,herplac

eofworkforthepasttwelveyears.“I'veseenthosemagicmomentswhenchildrenaretalkingtosomeonetheyareinspiredby-theireyesareshiningandtheirfacesl

ightup,”shesaid.“Weneedartists.morethaneverinourschools."9.WhatdoesCraig-MartinthinkoftheteachingoftheartsinU

Kschools?A.Itisparticularlydifficult.B.Itincreasesartists'income.C.Itopenschildren'smind.D.Itdeservesgreaterattention.26.2

021年6月全国甲卷（B篇）PortLympneReserve,whichrunsabreeding（繁育）programme,haswelcomedthearrivalofarareblackrhinocalf（犀牛幼崽）.Whenthetinycreaturearrivedo

nJanuary31.shebecamethe40thblackrhinotobebornatthereserve.AndofficialsatPortLympneweredelightedwiththenewarrival,especiallyasblackrhinosareknownforbe

ingdifficulttobreedincaptivity（圈养）.PaulBeer,headofrhinosectionatPortLympne,said:"Obviouslywe'reallabsolutelydelightedtowelcomeanothercalftoourb

lackrhinofamily.She'shealthy,strongandalreadyeagertoplayandexplore.Hermother,Solio,isafirst-timemuman

dsheisdoingafantasticjob.It'sstillalittletoocoldforthemtogooutintotheopen,butassoonastheweatherwarmsup,Iha

venodoubtthatthelittleonewillbeoutandaboutexploringandplayingeveryday."Theadorablefemalecalfisthesecondblackr

hinobornthisyearatthereserve,butitistooearlytotellifthecalveswillmakegoodcandidatestobereturnedtoprotectedareasofthewild.

ThefirstrhinotobebornatPortLympnearrivedonJanuary5tofirst-timemotherKisimaandweighedabout32kg.Hismothe

r,grandmotherandgreatgrandmotherwereallbornatthereserveandstilllivethere.AccordingtotheWorldWildlifeFund,theglobalblackrhinopopulationhasdroppeda

slowas5500,givingtherhinosa"criticallyendangered"status.3.WhatsimilarexperiencedoSolioandKisimahave?A.T

heyhadtheirfirstborninJanuary.B.Theyenjoyedexploringnewplaces.C.Theylivedwiththeirgrandmothers.D.Theywerebroughttothereserveyoung.4.Whatcanbeinfer

redaboutPortLympneReserve?A.Therhinosectionwillbeopentothepublic.B.Itaimstocontrolthenumberoftheanimals.C.ItwillcontinuetoworkwiththeWorldWildlifeFu

nd.D.Someofitsrhinosmaybesenttotheprotectedwildareas.27.2021年6月全国甲卷（C篇）WhenIwas9,wepackedupourhomeinLosAngelesandarrivedatHeathrow,London

onagrayJanuarymorning.Everyoneinthefamilysettledquicklyintothecityexceptme.Withoutmybelovedbeachesandendlessblue-skydays,Ifeltatalossandout

ofplace.UntilImadeadiscovery.Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardslefty

ourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itme

anthello.Itmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once,whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam（橫杆）,Ifellontothestones,damaginganerveinmyhand,andTobycameover,helpingmeup

:Safe,man.Safe.Afewminuteslater,whenIlandedthetrick,myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud,shouting:"Safe!Safe!Safe!"Andthat'swhatmattered—landingt

ricks,beingagoodskater.WhenIwas15,myfamilymovedtoWashington.Itriedskateboardingthere,butthelocalswerefarlesswelcoming.Withinacoupleofyears,I

'dgivenitup.WhenIreturnedtoLondonin2004,IfoundmyselfwanderingdowntoSouthbank,spendinghoursthere.I'vetra

veledbackseveraltimessince,mostrecentlythispastspring.Thedaywascoldbutclear;touristsandLondonersstoppedtowatchtheskat

ers.Weaving（穿梭）amongthekidswhorushedbyontheirboards,Ifoundmywaytothebeam.Thenarail-thinteenager,inabaggywhiteT-shirt,skidded（滑）uptothebeam.Hesa

tnexttome.Heseemednottonoticethemannexttohim.ButsoonIcaughtafewofhisglances."Iwasalocalhere20yearsago,"Itoldhim.Then,slow

ly,hebegantonodhishead."Safe,man.Safe.”"Yeah,"Isaid.“Safe."1.Whatcanwelearnabouttheauthorsoonafterhemo

vedtoLondon?A.Hefeltdisappointed.B.Hegaveuphishobby.C.Helikedtheweatherthere.D.Hehaddisagreementswithhisfamily.4.Whatmessagedoestheauth

orseemtoconveyinthetext?A.Childrenshouldlearnasecondlanguage.B.Sportisnecessaryforchildren'shealth.C.Ch

ildrenneedasenseofbelonging.D.Seeingtheworldismustforchildren.28.2021年6月全国甲卷（D篇）Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhu

mankindforcenturies.Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethen

atureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraised

asgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssett

hestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub—women,orpeopleofadifferentc

olororbelief—theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboy

stosaythatmembersoftheirgender（性别）are"really,reallysmart."Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Arou

ndagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare"really,reallysmart."Canourplanetaffordtoha

veanygreatthinkersbecomediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.Here'sthegoodnews.Ina

wiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.And

themorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors（因素）likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgeniu

s.Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith“intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力）,andsimplegoodfortune,whoar

eabletochangetheworld."1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvictors'standardsforjoiningthegeniusclub?A.They'reunfair.B.They'rec

onservative.C.They'reobjective.D.They'restrict.2.WhatcanweinferaboutgirlsfromthestudyinScience?A.Theythinkthemselvessmart

.B.Theylookuptogreatthinkers.C.Theyseegenderdifferencesearlierthanboys.D.Theyarelikelytobeinfluencedbysocialbeliefs.29.2021全国乙卷B篇GenerationXers

withyoungfamilies,likemywifeandI,canstillfinditconvenienttohaveahomephoneratherthanprovidingamobilephoneforeveryfamilymember.Thatsaid,tobeho

nesttheonlypeoplewhoeverringourhomephoneareourBabyBoomersparents,tothepointwhereweplayagameandguesswhoisca

llingbeforewepickupthephone(usingCallerIDwouldtakethefunoutofit).Howattachedareyoutoyourlandline?Howlonguntiltheygothewayofg

asstreetlampsandmorningmilkdeliveries?4.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthelandlinefromthelastparagraph?A.Itremainsafamilynecessity.B.Itwillfall

outofusesomeday.C.Itmayincreasedailyexpenses.D.Itisasimportantasthegaslight.30.2021全国乙卷C篇You'veheardthatplasticispollutingtheocean—

between4.8and12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyou

toknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.Atth

ebeginningoftheyear,theartistbuiltapiececalled"Strawpocalypse,"apairof10-foot-tallplasticwaves,frozenm

id-crash.Madeof168,000plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanups,thesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingc

enterinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebigges

tsource（来源）ofplasticpollution,butthey'verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon'tneedthemtodrinkwith

and,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat'spartofVonWong'sartworklikelycame

fromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.2.Whyd

oestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinparagraph3?A.Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling.B.Toexplainwhythe

yareuseful.C.Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart.D.Tofindasubstituteforthem.3.Whateffectwould"TruckloadofPlastic"haveonviewers?A.Cal

ming.B.Disturbing.C.Refreshing.D.Challenging.31.2021全国乙卷D篇Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthinkaboutoften.A

nnoyedbythelevelofdistraction（干扰）inhisopenoffice,hesaid,"That'swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet—soIcanfocus."Hiscommentstruckmea

sstrange.Afterall,coworkingspacesalsotypicallyuseanopenofficelayout（布局）.ButIrecentlycameacrossastudythatshowswhyhisapproachworks.Sowhydosom

anyofushateouropenoffices?Theproblemmaybethat,inouroffices,wecan'tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoother

s'conversationswhilewe'retryingtofocus.Indeed,theresearchersfoundthatface-to-faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreat

iveprocess,andyetacoworkingspaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhilealsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.3.Whatmak

esanopenofficeunwelcometomanypeople?A.Personalprivacyunprotected.B.Limitedworkingspace.C.Restrictionsongroupdisc

ussion.D.Constantinterruptions.4.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A.He'sanewsreporter.B.He'sanofficemanager.C.He'saprof

essionaldesigner.D.He'sapublishedwriter.32.2021年3月天津卷B篇Thepoignancy（酸楚）ofJordanretiringfromhisbelovedbasketballtoplaybaseba

llandwhathadpushedhimtomakesuchatoughdecisiontookmebysurprise.AsIwatchedhimtakeoffhisbasketballuniformandreplaceitwith

abaseballuniform,Isawhimleavingbehindthelayerthatnolongerservedhim,justasourlizardhad.Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.B

