【文档说明】专题07- 阅读理解议论文 (原卷版) 五年（2018-2022）北京高考真英语真题+两年模拟题分项汇编详解.docx，共(23)页，43.841 KB，由envi的店铺上传

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专题07阅读理解议论文序号内容PartIPassage1-Passage5--5年真题过关PartIIPassage6-Passage16--模拟能力提升（北京各区模拟试题）PartI-5年真题过关Passage1（2022年北京）Quantum(量子

)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengesw

efaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelp

skeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechc

ompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus

“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworr

iesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavail

abletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepubl

icand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disapp

ointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespec

iallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstan

d.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsab

outit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,but

hesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“use

ful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnat

urallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreall

ybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquant

umcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.31.RegardingJohnson’sconcerns,theauthorfeels________.A.sympatheticB.unconcernedC.dou

btfulD.excited32.WhatleadstoTaylor’soptimismaboutquantumcomputing?A.Hisdominanceinphysics.B.Thecompetitioninthefield.C.Hiscon

fidenceinPyQuantum.D.Theinvestmentoftechcompanies.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.Open.B.Cool.C.Useful.D.Re

sistant.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.IsJohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?B.IsQuantumComputingRedefiningTechnology?C.

WillQuantumComputersEverComeintoBeing?D.WillQuantumComputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?Passage2（2021年北京）Earlyf

ifth-centuryphilosopherSt．Augustinefamouslywrotethatheknewwhattimewasunlesssomeoneaskedhim．AlbertEinste

inaddedanotherwrinklewhenhetheorizedthattimevariesdependingonwhereyoumeasureit．Today'sstate-of-the-artatomic（原子的）clockshaveprovenEinsteinrig

ht．Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequestionyou'reasking．Forgetabout

timeasanabsolute．Whatif，insteadofconsideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimetoecology？Whatifweallowedenvironment

alconditionstosetthetempo（节奏）ofhumanlife？We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringal

one，andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat？Recently，Iconceptualizeda

newapproachtotimekeepingthat'sconnectedtocircumstancesonourplanet，conditionsthatmightchangeasaresultofglobalwarming．We'renowbuildingaclockattheAn

chorageMuseumthatreflectsthetotalflowofseveralmajorAlaskanrivers，whicharesensitivetolocalandglobalenvironmentalchang

es．We'veprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate．Iftheriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage，theclockwillgetahead

ofstandardtime．Iftheyrunslower，you'llseetheoppositeeffect．Theclockregistersbothshort-termirregularitiesandlong-termtrendsinrive

rdynamics．It'sasortofobservatorythatrevealshowtheriversarebehavingfromtheirowntemporalframe（时间框架），andallowsustowitnessthose

changesonoursmartwatchesorphones．AnyonewhooptstogoonAlaskaMeanRiverTimewillliveinharmonywiththeplanet．Anyonewhoconsidersrivertimeinrelationto

atomictimewillencounteramajorimbalanceandmaybemotivatedtocounteractitbyconsuminglessfuelorsupporting

greenerpolicies．Evenifthismethodoftimekeepingisnovelinitsparticulars，earlyagriculturalsocietiesalsoconnectedtimet

onaturalphenomena．Inpre-ClassicalGreece，forinstance，people“corrected”officialcalendarsbyshiftingdatesforwardorbackwardtoreflectthechangeofsea

son．Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheirsurvival．Likewise，rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe

'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmentalawareness．WhenSt．Augustineadmittedhisinabilitytodefinetime，hehighlightedoneoftime'smostnoticeablequalit

ies：Timebecomesmeaningfulonlyinadefinedcontext．Anytimekeepingsystemisvalid，andeachisaspraiseworthyasitspurpose

．31WhatisthemainideaofParagraph1？A.Timekeepingisincreasinglyrelatedtonature．B.Everyonecandefinetimeont

heirownterms．C.Thequalitiesoftimevarywithhowyoumeasureit．D.Timeisamajorconcernofphilosophersandscientists．32.Theauthorraisest

hreequestionsinParagraph2mainlyto________．A.presentanassumptionB.evaluateanargumentC.highlightanexperimentD.introduceanappro

ach33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage？A.Thosewhodonotgoonrivertimewillliveanimbalancedlife．B.Newwaysofmeasuringtimeca

nhelptocontrolEarthsystems．C.Atomictimewillgetaheadofrivertimeiftheriversrunslower．D.Moderntechnologymayhelptosh

apetherivers’temporalframe．.34.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage？A.Itiscrucialtoimprovethedefinitionoftime．B.Afixedframewillmaketim

emeaningless．C.Weshouldliveinharmonywithnature．D.Historyisamirrorreflectingreality．Passage3（2020年北京）Certainf

ormsofAIareindeedbecomingubiquitous.Forexample,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-driving

carsareappearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother.Thesesystemsaresometimesfasterandmoreperceptivethanwehum

ansare.Butsofarthatisonlytrueforthespecifictasksforwhichthesystemshavebeendesigned.Thatissomethingtha

tsomeAIdevelopersarenoweagertochange.Someoftoday’sAIpioneerswanttomoveonfromtoday’sworldof“weak”or“narrow”AI,tocreate“strong”or“full”AI,o

rwhatisoftencalledartificialgeneralintelligence(AGI).Insomerespects,today’spowerfulcomputingmachinesalreadymakeourbrainslookweak.AGIcould,

itsadvocatessay,workforusaroundtheclock,anddrawingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstomanyproblems.DM

