【文档说明】专题06- 阅读理解说明文 (原卷版) 五年（2018-2022）北京高考真英语真题+两年模拟题分项汇编详解.docx，共(60)页，1.955 MB，由envi的店铺上传

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专题06阅读理解说明文序号内容PartIPassage1-Passage6--5年真题过关PartIIPassage7-Passage40--模拟能力提升（北京各区模拟试题）PartI-5年真题过关Passage1（2022年北京）“Wha

twouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseim

aginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,b

utmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseen

asessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequir

esconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsintersect

(交叉)withhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothern

etwork—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachot

her;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem

.Takenutrition.InthelatestUNreportonglobalfoodsecurity,thenumberofundernourished(营养不良)peopleintheworldhasbeenrisin

g,despitegreatadvancesinnutritionscience.Trackingof150biochemicalsinfoodhasbeenimportantinrevealingther

elationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fatandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,somescientistsproposetha

thumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicals—andthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievin

gthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asyst

emsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpower.Butassomeresearchersfind,thefoodsystemisn

otanequalone.Agoodwaytoredress(修正)suchpowerimbalanceisformoreuniversitiestodowhatCrystaldidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasyste

msapproach.Moreresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofrespo

nsibilityandadoptasystemsapproach.Crystalknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvisi

on”.28.TheauthorusesthequestionunderlinedinParagraph1to________.A.illustrateanargumentB.highlightanopinionC.intro

ducethetopicD.predicttheending29.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefieldofnutrition?A.Thefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinkingh

asn’tbeenachieved.B.Therelationshipsamongplayershavebeenclarified.C.Machinelearningcansolvethenutrition

problem.D.Theimpactofnutritioncannotbequantified.30.Asforsystemsthinking,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Itmaybeusedtojustifypowerimbalance.B.Itcanbea

ppliedtotacklechallenges.C.Ithelpstoprovewhyhungerexists.D.Itgoesbeyondhumanimagination.Passage2（2021年北京）Hundredsofscientist

s,writersandacademicssoundedawarningtohumanityinanopenletterpublishedlastDecember:Policymakersandtherestofusmustengage

openlywiththeriskofglobalcollapse.Researchersinmanyareashaveprojectedthewidespreadcollapseas“acrediblescenario(情景)thiscentury”.Asurveyof

scientistsfoundthatextremeweatherevents,foodinsecurity,andfreshwatershortagesmightcreateglobalcollapse.O

fcourse,ifyouareanon-humanspecies,collapseiswellunderway.Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableises

peciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Notverylongago,itwasalsount

hinkablethataviruswouldshutdownnationsandthatsafetynetswouldbeprovensodisastrouslylackinginflexibility.Theinte

rnationalscholars’warningletterdoesn'tsayexactlywhatcollapsewilllooklikeorwhenitmighthappen.Collapseology,thestudyofcoll

apse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrendsandwiththemthedangersofeverydaycivilization.Amongthesignatories(签署者)ofthewa

rningwasBobJohnson,theoriginatorofthe“ecologicalfootprint”concept,whichmeasuresthetotalamountofenvironmentalinputneededtomaintainagiven

lifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,“itseemsthatglobalcollapseiscertaintohappeninsomeform,possibl

ywithinadecade,certainlywithinthiscentury,”Johnsonsaidinanemail.“Onlyifwediscusstheconsequencesofourbiophysicallimits,”theDec

emberwarninglettersays,“canwehavethehopetoreducetheirspeed,severityandharm”.Andyetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwa

nttohopethingswillturnoutfine.Asapoetwrote,Manisavictimofdope(麻醉品)Intheincurableformofhope.Thehundredsofscholarswhosignedt

heletterareintent(执着)onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness.“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“an

ddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“germane”inParagraph3probably

mean?A.Scientific.B.Credible.C.Original.D.Relevant.29.Asforthepublicawarenessofglobalcollapse,theauthoris________.A.wor

riedB.puzzledC.surprisedD.scared30.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Thesignatoriesmaychangethebiophysicallimits.B.Theauthoragreeswiththemessageoft

hepoem.C.Theissueofcollapseisbeingprioritized.D.Theglobalcollapseiswellunderway.Passage3（2020年北京）BaggyhasbecomethefirstdogintheUK—andpotentia

llytheworld—tojointhefightagainstairpollutionbyrecordingpollutantlevelsneartheground.Baggywearsapollutionmonitoronhercollarsoshecantakedatameasure

mentsclosetotheground.Hermonitorhasshownthatairpollutionlevelsarehigherclosertogroundlevel,whichhashelped

highlightconcernsthatbabiesandyoungkidsmaybeathigherriskofdevelopinglungproblems.Conventionalairpoll

utionmonitorsarenormallyfixedonlamppostsataboutninefeetintheair.However,sinceBaggystandsataboutthesameheightasachildinapushchair（婴儿车）,shefrequentlyr

ecordspollutionlevelswhicharemuchhigherthanthedatagatheredbytheEnvironmentAgency.ThedoggydataresearchwastheideaofBaggy's1

3-year-oldownerTomHuntandhisdadMatt.TheEnglishyoungsternoticedthatpollutionlevelsarearoundtwo-thirdshigherclosetothegroundthanthey

areintheairattheheightwheretheyarerecordedbytheagency.Tomhassincereportedtheshockingfindingstothegovernmentin

anattempttoemphasisethatbabiesareathigherriskofdevelopingasthma（哮喘）.MattHuntsaidhewas"veryproud"ofhissonbecause“whentheboygetsanide

a,hekeepshisheaddownandgetsonwithit,andhereallydoeswanttodosomegoodandstopyoungkidsfromgettingasthma."“Tomb

uiltupapassionforenvironmentalprotectionataveryearlyage,"Mattadded.“Hebecameveryinterestedingadgets（小装置）.Aboutoneyearago,hegotthisnewpiece

oftechwhichislikeatesttube.OneSundayafternoon,wewentouttodosomemonitoring,andhesaid,whydon'tweputitonBaggy'scollarand

lethermonitorthepollution？'Sowedidit."Tomsaid,"Mostofthetime,Baggyisjustlikeanyotherdog.Butfortherestofthetimesheis