uttheyhadtolivewithwhotheywereaftereverythingwasdifferent.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.Huma

nsdonotshedskin（蜕皮）aseasilyasotheranimals.Thebeginningofchangeisupsetting.Theprocessistiring.Damagechangesusbeforeweareready.Iseeourlizard,r

awandnearlynew.Jordansaidthatnomatterhowitends,itstartswithhope.Withourtender,hopefulskin,thatiswherewebegin.5.Whatdoestheauthormostlike

lywanttotellus?A.Loveoffamilyhelpsussurvivegreathardships.B.It'snottheendoftheworldifwebreakthings.C.Weshouldmoveonnomatterwhathap

pens.D.Pastexperiencesshouldbetreasured.33.2021年3月天津卷C篇Everythingthathappensnextduringtheproceduremustberelatedtothisstory—aninjection（注射）b

ecomesthebiteofaninsect;theheatontheskinbecomesthesensationofthesunandamachinethatringsbecomesapolicecarpassingnearby."Theimportan

tthingisthatthetechnologistassociateswhatishappeningoutsidethepatient'sbodywithwhatthepatientseesinhishead,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid."Itrequirescreativi

tyonthepartofthetechnologist,imagination,alotofpatienceandkindness."Theprocedureappealedtothestaffalotwhenitwasintrodu

cedinJanuary."ItspreadlikewildfirethatsomeonefromFrancewasheretotrainthetechnologists,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid.Sheaddedthatshehadalineofstaffatherdoorw

antingtotakethetraining4.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestoryusedintheprocedure?A.Itshouldkeeppacewiththeprocedure.B.Itr

eflectsthepatient'screativity.C.Itisselectedbythetechnologist.D.Ittellswhatdoctorsaredoingtothepatient,34.2021年3月天津卷D篇Thereissomethingtobesaidforbe

ingageneralist,evenifyouareaspecialist.Knowingalittleaboutalotofthingsthatinterestyoucanaddtotherichnessofawhole,well-livedlife.Societypushesustospe

cialize,tobecomeexperts.Thisrequirescommitmenttoaparticularoccupation,branchofstudyorresearch.Thedrawbackt

obeingspecialistsisweoftencometoknowmoreandmoreaboutlessandless.Thereisagreatdealofpressuretomasterone'sfield.Youmaypursuetraining,degrees,orincre

asinglevelsofresponsibilityatwork.Thenyoudiscoverthepressureofhavingtokeepup.Somepeopleseemwillingtoworkaroundtheclockintheirnarrowspecia

lty.Butsuchcommitmentcanalsoweakenasenseoffreedom.Thesespecialistscouldworkattheofficeuntilteneachnight,thenlo

okbackandrealizetheywouldhavelovedtohavegonehomeandenjoyedthesweetnessoftheirfamilyandfriends,ortraveledtoexcitingplaces,meetinginterestingpeople.Mas

teringonethingtotheexclusion（排除）ofotherscanholdbackyourtruespirit.Generalists,ontheotherhand,knowalotaboutawiderangeofsubjectsandviewthewholewithal

litsconnections.Theyarepeopleofability,talent,andenthusiasmwhocanbringtheirbroadperspective（视角）intospecificfieldsofexpertise

（专长）.Thedoctorwhoisalsoapoetandphilosopherisasuperiordoctor,onewhocangivesomuchmoretohispatientsthanjustgood

medicalskills.Thingsareconnected.Letyourexpertiseinonefieldfuelyourpassionsinallrelatedareas.Someofyourinterestsmaynot

appeartobeconnectedbut,onceyouexploretheirdepths,youdiscoverthattheyare.MyeditorToni,whoisalsoawriter,haseditedseveralhi

storybooks.ShehasdecidedtostudyChinesehistory.FascinatedbythestructuralbeautyoftheForbiddenCityasapainter,shei

sequallyinterestedtolearnmoreaboutChinesephilosophy."Idon'tknowwhereitwilllead,butI'mexcitedI'monthispursuit."1.Tobecomeaspecialist,onema

yhaveto.A.narrowhisrangeofknowledgeB.avoidresponsibilitiesatworkC.knowmoreaboutthesocietyD.broadenhisperspectiveonlife4.Whatdoest

heauthorintendtoshowwiththeexampleofToni?A.Passionalonedoesnotensureaperson'ssuccess.B.In-depthexplorationmakesdiscoveriespossible.C.Everyone

hasachancetosucceedintheirpursuit.D.Seeminglyunrelatedinterestsareinawayconnected.35.2021年1月浙江卷C篇DrSusanneShultz,anevolutionarybiologis

tfromtheUniversityofManchester,saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But,sh

eadded,theresultswere"alittledisappointing"."Thevaguenessofthegesturemeaningssuggestseitherthatthechimps

havelittletocommunicate,orwearestillmissingalotoftheinformationcontainedintheirgesturesandactions,"shesaid."Moreover,themeanings

seemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalsconveywithnon-verbalcommunication.So,itseemsthegulfremains."2.WhatdidDrShultzthinkofthestudy?A.Itwaswelldesigned

butpoorlyconducted.B.Itwasagoodtrybutthefindingswerelimited.C.Itwasinspiringbuttheevidencewasunreliable.D.Itwasafailurebutthemethodsdeserved

praise.36.2020年全国1卷（B篇）Returningtoabookyou'vereadmanytimescanfeellikedrinkswithanoldfriend.There'sawelcomefamiliarity—butalsosometimesaslightsuspi

cionthattimehaschangedyouboth,andthustherelationship.Butbooksdon'tchange,peopledo.Andthat'swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtrans

formative.Thebeautyofrereadingliesintheideathatourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentmentalregister.It'strue,theolderIget,themor

eIfeeltimehaswings.Butwithreading,it'sallaboutthepresent.It'saboutthenowandwhatonecontributestothenow,beca

usereadingisagiveandtakebetweenauthorandreader.Eachhastopulltheirownweight.TherearethreebooksIrereadannually.Thef

irst,whichItaketoreadingeveryspring,isEmestHemingway'sAMoveableFeast.Publishedin1964,it'shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.Thelanguageisalmostinto

xicating（令人陶醉的）,anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.AnotherisAnnieDillard'sHolytheFirm,

herpoetic1975ramble（随笔）abouteverythingandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortázar'sSaveTwilight:SelectedPoems,becausepoetry.AndbecauseCortázar.Whi

leItendtobuyalotofbooks,thesethreeweregiventomeasgifts,whichmightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeedwonderfula

ndnecessary,rereadinganauthor'sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember,it'syoutha

thastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.1.Whydoestheauthorlikerereading?1.A.I

tevaluatesthewriter-readerrelationship.B.It'sawindowtoawholenewworld.C.It'sasubstitutefordrinkingwithafriend.D.Itextendstheunderstandingofone

self.2.WhatdoweknowaboutthebookAMoveableFeast?A.It'sabriefaccountofatrip.B.It'saboutHemingway'slifeasayoungman.C.It'sarecordofahistoricevent.D.It'sa

boutHemingway'sfriendsinParis.37.2020全国卷I卷（C篇）Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofew

erinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerra

cewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonef

ootremainincontact(接触)withthegroundatalltimes.It’sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg

,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,shesays.Accordingtomost

calculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyasth

eywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecaloriesperhour.However,rac

ewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourt

imestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweig

htwitheachstep.Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesp

ort’sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadopting

thesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpro

pertechnique,shesays.Ittakessomepractice.(4)Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?A.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Tolerant.D.