,acompanyfocusedonthedevelopmentofAGI,hasanambitionto“solveintelligence”.“Ifwe’resuccessful,”theirmissionstatementreads,“webeliev

ethiswillbeoneofthemostimportantandwidelybeneficialscientificadvancesevermade.”SincetheearlydaysofAI,imagina

tionhasoutpacedwhatispossibleorevenprobable.In1965,animaginativemathematiciancalledIrvingGoodpredictedtheeventualcreationofan“ultra-in

telligentmachine…thatcanfarsurpassalltheintellectual(智力的)activitiesofanyman,howeverclever.”Goodwentontosuggestthat“the

firstultra-intelligentmachine”couldbe“thelastinventionthatmanneedevermake.”Fearsabouttheappearanceofbad,

powerful,man-madeintelligentmachineshavebeenreinforced(强化)bymanyworksoffiction—MaryShelley’sFrankensteinandtheTerminatorfilmseries,forexampl

e.ButifAIdoeseventuallyprovetobeourdownfall,itisunlikelytobeatthehandsofhuman-shapedformslikethese,withrecognisablyhumanm

otivationssuchasaggression(敌对行为).Instead,IagreewithOxfordUniversityphilosopherNickBostrom,whobelievesthattheheaviestrisks

fromAGIdonotcomefromadecisiontoturnagainstmankindbutratherfromadoggedpursuitofsetobjectivesattheexpenseofeverythingelse.Thepromiseanddangeroftr

ueAGIaregreat.Butalloftoday’sexciteddiscussionaboutthesepossibilitiespresupposesthefactthatwewillbeabl

etobuildthesesystems.And,havingspokentomanyoftheworld’sforemostAIresearchers,Ibelievethereisgoodreasontodoubtthat

wewillseeAGIanytimesoon,ifever.42.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ubiquitous”inParagraphIprobablymean?A.Enormousin

quantity.B.Changeabledaily.C.Stableinquality.D.Presenteverywhere.43.WhatcouldAGIdoforus,accordingtoitssupporters?A.Helptotackleproblems.B.Makebrainsm

oreactive.C.Benefitambitiouspeople.D.Setuppowerfuldatabases.44.AsforIrvingGood’sopiniononultra-intelligentmachine

stheauthoris____________.A.supportiveB.disapprovingC.fearfulD.uncertain45.WhatcanbeinferredaboutAGIfromthepassage?A.It

maybeonlyadream.B.Itwillcomeintobeingsoon.C.Itwillbecontrolledbyhumans.D.Itmaybemoredangerousthanever.Pass

age5（2018年北京）PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist’sdream,yearsawayfrommaterial

izingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsi

nAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcar

s,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn’tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentes

tingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It’shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthow

everlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulat

ed.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehic

lescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrival

ofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.,Dowewant

tocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivi

ngvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencourag

esurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafe

wblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectres

earchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫车)services.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecars

worldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrast

ructure(基础设施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswi

llalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabi

lityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology

.zxxkPolicymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn’text

endtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancement

presentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetopl

anforit.47.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan__________.A.helpdealwithtran

sportation-relatedproblemsB.providebetterservicestocustomersC.causedamagetoourenvironmentD.makesomepeoplelosejobs48.Asfordri

verlesscars,whatistheauthor’smajorconcern?A.Safety.B.Sideeffects.C.Affordability.D.Management.49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂fielded＂

inParagraph4probablymean?A.Employed.B.Replaced.C.Shared.D.Reduced.50.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A.Doubtfu

l.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Sympathetic.PartII-模拟能力提升（北京各区模拟试题）Passage6（2022·北京·人大附中三模）Blindimitationisself-destruction.Tothosewhodonotr

ecognizetheiruniqueworth,imitationappearsattractive;tothosewhoknowtheirstrength,imitationisunacceptable.Intheearlystagesofskillorcha

racterdevelopment,imitationishelpful.WhenIfirstlearnedtocook,Iusedrecipesandturnedoutsometastydishes.ButsoonIgrew

bored.Whyfollowsomeoneelse’swayofcookingwhenIcouldcreatemyown?Imitatingrolemodelsislikeusingtrainingwheelsonachild’sbicycle;theyhe

lpyougetgoing,butonceyoufindyourownbalance,youflyfasterandfartherwithoutrelyingonthem.Indailylife,im

itationcanhurtusifwesubconsciously(下意识地)holdpoorrolemodels.If,asachild,youobservedpeoplewhoseliveswerebad,youmayhave

acceptedtheirfearandpainasnormalandgoneontofollowwhattheydid.Ifyoudonotmakestrongchoicesforyourself,youwillgetthere

sultsoftheweakchoicesofothers.Inthefieldofentertainment,ourcultureglorifiescelebrities.Thosestarslookgreatons

creen.Butwhentheystepoffscreen,theirpersonallivesmaybedisastrous.Ifyouaregoingtofollowsomeone,focusontheirtalent,

nottheirbadcharacterorunacceptablebehaviors.Blessedisthepersonwillingtoactontheirsuddendesiretocreatesomethingunique.Thinkofthemovies,b

ooks,teachers,andfriendsthathaveaffectedyoumostdeeply.Theytouchedyoubecausetheircreationsweremotivatedbyinspiration,notdesperation.Theworldisch

angednotbythosewhodowhathasbeendonebeforethem,butbythosewhodowhathasbeendoneinsidethem.Creativepeople

haveanendlessresourceofideas.Theproblemacreatorfacesisnotrunningoutofmaterial;itiswhattodowiththematerialknockingatth

edoorofimagination.Studyyourrolemodels,acceptthegiftstheyhavegiven,andleavebehindwhatdoesnotserve.Thenyoucansay,“Istandontheshouldersofmyancestors’

tragediesanddeclarevictory,andknowthattheyarecheeringon.”1．Imitationprovesusefulwhenyou________.A．knowyouareuniqueB．losethebalanceoflifeC

．begintolearnsomethingnewD．gettiredofroutinepractice2．Accordingtotheauthor,theworldmovesonbecauseofthosewhoare________.A．desperatetoin

fluenceotherswiththeirknowledgeB．readytoturntheiroriginalideasintorealityC．eagertodiscoverwhattheirancestorsdidD．willingt

oacceptothers’ideas3．Thetroubleacreatorfacesis________.A．thelackofstrongmotivationB．theabsenceofpracticalideasC．howtosea

rchformorematerialsD．howtouseimaginationcreatively4．Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?A．Tohighlighttheimportanceofcrea

tivity.B．Tocriticizethecharactersofrolemodels.C．Tocompareimitationwithcreation.D．Toexplainthemeaningofsuccess.Passage7（2022·北京东城·模拟预测）Itis

ageneralbeliefamongacademicsthatthehumanitiesareincrisis.AccordingtoHarvardhistorianJamesHankins,partoftheproblemisthedominanceof“crit

ical”readingover“primary”reading.Primaryreadingtakesatextatfacevalueandsimplytriestounderstandwhattheauthorintendedtosa

y.Criticalreadingassumesanauthor’sstatementscanneverbetakenatfacevalue.Instead,theymustbe“seenthrough”toexposethetext’srealmeaning,whichisdeter

minedinaccordwiththisorthatfashionabletheory.Mr.Hankinssaysprimaryreading“mustberecovered”forhighere

ducationinthehumanitiestobeeffective.Iwouldgofurther.Primaryreadingisn’timportantonlyforthehumanities,orevenforeducationmoregenerally.