asuperdog,andweareallreallyproudofher."34.Withamonitoronhercollar,Baggycan____________.A.takepollutantreadingsB.recordpollutantlevelsC.process

collecteddataD.reduceairpollution35.WhatcanwelearnfromtheBaggydata?A.Highplacesarefreeofairpollution.B.Higherpushchairsaremoreriskyforkids.C.C

onventionalmonitorsaremorereliable.D.Airismorepollutedclosertotheground.36.WhatisTom'spurposeofdoingtheresearch?A.Towarnofahealthrisk.B.Tofindoutp

ollutionsources.C.Totesthisnewmonitor.D.ToproveBaggy'sabilities.37.Accordingtothepassage,whichwordcanbestdescr

ibeTomHunt?A.Modest.B.Generous.C.Creative.D.Outgoing.Passage4（2020年北京）Theproblemofrobocallshasgottenso

badthatmanypeoplenowrefusetopickupcallsfromnumberstheydon'tknow.Bynextyear，halfofthecallswereceivewillbescams(欺诈).Wearefinally

wakinguptotheseverityoftheproblembysupportinganddevelopingagroupoftools，appsandapproachesintendedtopreventscammersfromgettingthrough.Unfort

unately，it'stoolittle，toolate.Bythetimethese“solutions"(解决方案)becomewidelyavailable，scammerswillhavemovedontocleverermeans.Inthenearfutur

e，it'snotjustgoingtobethenumberyouseeonyourscreenthatwillbeindoubt.Soonyouwillalsoquestionwhetherthevoiceyou'rehearingisactuallyreal.That'

sbecausethereareanumberofpowerfulvoicemanipulation(处理)andautomationtechnologiesthatareabouttobecomewidelyavailableforan

yonetouse.Atthisyear'sI/OConference,acompanyshowedanewvoicetechnologyabletoproducesuchaconvincinghuman–soundingvoicethati

twasabletospeaktoareceptionistandbookareservationwithoutdetection.Thesedevelopmentsarelikelytomakeourcurrentproblemswith

robocallsmuchworse.ThereasonthatrobocallsareaheadachehaslesstodowithamountthanprecisionAdecadeofdatabreaches(数据侵入)ofpersonalinformationh

asledtoasituationwherescammerscaneasilylearnyourmother'sname，andfarmore.Armedwiththisknowledge.they'

reabletocarryoutindividuallytargetedcampaignstocheatpeople.Thismeans.forexample，thatascammercouldcallyoufromwhatlookstobeafa

miliarnumberandtalktoyouusingavoicethatsoundsexactlylikeyourbankteller's，rickingyouinto"confirming"youraddr

ess，mother'sname，andcardnumber.Scammersfollowmoney，socompanieswillbetheworsthit.Alotofbusinessisstilldoneoverthephone，andmuchofitisbased

ontrustandexistingrelationships.Voicemanipulationtechnologiesmayweakenthatgradually.Weneedtodealwiththeinsecurenatureofou

rtelecomnetworks.Phonecarriersandconsumersneedtoworktogethertofindwaysofdeterminingandcommunicatingwh

atisreal.Thatmightmeaneitherdevelopingauniformwaytomarkvideosandimages,showingwhenandwhotheyweremadeby.orabandoningphonecallsaltoget

herandmovingtowardsdata-basedcommunications—usingappslikeFaceTimeorWhatsApp,whichcanbetiedtoyouridentity.Credibilityishardtoearnbuteasyt

olose,andtheproblemisonlygoingtoharderfromhereonout.38.Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesolutionstoproblemofrobecalls?A.Panicked.B.Conf

used.C.Embarrassed.D.Disappointed.39.takingadvantageofthenewtechnologies，scammercan______.A.aimatvictimspreciselyB.da

magedatabaseseasilyC.startcampaignsrapidlyD.spreadinformationwidely40.Whatdoesthepassageimply?A.Honest

yisthebestpolicy.B.Technologiescanbedouble-edited.C.Therearemoresolutionsthanproblems.D.Credibilityhol

dsthekeytodevelopment.41.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.WheretheProblemofRoboca

llsIsRootedB.WhoIstoBlamefortheProblemofRoboeallsC.WhyRobocallsAreAbouttoGetMoreDangerousD.HowRobocallsAreAffectingtheWorldofTech

nologyPassage5（2019年北京）Bytheendofthecentury，ifnotsooner，theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate，accordingtoan

ewstudy.Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightrefl

ectsofftheorganisms，thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreent

oblue，dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas，whilereducingitinotherspots，leadi

ngtochangesintheocean'sappearance.Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface，wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whenth

eseorganismsdie，theyburycarboninthedeepocean，animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butph

ytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth，sincethe

yneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow，butalsonutrients.StephanieDutkiewicz，ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience，builtaclim

atemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃，itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldocc

ur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters，suchasthoseoftheArctic，awarmin

gwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton，andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytopl

anktonintheoceanchanging.”shesaid，“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”42.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?A.

Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorg

anisms.D.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.43.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Sensitive.B.BeneficialC.Sig

nificantD.Unnoticeable44.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.B.Du

tkiewicz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchangesC.PhytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimateD.Oceanswithmoreph

ytoplanktonmayappeargreener.45.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage？A.ToassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchangesB.T

oanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchainC.ToexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceansD.TointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplanktonPassage6（2018年北

京）Plastic-EatingWormsHumansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupin

landfills(垃圾填埋场),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermayliei

nthestomachsofsomehungryworms.ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,which

accountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthe

wormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms’chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethyl

enebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊状物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—appa

rentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms’stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.FedericaBertocchini,co-authorof

thestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.＂Waxis

acomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,＂sheexplains,＂Thewa

xwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.＂JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,wh

owasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithprevio

usstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitan

enzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinl

andfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂43.Whatcanwelearnabout

thewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D.Theywindupinlandfills.44.Accor

dingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto.A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.

confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebreakdownspeed45.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight.A.helptoraisewor

msB.helpmakeplasticbagsC.beusedtocleantheoceansD.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture46.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.To

explainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.PartII-模拟

能力提升（北京各区模拟试题）Passage7（2022·北京海淀·二模）About20yearsago,DanielHoffman,aclassicallytrainedviolinistmetayoungmusicianplayinginthetownsquar

einMarrakech,anancientcityinMorocco.TheycommunicatedinthelittleFrenchtheybothknew,buttheirmaincommonlanguagewasmusic.Ont

hebackofamotorbikeofthefellowviolinist,Hoffmanweavedthroughthebackstreetsofthecityandthenlearnedhisfirs

tlessonsinAndalusianmusic,theclassicalmusicofNorthAfrica.Thatexperiencegavebirthtoanidea:Whatwoulditbeliketotrytolearn

howtoplaydifferentviolinstylesaroundtheworldinjustoneweek?Oh.yes,andattheendofthatweek,playaconcert.Heevengotanamefortheconcept“musi

calextremesports”.Ittookhimalmosttwodecadestolaunchthatdreamwithafriend,whointroducedhimtothewondersofKickstarter,afundingp

latformforcreativeprojects.Uptonow,thedreamhastakentheformofanewdocumentarycurrentlyairingonAmericanpublictelevisionstationscalled“Otherwise,It’sJ

ustFirewood.”Inthedocumentary,HoffmantravelstoCountyClare,Ireland,wherehetakeslessonswithJamesKelly,amasterIrishviolinplayer,forlessthanaweekandt

henperformstogetherwithhiminfrontofanaudience,manyofwhomarestarIrishmusicians.ThefilmiswhatHoffmanhop

eswillbethefirstofaneventualseriesofshortdocumentaries,showinghimlearningtoplaytheviolininavarietyofstyles,inclu

dingthefolkmusicofsouthIndia,Sweden,Greece,Romania,andWestVirginia.Thatwouldaddtohisextensiverepertoire(全部曲目),whichalreadyincludesBa

lkan,MiddleEastern,andTurkishstyles.“Thebigjokeiswhat’sthedifferencebetweenthefiddleandtheviolin?It’sthepersonwhoplaysit,”saysNiallKeegan,at

raditionalfluteplayer.“It’sthemusicyoumakeonitthatmakesitIrishorEnglishorFrenchorclassicalorjazzorwhateverelse.It’showw

eimagineitandhowwecreatethroughitthatmakeitandgiveitcharacter.”“Otherwise,it’sjustfirewood,”hesays,wordsthatbecamethefil

m’stitle.1．WheredoesHoffman’sideaofmusicalextremesportscomefrom?A．Hisexplorationofthelocalmusic.B．Hiscooperationwiththeyoungviolin

ist.C．Hissightseeingtouronamotorbikeseat.D．Hisconstantlychangingtasteinviolinstyles.2．Accordingtothepassage,theseriesofdocumentaries________.A．helpH

offmantobecomeamasterviolinplayerB．arefundedbyAmericanpublictelevisionstationsC．introducedifferentstylesofmusiciansaroundtheworldD．recordHoffman’sexp

erienceinlearningvariousviolinstyles3．Thetitleofthedocumentary“Otherwise,It’sJustFirewood”isusedtoemphasize________.A．thepowerofdiversifiedartisti

cexpressionB．thepleasureinlearningtraditionalmusicC．thetechniqueofinstrumentplayingD．theimportanceoffamousartistsPassage8（202

2·北京·北师大实验中学三模）Agroupofblue-facedbirdsstepthroughthegrassshouldertoshoulder,redeyeslookingaround.Theylooklik

emiddleschoolersseekingacafeteriatableatlunchtime.Perhapsthey’renotsodifferent.Anewstudy,ledbyDamienFarine,anornithologistwhostudiescollectiv

ebehaviour,showsthatthevulturineguineafowlofeasternAfrica,likehumans,havemultilevelsocieties.Inthepast,s

cientistsassumedsuchsocialstructuresrequiredalotofbrainpower.Butthepea-brainedguineafowlarerevealingthefaultsint

hatassumption.Theselargebirdswanderacrossthelandscapeinpacks,oftenwalkingsocloselythattheirbodiestouch.Theymayfighteachothertom

aintaintheirstricthierarchies(等级制度),butatothertimestheyengageinfriendlybehaviourslikesharingfood.Suspe

ctingtheguineafowlmighthaveasocialstructure,Dr.Farineandhiscolleaguesbeganathoroughstudyoftheirsociety

.Forawholeyear,theymadedailyobservationsof441birds.Colouredlegbandsinuniquecombinationsletresearcherstelltheblack-and-

bluebirdsapart.TheyalsoattachedGPSdevicestothebacksof58birds,whichletthemseeexactlywhereeverygroupwent,24hoursaday.

Thefindingsoftheresearchsuggestthatthevulturineguineafowlhaveamultilevelsociety.Therearegroupswithingroupswithinthepopulationasawhole.Thereevensee

mtobegroupsoffriendswithinthesmallgroups.Thisisthefirsttimeanyonehasobservedsuchasocietyinabird.AndDr.Farine

emphasizesthisparticularbird’stinybrainsize:“Theydon’tonlyhavesmallbrainsrelativetomammals(哺乳动物),theya

lsohavequitesmallbrainsrelativetootherbirds,”hesaid.Accordingtohim,livinginthiskindofsocietymightactuallymakeiteasiertokeeptrackofthesocialor

der.Forexample,ifgroupsarestableandabirdcanidentifyjustoneortwoindividualswithinagroup,itknowswhichgroupit’slookingat—noneedforabrainthatcanrecog

nizeeverysingleanimal.Multilevelsocietiesalsoletanimalsadjusttheirgroupsizesbasedonwhateverchallengesthey’refacing.Dependingonwhatenemiesorresource

sarearound,itmightmakesensetotravelinacombinedgroupratherthanasmallerone.“Havingamultilevelstructuremaynotrequirehavingalargebrain,

”Dr.Farinesaid.Theremaybemorebirdsandotheranimalsouttherethat,althoughsmall-brained,havesocietiesasmany-leve

ledasourown.8．Accordingtothepassage,whatinspiredDr.Farinetocarryoutthestudy?A．Theguineafowl’ssocialbehaviour.B．Previousassu

mptionsaboutbirds.C．Hisinterestinanimalbrainpower.D．Thefaultsinearlierresearch.9．WhatisParagraph4mainlyabout