Conservative.38.2020北京卷B篇BaggyhasbecomethefirstdogintheUK—andpotentiallytheworld—tojointhefightagainstairpollutionby

recordingpollutantlevelsneartheground.Baggywearsapollutionmonitoronhercollarsoshecantakedatameasurementsclosetotheground.Hermoni

torhasshownthatairpollutionlevelsarehigherclosertogroundlevel,whichhashelpedhighlightconcernsthatbabiesandyo

ungkidsmaybeathigherriskofdevelopinglungproblems.Conventionalairpollutionmonitorsarenormallyfixedonla

mppostsataboutninefeetintheair.However,sinceBaggystandsataboutthesameheightasachildinapushchair（婴儿车）,shefrequentlyrecordspo

llutionlevelswhicharemuchhigherthanthedatagatheredbytheEnvironmentAgency.ThedoggydataresearchwastheideaofBaggy's13

-year-oldownerTomHuntandhisdadMatt.TheEnglishyoungsternoticedthatpollutionlevelsarearoundtwo-thirdshigherclosetothegroundthantheyareintheairatthehei

ghtwheretheyarerecordedbytheagency.Tomhassincereportedtheshockingfindingstothegovernmentinanattempttoemphasisethatbabiesar

eathigherriskofdevelopingasthma（哮喘）.MattHuntsaidhewas"veryproud"ofhissonbecause"whentheboygetsanidea,hekeepshi

sheaddownandgetsonwithit,andhereallydoeswanttodosomegoodandstopyoungkidsfromgettingasthma.""Tombuiltupapassionforenvi

ronmentalprotectionataveryearlyage,"Mattadded."Hebecameveryinterestedingadgets（小装置）.Aboutoneyearago,hegotthisnewpieceoftechwhichislikeat

esttube.OneSundayafternoon,wewentouttodosomemonitoring,andhesaid,'whydon'tweputitonBaggy'scollarandlethermonitorthepollution?'Sowedidit."Tomsaid,

"Mostofthetime,Baggyisjustlikeanyotherdog.Butfortherestofthetimesheisasuperdog,andweareallreallyproudofher."3.W

hatisTom'spurposeofdoingtheresearch?A.Towarnofahealthrisk.B.Tofindoutpollutionsources.C.Totesthisnewmonitor.D.ToproveBaggy'sabilities.4.Accordingtot

hepassage,whichwordcanbestdescribeTomHunt?A.Modest.B.Generous.C.Creative.D.Outgoing.39.2020北京卷C篇Forthepastfiveyears

,PaulaSmith,ahistorianofscience,hasdevotedherselftore-creatinglong-forgottentechniques.Whiledoingresearchforhernewbook,shecameacrossa16

th-centuryFrenchmanuscript（手稿）consistingofnearly1,000setsofinstructions,coveringsubjectsfromtoolmakingtofindingthebestsand.Theauthor's

intentionremainsasmysterious（神秘）ashisname;hemayhavebeensimplytakingnotesforhisownrecords.ButSmithwas

struckmainlybythefactthatshedidn'ttrulygraspanyoftheskillstheauthordescribed."Yousimplycan'tgetanunderstandingofthathandworkbyreadingaboutit,"shesay

s.ThoughSmithdidgetherhandsonthebestsand,doingthingstheold-fashionedwayisn'tjustaboutplayingaroundwithFrench

mud.Reconstructingtheworkofthecraftsmen（工匠）wholivedcenturiesagocanrevealhowtheyviewedtheworld,whatobjectsfilledth

eirhomes,andwhatwentonintheworkshopsthatproducedthem.Itcanevenhelpsolvepresent-dayproblems:In2015,scientistsd

iscoveredthata10th-centuryEnglishmedicineforeyeproblemscouldkilladrug-resistantvirus.Theworkhasalsobroughtinsightsformuseums,Smith

says.Onemustknowhowanobjectwasmadeinordertopreserveit.What'smore,reconstructionsmightbetheonlywaytoknowwhattreasureslo

okedlikebeforetimeworethemdown.ScholarshaveseenthisideainpracticewithancientGreekandRomanstatues.Thesescu

lptureswerepaintedarainbowofstrikingcolours.Wecan'tappreciatethesekindsofdetailswithoutseeingworksofartastheyoriginallyappeared—somethingSmith

believesyoucandoonlywhenyouhavearoadmap.2.AccordingtoSmith,thereconstructionworkisdonemainlyto.A.restoreo

ldworkshopsB.understandthecraftsmenC.improvevisualeffectsD.inspirethephilosophers3.Whydoestheauthormentionmuseums?A.Torev

ealthebeautyofancientobjects.B.Topresentthefindingsofoldscience.C.Tohighlighttheimportanceofantiques.D.Toemphasis

ethevaluesofhandskills.40.2020北京卷D篇Fearsabouttheappearanceofbad,powerful,man-madeintelligentmachineshavebeenreinforced（强化）bymanyworksoffiction—MarySh

elley'sFrankensteinandtheTerminatorfilmseries,forexample.ButifAIdoeseventuallyprovetobeourdownfall,itisunlikelytobeatthehandsofhuman-shapedform

slikethese,withrecognisablyhumanmotivationssuchasaggression（敌对行为）.Instead,IagreewithOxfordUniversityphilosopherNickBostrom,whobelievesthattheheavi

estrisksfromAGIdonotcomefromadecisiontoturnagainstmankindbutratherfromadoggedpursuitofsetobjectivesattheexpenseofeverythingelse.T

hepromiseanddangeroftrueAGIaregreat.Butalloftoday'sexciteddiscussionaboutthesepossibilitiespresupposesthefactthatwewillbeabletobuil

dthesesystems.And,havingspokentomanyoftheworld'sforemostAIresearchers,IbelievethereisgoodreasontodoubtthatwewillseeAGIanytimesoon,ifever.3.

AsforIrvingGood'sopiniononultra-intelligentmachines,theauthoris.A.supportiveB.disapprovingC.fearfulD.uncertain4.Whatcanbeinferredabou

tAGIfromthepassage?A.Itmaybeonlyadream.B.Itwillcomeintobeingsoon.C.Itwillbecontrolledbyhumans.D.Itmaybemoredangerousthanever.

41.2020全国2.C篇Thenthere'sRighteousFuranditsunusualfashions.ModelPaigeMorgansays,"Togivepeopleaguilt-f

reeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem—Ithinkthat'sgoingtobeamassivething,atleasthereinNewYork."DesignerJenniferAndersonadmi

tsittookherawhiletocomearoundtotheopinionthatusingnutriafurforhercreationsismorallyacceptable.She'stryingtocomeupwithalabeltoattachtonutr

iafashionstoshowitiseco-friendly.4.WhatcanweinferaboutwearingfurinNewYorkaccordingtoMorgan?A.It'sformal.B.It'srisky.C.It'sh

armful.D.It'straditional.42.2020全国2.D篇Ihaveaspecialplaceinmyheartforlibraries.IhaveforaslongasIcanremember.Iwasalwaysanenthusias

ticreader,sometimesreadinguptothreebooksadayasachild.Storieswerelikeairtomeandwhileotherkidsplayedballorwenttoparties,Il

ivedoutadventuresthroughthebooksIcheckedoutfromthelibrary.MyfirstjobwasworkingattheUkiahLibrarywhenIwas16yea

rsold.ItwasadreamjobandIdideverythingfromshelvingbookstoreadingtothechildrenforstorytime.AsIgrewolderandbecameamo

ther,thelibrarytookonanewplaceandanaddedmeaninginmylife.Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource（来源）ofentertainment.Itwasabigdealforus

toloadupandgotothelocallibrary,wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem.Ialwaysread

,usingdifferentvoices,asthoughIwereactingoutthestorieswithmyvoiceandtheylovedit!Itwasaspecialtimetobondwithmychildre

nanditfilledthemwiththewondermentofbooks.NowIseemychildrentakingtheirchildrentothelibraryandIlovethattheexcitemen

tofgoingtothelibrarylivesonfromgenerationtogeneration.Asanovelist,I'vefoundanewrelationshipwithlibraries.Iencouragereaderstogototheirlocallibrarywh

entheycan'taffordtopurchaseabook.Iseelibrariesasasafehaven（避风港）forreadersandwriters,abridgethathelpsputtogetheraread

erwithabook.Libraries,intheirownway,helpfightbookpiracy（盗版行为）andIthinkallwritersshouldsupportlibrariesinasig

nificantwaywhentheycan.Encouragereaderstousethelibrary.Sharelibraryannouncementsonyoursocialmedia.Frequentthemandtalkaboutthemwheny

oucan.1.Whichwordbestdeseribestheauthor'srelationshipwithbooksasachild?A.Cooperative.B.Uneasy.C.Inseparable.D.Casual.2.Whatdoestheunder

linedphrase"anaddedmeaning"inparagaph3referto?A.Pleasurefromworkinginthelibrary.B.Joyofreadingpassedoninthefamily.C.Wonderme

ntfromactingoutthestories.D.Acloserbonddevelopedwiththereaders.43.2020全国3.B篇Insomecases,it'snotsomuchthetreatmentoftheanimalso

nsetinthestudiothathasactivistsworried;it'stheoff-settrainingandlivingconditionsthatareraisingconcerns.Andtherearequestionsaboutth

efilmsmadeoutsidetheStates,whichsometimesarenotmonitoredascloselyasproductionsfilmedintheStates.4.Whatcanweinferfr

omthelastparagraphaboutanimalactors?A.Theymaybebadlytreated.B.Theyshouldtakefurthertraining.C.Theycouldbetradedil

legally.D.Theywouldlosepopularity.44.2020全国3.C篇AndwhatdoesNickthink?"Frommystandpoint,itallseemstoworkv

erywell.WouldIrecommendit?Yes,IthinkIwould."It'shardtotellexactlyhowmanypeopleagreewithhim,butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebee

nrisingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325,000in2002to419,000in201