Therestorationofprimaryreadingcouldbeacrucialweaponinfightingthe“idletalk”thattroublesAmericansociety.IdletalkwasphilosopherMartinHeidegg

er’stermforinauthenticdiscourse(不可信的言辞).Itinvolvesadoptingandcirculatingothers’opinionsaboutsomethingwithouteverpersonallyengagingthatthi

ngforyourself.Peopleengagedinidletalkspeakinaccordwithexpectationsfortheirparticularidentityorrole.The

yholdandexpresstheopinionsapersonintheirroleisexpectedtohold.Idletalkcanbeharmless.Eachyearmymotherformsstro

ngopinionsaboutwhichfilmsshouldwinAcademyAwardswithoutseeinganyofthem,afterreadingarticlesbycriticsshefavors.Bu

tidletalkcanalsobedangerous.Considerjournalism.Thenormnowadaysisforonereportertobreakastory,followedbydozensorhundredsofjourna

listsrecyclingthatcontent.Theymayaddalittlespinoftheirownbutrarelylookintotheissueforthemselves—evenwhen

thiswouldrequirebutafewclicksandacoupleofminutestoreadalegislative(法律的)text.Somejournalistsevenjustsearchsocialmediaforthestoryofthedayandrewriteit

intheirownwords.TheCovidpandemichighlightedtheproblem,fromexclusionofthosedaringtodiscussthetradeoffsoflockdownstothepromotionofmasks

asapoliticalidentitymarkercompletelydisconnectedfrommedicalorscientificjustification.Nottomentionthemisleadingstatementthat

aroseover“thescience”andthesocialtrendto“follow”it.Socialmediahascontributedtothespreadofidletalk.Authenticdiscourser

equirestime,effortandgood-faithengagement,butsocialmediatendstoencouragetheopposite.Asjournalistscommentoneverytopic,howeversma

llortraditionallyunnewsworthy,theall-knowingchorusofglobalgossipbecomesaroaringcrowd.Socialmediaraisesthisvoice,pushingit

intouserfeeds24/7.Wehearabouteverything,andwecan’thearaboutanythingwithoutalsobeingtoldwhatopinionweshouldhaveaboutit.Op

inionsbeforefacts;knowwhattothinkaboutsomethingbeforeactuallylookingintoitforyourself.Andreally,whyevenbotherwiththat?Primary

readingisn’tonlysomethingthehumanitiesneed.Ourentirecultureneedsitsvaluetoberecognizedandrestored.5．What

doweknowfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A．Primaryreadingfocusesonthedeepmeaning.B．Criticalreadingleadstothecrisisinhumanities.C．Cri

ticalreadingisgenerallypreferrednowadays.D．Primaryreadingoncedominatedhighereducation.6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“spin”inparagraph

4probablymean?A．Practice.B．Priority.C．Investigation.D．Interpretation.7．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofidletalk?A．Itbroadenspeople’sunderstanding.B．Ita

ffectsindependentthinkingability.C．Itshakespeople’strustinnewsreport.D．Itpromotestheadvanceofsocialmedia.8．Whatmessagedoestheauthorconvey?

A．Readersshouldstayawayfromidletalk.B．Readersshouldreadoriginaltextscarefully.C．Readersshouldlimittheimpactofsocialmedia.D．Readersshouldtakeabalanc

edviewonreading.Passage8（2022·北京师大附中三模）Humansarefascinatedbythesourceoftheirfailingsandvirtues.Thispreoccupationinevitablyleadstoanolddebate:w

hethernatureornurture(养育)shapesusmore.Arevolutioningeneticshaspoisedthisasamodernpoliticalquestionaboutthecharactero

foursociety:ifpersonalitiesarehard-wiredintoourgenes,whatcangovernmentsdotohelpus?Itfeelsmorallyquestionable,ye

tclaimsofgeneticselectionbyintelligencearemakingheadlines.Thisisdownto“hereditarian(遗传论的)”scienceandarecentpaperclaimed“

differencesinexamperformancebetweenpupilsattendingextraordinaryandordinaryschoolsmirrorthegeneticdifferencesbet

weenthem”.Withsuchanassertion,theworkwaspredictablygreetedbyalotofabsurdclaimsabout“geneticsdeterminingacademicsuccess”.Whatth

eresearchrevealedwastheratherlesssurprisingresult:theeducationalbenefitsofextraordinaryschoolslargelydisappea

roncepupils’inbornabilityandsocio-economicbackgroundweretakenintoaccount.Thatistosay,there’snothingtosupportstronglyeitherahereditary

orenvironmentalargument.Yetthepaperdoessaychildrenare“unintentionallygeneticallyselected”bytheschoolsystem.Centraltohereditarianscienceis

atallclaim:thatidentifiablevariationsingeneticsequencescanpredictanindividual’sabilitytolearn,reasonandsolveproblems.Thisispro

blematiconmanylevels.Ateachercouldnotseriouslytellaparenttheirchildhasalowgenetictendencytostudywhenexternalfactorsclearlyexist.Unlike-mi

ndedacademicssaytheinheritabilityofhumantraitsisscientificallyunsound.Atbestthereisaweakstatisticalas

sociationandnotacausallinkbetweenDNAandintelligence.Yetsophisticatedstatisticsareusedtocreateafrighteningatmosphereofscientificcert