?A．Theresearchsubjects.B．Theresearchmethods.C．Theresearchfindings.D．Theresearchequipment.10．Whatcanbelearnedfromthepassage?A．Complexsocia

lsystemscanbeadisadvantagetotheguineafowl.B．Theguineafowlaregoodatrecognizingindividualsinagroup.C．Birdsmaintainsocialorderbytravel

lingincombinedgroups.D．Small-brainedanimalscanformmultilevelsocieties.Passage9（2022·北京·人大附中三模）Theartoffabricdyeingisanancientonedatingbackto3500BC．Ov

erthecenturieswehumanshavesoughttobrightenourappearancewithclothingthatreflectsthevibrantnaturalcoloursseeninnature,andmanycolouran

tswereoriginallysourcedfromthenaturalworldaroundus.Wastechemicalsfromthedyesthemselvesareoftenhighlytoxic—Azodyeswhichaccountfor60—70percentofal

ldyesusedbecometoxicwhenbrokendownandmetabolized—andthefixingagentsusedwhichcancontainformaldehydandchlorinecompounds,areno

better,withlinkstoallergiesandcancer,notonlyhazardoustohumansbutalsototheenvironment.Whensyntheticdyeswerediscoveredin1856anevengreaterarrayofcol

oursbecamepossible,andwiththeadventoftheindustrialrevolutionthefabricindustryboomed.Inthemodernage,consumerdemandfuelsthefashionhousesa

ndcolourisking:butthedyeingoffabricscomesataprice.Intotalover8000chemicalshavebeenidentifiedasbeingusedinthedyeingproc

ess,manyofwhichhavebeennotedashazardoustohealth.Addtothisthevastamountofwaterrequiredforthedyeingprocessinwhichhugewater

bathsareneededateverystageoftheprocessandwecanseewhytheindustryisoneofthemostenvironmentallydamagingonearth,responsibleforatlea

st17—20percentoftotalwaterpollution.Soisthereanotherway?WellsyntheticbiologistOrrYarkonicertainlythinksso.HiscompanyColorifixhavepioneere

danewtechniquewhichbypassestraditionaldyeingtechniquesinfavourofanapproachbasedonnature’sownmethods.Ratherthanfightingn

aturehebelievesweneedtotapintoitinordertosolvethecomplexenvironmentalissuesthatchallengeustoday.“Colorifixisverymuchinspiredfromnature”hesays,“n

aturehascreatedawholepaletteofcoloursthatweseeonadailybasis”.Sourcingcoloursfromarangeofnaturalpigments,hethenengineers

microorganismsusingDNAtoconvertagriculturalby-productsintodyes.Whenthemicroorganismsburst,they“fix”thecolourtothefabric,thusreducingthenee

dformassiveamountsofwater.Theorganismsthemselvescanbegrown,orfermented,oncetheDNAcodeforthenecessarycolouranth

asbeenimplantedandthisnaturalreproductionisfastandefficient.Overallthewholeprocessuseslesswater,produceslesswaste,an

dneedsfarlesschemicals.Anewwayforwardinspiredbynature.11．Accordingtothepassage,dyeingfabricscomesatapricebecause________.A．Thedyeingmateri

alsarepoisonousB．ThedyeingmaterialsareratherexpensiveC．ThedyeingprocesspollutestheenvironmentD．Thedyei

ngprocessneedsplentyofwater12．WhatisafeatureofthedyeingtechniqueproposedbyColorifix?A．Itisenvironmentallyfriendly.B．Ittak

esalongertimetoacquirerawmaterials.C．Itemploysnaturalcolorwhichdoesnotstaylong.D．Itneedslesswaterbutproducespoisonouspollutants.13

．Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A．Thedyeingprocesscanbepollutionfree.B．Dyeingfabricscausesthemainpollutants.C．Thecolorofnatureon

lycomesfromplants.D．Humanhasalonghistoryofpursuingbeautiful“color”.14．Whichofthefollowingcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．Breathinglife

intoadyeingartB．HistoryofdyeingindustryC．UnknowndangerbehinddyeingD．ColorcomeswithapricePassage10（2022·北京东城·模拟预测）broccoliWhenserve

dcauliflowerorbroccoli,somekidsturnawayinannoyance.Don’tblamethem—anewstudysuggestsspecificenzymes(酶)insaliva(唾液)mightmakethe

sevegetablestasteterribletosomechildren.Theseenzymes,calledcysteinelyases,areproducedbybacteriainthemouth.Thesameenzymesarealsolocked

awayinthecellsofBrassicavegetableslikebroccoliandcauliflower.Whenwechewbroccoli,theseenzymesspillout

oftheirstoragecontainerswhilethoseinourmouthstarttowork.Theseenzymesbreakdownacompound(化合物)calledS-methyl-L-cysteinesul

foxide(SMCSO)inthesevegetables,andthisbreakdownprocesstransformsthecompoundintosharpsmellmolecules(分子).Previo

usstudiesofadultssuggestthelevelofcysteinelyaseactivityinaperson’ssalivadetermineshowmuchtheSMCSObreaksdown.This,inturn,influenceshowthesevegeta

blestastetoadults.Accordingtothesepaststudies,whendifferentadultsconsumebroccoli,therecanbeahugedifferenceinhowmanyunpleasantsmellsthefoo

dletsoffastheirsaliva-borneenzymesbreakittobits.Buttheauthorswonderedwhetherthesamedifferencecanbeseeninkids,whoareusuallymoresensit

ivetobitterandsourtastes.Theysuspectedthatkidswhosesalivaproducedthemostsmelly,SMCSO-sourcedcompoundswouldshowthestrong

estdislikeforbroccoli.Andtheteam’snewstudyprovedtheirassumption.Whilebothadults’andkids’salivaproducedsmellycompoundswhenex

posedtocauliflower,thesesmellsdidnotinfluencewhetheradultslikedthevegetable.Ontheotherhand,kidswhosesali

vaproducedhighconcentrationsofthesesmellsreportedhatingcauliflowerthemost.Thenewstudyincluded98pairsofparentsandchildrenaged6to8.Aftertakin