3.2.WhatisNick'sattitudetowardssharingthehousewithhismother-in-law?A.Positive.B.Carefree.C.Tolerant.D.Unwilling.45.2020.7浙江卷（B篇）InBellevue,theswitc

htoadaptivesignalshasbeenalessoninthevalueofwelcomingnewapproaches.Inthepast,therewasoftenanautomaticreactiontoincreasedtraffic:justwid

entheroads,saysMarkPoch,theBellevueTransportationDepartment'strafficengineeringmanager.Nowhehopesthatothercitieswillconsidermakingtheirstr

eetsrunsmarterinsteadofjustmakingthembigger.3.WhatcanwelearnfromBellevue'ssuccess?A.Itisrewardingtotrynewthings.B.Theoldmethodsstillworktoday.C.Itpa

ystoputtheoryintopractice.D.Thesimplestwayisthebestway.46.2020.7浙江卷（C篇）"Thisworksjustlikephysicalexercise,"saysFranciscaThen,

wholedthestudy."Afteralongrun,youmayfeellikeyou'reinpain,youmayfeeltired.Butitmakesyoufit.Afteralongdayatwork—sure,youwillfeeltir

ed,butitcanhelpyourbrainstayhealthy."It'snotjustcorporatejobs,orevenpaidworkthatcanhelpkeepyourbrainfit,Thenpointsout.Awaiter'sjob,forexample,t

hatrequiresmultitasking,teamworkanddecision-makingcouldbejustasstimulatingasanyhigh-levelofficework.And"runningafa

milyhouseholdrequireshigh-levelplanningandcoordinating（协调）,"shesays."Youhavetoorganizetheactivitiesofthechildrenandtakecareofthebi

llsandgroceries."2.HowdoesFranciscaThenexplainherfindingsinparagraph4?A.Byusinganexpert'swords.B.Bymakingacomparison.C.By

referringtoanotherstudy.D.Byintroducingaconcept.47.2020.5天津卷（B篇）Parryquicklygraduatedfromhisearlyheartsandsh

arks,andstartedtosurprisefamilieswithdrawingsthatcapturedyoungpatients'personalities.FromSnoopytoSpider-Manandbearstobutterflies,t

hereisn'tmuchhehasn'tdrawn.Mostkidswantsuperheroessportsteamlogosorprincesses,whilebabiesoftenreceivesceneswithflowers,tree

sandseacreatures.Duringthelast30years,Parryestimateshehasleftexamplesofhishandiworkoverthestitches（伤口缝线）ofmorethan10,000chi

ldren."Duringatimeofstressforfamilies,it'snicetobeabletohelpthemsmileandlaugh,"Parrysaid."ThisissomethingpositivethatIcandoforthem,

whichiswhatIlikemostaboutit."5.WhatcanwelearnaboutParryfromthelasttwoparagraphsofthepassage?A.Heiseagertoshowothershisnewskills.B.

Heenjoystryingnewwaystohelpothers.C.Heislookingforwardtolifeafterretirement.D.Heismoreinterestedinknittingthan

drawing.48.2020.5天津卷（C篇）Whiletherehasbeenrealprogressinthee-planeindustry,thetechnicalchallengesthatremainar

ekeepingeveryone'sfeetfirmlyontheground.Abattery,evenalithiumone,onlyprovides250watt-hoursperkilogram;c

omparethistoliquidfuel,whichhasaspecificenergyof11,890watt-hoursperkilogram.Carryingadequatebatteries,however,wouldmaketheplanetooheavytogetoff

theground.Inaircraft,whereeverybitofweightcounts,thiscan'tjustbeignored.4.Whatmightbethebiggestchallengeofelectricflying?A.Toimprov

ethegroundservicefore-planes.B.Tofindqualifiedtechniciansfore-planeindustry.C.Tocalculatetheenergyneededtopowere-pl

anes.D.Tobalancepowerandweightofbatteriesine-planes.49.2020.5天津卷（D篇）Historymakesusmoreempathetic（具有共情能力的）.Studyinghistorycangiv

eusinsight（洞察力）intowhyourculturedoescertainthings,andhowthepasthasshapeditintowhatweknownow.Italsopr

ovidesaratherstrongfoundationforempathyacrosscultures.Fearandhateforothersisusuallycausedbyignorance（无知）.We'rescaredofthethingsthatwedon'tunder

stand.Historyhasthepotentialtobreakdownthoseboundariesbyofferingusinsightintoentireworldsthatwouldotherwisebeforeigntous.3.Whatcanbeconcludedfrom

Para.4?A.Itisdifficulttogetridofculturalbarriers.B.Peoplearewillingtoacceptforeigncultures.C.Culturalconflictsinhistoryaredifficulttoignore.D.Histor

yhelpsusimproveourcross-culturalawareness.50.2020.7天津卷（B篇）Vinnie'sfaceturnedred.Sherealizedshelookedlikeachild,withhertinyfigure."Smalldoesnotmean

weak,sir,"shedefendedherself."IwasborninthecountryofWisconsin.I'vedrivenhorsesandcarriedwater.Makingaf

ull-lengthclay（粘土）figurewouldnotexhaustmystrength—andthatiswhatIintendtodo!"ThePresident'seyes,brightenedat

hershowofspirit."Sorry,madam,IhaveunderestimatedyouasIdidn'tknowyourbackground."3.Vinnieconfirmedherabilitytomakeafull-lengthstatuebyhighlighting.

A.herexperiencefromotherprojectsB.herinnocentchildhoodinthecountryC.theheavylaborshehaddonebeforeD.theskillshepickedupinWisconsin51.2020.7天津卷（C篇）F

orpeoplewhoareinterestedinsound,thefieldofsoundtechnologyisdefinitelymakingnoise.Inthepast,soundengineersworkedinthebackroomsofrecor

dingstudios,butmanyoftoday'ssoundprofessionalsaresharingtheirknowledgeandexperiencewithprofessionalsinotherfieldstocreatenewprodu

ctsbasedonthephenomenonwecallsound.Soundcanbeusedasaweapon.Imaginethatapoliceofficerischasingathief.Thethieftriestoescape.

Andtheofficercan'tlethimgetaway.Hepullsoutaspecialdevice,pointsitatthesuspect,andswitchesiton.Thethiefdropstotheground.Thisnewweaponi

scalledaLongRangeAcousticDevice（LRAD，远程定向声波发射器）.Itproducesadeafeningsoundsopainfulthatittemporarilydisablesaperson.Thenois

efromtheLRADisdirectedlikearayoflightandtravelsonlyintotheearsofthatperson,butitisnotdeadly.1.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph2abouttheeffecto

ftheLRAD?A.Itcausestemporaryhearingloss.B.Itslowsdownarunningman.C.Itmakesiteasytoidentifyasuspect.D.Itke

epsthesuspectfromhurtingothers.52.2020.7天津卷（D篇）Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedi

fferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriouslyanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.A

ndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.Together,thesedeephumanurges（驱策力）countformuchmorethanambition.Galileo

wasnotmerelyambitiouswhenhedroppedobjectsofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltotheground

.LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,"Why?Why?Why?"Fortunately,curiosityanddiscontentd

on'thavetobelearned.Wearebornwiththemandneedonlyrecapturethem."Thegreatman,"saidMencius（孟子）,"Ishewhodoesnotlosehischild'sheart."Yetmostof

usdoloseit.Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.Andthecrowddesiresonlythec

almandrestfulaverage.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecorner,toavoidfoolishleapsintothedark,tobesatisfied.Mostofusmeetn

ewpeople,andnewideas,withhesitation.Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem,wethinkhowterribleitwouldhavebeen,hadwemissedthechance.W

ewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowakenourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.Howshouldyoustart?Modestly,soasnottobecomediscoura

ged.Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn'tarrangeflowerstosatisfyherself.Shewascuriousabouthowtheexpertsdidit.Howshe

isoneoftheexperts,writingbooksonflowerarrangement.Onewaytobeginistoansweryourownexcuses.Youhaven'tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon'

t;thereareonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven'tanytime?That'sgood,becauseit'salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhogetthingsdone.