ainty.Whilethere’sanundoubtedgeneticbasistoindividualdifference,itiswrongtothinkthatsociallydefinedgroupscanbegeneticallyaccountedfor.Thefixat

ionongenesasdestinyissurelyfalsetoo.MedicalpredictabilitycanrarelybebasedonDNAalone;theenvironmentmatterstoo.Somethingascomplexasintellectisl

ikelytobeaffectedbymanyfactorsbeyondgenes.Ifhereditarianswanttoadvancetheircauseitwillrequiremorebalan

cedinterpretationandnotjustactsofadvocacy.Geneticselectionisawayofexertinginfluenceoverothers,“theultimatecolle

ctivecontrolofhumandestinies,”aswriterH.G.Wellsputit.Knowledgebecomespowerandpowerrequiresasenseofresponsibility.Inunderstandingco

gnitive(认知的)ability,wemustnotelevatediscriminationtoascience:allowingpeopletoclimbtheladderoflifeonlya

sfarastheircellsmightsuggest.Thiswillneedamoreskepticaleyeonthescience.Astechnologyprogresses,weallhave

adutytomakesurethatweshapeafuturethatwewouldwanttofindourselvesin.9．Whatdidarecentresearchpaperclaim?A．Thetypeofschoolstudents

attendmakesadifferencetotheirfuture.B．Geneticdifferencesbetweenstudentsarefargreaterthansupposed.C．Students’academicperfo

rmanceissomewhatdeterminedbytheirgenes.D．Theadvantagesofextraordinaryschoolsaretooobvioustoignore.10．Whatdoestheauthorsay

abouttherelationshipbetweenDNAandintelligence?A．Itisoneofscientificcertainty.B．Itisnotoneofcauseandeffect.C．Itissubje

cttointerpretationofstatistics.D．Itisnotfullyexaminedbygenescientists.11．Whatdohereditariansneedtodotomaketheirclaimsconvincing?A．Takeallr

elevantfactorsintoaccountininterpretingtheirdata.B．Conducttheirresearchusingmoresophisticatedtechnology.C．Gath

ergenedatafrompeopleofallsocialclasses.D．Cooperatewithsocialscientistsintheirresearch.12．Whatdoestheauthorwarnagainstinthepassage?A．Losingsightofprof

essionalethicsinconductingresearch.B．Misunderstandingthefindingsofhumancognitionresearch.C．Promotingdiscriminationinthenameofscience.D．Exaggerat

ingthepoweroftechnologyinshapingtheworld.Passage9（2022·北京丰台·二模）People’sdistrustinsciencehasledmanyscientiststotakeuparms(oratleastkeyboards)

todefendtheirenterprise.Butintheireffortstofightbackagainstsciencedenial,somescientistssaythingsthatjustaren’ttrue-andyoucan’tbuildtrustifthethings

youaresayingarenottrustworthy.Onepopularmoveistoinsistthatscienceisright-fullstop-andthatoncewediscoverthetruthabouttheworld,wearedon

e.Or,asfamousphysicistStevenSmithsaid,“Eventhoughascientifictheoryisinasenseasocialconsensus(共识),itisunlikeanyothersortofconsensusinthatitiscu

lture-freeandpermanent.”Well,no.Evenamodestfamiliaritywiththehistoryofscienceoffersmanyexamplesofmattersthatscientis

tsthoughttheyhadresolved,onlytodiscoverthattheyneededtobereconsidered.Anotherpopularmoveistosayscientificfindingsa

retruebecausescientistsuse“thescientificmethod.”Butwecanneveractuallyagreeonwhatthatmethodis.Somewillsayitistheobservati

onanddescriptionoftheworld.Otherswillsayitistheexperimentalmethod.Recentlyaprominentscientistclaimedthescientificmethodwastoavoi

dfoolingoneselfintothinkingsomethingistruethatisnot.Eachoftheseviewshasitsmerits,butiftheclaimisthatanyoneofthe

seisthescientificmethod,thentheyallfail.Inpointoffact,themethodsofsciencehavevariedbetweendisciplinesandacrosstime.Inmyview,thebiggestmi

stakescientistsmakeistoclaimthatthisisallsomehowsimpleandthereforetoimplythatanyonewhodoesn’tgetitisstupid.Scienceisnotsimple,andneitheristhenat

uralworld;thereinliesthechallengeofsciencecommunication.Whatwedoisbothhardand,oftenhardtoexplain.Oureffortstounderstandandcharacteriz

ethenaturalworldarejustthat:efforts.Becausewe’rehuman,weoftenfallflat.Thegoodnewsisthatwhenthathappens,wepickourselvesup,brushourselvesoff,andgetback

towork.Scientifictheoriesarenotperfectreplicasofreality,butwehavegoodreasontobelievethattheycapturesignificantelementsofit.An

dexperienceremindsusthatwhenweignorereality,itsoonerorlatercomesbacktobiteus.13．Paragraph2stressesthat_______

__.A．scientifictheoriesmaychangewithtimeB．thefamiliaritywithscience’shistorymattersC．theunresolvedmattersshouldbereconsidered

D．asocialconsensusisculture-freeandpermanent14．Accordingtothepassage,theauthormightagreethat_________.A．itiscritica

lforscientiststostaytruetorealityB．scienceputsanaccurateinterpretationonnatureC．thedefinitionsofthescientificm

ethodareoutdatedD．thecredibilityofscientifictheoriesisunderestimated15．Howdoestheauthorpersuadereadersinthispassage?A．Bystressingtheimpor

tanceofscience.B．Bycomparingoppositeopinionsonscience.C．Byquestioningthewayscientificdiscoveriesaremad

e.D．Bypointingoutthefaultinclaimsmadebysomescientists.Passage10（2022·北京西城·一模）Onequestioneverycoachhasbeardintheircoachingcareeristhis.