gsamplesofeachparticipant’ssaliva,thescientistsmixeditintorawcauliflowerpowder.TheymeasuredtheSMCSO-so

urcedsmellcompoundsletoffandfoundeachparticipant’ssalivageneratedadifferentquantityofsmells.Interestingly,thedegreeofsicklysmellproduction

wassimilarbetweenparents’salivaandtheirchildren’s.Thisindicatesthatparentsandkidslikelycarrysimilarbacteriaintheirmo

uths,whichwouldcausethemtoproducesimilarlevelsofcysteinelyases.Oursensesoftasteandsmellarestrongestinyo

uth,whichmaymakekidsevenmoresensitivetothesedifferencesinflavor.Thesamepreferencepatternisnotseeninadults,whoalsoproduceplentyo

fbadsmells.ThissuggeststhattheadultscametotoleratethetasteofBrassicavegetables.Thefindingsagreewithpast

studiesofhowourtasteschangeovertime:wecanlearntoovercomeourdistasteforcertainfoodbyeatingitmore.15．Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?A．

Thefunctionofmouthbacteria.B．Thecauseofanunpleasantflavor.C．ThefeatureofBrassicavegetables.D．Theformofenzymesinour

mouth.16．Whatdopreviousstudiesindicate?A．SMCSO-breakdowndependsonvariousenzymes.B．EnzymesdeterminethetasteofBrassicavegetable

s.C．Individualsreleasevaryingamountsofsmellmolecules.D．Kidsproducingthemostsmellshatebroccoliparticularly.17．Whatcanweconcludefromth

epassage?A．Wemightacceptsomefoodsthroughrepeatedexposure.B．Thelevelofsmellsmayaffectanadult’stastepreference.C．Parents’andtheirkids’saliva-b

orneenzymesdon’tmatch.D．Kids’salivacouldproducehigherconcentrationsofsmells.18．Whydoestheauthorwritethepassage?A．Toexplainafoodpreference.B．Toin

troducearesearchmethod.C．Toillustrateabiologicalprocess.D．Toshowthediscoveryofanenzyme.Passage11（2022·北京通州·模拟预测）Thinkbacktowhenyouwereinaclassr

oom,maybeamathsclassroom,andtheteachersetadifficultproblem.Whichofthetwofollowinganswersisclosertotheway

youreacted?A:Ohno,thisistoohardforme.I’mnotevengoingtoseriouslytryandworkitout.B:Ah,thisisquitetrickybutIl

iketopushmyself.EvenifIdon’tgettheanswerright,maybeI’lllearnsomethingifItry.Earlyinhercareer,thepsychol

ogistCarolDweckofStanfordUniversitygaveagroupoften-year-oldsproblemsthatwerealittletoohardforthem.Onegroupreactedpositively,saidtheylovedchallengeand

understoodthattheirabilitiescouldbedeveloped.Shesaystheyhada“growthmindset”andarefocusedonwhattheycanachieveinthefut

ure.Butanothergroupofchildrenfeltthattheirintelligencewasbeingjudgedandtheyhadfailed.Theyhada“fixedmindset”andwereunabletoimagineimprov

ing.Someofthesechildrensaidtheymightcheatinthefuture;otherslookedforsomeonewhohaddoneworsethanthemtoincreasetheirself-confidence.ProfessorDwe

ckbelievesthatthereisaproblemineducationatthemoment.Foryears,childrenhavebeenpraisedfortheirintellig

enceortalent,butthismakesthemvulnerabletofailure.Theybecomeperformance-oriented(i.e.interestedintheresult),wantingtopleasebygettin

ghighgrades,buttheyarenotnecessarilyinterestedinlearningforitsownsake.Thesolution,accordingtoDweck,istopraisethep

rocessthatchildrenareinvolvedin:makinganeffort,usinglearningstrategiesandimproving.Thiswaytheywillbecomemastery-oriented(i.e.interestedingettingbett

eratsomething)andwillachievemore.Shesaysthateffortovertimeisthekeytooutstandingachievement.Psychologistshavebeent

estingthesetheories.Studentsweretaughtthatiftheylefttheircomfortzoneandlearnedsomethingnewanddifficult,then

eurons(神经元)intheirbrainswouldformstrongerconnections,makingthemmoreintelligent.Thesestudentsmadefasterprog

ressthanacontrolgroup.Inanotherstudy,underperformingschoolchildrenonaNativeAmericanreservation(保护区)wereusinggrowthmindsettechniquesforayear.Theresult

swereextremelysuccessful.Theycametopinregionaltests,beatingchildrenfrommuchmoreadvancedbackgrounds.Thesechildrenhadfeltthatma

kinganeffortwasasignofstupidityinthepast,buttheycametoseeitasthekeytolearning.So,backtoouroriginalquestion.Ifyouanswe

redB,welldone-youalreadyhaveagrowthmindset.IfA,don’tworry;everyoneisableofbecomingmastery-orientedwithalittleeffortandself-awareness.19．Thestudentswi

tha“growthmindset”will________.A．cheatinthefutureB．liketotakeonchallengesC．gethighgradestopleaseothersD．lookforsomeonewhohaddon

eworsethanthem20．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentence“thismakesthemvulnerabletofailure”mean?A．It’seasyforthemtosucceed.B．It’sdifficultforthemtogive

up.C．They’reproudoftheirtalent.D．They’renotlikelytoachievesuccess.21．What’sthebesttitleforthepassage?A．Howtobeabestlearne

r?B．What’sthegrowthmindset?C．Doyouhavetherightmindset?D．What’sthekeytosuccess?Passage12（2022·北京东城·二模）Search“toxicpar

ents”,andyou’llfindmorethan38,000posts,largelyurgingyoungadultstocuttieswiththeirfamilies.Theideaistosafeguardone’smentalhea

lthfromabusiveparents.However,asapsychoanalyst,I’veseenthattrendinrecentyearsbecomeawaytomanageconflictsinthefamily

,andIhaveseenthesevereimpactsestrangement(疏远)hasonbothsidesofthedivide.Thisisaself-helptrendthatcreatesmuchharm.ResearchbyKarlPilleme

r,aprofessoratCornellUniversity,indicatesthat1in4Americanadultshavebecomeestrangedfromtheirfamilies.Ibelievethat’sanundercount,becaus

eothershavestoppedshortofcompletelycuttingoffcontactbuthaveeffectivelybrokentheties.“Canceling”yourparentcanbeseenasanextensionof

aculturaltrendaimedatcorrectingimbalancesinpowerandsystemicinequality.Certainlythefamilyisonesysteminwhichpowerhasneverbeenbalanced.In1933,thepsycho

analystSándorFerencziwarnedthateventhesimpleindicationthatsomeonehasmorepowerthanwedocouldpotentiallybedamaging.