HarrietStowe,motherofsix,wrotepartsofUncleTom'sCabinwhilecooking.You'retooold?RememberthatThomasCostainwas57whenhepublishedh

isfirstnovel,andthatGrandmaMosesshowedherfirstpictureswhenshewas78.Howeveryoustart,rememberthereisnobettertimetostartthanrightnow,foryou'l

lneverbemorealivethanyouareatthismoment.4.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs6and7?A.Gainingsuccesshelpsyoubecomeanexpert.B

.Thegeniustendstogetthingsdonecreatively.C.Lackoftalentandtimeisnoreasonfortakingnoaction.D.Youshouldremainmodestwhenapproachingperfection

.53.2020.1浙江卷（A篇）Ineverknewanyonewho'dgrownupinJacksonwithoutbeingafraidofMrs.Calloway,ourlibrarian.SheranJackson'sCarnegieLibraryabsolutelybyhe

rself.SILENCEinbigblackletterswasonsignshungeverywhere.Ifshethoughtyouweredressedimproperly,shesentyoustraightbackhometochangeyourclothes.Iwas

willing;Iwoulddoanythingtoread.MymotherwasnotafraidofMrs.Calloway.Shewishedmetohavemyownlibrarycardtocheckoutbooksformyself.Shetookmeintointrod

uceme."Eudoraisnineyearsoldandhasmypermissiontoreadanybookshewantsfromtheshelves,childrenoradults."Mothersaid.Mrs.Calloway

madeherownrulesaboutbooks.Youcouldnottakebackabooktothelibraryonthesamedayyou'dtakenitout;itmadenodifferencetoherthatyou'dreadeverywordinitandneed

edanothertostart.Youcouldtakeouttwobooksatatimeandtwoonly.Sotwobytwo,IreadlibrarybooksasfastasIcouldgo,rushingthemhomeinthebasketofmybicycle.Fromt

heminuteIreachedourhouse,Istartedtoread.Iknewthiswasextremehappiness,knewitatthetime.Mymothersharedthisfeelingofmine.Now,Ithinkofherasreadin

gsomuchofthetimewhiledoingsomethingelse.IrememberherreadingamagazinewhiletakingthepartoftheWolfinagameof"LittleRedRidingHoo

d"withmybrother'stwodaughters.She'djustlookupattherighttime,longenoughtoanswer—incharacter—"Thebettertoeatyouwith,mydear,"andgobacktoherplaceinthema

gazinearticle.1.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribedMrs.Calloway?A.Quiet.B.StrictC.Humorous.D.Considerate.2.Whatdotheund

erlinedwords"thisfeeling"refertointhelastparagraph?A.Desiretoread.B.LoveforMrs.Calloway.C.Interestingames.D.Fearofthelibraryrul

es.54.2020.1浙江卷（B篇）Milwaukee,Wisconsin,isroadtestinganewwaytokeepwinterroadsice-free-byspreadingonthemcheesebring,thes

altyliquidusedtomakesoftcheeses,likemozzarella.Wisconsin.alsocalled"America'sDairyland,"isfamousforitscheese.Thestateproduced2.8billionpoundsofchees

elastyear!Asaresult,therewasalotofleftovercheesebring.Disposingof（处置）thebringcanbeexpensive.Sowhatshouldcheesemakersdo

withthewaste?Normally,townsuserocksalttode-icestreets.Thesaltlowerswater'sfreezingpoint,causingicetomelt（融化）.Bu

tusingcheesebringcouldhelpbothcheeseproducersandcitiessavemoney,whilekeepingroadssafe.Cheesebringhassaltinit,which,liketherocksalt,he

lpslowerwater'sfreezingpoint.Inadditiontosavingmoney,cheesebringcouldalsobeamoreeco-friendlyoption.Manypeoplesuspectth

atalltherocksaltusedeverywinterisharmingtheenvironment.Rocksaltismadeofsodiumchloride,thesamecompound（化合物）inordinarytablesalt.Soundsharmle

ss,right?Butwhileyouprobablyaddonlyasmallamountofsalttoyourfood,roadcrewsspreadabout20milliontonsofsaltonU.S.roadsevery

year!Thechemicalwashesoffroadsandgoesintotheground.Thereitcanpollutedrinkingwater,harmplants,andeatawaysoil.Byspreadingchees

ebringonstreetsbeforeaddingalayerofrocksalt,Milwaukeemaybeabletocutitsrocksaltuseby30percent.Cheesebringhasadownsidetoo—asmellsimilartotha

tofbadmilk."Idon'treallymindit,"EmailNorbytoldModernFarmermagazine.HeworksforoneofWisconsin'scountyhighwaycommissionsandcameupwiththeideaofusingc

heesebring."OurroadssmelllikeWisconsin!"hesaid.3.Milwaukee'snewwaytode-icestreetsmaybeanexampleof.A.barkingupthewrongtreeB.puttingt

hecartbeforethehorseC.robbingPetertopayPaulD.killingtwobirdswithonestone55.2020.1浙江卷（B篇）Today'sworldisnotaneasyadjustmentforyoungadults.A

keyskillsetforsuccessispersistence（毅力）,acharacteristicthatresearcherssayisheavilyinfluencedbyfathers.ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversityd

iscoveredthatfathersareinauniquepositiontohelptheiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence.BYUprofessorsLauraPadilla-WalkerandRandalDayarrive

datthesefindingsafterfollowing325Americanfamiliesoverseveralyears.Andovertime,thepersistencegainedthrough

fathersledtohigherachievementinschool."Therearerelativelyfewstudiesthatstresstheuniqueroleoffathers."Padilla-

Walkersaid."Thisresearchalsohelpstoprovethatcharacteristicssuchaspersistence-whichcanhetaught-arekeytoachild'slifesuccess."Researchersdetermi

nedthatdadsneedtopracticean"authoritative"parentingstyle.Authoritativeparentingisnotauthoritarian:rigid,de

mandingorcontrolling.Rather,anauthoritativeparentingstyleincludessomeofthefollowingcharacteristics:chi

ldrenfeelwarmthandlovefromtheirfather;responsibilityandthereasonsbehindrulesarestressed;childrenaregivenanappropriatelevelofautonomy（自主权）.Int

hestudy,about52percentofthedadsexhibitedabove-averagelevelsofauthoritativeparenting.Akeyfindingisthatover

time,childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence,whichleadstob

etteroutcomesinschool.Thisparticularstudyexaminedlato14-year-oldslivingintwo-parenthomes.Yettheresearcherssuggestthatsingleparentsstil

lmayplayaroleinteachingthebenefitsofpersistence,whichisanavenueoffutureresearch.2.Whatwouldanauthoritativefatherdowhenraisinghischildr

en?A.Ignoretheirdemands.B.Makedecisionsforthem.C.Controltheirbehaviors.D.Explaintherulestothem.56.2020年全国III

卷（D篇）Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperinto

ourgenes(基因),theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.PeopleinEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedt

olivingathighaltitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthernEuropehavegainedamutation(突变)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.OnThurs

dayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaptation—nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofsea-dwellin

gpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobetterdivers.TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinthehundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippin

es.Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they’vealsobuilthousesonstilts(支柱)incoastalwaters.“Theyaresimplyastrangertotheland,”saidR

odneyC.Jubilado,aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudiestheBajau.Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowinguponSamalIsla

ndinthePhilippines.Theymadealivingasdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish.“Weweresoamazedthattheycouldst

ayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders,”Dr.Jubiladosaid.“Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea.”In2015,MelissaIlardo,then

agraduatestudentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,heardabouttheBajau.Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhavel

edtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem.“Itseemedliketheperfectchancefornatur

alselectiontoactonapopulation,”saidDr.Ilardo.ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.()

Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbytheexamplesinparagraph1?A.Environmentaladaptationofcattleraisers.B.Recentfindingsofhumanorigin.C.Newknowled

geofhumanevolution.D.Significanceoffoodselection.57.2020江苏卷B篇AsInglisand,laterotherbusinessmen,gottowork,repurposedphoneboxesbeganreappearingincities

andvillagesaspeoplefoundnewusesforthem.Today,theyareonceagainafamiliarsight,playingrolesthatareoftenjustasimporta

ntforthecommunityastheiroriginalpurpose.Inruralareas,whereambulancescantakearelativelylongtimetoarriv

e,thephoneboxeshavetakenonalifesavingrole.Localorganizationscanadoptthemfor1pound,andinstalldefibrillatorstohelpinemergencies.Othersalsolooke

datthephoneboxesandsawbusinessopportunities.LoveFone,acompanythatadvocatesrepairingcellphonesratherthan

abandoningthem,openedaminiworkshopinaLondonphoneboxin2016.Thetinyshopsmadeeconomicsense,accordingtoRobertKerr,afounderofLoveFo

ne.Hesaidthatoneoftheboxesgeneratedaround400torent.Inglissaidphoneboxescalledtomindanagewhenthingswerebuilttolast."Ilikewhatthe

yaretopeople,andIenjoybringingthingsback,"hesaid.3.Thephoneboxesarebecomingpopularmainlybecauseof.A.theirnewappearanceandlowerpricesB.thepushofth

elocalorganizationsC.theirchangedrolesandfunctionsD.thebigfundingofthebusinessmen58.2020江苏卷C篇Butitwastheeffectsdeep

withinthefatcellsthatmayhavebeenthemostsignificant,theresearchersfound.Multiplegenesbehaveddifferently,dependingonwhethersomeonehadeatenornotbefore