“Whyisn’tmykidplaying?”Thestupidityofmany“win-at-all-cost”coachesinyouthsportsisneatlymatchedbythatof“play-my-kid-o

r-else”parentsatthehigh-schoollevel.Whenthegamesstarttocount,themainreasonwhyyourkidisn’tplayingissimple:“

They’rejustnotgoodenough.”“He/shejustisn’tfastenough.”“He/shejustisn’tstrongenough.”Goodcoaches,however,arenotusuallytha

tblunt.TheyareveryskillfulinnottellingwhatyouandIwouldconsiderthe“truth”.Thethingisthatmanykidsknowwhatthey’regoodat,andwhatthey’renotgoodat.W

henitcomestofootball,forinstance,mostofthemiddle-schoolersorfreshmenalreadyknowtheoneortwokidswhoarego

odenoughtoplayonthevarsityteamortocatchtheeyeofacollegeadmissionsofficer.Theirparentsdonot.Therestplaybecausetheyenjoyit,needthediscipline,wanttob

elongtoateam,havedreamedofitsincetheywerefiveorsix,aretryingtomaketheirparentshappy,needavarsitysportontheircollegeapplication,orsomecom

binationofthefactorsabove.Someofthemdon’tpossessmuchathleticskill,butmakeupforitbypracticing,bygettingstrongerandquicker,andwithon-field

effort.Fartoomanychildrentodayarelivinginaworldwheretheyneverlearn“no”.Theydon’tknowhowtohandledisappointmentandfailure.Nordoth

eyknowhowtoreactandmoveonwhentheydon’tgettheirownway.It’sawfulwhenyourkidisn'tplaying.Beenthere,donethat.Noreasonableparentwantstoseeth

eirchildhurt.Butnooneescapesthislifeunhurt,emotionallyifnotphysically.Whenthesekidsmoveoninlife,theyaregoingtogetre

jectedwhentheyapplyforcollege,failtogetthejobtheywant,andtastefailureanddisappointmentonmultiplefronts.Coachesshouldtrytomakesur

eeveryonegetssomeplayingtime.Butthatshouldnevercomeattheexpenseofotherkidswhoaremoretalented,tryharderorspendm

oretimepracticing.Nochildshouldevergooutforanyteamthinkingthey’regoingtobeguaranteedaspotorplayingtime,nomatter

howloudlytheirparentscomplain.Inthatsense,sportsareatruemirroroflife.Nooneisguaranteed“playing”timeinlife.Forthemostpart,ha

rdwork,effort,planninganddesireisrewarded.Thebenefitscanbewonderful.Butit’sgoodtobepreparedwhenitdoesn'tworkoutthatway.16．Whatdoestheunderline

dword“blunt”probablymean?A．Impatient.B．Annoying.C．Direct.D．Serious.17．Theauthorbelievesthat______.A．kidsshouldlearnho

wtofacerejectionintheirlifeB．peoplecanlivealifewithoutbeingemotionallyhurtC．parentsmusthelpkidsescapedisappoi

ntmentandfailureD．coachesneedtoensureeverystudentgetsenoughplayingtime18．Whatprobablymotivatedtheauthortowritethispass

age?A．Coaches’mistakenbeliefsaboutvarsityteams.B．Parents’unrealisticviewsofkids’playingtime.C．Children’signoranceofthemeaningofsportsandlif

e,D．Thepublic’sdoubtsaboutwhykidsneedtoplaysports.Passage11（2022·北京顺义·二模）Aneconomist,AdamSmith,famouslywrotethat“itisnotfromthebene

volence(慈善)ofthebutcher,thebrewerorthebaker,thatweexpectourdinner,butfromtheirregardtotheirownself-interest.”L

ikeSmith,manyeconomiststodaybelievethatone’sself-interestiswhatdrivescompetitionandgrowthinmarketeconomies.Yet,inanincreas

inglyinterconnectedsociety,itisevenmorecrucialtohavecollaborativeskills.Thusweshouldencouragecooperationtobetterprepar

echildrenforthefuture.Firstly,inthepresentagemarkedbythetransformativepotentialoftechnologytofacilitateinteractions,cooperationisanespeciallyp

rizedsoftskilltohave.Asaresearchstudyproves,softskillssuchasgoodcommunicationandempathyconsistofqualitativeindicatorsofou

tstandingemployeesascomparedtotechnicalskillsorknowledge.Incontrast,excessively(过分地)competitiveandindividualisticbehaviourmayfracturesocialr

elationsinthecommunityofco-workersandsincenomanisanisland,eventhemostcompetentemployeewillnotbeabletopursuehisgoalseffective

lywithoutthehelpofotherswhoareabletoshareacommonvisionandunderstanding.Moreover,encouragingcooperationincreaseahealthysenseofself-estee

minchildrenthatbetterpreparesthemforthecompetitiveworkingworld.Manymodernsocietiestodayareconsumedbyanobsessivedriveforsucces

sandthepressuretoperformhasinfiltratedbothclassroomsandofficesalike.Theconsequencesofthefiercecompetitivecultureincludehigherratesofanxi

etyanddepressionamonguniversitystudentsandofficeworkers,whichareallcounterproductive.Teamworkcanhelpamaturingindividualrealiset

hateachhashisorherownuniquesetofabilitiestobringtothetableandthatanotherperson’sstrengthsdonotinanywaydimin

ish(降低)thevalueofhisorhertalents.Thus,cooperationcanaffirmtheself-worthofchildrenbycorrectingtheviolentinsightthatwinningorpaperachievementi

sanexclusive(唯一)measureofsuccessinlife.However,criticsmayclaimthatinacutthroatworld,adaptingtocompetitionshouldbeofsuprem

epriorityineducationandparenting.Toachieveone’sdeepestambitions,suchastobecomeamedicalstudent,ortocreateatechstar

t-up,onehastoadoptcompetitionbyactivelyfightingforopportunitiesanddistinguishingoneselffromothers.Nevertheless,sincepassioncanalreadystimulatechi

ldrentoworkhardtofulfilltheirambitions,theneedtoencouragecompetitionmaybeattheendoftheday.Asmuchasexternalcompetitioncandrivep

eopletopursueexcellence,internalmotivationisatleastequallyorarguablyevenmoreessential,andcollaborationplaysaninst

