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文体分类练(六)议论文Passage1(2024福建漳州三模)主题:气候变化对体型的影响词数:321难度:★★★☆☆Theclimatecrisismayleadthehumanracetoshrinkinsize,asmammalswithsmallerfr

amesappearbetterabletodealwithrisingglobaltemperatures,aleadingfossilexperthassaid.ProfessorSteveBrus

atte,apaleontologistattheUniversityofEdinburgh,suggestedthatthewayinwhichothermammalshavepreviouslyresponded

toperiodsofclimatechangecouldofferaninsightintohumans’future.Hecomparedthepotentialproblemofpeopleassimilartothatofearlyh

orses,whichbecamesmallerinbodysizeastemperaturesrosearound55millionyearsago.WritinginTheRiseandReignoftheMammals,Brusa

ttenotesthatanimalsinwarmerpartsoftheworldtodayareoftensmallerthanthoseincolderareas,anecologicalprincipleknownasBergmann’srule.“Thereasonsare

notentirelyunderstood,butitisprobably,inpart,becausesmalleranimalshaveahighersurfacearearelativetotheirvolumethanbiggeranimalsandcanthusimprovethe

dissipationoftheextraheat,”hewrites.Brusattesaidthatbecomingsmallerwas“acommonwaythatmammalsdealwithclimatechange”.Headded,“That’snottosa

yeveryspeciesofmammalwouldgetsmaller,butitseemstobeacommonsurvivaltrickofmammalswhentemperaturesriseprett

yquickly.Thatdoesraisethequestion:Iftemperaturesdorisereallyquickly,mighthumansgetsmaller?AndIthinkthat’scertainlyreasonable.”However,notallexpertsag

reethatrisingtemperaturecausesmammalstoshrink.ProfessorAdrianLister,oftheNaturalHistoryMuseuminLondon,saidtherelationshipshownbytherecenthuman

remainsstudyisweak.“Wearenotreallycontrolledbynaturalselection,”hesaid.“Ifthatwasgoingtohappen,you’dneedtofindlarge

peopledyingbeforetheycouldreproducebecauseofclimatewarming.Thatisnothappeningintoday’sworld.Wewearclothes,andwehavegotheating,justaswehavegotai

rconditioningifitistoohot.”【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了气候变化对哺乳动物尤其是人类的体型的影响。1.HowdomammalscopewithclimatechangeaccordingtoBrusatte?A.Movin

gtocolderregions.B.Reducingtheirbodysize.C.Losingtheirweight.D.Adaptingtheirdiet.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第一段“Theclimatecrisismayleadthehu

manracetoshrinkinsize,asmammalswithsmallerframesappearbetterabletodealwithrisingglobaltemperatures,aleadingfossilexperthassai

d.”及第四段中“Brusattesaidthatbecomingsmallerwas‘acommonwaythatmammalsdealwithclimatechange’.”可知,根据Brusatte的说法,哺乳动物

减小体型来应对气候变化。2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dissipation”inparagraph3mean?A.Exchange.B.Formation.C.Absorption.D.Emiss

ion.答案D解析词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“WritinginTheRiseandReignoftheMammals,Brusattenotesthatanimalsinwarmerpartsoftheworldtoday

areoftensmallerthanthoseincolderareas,anecologicalprincipleknownasBergmann’srule.”和画线词所在句中“Thereasonsarenotentirelyunderstood,butitisprobably,i

npart,becausesmalleranimalshaveahighersurfacearearelativetotheirvolumethanbiggeranimals”可知,体型较小的动物比体型较大的动物更容易散热,从而推知画线单词意思是“散发”。3.WhatisAdrianLi

ster’sattitudetowardstherecentstudy?A.Worried.B.Objective.C.Skeptical.D.Approving.答案C解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中“However,notallexpertsagreethatrisingtemperaturec

ausesmammalstoshrink.ProfessorAdrianLister,oftheNaturalHistoryMuseuminLondon,saidtherelationshipshownbytherecenthuma

nremainsstudyisweak.”以及“Thatisnothappeningintoday’sworld.”等内容可知,AdrianLister对最近的研究持怀疑态度。4.Whatisthebesttitleofthistext?A.TheThreatofClimateChanget

oHumanSurvivalB.TheImpactofClimateChangeonMammalBodySizesC.TheEvolutionaryTrendsinMammalBodySizesD.TheAdaptiveStrategiesofMammalstoC

limateChange答案B解析主旨大意题。本文探讨了气候变化对哺乳动物尤其是人类的体型的影响。B项“气候变化对哺乳动物体型的影响”符合主题。Passage2(2024广东韶关二模)主题:对生活的看法词数:314难度:★★★☆☆Islifeastoryoragame?Answersmayvar

yfromonetoanother.Overthecourseoflife,wefindthingstoloveandcommitto—ajob,apartneroracommunity.Attimes,westruggletolearnfromourm

isfortunestogrowinwisdom,kindnessandgrace.WillStorr,awriterwhoseworkIadmire,saysthisstoryversionoflifeisamisunderstandi