walking.Manyofthesegenesproduceproteins(蛋白质)thatcanimprovebloodsugarregulationandinsulin(胰岛素)levelsthroughoutthe

bodyandsoareassociatedwithimprovedmetabolichealth.Thesegenesweremuchmoreactivewhenthemenhadfastedbeforeexercisethanwhenthe

yhadbreakfasted.Theimplicationoftheseresultsisthattogainthegreatesthealthbenefitsfromexercise,itmaybewisetoskipea

tingfirst.4.Whatcouldbelearnedfromtheresearch?A.Aworkoutafterbreakfastimprovesgeneperformances.B.Toomuchworkouto

ftenslowsmetabolicrates.C.Lifestyleisnotasimportantasmorningexercise.D.Physicalexercisebeforebreakfastisbetterforheal

th.59.2020江苏卷D篇IwasinthemiddleoftheAmazon(亚马逊)withmywife,whowasthereasamedicalresearcher.Weflewonasmallplanetoafarawayvillage.Wedidnotspeakthelocall

anguage,didnotknowthecustoms,andmoreoftenthannot,didnotentirelyrecognizethefood.Wecouldnothavefeltmoreforeign.Wewereraisedonbooksandcomp

uters,highwaysandcellphones,butnowwewerelivinginavillagewithoutrunningwaterorelectricity.Itwaseasyforustogotosleepattheendofthe

dayfeelingalittlemisunderstood.ThenoneperfectAmazonianevening,withmonkeyscallingfrombeyondthevillagegreen,weplayedsoccer.Iamnotgoodatsoccer,

butthateveningitwaswonderful.Everyoneknewtherules.Weallspokethesamelanguageofpassesandshots.Weunderstoodoneanotherperfectly.Asdarknesscameoverthefi

eldandthematchended,thegoalkeeper,Juan,walkedovertomeandsaidinamatter-of-factway,"Inyourhome,doyouhaveamoontoo?"Iwassurprised.AfterIexplainedtoJu

anthatyes,wedidhaveamoonandyes,itwasverysimilartohis,Ifeltasortofawe(敬畏)atthepossibilitiesthatexistedinhisworld,InJuan

'sworld,eachvillagecouldhaveitsownmoon.InJuan'sworld,theunknownandundiscoveredwasvastandmarvelous.Anythingwa

spossible.Inoursociety,weknowthatEarthhasonlyonemoon.Wehavelookedatourplanetfromeveryangleandfoundallofthewildestthingslefttofind.Ican,frommycom

puterathome,pullupsatelliteimagesofJuan'svillage.Therearenomorecontinentsandnomoremoonstosearchfor,littlele

fttodiscover.Atleastitseemsthatway.Yet,asIthoughtaboutJuan'squestion,Iwasnotsurehowmuchmorewecouldreallyruleout.Iam,inpart,anan

tbiologist,somythoughtsturnedtowhatweknowaboutinsectlifeandIknewthatmuchintheworldofinsectsremainsunknown.Howmuch,though?Howignorant(无知的)arewe?

Thequestionofwhatweknowanddonotknowconstantlybotheredme.Ibegancollectingnewspaperarticlesaboutnewspecies,newmonkey,newspider…,andona

ndontheyappear.Mydrawerquicklyfilled.Ibeganaseconddrawerformoregeneraldiscoveries:newcavesystemdiscoveredwithdozensofnameless

species,fourhundredspeciesofbacteriafoundinthehumanstomach.Theseconddrawerbegantofillandasitdid,Iwonderedwhetherthe

rewerebiggerdiscoveriesoutthere,notjustspecies,butlifethatdependsonthingsthoughttobeuseless,lifeevenwithoutDNA.Istarte

dathirddrawerforthesebigdiscoveries.Itfillsmoreslowly,butallthesame,itfills.1.HowdidtheauthorfeelonhisarrivalintheAmazo

n?A.Outofplace.B.Fullofjoy.C.Sleepy.D.Regretful.3.WhywastheauthorsurprisedatJuan'squestionaboutthemoon?A.Thequestionwastoostraightforward.B.J

uanknewsolittleabouttheworld.C.Theauthordidn'tknowhowtoanswer.D.Theauthordidn'tthinkJuanwassincere.4.Whatwastheauthor'sinitialpurposeofco

llectingnewspaperarticles?A.Tosortoutwhatwehaveknown.B.TodeepenhisresearchintoAmazonians.C.Toimprovehisreputat

ionasabiologist.D.Tolearnmoreaboutlocalcultures.60.2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷(山东卷）B篇Throughitall,sheremainedingoodacadem

icstandingandgraduatedwithhonors.Jennifersacrificed(牺牲)toachievehergoal,givingupmanynightswithherkidsan

dmissingimportanteventstostudy.''Somenightsmyheartwasbreakingtohavetopickbetweenmykidsandstudyingforexamsorpapers

,''shesays.However,herchildrenhavelearnedanimportantlessonwitnessingtheirmotherearnherdegree.Jenniferisafirst-generationgraduateandaninspira

tiontoherfamily—andthat'sprettypowerful.4.WhatcanwelearnfromJennifer'sstory?A.Timeismoney.B.Lovebreaksdownb

arriers.C.Hardworkpaysoff.D.Educationisthekeytosuccess.61.2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷(山东卷）C篇Inthemid-1990s,TomBisselltaughtEngl

ishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturned

toUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:Los

tAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdr

yingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland,andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway:Rustam,histranslator,alovely24-y

ear-oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia,OlegandNatasha,hishostsinTashkent,andastringofforeignaidworkers.Thisis

aquicklookatlifeinUzbekistan,madeoffriendlinessandwarmth,butalsoitsdarkersideofsociety.InSamarkand,MrBisselladmi

resthearchitecturalwonders,whileonhiswaytoBukharahegetsatasteofpolicemethodswhensuspectedofdrugdealing.InFerghana,heattendsamountainfuneral

(葬礼)followedbyastrangedrinkingparty.AndinKarakalpakstan,heissaddenedbytheduststorms,diseasesandfishingboatsst

uckmilesfromthesea.3.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesMrBissell'sroadtripinUzbekistan?A.Romantic.B.Ev

entful.C.Pleasant.D.Dangerous.4.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A.Tointroduceabook.B.Toexplainaculturalphenomenon.C.Torememberawriter.D.Torecom

mendatraveldestination.62.2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷(山东卷）C篇Inthemid-1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbek

istan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,

hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmoretha

nthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTash

kenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland,ando

fthepeoplehemeetsonhisway:Rustam,histranslator,alovely24-year-oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia,OlegandNatasha,hishostsinTashke

nt,andastringofforeignaidworkers.ThisisaquicklookatlifeinUzbekistan,madeoffriendlinessandwarmth,butalsoitsdarkersideofsociet

y.InSamarkand,MrBisselladmiresthearchitecturalwonders,whileonhiswaytoBukharahegetsatasteofpolicemethodswhensuspectedofdrugdealing.InFerghan

a,heattendsamountainfuneral(葬礼)followedbyastrangedrinkingparty.AndinKarakalpakstan,heissaddenedbytheduststorms,diseasesandfishingboatsst

uckmilesfromthesea.MrBissellskillfullyorganizeshistoricalinsightsandculturalreferences,makinghistaleawell-roundedpictureof

Uzbekistan,seenfromWesterneyes.HisjudgmentandreferencesaredecidedlyAmerican,aswellashisdelicatestomach.Astheauthorexplains,thisisnei

theratravelnorahistorybook,orevenapieceofreportage.Whateveritis,theresultisafineandvividdescriptionofthepurestofCentralAsiantraditions

.()Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A.Tointroduceabook.B.Toexplainaculturalphenomenon.C.Torememberawriter.D.Torecommendatraveldestination.63.2020年新高

考全国Ⅰ卷(山东卷）D篇AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluen

ceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeport

ions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersc

onductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上

)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbe

dherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Both

thefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.Ho

wever,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthe

snackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandy

whenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeat

more,sowillI.Callitthe"I'llhavewhatshe'shaving"effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabi

tbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?3.W

hydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher

.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.4.Onwhatbasisdowe"adjusttheinfluence"accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howh

ungryweare.B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers.D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.64.2020海南（B篇）Theendoftheschoolyearwasinsightands

piritswerehigh.Iwasbackteachingafteranabsenceof15years,dealingwiththevariouskindsof"forbiddenfruit"thatco

meoutofbookbags.Nowwasthespringofthewaterpistol（手枪）.Idecidedtothinkupamethodofdealingwithforbiddenfruit."Pleasebringthatpistoltome,"Isaid."I'mg

oingtoputitinmyGrandma'sBox.""What'sthat?"theyasked."It'salargewoodenchestfulloftoysformygrandchildren,"replied."Youdon'thavegra

ndchildren,"someonesaid."Idon'tknow,"Ireplied."ButsomedayIwill.WhenIdo,myboxwillbefullofwonderfulthingsfor

them."MyimaginaryGrandma'sBoxworkedlikemagicthatspring,andlater.Sometimesstudentswouldaskmetodescribeallthethings