Today’ssocialjusticevaluesrespondtothisreality,callingonustocriticizeoppressiveandharmfulfiguresandtogainpowerforthosewhohavebeenpowerl

ess.Butwhenadultchildrenusethemosteffectivetooltheyhave-themselves-togainasenseofsecurityandbantheirparentsfro

mtheirlives,therolesaresimplyswitched,andthepainonlydeepens.Often,whatIseeinmypracticearecasesoffamilyconflictmismanaged,powerdynam

icsturnedupsidedownratherthannegotiated.Iseetheterribleeffectofthattrend;situationswithnowinners,onlyisolated(孤独的)human

swholongtobeknownandfeelsafeinthepresenceoftheother.Thecatchisthatafterestrangement,adultchildrenarenotsuddenlylessdependent.In

fact,theyfeelabandonedandbetrayed,becauseintheunconscious,itdoesn’tmatterwhoisdoingtheleaving;thefeelingthatremainsis“beingleft”.

Theycarrytheghostsoftheirchildhood,tacklingtheemotionalrealitythatthosewhoraiseduscannevertrulybeleftbehind,nomatterhowhardwetry.WhatI

havefoundisthatmostofthesefamiliesneedrepair,notpermanentbreak-up.Howelsecanonelearnhowtonegotiateneeds,tocreateboundariesandt

otrust?Howelsecanweloveothers,andourselves,ifnotthroughacceptingthelimitationsthatcomewithbeinghuman?Goodrelationshipsaretheresultnotof

aperfectlevelofharmonybutratherofsuccessfuladjustments.Topursuedialogueinsteadofestrangementwillbehardandpainfulwork.Itcan’tbeasingleprojectof“self-

help”,becauseattheendoftheday,realintimacy(亲密关系)isachievedbyworkingthroughtheinjuriesofthepasttogether.Inmostcasesoffamil

yconflict,repairispossibleandpreferabletoestrangement—andit’sworththework.22．Whydoyoungpeoplecuttieswiththefamily?A．Togainanindependentlife.B

．Torestoreharmonyinthefamily.C．Toprotecttheirpsychologicalwell-being.D．Tofollowatendencytowardssocialjustice.23．Whatdoestheund

erlinedword“catch”inParagraph6mean?A．Response.B．Problem.C．Operation.D．Emphasis.24．Tomanagefamilyconflict,theauthoragree

sthatyoungadultsshould.A．breakdownboundariesB．gainpowerwithinthefamilyC．liveuptotheirparents’expectationsD．ac

ceptimperfectionoffamilymembers25．What’stheauthor’spurposeofwritingthepassage?A．Toadvocateaself-helptrend.B．Tojustify

acommonsocialvalue.C．Toargueagainstacurrentpractice.D．Todiscussameansofcommunication.Passage13（2022·北京东城·二模）We’veallf

eltthetaptothesoulyougetfromdrivingbyyouroldhighschoolorhearingatuneyouoncedancedto.Butwhyisthatfeelingsouniversal?Nostalgia,acombinationoftheGree

kwordsnostos(homecoming)andalgos(pain),wasaspecialtypeofhomesicknessassociatedwithsoldiersfightingfar-offwars.Seventeenthcenturyphysician

sworriedsuchthoughtsputhealthatrisk.Inthe19thcentury,doctorsbelieveditcouldcauseirregularheartbeat,fever,anddeath.Ourunderstandingofnost

algiahasdevelopedsincethen.“It’saverymixedemotion,”saysFrederickBarrett,aneuroscientist.Thatmakesithardtofiti

ntoexistingtheory,whichtypicallycategorizesemotionsaseitherpositiveornegative.Andtriggers—thecars,musicorsmells—areextr

emelypersonal.Therefore,designingastandardizedstudyisdifficult.Butwedoknownostalgiahasamarkedeffectonus:brainima

gingstudiesshowthatthoseexperienceshavetheirownneuralsignature.Neuroscientistsarguedthattheemotionisco-producedbythebrain’s

recallandrewardsystems.Theyfoundthatnostalgicimagesusethememory-managinghippocampus(海马区)morethanothersights,aspeoplemineautobiographical(个人经历的

)detailsdeepinthepast.Thismentaleffortpaysoff:asthehippocampusactivates,sodoesoneofthebrain’srewardcenters.Thatlongingfo

rthepastmightbeaprotectivemechanism,saysTimWildschut,aprofessor.Hisworkalsosuggestsamoreprimitivepurposeforthe

feeling:itdevelopedtoremindourancientancestorsofpleasantphysicalfeelingsduringperiodsofdiscomfortandpain.Recentresearchsuggest

stheoccasionallookbackwardscangiveusaboostinunnoticeableways:byincreasingself-respectandprotectingagainstdepression.Nostalgia’sapparentpowert

ojump-startone’smemoryalsoseemstoimproverecallabilityinpeoplewithAlzheimer’sdisease.Newflavorsof“reminiscen

cetherapy”(回忆疗法)areemergingaroundtheworld.In2018,theGeorgeG.GlennerAlzheimer’sFamilyCentersopeneditsfirstTownSquare,ana

dultdaycarefacilitydesignedtolooklikeasmalltownin1950sAmerica.ThoughTownSquarehasyettopublishpeer-revieweddataonthesuccessoftheprogr

am,clientssayithashelpedseniorsaccessdustymemoriesandreconnectwithlovedones.Scientistsneedalotmoreinformationtoadequat

elycharacterizethiscomplexandbittersweetfeeling.Butwhilecenturiesofdoctorsconsiderednostalgiaadeadlydisease,wenowknow:itcanhe

lpusmakeitthroughtoday.26．Whatcanwelearnaboutnostalgia?A．ItwasfirstdiscoveredinGreece.B．It’smorecommonamongsoldiers.C．It’ssetoff

bypersonalexperiences.D．Itwasawell-definedscientificidea.27．WhatisParagraph4mainlyabout?A．Hownostalgiawo

rks.B．Whynostalgiamatters.C．Whatnostalgiameans.D．Whennostalgiaemerges.28．Howmightnostalgiabenefitpeople?A．Itmakespeople