ng.InhisbookTheStatusGame,hearguesthathumanbeingsaredeeplydrivenbystatus.Ratherthanaboutbeinglikedoraccepted,hewrites,it’saboutbeingbetterthan

others.“Whenpeopleareobedienttous,offerrespect,admirationorpraise,that’sstatus.Itfeelsgood.”Lifeisaseriesofgames,headds.There’sth

ehighschoolgameofcompetingtobethepopularkid.Thelawyergametomakepartner.Thefinancegametomakethemostmone

y.Theacademicgameforfame.Thesportsgametoshowthatourteamisthebest.Evenwhenwearetryingtodogood,Storrclaims,we’replayingthe“virtuegame”t

oshowwearemorallysuperiortoothers.IthinkStorrisindangerofbecomingoneofthoseguyswhoignorethenobledesiresofthehumanhearta

ndthecaringelementineveryfriendshipandfamily.Thestatus-madworldthatStorrdescribesissoloveless.Infact,gamingasawayoflifeisimmature.Maturitymeans

risingabovetheshallowdesire—forstatus—thatdoesn’treallynourishus.It’saboutcultivatingthehigherdesires:theloveoftr

uthandlearning;theinnerpleasurethecraftsmangetsinhiswork,whichisnotaboutpopularity,andthedesireforagoodandmeaningfullif

ethatinspirespeopletopractisedailyactsofgenerosity.Howdopeoplegraduallylearntocultivatethesehighermotivations?Toanswerthat,I’d

havetotellyouastory.【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。生活是一个故事还是一场游戏?作家WillStorr认为生活就是一系列的游戏,人类深受地位的驱使,作者指出这种生活态度是不成熟的,成熟意味着追求更高

的愿望。5.WhatliesinthecoreofWillStorr’sopinionaboutlife?A.Theprideinone’svirtue.B.Thepursuitofsuperiority.C.Thedesire

foracceptance.D.Themotivationbywealth.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第二段中“InhisbookTheStatusGame,hearguesthathumanbeingsaredeeplydrivenbystatus.Ratherthanabout

beinglikedoraccepted,hewrites,it’saboutbeingbetterthanothers.‘Whenpeopleareobedienttous,offerrespect,admirationorpraise,that’sstatus.Itfeels

good.’”可知,WillStorr作品的核心在于追求更高的地位,要比别人更好,B项“追求卓越”符合题意。6.Whatcanbeviewedashighermotivationsinthetext?A.Loveandinspi

ration.B.Maturityanddesire.C.Commitmentandkindness.D.Friendshipandpopularity.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第一段中“Overthecourseoflife,wefindthingstoloveandcommitto—

ajob,apartneroracommunity.Attimes,westruggletolearnfromourmisfortunestogrowinwisdom,kindnessandgrace.”和第四段中“It’saboutcultivatingthehig

herdesires:theloveoftruthandlearning;theinnerpleasurethecraftsmangetsinhiswork,whichisnotaboutpopularity,andthedesi

reforagoodandmeaningfullifethatinspirespeopletopractisedailyactsofgenerosity.”可知,C项“承诺和善良”可以被视为更高的动机。7.What’sthemainpurposeofthepas

sage?A.Tocorrectanattitude.B.Tocomparetwovalues.C.Toexplaintwoarguments.D.Tocriticizeaviewpoint.答案A解析推理判断题。文章首句“Islifeastoryoragame?”提出问题:生活是一个故事还是一场

游戏?接着提到了作家WillStorr对此问题的回答,WillStorr认为生活就是一系列的游戏,人类深受地位的驱使,接着作者提到这种生活态度是不成熟的,故本文的目的是纠正一种态度。8.Whatstorydoyouthinktheauthorwilltellnext?A.Aking

’s-comebackstory.B.Arags-to-richesstory.C.AYuanLongping-stylestory.D.Anovernight-successstory.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“It’sab

outcultivatingthehigherdesires:theloveoftruthandlearning;theinnerpleasurethecraftsmangetsinhiswork,whichisnotaboutpop

ularity,andthedesireforagoodandmeaningfullifethatinspirespeopletopractisedailyactsofgenerosity.”和最后一段“Howdopeoplegradually

learntocultivatethesehighermotivations?Toanswerthat,I’dhavetotellyouastory.”可知,更高的愿望是对真理和学习的热爱和对美好而有意义的生活的渴