Ihadinit.ThenIwouldtrytorememberthedifferentpossessionsIsupposedlyhadtakenaway-sinceIseldomactuallykeptthem.Us

uallytheoffenderwouldappearattheendoftheday,andIwouldreturnthebelonging.Theyearswentby,andmyfirstgrandchildGor

donwasborn.Isharedmyjoywiththatyear'sclass.Thensomeonesaid,"NowyoucanuseyourGrandma'sBox."Fromthenon,insteadofcomingtoaskt

heirpossessionsback,thestudentswouldsay,"That'sokay.PutitinyourGrandma'sBoxforGordon."Ilovedtalkingabouttheimaginarybox,no

tonlywithmystudentsbutalsowithmyownchildren.TheyenjoyedhearingaboutalltheforbiddenfruitIhadcollected.ThenoneChristmaslreceivedasurpriseg

ift—alarge,beautifullymadewoodenchest.MysonBrucehadmademyGrandma'sBoxareality.4.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthor?A.Shee

njoystellingjokes.B.Sheisastrictandsmartteacher.C.Shelovesdoingwoodwork.D..Sheisaresponsiblegrandmother.65

.2020海南（C篇）Thoughheacknowledgesthatengineeringworkscanfailbecausethepersonwhothoughtthemuporengineeredthemsimplygotthingswrong,

inthisbookDr.Petroskiwidenshisviewtoconsiderthelargercontextinwhichsuchfailuresoccur.Sometimesdevicesfailbecauseag

ooddesignisconstructedwithlowqualitymaterialsincompetentlyapplied.Orperhapsadesignworkssowellitisadoptedelsewhereagainandagain,withseeminglyh

armlessimprovements,until,suddenly,itdoesnotworkatallanymore.2.WhichofthefollowingisDr.Petroski'sideaa

ccordingtoparagraph3?A.NodesigniswellreceivedeverywhereB.Constructionismoreimportantthandesign.C.Notalldisastersarecaused

byengineeringdesign.D..Improvementsonengineeringworksarenecessary.66.2020海南（D篇）Amazingly,thetreesgrow

insuchawaythattheirleavesandbranches,althoughclosetogether,neveractuallytouchthoseofanothertree.Scientiststhinkthisistheplants'wayt

opreventthespreadofanytreediseasesandmakelifemoredifficultforleaf-eatinginsectslikecaterpillars.Tosurviveintheforest,animalsmustclimb,jumporflyacros

sthegaps.Thegroundflooroftheforestisnotalltangledleavesandbushes,likeinfilms,butisactuallyfairlyclear.Itiswheredeadleavesturnintof

oodforthetreesandotherforestlife.3.Whydotheleavesandbranchesofdifferenttreesavoidtouchingeachother?A.Formoresunlight.B.Formoregrowingspace.

C.Forself-protection.D..Forthedetectionofinsects.四、实战演练1.Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill（蒸馏器）isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheret

heliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,it’sanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythe

necessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit’sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5＇5＇sheetofclea

rorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepac

kandfastenedonyourbelt.Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoin

creasethewatercatcher’sproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecu

pandtherestofthelinerunsup—andout—thesideofthehole.Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet’sc

enterdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone(圆锥体)with45-degree-angledsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecenteredd

irectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates(蒸发)andcollectsontheshee

tuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefresh

mentoutthroughthetube,andwon’thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.32.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequip

mentfromthefirstparagraph?A.It’sdelicate.B.It’sexpensive.C.It’scomplex.D.It’sportable.35.Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupform.A.the

plastictubeB.outsidetheholeC.theopenairD.beneaththesheet2.Whenaleafyplantisunderattack，itdoesn’tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists

,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringp

lantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplantspumpthrought

heairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOC

swhenbeingattacked.It’saplant’swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecanwatchthenei

ghboursreact.Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoar

enaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,theta

blesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelp

theneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant,buttheneighbors,relativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausethey

heardthealarmandknewwhattodo.Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdon’tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassending

amessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soi

nformationwasexchanged,butitwasn’tatrue,intentionalbackandforth.CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate(亲密的

)thantheworldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.There’sawholelotgoingon.35.whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Theword

ischangingfasterthanever.B.PeoplehavestrongersensesthanbeforeC.TheworldismorecomplexthanitseemsD.PeopleinDarwin’sti

mewereimaginative.3.MinutesafterthelastmovieendedyesterdayatthePlazaTheater,employeeswerebusysweepinguppopcornsandgatheringcokecups.Itwa

sascenethathadbeenrepeatedmanytimesinthetheater’s75-yearhistory.Thistime,however,thecleanupwasalittledifferent.Asonegroupofworkerscarr

iedouttherubbish,anothergroupbeganremovingseatsandothertheaterequipmentinpreparationforthebuilding’s

end.ThefilmclassicTheLastPictureShowwasthelastmovieshownintheoldtheater.Thoughthemovieis30yearsold,mostofthe250seatswerefille

dwithteary-eyedaudiencewantingtosaygood-betotheoldbuilding.TheaterownerEdBradfordsaidhechosethemoviebecauseitseeme

dappropriate.Themovieissetinasmalltownwheretheonlymovietheaterispreparingtoclosedown.Bradfordsaidthatla

rgemoderntheatersinthecitymadeitimpossibleforthePlazatocompete.Headdedthatthetheater’slocation(位置)wasalsoareason.“Thisusedtobethecentero

ftown,”hesaid.“Nowtheareaismostlyofficebuildingsandwarehouses.”Lastweeksomecityofficialssuggestedtheci

tymightbeinterestedinturningtheoldtheaterintoamuseumandpublicmeetingplace.However,theseplanswereabandonedbecauseoffi

nancialproblems.Bradfordsoldthebuildingandlandtoalocaldevelopmentfirm,whichplanstobuildashoppingcomplexonthe

landwherethetheaterislocated.Thetheateraudiencesaidgood-byasBradfordlockedthedoorsforthelasttime.After75yearsthePlazaTheaterhasshownit

slastmovie.Thetheaterwillbemissed.25.WhywasTheLastPictureShowputon?A.Itwasanall-timeclassic.B.Itwasaboutthehistoryofthetown.C.Theau

diencerequestedit.D.Thetheaterownerfounditsuitable.27.Whatcanweinferabouttheaudience?A.TheyaredisappointedwithBradford.B.Th

eyaresadtopartwiththeoldtheater.C.Theyaresupportiveofthecityofficials.D.Theyareeagertohaveashoppingcenter.4.A

fteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylast

year,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalU

nitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.Theywentfarthernorthint

othedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedre

sults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(来源)forthewolf–grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whic

hreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercenta

geofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderrein

troducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecauset

heyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolvers.The

U.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittingina

tYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversandredforeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellows

tonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.31.Whatistheau

thor’sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject？A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.5.TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastle

Universityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriv

ersandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell-beingamongolderpeople,leadin

gtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehi

cletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.Theseincludecustom-madenavigation(导航)tools,nig

htvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:“Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthec

ountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.”“Butweallhavetoacceptt

hataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivin

gskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.”DrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains,“TheDriveLABishelping

ustounderstandwhatthekeypointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.“Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderd

riversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedan

dsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We’relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpre

ventingthat.“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysafe

rbehindthewheel.”33.WhyisdrivingimportantforolderpeopleaccordingtoPhilBlythe?A.Itkeepsthemindependent.B.Ithelpsthemsavetime.C.Itbuildsuptheirstrengt

h.D.Itcurestheirmentalillnesses.34.Whatdoresearchershopetodoforolderdrivers?A.Improvetheirdrivingskills.B.Developdriver-assisttechno

logies.C.Providetipsonrepairingtheircars.D.Organizeregularphysicalcheckups.6.ItwasacoldMarchdayinHig

hPoint,NorthCarolina.ThegirlsontheWesleyanAcademysoftballwerewaitingfortheirnextturnsatbatduringpractice,stampingth

eirfeettostaywarm,Eighth-graderTaylorBisbeeshivered(发抖)alittleasshewatchedherteammateParisWhiteplay.Thetwodidn’tknowe

achotherwell—Taylorhadjustmovedtotownamonthorsobefore.Suddenly,Parisfelltotheground,“Paris’seyerolledback,”Taylorsays.“Shestartedshaking.Ikne

witwasanemergency.”Itcertainlywas,Parishadsufferedasuddenheartfailure.Withoutimmediatemedicalcare,Pariswould