’smindsharp.B．Itgivesseniorsasenseofsecurity.C．Ithelpsusfaceunpleasantsituations.D．Itimprovespeople’sinstantmemory.29．Whydoestheauthormention

TownSquare?A．Torevealaphenomenonofemotion.B．Tointerprettheconceptofatherapy.C．Toexploretheadvantageofatreatment.D．Tode

monstratetheuseofaresearchfinding.Passage14（2022·北京朝阳·二模）Oneofthegreatthingsaboutpicturesisthattheymakenodemandsonyou.Youcanlookaslongasyoulikeandwa

lkawayatanytime.There'safreedominthearrangementthat'sdifferentfromgoingtothemovies,concertsorthetheater.Occasionally,peopleal

wayssaytheyfeelintimidatedbyart.Ontheonehand,Igetit.Someintheartworld,wantingtoestablishtheirauthority,fallbackona

bstractionstocreateazoneofexclusion.Itcanbeinsufferable.Butontheotherhand,whatfielddoesn'tseeaversionofthispheno

menon?Haveyoutriedunderstandingcellularbiology?Contractlaw?Inmyexperience,thereislessofthiscomplextalkaroundartth

anaroundmostotherfields.Artisawidefield.It'sdeep.It'sdiverse.Youcancomeatthesubjectfromcountlessangles.Peopleseemtohavebeen

makingartsincethebeginning,sothesubjectisaninseparablepartofthewholehistoryofhumanity.Soyes,thingscanget

complicated.But,intheend,we'retalkingaboutpicturesandsculptures.Howhardisittolookatapainting?Howdifficultisittowalkaroundasculptur

e?Childrengetitimmediately.Theyknowthere'snorightorwrongwhenitcomestolookingatart.Therearejustthingstonoti

ce,totestagainstourimperfectsenseofthetruth,andtofoldintoourvariousconceptionsofbeauty.Thingswenoticemaycausefeelings.Theymayl

eadtoideas.Theymightequallyprovideareleasefromideas-areleaseintowonder,andintonewkindsofawarenessconnectedtoyourbody,yoursenses,andyourgeneralstat

eofexistentialconfusion.WhatInoticewillbedifferentfromwhatyounotice.That'showitgoeswithart.Morethanthepoliticaloreconomiccondi

tionsofanygivenera,itisartthatlatergenerationsmostwanttoremember.WerememberPicassoandMatissewithmorelovethanGeneralFranciscoFra

ncoorMarshallPetain.AndweremembertheBeatlesandFrancisBaconoverthechiefministersofBritaininthe1960s.That'sbecausethearts-andIdefinethetermasbr

oadlyaspossible-revealthebestofus.It'sbecausetheycombinethemostintelligentandthemostfeelingofus.Theytestify,mostfundam

entally,tothefactthatwe'realive,thatpeoplelivedbeforeus,thatasaspecieswe'recapableofmakingthemostextraordinarythin

gs,andthathumanconsciousnessandtheworldbeyonditarenothingshortofastonishing.Againandagain,artexpressesthatastonishme

nt—thatmixtureofwonderanddisappointment,knowingandunknowing,pleasureandpain,joyandfear.30．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“int

imidated”inParagraph1probablymean?A．Misled.B．Inspired.C．Frightened.D．Attracted.31．Whatisthemainideaofthef

irsttwoparagraphs?A．Artiscomplicatedbuteasy.B．Artisascomplexasotherfields.C．Artisinsufferableduetoitsabstraction.D．Arti

saninseparablepartofhumanhistory.32．WhydoestheauthormentionseveralfamouspeopleinParagraph3?A．Toempha

sizeartistsaremoreadorable.B．Toillustratethesuperiorpositionofart.C．Toshowartcanspreadinabroaderarea.D．Tocompa

repoliticalandartisticfigures.33．Accordingtothepassage,theauthormayagreethat________.A．abstractconceptsca

nblockhumans'insightsB．artisacombinationofunsettledcontradictionsC．humansshouldtrytoperfecttheirthoughtsof

beautyD．theappealofartliesinitsreflectionofthebestofmanPassage15（2022·北京朝阳·二模）Millionsofmigratory(迁徙的)b

irdsoccupyseasonallyfavorablebreeding(繁殖)groundsintheArctic,butscientistsknowlittleabouttheformation,maintenanceandfutureofthemigrationrou

tesofArcticbirdsandthegeneticdeterminantsofmigratorydistance.Inanewstudy,amultinationalteamofresearchersundertheleadershipofDr.ZHANXiangjiang

fromtheInstituteofZoologyoftheChineseAcademyofSciencesintegratedtwostate-of-the-arttechniques-satellitetrackingandwholegenome

sequencing(基因排序)-andestablishedacontinental-scalemigrationsystemofperegrinefalconsinEurasianArctic.Theresearcherstracked56peregrinefal

consfromsixEurasianArcticbreedingpopulationsandsequenced35genomesfromfourofthesepopulationstostudythemigrationofthisspecies.Theyfoundthatthe

birdsusedfivemigrationroutesacrossEurasia,probablyestablishedbetweenthelastIceAge22,000yearsagoandthemiddle-Holocene6,000

yearsago.“PeregrinefalconsinitiatedtheirautumnmigrationmainlyinSeptember,andarrivedattheirwinteringareasmainlyinO

ctober,"saidProfessorMikeBruford,anecologistatCardiffUniversity.“Peregrinefalconsthatdepartfromdifferentbreedinggroundsusedifferentro

utes,andwinteratwidelydistributedsitesacrossfourdistinctregions.Individualbirdsthatweretrackedformorethanoneyeare

xhibitedstrongpathrepeatabilityduringmigration,completeloyaltytowinteringlocationsandlimitedbreedingdispers

al(扩散).”Theresearchersquantifiedthemigrationstrategiesandfoundthatmigrationdistanceisthemostsignificantdifferentiation