望,作者接下来要讲述如何培养这些更高动机,C项“一个袁隆平式的故事”符合更高动机的内涵。Passage3(2024河北邯郸三模)主题:善意的谎言词数:349难度:★★★★★“Individualsofallageswhohaveempathy(共情)understandthatsometimest

ellinglittlewhiteliescanprotectotherpeoplefromgettinghurt,”saysBarbaraGreenberg,aclinicalpsychologisti

nConnecticut.“MostpeoplethatIhavecomeacrosstelltheselittlewhiteliesbecausetheyunderstandthat100percenthonestyallthetimeisnot

beneficial.Awhitelie,”sheexplains,“sparespeoplefromunnecessaryhurt.”Atthesametime,Dr.JuliaBreur,amar

riageandfamilytherapistinFlorida,emphasizestheimportanceofpayingattentiontothewaywerespondtosomeone.Thefactisth

atnottellingthetruthcanresultinsomethingunpleasantonyou;it’snotjustaboutthepersonthewhitelieisbeingtoldto.Forexamp

le,shesayssomeonewhoalwaystellsothersthat“allisgood”whenitcomestoasickparentinanefforttoavoiddiscussionsabouthowseriousth

eirhealthissuereallyis,caneventuallyfacestressfulexperiences.Whenthatparenteventuallypassesaway,theper

sonwhoalwaysgavean“allisgood”responseendsupemotionallybroken.Sometimes,tellingwhiteliesoftendependsonthesi

tuation,Dr.Breursays.Forexample,considerawomanwhohasnotseenhermotherforseveralmonths.Thedaughterhasgainednoticeablewei

ght,yetthemotherrespondsbyexcitedlydeclaringthatshelooksgreat.“Iemphasizeduringpsychotherapysessionswithmypatientstha

tcontexthelpsdefinemeaning,”Dr.Breursays.“Sowhenwelookatthecontextofamothersayingyoulookgreatwhensheclearlyseestha

therdaughterhasgainedweight,itcanbeacceptable.Itreflectstheintentionofthewhiteliewhichiskindness,protectionandun

conditionallove.Otherwise,whitelies—especiallywhentoldtoavoidpersonalaccountability—canstartacycleofmistrustbetweenpeople,ultimate

lycompromisingintegrity,”sheadds.Therefore,it’simportanttoaskourselveswhenitisandisn’tappropriatetodeliverthehonesttruth,andwhenit’sbesttostepbacka

ndofferamoredelicateresponse.Moreoftenthannot,it’saboutfindingabalancebetweenthetwo.【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要阐述了善意的谎言可以让人们

免受不必要的伤害,但有时候,善意的谎言往往取决于具体情况。因此,重要的是要问问自己,什么时候说实话是合适的,什么时候不合适,什么时候最好退一步,做出更微妙的回应,要在两者之间找到平衡。9.WhatcanbelearnedaboutwhiteliesaccordingtoBa

rbaraGreenberg?A.Theyareshort-lived.B.Theyareunidentifiable.C.Theyaretrouble-making.D.Theyarecommon.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第一段中的“‘Mostpeoplet

hatIhavecomeacrosstelltheselittlewhiteliesbecausetheyunderstandthat100percenthonestyallthetimeisnotbeneficial.Awhitelie,’sheexplain

s,‘sparespeoplefromunnecessaryhurt.’”可知,根据芭芭拉·格林伯格的说法,善意的谎言很常见。10.WhatmessagedoesDr.Breurdeliverinparagr

aph2?A.Whiteliescanharmboththeliarsandthelisteners.B.Wemustrespondtoourfamilymemberstruthfully.C.It’swrongtotellwhiteliestoaseriouslyillparent.D.Th

e“allisgood”responseiseffectiveindealingwithpatients.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Atthesametime,Dr.JuliaBreur,amarriageandfamilytherapistinFlorida,empha

sizestheimportanceofpayingattentiontothewaywerespondtosomeone.Thefactisthatnottellingthetruthcanresultin

somethingunpleasantonyou;it’snotjustaboutthepersonthewhitelieisbeingtoldto.”可知,善意的谎言给说谎者和听者都会带来伤害。11.WhatisDr.Breur’sat

titudetowardsthemother’spracticeinparagraph3?A.Uncaring.B.Critical.C.Supportive.D.Doubtful.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第三段中的“‘Iemphasizeduring

psychotherapysessionswithmypatientsthatcontexthelpsdefinemeaning,’Dr.Breursays.‘Sowhenwelookatthecontextofamothersayingyoulookgreatwh

ensheclearlyseesthatherdaughterhasgainedweight,itcanbeacceptable.Itreflectstheintentionofthewhiteliewhichis

kindness,protectionandunconditionallove.Otherwise,whitelies—especiallywhentoldtoavoidpersonalaccountability—canstartacycleofmistrustbet

weenpeople,ultimatelycompromisingintegrity,’sheadds.”可知,Breur博士对第三段中母亲的做法持支持态度,她认为它反映了善意谎言的意图,即善意、保护和无

条件的爱。12.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.EastorWest,WhiteLiesAretheBestB.ThinkTwiceBeforeYouTellWhiteLiesC.WhiteLiesSignifyUnc

onditionalLoveD.WhiteLiesAreEmpatheticPeople’sFavorableChoice答案B解析主旨大意题。通读全文,本文主要讲了善意的谎言可以让人们免受不必要的伤害,但有时候,善意的谎言往往取决于具体情况。因此,在说善意的谎

言之前要三思。B项“ThinkTwiceBeforeYouTellWhiteLies”最能概括本文主旨,适合作为标题。