die.Atfirstnoonemoved.Thegirlswereinshock.Thenthesoftballcoachshoutedout,“DoesanyoneknowCPR?”CPRisalife-savingtechn

ique.TodoCPR,youpressonthesickperson’schestsothatbloodmovesthroughthebodyandtakesoxygentoorgans.Withoutoxygenthebrainisdamagingquickly.Amazingly,Tayl

orhadjusttakenaCPRcoursethedaybefore.Still,shehesitated.Shedidn’tthinksheknewitwellenough.Butwhennooneelsecameforward,Taylor

rantoParisandbegandoingCPR,“Itwasscary.Iknewitwasthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeath,”saysTaylor.Taylor’sswiftactionhelpedherteammatesc

almdown.Onegirlcalled911.Twomorerantogettheschoolnurse,whobroughtadefibrillator,anelectronicdevices(器械)th

atcanshocktheheartbackintowork.Luckstayedwiththem:Paris’heartbeatreturned.“IknowIwasreallylucky,”Parissaysnow.“Mostpeopledon’tsurviveth

is.Myteamsavedmylife.”ExpertssayParisisright:Forasuddenheartfailure,thesinglebestchanceforsurvivalishavingsomeonenearbystepinanddoCPRquickly.Toda

y,Parisisbackonthesoftballteam.Taylorwillapplytocollegesoon.Shewantstobeanurse.“Ifeelmoreconfidentinmyactionsnow,”Taylorsays.“IknowIcanactunder

pressureinascarysituation.”57.WhydoesParissayshewaslucky?A.Shemadeaworthyfriend.B.Sherecoveredfromshock.C.Shereceivedi

mmediateCPR.D.Shecamebackonthesoftballteam.58.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeTaylor?A.Enthusiasticandki

nd.B.Courageousandcalm.C.Cooperativeandgenerous.D.Ambitiousandprofessional.7.Measles(麻疹),whichoncekilled450

childreneachyearanddisabledevenmore,wasnearlywipedoutintheUnitedStates14yearsagobytheuniversaluseoftheMMRvacc

ine(疫苗).Butthediseaseismakingacomeback,causedbyagrowinganti-vaccinemovementandmisinformationthatisspreadingquickly.Alre

adythisyear,115measlescaseshavebeenreportedintheUSA,comparedwith189foralloflastyear.Thenumbersmightsoundsmall,buttheyaretheleadingedgeofad

angeroustrend.Whenvaccinationratesareveryhigh,astheystillareinthenationasawhole,everyoneisprotected.Thisiscalled“herdi

mmunity”,whichprotectsthepeoplewhogethurteasily,includingthosewhocan’tbevaccinatedformedicalreasons,babiestooyoungtogetvaccinatedand

peopleonwhomthevaccinedoesn’twork.Butherdimmunityworksonlywhennearlythewholeherdjoinsin.Whensomerefusevaccinationandseekafreeri

de,immunitybreaksdownandeveryoneisinevenbiggerdanger.That’sexactlywhatishappeninginsmallneighborhoodsaroundthecountryfromOrangeCounty,California,

where22measlescaseswerereportedthismonth,toBrooklyn,N.Y.,wherea17-year-oldcausedanoutbreaklastyear.Theresistancetovaccinehascontinuedfordecades,andit

isdrivenbyarealbutverysmallrisk.Thosewhorefusetotakethatriskselfishlymakeotherssuffer.Makingthingsworseares

tatelawsthatmakeittooeasytooptout(决定不参加)ofwhataresupposedtoberequiredvaccinesforallchildrenenteringkindergarten.Seventeen

statesallowparentstogetanexemption（豁免),sometimesjustbysigningapapersayingtheypersonallyobjecttoavaccine.Now,severalstates

aremovingtotightenlawsbyaddingnewregulationsforoptingout.Butnoonedoesenoughtolimitexemptions.Parentsoughttobeabletooptoutonl

yforlimitedmedicalorreligiousreasons.Butpersonalopinions?Notgoodenough.Everyoneenjoysthelife-savingbene

fitsvaccinesprovide,butthey’llexistonlyaslongaseveryonesharesintherisks.65.Whatisthemainreasonforthecomebackofmeasle

s?A．Theoveruseofvaccine.B．Thelackofmedicalcare.C．Thefeaturesofmeaslesitself.D．Thevaccineopt-outsofsomepeople.8.Hollywood’stheorythatmac

hineswithevil(邪恶)mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartifici

alintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmat

hematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制论）,putitthisway:“Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanical

agencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere(干预),wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”Amac

hinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-

born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposei

fitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchoreve

nkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydet

ermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.Thepossibilityofe

nteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachin

esinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelyto

work:wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.Solvingthesafetyprob

lemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintell

igentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoex

istaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthe

moff”asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillnev

erhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetran

sformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.”However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron-induced(中子诱导)nuclearcha

inreaction.67.Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay.A.runoutofhumancontrolB.satisfyhuman’srealdesiresC.commandarmiesofkillerr

obotsD.workfasterthanamathematician68.Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybec

ausetheymightbeableto.A.preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyedBachievetheiroriginalgoalsindependentlyC.doany

thingsuccessfullywithgivenordersD.beathumansininternationalchessmatches69.Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto.A.helpsuperintelligentmac

hinesworkbetterB.besecureagainstevilhumanbeingsC.keepmachinesfrombeingharmedD.avoidrobots’affectingtheworld70.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofth

esafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?A.ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.B.Itwillgetworsewithhumanint

erference.C.Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.D.Itwillstayforadecade.9.Fifteenyearsago,ItookasummervacationinLecc

einsouthernItaly.Afterclimbingupahillforapanoramic(全景的)viewofthebluesea,whitebuildingsandgreenolivetrees,Ipaus

edtocatchmybreathandthenpositionedmyselftotakethebestphotoofthispanorama.Unfortunately,justasItookou

tmycamera,awomanapproachedfrombehind,andplantedherselfrightinfrontofmyview.Likeme,thiswomanwasheretostop,sighandappreciateth

eview.PatientasIwas,afterabout15minutes,mycamerascanningthesunandreviewingtheshotIwouldeventuallytake,Igrewfrustrated.Wasittoomuchtoaskhe

rtomovesoIcouldtakejustonepictureofthelandscape?Sure,Icouldhaveaskedher,butsomethingpreventedmefromdoingso.She

seemedsocontentinherobservation.Ididn’twanttomesswiththat.Another15minutespassedandIgrewbored.Thewomanwasstillthere.Idecidedtotakethephot

oanyway.AndnowwhenIlookatit,Ithinkherpresenceinthephotoiswhatmakestheimageinteresting.Thelandscape,beautifulonitsown,somehowcomestolifeandbreath

esbecausethiswomanisengagingwithit.Thisphoto,withtheuniquebeautythatunfoldedbeforemeandthatwomanwho“ruined”it,nowhangsonawallinmybedroom.What

wouldshethinkifsheknewthatherfigureiscaptured(捕捉)andfrozenonsomestranger’sbedroomwall?Abedroom,afterall,isaveryprivatespace,inwhichs

omewomanIdon’tevenknowhasbeenimmortalized(使……永存).Insomeways,shelivesinmyhouse.Perhapsweallliveineachothers’

space.Perhapsthisiswhatphotosarefor:toremindusthatweallappreciatebeauty,thatweallshareacommondesirefo

rpleasure,forconnection,forsomethingthatisgreaterthanus.Thatphotoisareminder,acapturedmoment,anunspokenconversationbetweentwowomen,separatedonlybyat

hinsquareofglass.44.Thephotoonthebedroomwallenablestheauthortobetterunderstand________.A.theneedtobeclosetonatureB.theimportanceofprivatespaceC.th

ejoyofthevacationinItalyD.thesharedpassionforbeauty10.Thismonth,Germany’stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthef

irstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles(自主驾驶车辆).Theywoulddefinethedriver’sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuch

carsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyareabetweensemi-au

tonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.Dobrindtwantsthreethings:thatacaralwaysc

hoosesproperty(财产)damageoverpersonalinjury;thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfrom

thedrivingwheel—tocheckemail,say—thecar’smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwill

permitfullyautomaticdriving,”saysDobrindt.Itwillputfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.Who

isresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.“Theliability(法律责任)issueisthebiggestoneofthema

ll,”saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducesearlierthisyear,insis

tsthatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousay‘driverle

sscars’,peopleexpectdriverlesscars.”Meratsays.“Youknow—nodriver.”Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwa

ituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithoutoperation.Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportra

therthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore,wheregovernment-provideddriver

lessvehiclesarebeinglaunched.ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverd

riverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere,”saysCalo.47.TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindt

aimsto__________.A.stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrulesB.helppromotefullyautomaticdrivingC.protectdriversofallagesandracesD.preventserio

uspropertydamage