rumentalroleinhelpingoneuncoverone’stendencyandmotivations.19．WhatcanbeinferredfromAdamSmith’swords?A．Oursocietyisincreasingly

interconnected.B．Ourdinnerismadeoutoftheregardstomarkets.C．Self-interestpushesthedevelopmentofeconomies.D．Thebutcher,thebrewerortheba

kerisnotsympathy.20．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fracture”meaninparagraph2probablymean?A．Deepen.B．Establish.C．Maintain.D．Damage.21．Whichofthefoll

owingmighttheauthoragreewith?A．Paperachievementisanexclusivemeasureofsuccess.B．Confidenceandambitionscanbeachievedthrough

cooperation.C．Activelyfightingfordistinguishingoneselfisahealthycompetition.D．Competitionisnotessentialforpeopletopursueexcellence.22．Wh

atistheauthor’spurposeofwritingthispassage?A．Tointroduceparentstheadvantagesofcooperation.B．Toinformparentstobalancecoop

erationandcompetition.C．Topersuadeparentstocareabouttheirchildren’seducation.D．Totellparentstoencouragetheirchildrentolearntocooperate

.Passage12（2022·北京石景山·一模）Psychologiststellusourself-imagedefineswhatwebelievewecanandcannotdo.Eachofuso

vertheyearshasbuiltupbeliefaboutourselves:Unconsciously,ourpicturesofwhowearehavebeenformedbypastexperiences.Ours

uccessesandfailures,whatothershavetoldusandwhatwethinkpeoplebelieveaboutusallhelpformimpressionsofwhatwethinkweare.Becauseself-imageissoimportan

tinourgrowth,itisimportanttoexamineourconceptsofselfinordertoreachourfullpotential.Changingourself-imageispossible:Somepsychologistssuggestwebegint

ochangeourself-imagebymentallypicturingourselvesperformingwellatsometask.Sincewepresentlyreacttothingsbasedonourpresentimages,it’ssuggestedthat

wereplacethosewithbetterones.Inmanyexperiments,peoplewereaskedtositquietlyforafewminuteseachdayandimaginethemselvesdoingwell.Forin

stance,subjectswouldsitandimaginethemselvesthrowingdartsatabull’s-eyeonatarget.Overaperiodofweeks,th

eirdartgameimproved.Thishasbeendonewithpeoplewhowantedtoplaychessbetter,throwaballmoreaccuratelyincreasetheirsalesmanshipormusicaltalents,andimprovem

anyotherskills.Inmostcases,remarkableimprovementismade.Thepointofchangingself-imageisnottodevelopanimageofourselvesthatisnotreal.To

trytobecomesomethingwereallyaren’tisjustaswrongaslivingtheunrealistic,inferiorimagewemayhave.Theaimistofindtherealself,tobringourm

entalimagesofourselvesinlinewithourtruepotential.However,itisgenerallyacceptedamongpsychologiststhatmostofusfa

iltodojusticetoourselves.We’reusuallybetterthanwethinkweare.Anotherimportantpartofchangingself-imageistonotthinkaboutpastmistakes.Don’tle

tfailuresdoharm.Ourerrorsorhumiliationovermistakesarenecessarystepsinlearning.Itisallrighttomakemistakes.Butwh

entheyhavetaughtuswhatwedidwrong,weshouldforgetthemandnotdwellonthem.Sometimeswekeeprememberingourfailuresormist

akesandfeelguiltyorembarrassedaboutthem.Weletthemtakeover,andthenwedevelopafear.Itisimportanttohaverealisticexpectationsof

ourselves.Someofourdissatisfactionmightcomefromexpectingtoomuchofourselves.Ifwedemandconstantperfectionineverythingwedo,wecanbedisappointedan

dourpoorself-imagewillcontinue.Ifourgoalistoreachperfection,wearedoomedfromthestart.23．Whichsituationagreeswiththeideaofthepassa

ge?A．Tooutshinehiscolleagues,Joesetsanidealisticgoal.B．Togetalongwithherclassmates,Dorisalwayshumblesherself.C．Tobecomeastarplayer,Alexrepe

atedlyplaysbackhisfaultsinhismind.D．Towinaspeechcontest,Tinavisualizesherselfspeakingmoreconfidently.24．WhatisthepurposeofParagraph3?A．Toconfir

mtheeffectofchangingself-image.B．Toclarifytheprincipleofchangingself-image.C．Toproposeanewviewonchangingself-image.D．Tostressthei

mportanceofchangingself-image.25．Accordingtotheauthor,howshouldweregardourpastmistakes?A．Theyarepartofourgrowth.B．Theyarewar

ningsforfuture.C．Theyaretoolsforovercomingfear.D．Theyarebarrierstoourdevelopment.26．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A

．WeAreWhatWeDoB．BetheBestWeCanBeC．WeAreWhatWeThinkWeAreD．WhatWeAreDecidesWhatWeThinkPassage13（2022·北京房山·一模）Thereshouldbenodoubtinanyone’smindthatth

einfluenceofmediaisgrowingstrongerandstrongerastimepasses.Ifyouhavenoticed,thespeedatwhichnewstravelsaroundtheworldhasbe

comefasterwiththedevelopmentandadvancementintechnologyMediaareactuallyinfluencingpeopleindifferentways.Whetheryo

uadmititornot,watchingmoviesandprogramsonthetelevisionorourlaptop,ipadandothermobiledevicesaswerelaxtakesusawayintothisdifferentkingdom—thatis,there

arepartsinourbeingthatfeelswearetheonesinthemovieandsometimesweevenfeelwhattheyarefeelingaswegetcaughtintheemo

tionalexcitement.Theeffectofmediadoesnotstopwhenthemovieorprogramends.Andthiseffectmightjustbethecauseofbehavioral

changesinpeople.Withactionfilms,childrentendtofollowthemoviehero,engagingthemtoviolentactsthinkingthatitisacceptablebecausehisherobecamesuccessfuli

ntheend.Therearecartoonprogramsthatshowactsofviolenceanddishonestactsagainstothers.Inreturn,childrentendtocopythecharactersandthinkthatcheatingothe

rpeopleisawaytodealwiththeirproblems.Theylearntotransfertheseillbehaviorstofriends.Therearesometelevisionshowsandmoviesthatattempttocreateanatmosp

heretochangetheviewofpeopletowardssocialissuessuchasracialdiscrimination.Inthemindsofotherpeople,theeffect

canbeforthebetter,butsomeunfortunatelyfortheworse.Therehadbeeninstancesinthepastthatyoungpeopledrunkdrivingimitatingtheirfavoriteactress.Therew

asalsoacasewheresomebodysetasubwayticketboothonfirebecausehesawitinhisfavoritefilm.Thesearejustafewexamplesofthedisturbinginfluenceofmediaonpeople

’sbehavior.Anexplanationtothesebadactsisthatthesepeoplecouldnotdistinguishfantasyfromreality.Theygetcaughtupinthekingdomofwhattheyhadbeenwatc

hingandtheimagesandscenesbecomedeeplyrootedintheirminds.Sothemediaislargelyresponsibleforgivingpeoplefalseideasandunhealthypictures,whichleadtomisbeh

avioragainstotherpeople,andcancreateadangerouscycleamongindividualsastheyattempttodothesameorevenworsethingstoothers.Thesadrealityis,no

oneistuningofftheirtelevisionsordisconnectingfromtheseinfluences.Theonlywayprogrammingofthissortwillchangeiswhenpeo

plenolongerbuyintoit,demandit,andwatchit.27．WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusinParagraph2?A．Whatitisthatchangesouremotion.B．Howmediaaffectpeople'sbeha

vior.C．Whyweareattractedbymoviesandprograms.D．Whetherpeoplefeelbeingtakenawayfromthereality.28．Accordingtotheauthor,somepeopleact

badlybecause________.A．theyarejusttheviolentpeopleB．theyhopetosolvesocialproblemsC．theyactuallycan’ttellfanta

syfromrealityD．theywanttochangepeople’sattitudestowardsmedia29．What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsmedia?A．Sympathetic.B．C

ritical.C．Supportive.D．Cautious.30．Theauthorsupportshisideasmainlyby________.A．makingcontrastsandgivingexamplesB．list

ingfactsandgivingresearchresultsC．raisingproblemsandprovidingsolutionsD．showingfactsandpresentingexplanationsPass

age14（2022·北京市第三十五中学三模）ThenewradioprogrammefromSelf-helpexpertGlennonDoyleunexpectedlydisturbedme.InasessionofWeCanDoHardThings,shefocusesonboundari

esandtheirimportancetoourmentalhappiness.Iheartilyagreewithher,becausesayingapolitebutfirm“no”isoneofthebasicsforahappylife.Iwas,however,inte

restedwhensheraisedtheideathatperhaps,aswellaslearningwhentoconfirmourboundaries,wealsoneedtostretchthem.Whendoesab

oundarybecomeacagethatlocksusaway?Isn’titalwaysthecasethatjustasyouthinkyou’vegotanareaoflifenailed;somebodycomesalongtosho

wyouthatthat’snotthecase?AsIlistened,Istartedtoseeboundariesthatmightcausemoreproblemsthantheyweresolving.Therewastheworkboundarythatsaidthatunl

essaprojectfellexactlyintomytopics,Iwouldn’ttakeit-whichmeantthatIturneddownworkthatwasotherwiseinterestingandrewarding.Ther

ewastheboundarythatsaidIwasn’ttobuyanythinguntilI’dreachedmysavingsgoal-whichresultedinmehavingtorestartmylaptop

20timesaday.AndthentherewasaboundaryaroundrelationshipsthatsetoutexactlyhowIshouldbetreatedandwhatIwantedinthem.Helpfultosomeextent,itblockedmefromal

lowingsomeonetoexpresstheirloveforme,evenifitwasn’tquitewhatIhadpredicted.HadIbeendoingboundarieswrongallthetime?DidIneedtofigur

ethemalloutagain?I’vespentthepastfewweekslookingattheboundariesI’vesecretlyputinplace,andI’veletmyselflowersomethathavebeenmyprotectionovertheyea

rs.ThenI’vecometotheconclusionthat,whenitcomestoboundaries,I’mabeginneragain,andthat’sfine.Infact,beingbackatthebeginningisa

blessingbecauseitmeanstherearestilllessonstobelearnedandadventurestobehadandthatissomethingforwhichIcanonl

ybegrateful.31．WhathasreallyinterestedtheauthorinGlennonDoyle’sprogramme?A．Theimportanceofconfirmingourboundaries.B．The

benefitsofboundariestoourhappiness.C．Theurgencyofmaintainingourboundaries.D．Thenecessityofreassessingourboundaries.32．Whichstatementonboundarieswi

lltheauthoragreewith?A．Weshouldfavoursavingsgoalsoverboundaries.B．BoundariestendtokeepusfrompotentialfriendsC．Bound

ariesareverylikelytorelieveboredomatwork.D．Weshouldsticktoboundariesdespiteinconvenience.33．Howdidtheauthorfeelaboutboundariesafterthe?

A．Relaxed.B．Depressed.C．Pressured.D．Amused.34．Whatisprobablythebesttittleforthepassage?A．Justwhenyouthinkyou’vegotthingssorted.

B．Justwhereyoubelievethere’snowayoutC．Howcanwelivealifewithoutboundaries?D．Howdowebecomevictimsofboundaries?Passage15（2022·北京通州·

模拟预测）Peoplehavespeculated(思索)forcenturiesaboutafuturewithoutwork.Someimaginethatthecomingwork-freeworldwillbedefinedbyinequality:Afe

wwealthypeoplewillownallthecapital,andthemasseswillstruggleinawasteland.Adifferentpredictionholdsthatwithoutjobstogivetheirlivesm

eaning,futurepeoplewillsimplybecomelazyanddepressed.Butitdoesn’tnecessarilyfollowfromfindingslikethesethataworldwithoutwor

kwouldbefilledwithdissatisfaction.Suchvisionsarebasedonthedownsidesofbeingunemployedinasocietybuiltontheconceptofemployment.Intheabse

nceofwork,asocietydesignedwithotherendsinmindcouldprovidestrikinglydifferentcircumstancesforthefutureoflabo

randleisure.Thesedays,sparetimeisrelativelyrareformostworkers.“WhenIcomehomefromahardday'swork,Ioftenfeeltired,”says

JohnDanaher,alecturerattheNationalUniversityofIreland,adding,“InaworldinwhichIdon’thavetowork,Imightfeelratherdifferent—p

erhapsdifferentenoughtothrowhimselfintoahobbywiththeenthusiasmusuallyreservedforprofessionalmatters.

”DanielEverett,ananthropologist(人类学家)atBentleyUniversitystudiedagroupofhunter-gathersintheAmazoncalledthePirahaforyears.A

ccordingtoEverett,whilesomemightconsiderhuntingandgatheringwork,hunter-gatherersdon’t.“Theythinkofitasfun,”hesays.“Theydon’thaveac

onceptofworkthewaywedo.”EverettdescribedatypicalclayforthePiraha:Amanmightgetup,spendafewhoursfishing,haveabarbecue,andplayuntiltheevening.Doesthisr

elaxinglifeleadtothedepressionandpurposelessnessseenamongsomanyoftoday’sunemployed?“I’veneverseenanythinglikedep

ressionthere,exceptpeoplewhoarephysicallyill,”Everettsays.Whilemanymayconsiderworknecessaryforhumanlife,workasitexistst

odayisarelativelynewinventioninthecourseofhumanculture.“Wethinkit’sbadtojustsitaroundwithnothingtodo,”saysEverett.“ForthePiraha,it’squiteadesirabl

estate.”35．Whatmightbesomepeople’sattitudetowardsthework-freeworld?A．Objective.B．Negative.C．Skeptical.D．Cautious.36．Whatdoestheunderlinedword

“downsides”inParagraph2probablyreferto?A．Risks.B．Losses.C．Challenges.D．Disadvantages.37．JohnDanahermightagreethat_____.A．workplaysanimportan

troleinourfuturelifeB．peopledon’tknowhowtobalanceworkandlifeC．people’swork-freefuturelifewillbefullofcharmD．higherunemploymentmakeslifetougherforwor

kers38．WhyisDanielEverett’sstudymentioned?A．TojustifyJohnDanaher’sopinion.B．Toshowafuturelifewithoutwork.C．Tocomparedifferentview

sonwork.D．TointroducethePirahaintheAmazon.Passage16（2022·北京·北师大实验中学三模）Forseveraldecades,therehasbeenanextensiveandorganizedcampaignintendedtogene

ratedistrustinscience,fundedbythosewhoseinterestsandideologiesarethreatenedbythefindingsofmodernscience.In

response,scientistshavetendedtostressthesuccessofscience.Afterall,scientistshavebeenrightaboutmostthing

s.Stressingsuccessesisn’twrong,butformanypeopleit’snotpersuasive.Analternativeanswertothequestion“Whytrustscience?”

isthatscientistsusetheso-calledscientificmethod.Ifyou’vegotahighschoolsciencetextbooklyingaround,you’llprobablyf

indthatanswerinit.Butwhatistypicallythoughttobethescientificmethod—developahypothesis(假设),thendesignanex

perimenttotestit—isn’twhatscientistsactuallydo.Scienceisdynamic:newmethodsgetinvented;oldonesgetabandoned;andsometimes,

scientistscanbefounddoingmanydifferentthings.Ifthereisnoidentifiablescientificmethod,thenwhatisthereasonfortru

stinscience?Theanswerishowthoseclaimsareevaluated.Thecommonelementinmodernscience,regardlessofthespecificfieldortheparticularmethodsbeinguse

d,isthestrictscrutiny(审查)ofclaims.It’sthistough,sustainedprocessthatworkstomakesurefaultyclaimsarerejected

.Ascientificclaimisneveracceptedastrueuntilithasgonethroughalengthy“peerreview”becausethereviewersareexpertsinthesa

mefieldwhohaveboththerightandtheobligation(责任)tofindfaults.Akeyaspectofscientificjudgmentisthatitisdonecollectively.Noclaimgetsaccepte

duntilithasbeenvettedbydozens,ifnothundreds,ofheads.Inareasthathavebeencontested,likeclimatescienceandvaccinesafet

y,it’sthousands.Thisiswhywearegenerallyjustifiedinnotworryingtoomuchifasinglescientist,evenaveryfamousone,di

sagreeswiththeclaim.Andthisiswhydiversityinscience—themorepeoplelookingataclaimfromdifferentangles—isimportant.Doesthisprocessevergowron

g?Ofcourse.Scientistsarehumans.Thereisalwaysthepossibilityofrevisingaclaimonthebasisofnewevidence.Somepeoplearguethatweshouldnottrustsciencebeca

usescientistsare“alwayschangingtheirminds.”Whileexamplesoftrulysettledsciencebeingoverturnedarefarfewerthanissometimescla

imed,theydoexist.Butthebeautyofthisscientificprocessisthatitexplainswhatmightotherwiseappearparadoxical(矛盾的):thatscienceproducesbothnoveltyands

tability.Scientistsdochangetheirmindsinthefaceofnewevidence,butthisisastrengthofscience,notaweakness.39．Howdoestheauthorthinkofthescientificmet

hod?A．Stable.B．Persuasive.C．Unreliable.D．Unrealistic.40．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vetted”inParagraph4probablym

ean?A．Explained.B．Examined.C．Repeated.D．Released.41．Accordingtothepassage,theauthormayagreethat______.A．itisnotpers

uasivetorejectthosefaultyclaimsB．settledsciencetendstobecollectivelyoverturnedC．aleadingexpertcannotplayadecisiveroleinascrutinyD．diversity

inknowledgeisthecommonelementinscience42．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．PutYourFaithinScienceB．Defen

dtheTruthinScienceC．ApplyYourMindtoScienceD．ExploreADynamicWaytoScience