.Theyusedwholegenomesequencingandfoundagene-ADCY8,whichisknowntobeinvolvedinlong-termmemoryinotheranimalsinpreviousresearch-ass

ociatedwithdifferencesinmigratorydistance.TheyfoundADCY8hadavariantathighfrequencyinlong-distancemigrantpopulation

sofperegrinefalcons,indicatingthisvariantisbeingfavorablyselectedbecauseitmayincreasepowersoflong-termmemoryth

oughttobeessentialforlong-distancemigration.“Previousstudieshaveidentifiedseveralcandidategenomicregionsthatmayregulatemigration-

butourworkisthestrongestdemonstrationofaspecificgeneassociatedwithmigratorybehavioryetidentified,”ProfessorBrufordsaid.Theresearchersfurtherloo

kedatmodelsoflikelyfuturemigrationbehaviortopredicttheimpactofglobalwarming.Iftheclimatewarmsatthesamerateasithasinrecentdecades,th

eypredictperegrinepopulationsinwesternEurasiahavethehighestprobabilityofpopulationdeclineandmaystopmigratingaltogether.“Ou

rworkisthefirsttobegintounderstandthewayecologicalfactorsmayinteractinmigratorybirds,”saidDr.ZHANXiangjiang.“Wehopeitwi

llserveasacornerstonetohelpconservemigratoryspeciesintheworld.”34．Whatcanwelearnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A．Fivebirds’historicalmigration

routeswererebuilt.B．Peregrinefalconssticktotheareaswheretheywinter.C．Twonovelresearchmethodsofmigrationwereinvented.D

．PeregrinefalconsleaveforArcticregionsinSeptember.35．WhatcanweinferaboutADCY8?A．Itisanewly-discoveredgeneinthenewstudy.B．Itse

rvesasafundamentalpartoflong-distancemigration.C．Itcouldbestrengthenedbythepoweroflong-termmemory.D．Itturnedout

tobemorefavoredbybirdsthantheotheranimals.36．Whatisspecialaboutthenewstudy?A．Ithasdiscoveredanewgenomi

cregionofbirds.B．Ithaspredictedtherateatwhichtheclimatewarms.C．Itanalysesthereasonsforthedecreaseofperegrinefalcons.D．Ite

ncouragesattentiontoenvironmentaleffectsonmigratorybirds.37．Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A．ResearchersHelpC

onserveMigratorySpeciesB．BiologistsFindEvidenceofMigrationGeneinBirdsC．HowLong-termMemoryHelpsLong-distanceMigra

tionD．HowEcologicalFactorsAffectBirds’MigratoryDistancesPassage16（2022·北京朝阳·二模）Six-year-oldAliceisbuildingamagicalkingdombrickbybrick,

imaginingfairy-talecastlesandfire-breathingdragons,badwitchesandbraveheroes.Thisfantasyishelpinghertakeherfirstst

epstowardshercapacityforcreativity.Minuteslater,Alicehasabandonedthekingdominfavourofplayingschoolswithheryoungerbrother.Whe

nshebosseshimaroundashis“teacher”,she’spractisinghowtoregulateheremotionsthroughpretense.Lateron,whentheytireofthisandsettle

downwithaboardgame,she’slearningabouttheneedtofollowrulesandtaketurnswithapartner.Althoughsheisn’tawareofit,thiswillplayanimportantroleinherad

ultlife.“Playinallitsrichvarietyisoneofthehighestachievementsofthehumanspecies,”saysDr.DavidWhitebreadfromtheUnivers

ityofCambridge.Itunderpinshowwedevelopasintellectual,problem-solvingadultsandiscrucialtooursuccessasahighlyadaptablespecies.Recognisingt

heimportanceofplayisnotnew:overtwomillenniaago,theGreekphilosopherPlatoextolleditsvirtuesasameansofdeve

lopingskillsforadultlife,andideasaboutplay-basedlearninghavebeendevelopingsincethe19thcentury.Butweliveinchangingtimes,andWhitebre

adismindfulofaworldwidedeclineinplay,pointingoutthatoverhalfthepeopleintheworldnowliveincities.Whitebr

ead,Baker,Gibsonandateamofresearchershopetoprovideevidenceontheroleplayedbyplayinhowachilddevelops.“Astrongpossibilityisthatplaysu

pportstheearlydevelopmentofchildren’sself-control.Thisisourabilitytodevelopawarenessofourownthinkingprocesses.Itinfluenceshoweffectivelywegoa

boutundertakingchallengingactivities,”explainsBaker.InastudycarriedoutbyBakerwithtoddlersandyoungpreschoolers,shefoundthatchil

drenwithgreaterself-controlsolvedproblemsmorequicklywhenexploringanunfamiliarset-uprequiringscientificreasoning.Gib

sonsaid,“Playfulbehaviourisalsoanimportantindicatorofhealthysocialandemotionaldevelopment.Inmypreviousresearch,Iinvestigatedhowobservin

gchildrenatplaycangiveusimportantcluesabouttheirwell-beingandcanevenbeusefulinthediagnosisofneurodevelopmentaldisorderslikeautism.”Whi

tebread’srecentresearchhasinvolveddevelopingaplay-basedapproachtosupportingchildren’swriting.“Manyprimaryschool

childrenfindwritingdifficult,butweshowedinapreviousstudythataplayfulstimuluswasfarmoreeffectivethananinstructionalone.Childr

enwrotelongerandbetter-structuredstorieswhentheyfirstplayedwithdollsrepresentingcharactersinthestory

.Somehowtheimportanceofplayhasbeenlostinrecentdecades.It’sregardedassomethingtrivial,orevenassomethingnegativethatcontrastswit

h“work”.Let’snotlosesightofitsbenefits,andthefundamentalcontributionsitmakestohumanachievementsinthearts,s

ciencesandtechnology.Let’smakesurechildrenhavearichdietofplayexperiences.38．Whatisthepurposeofthefirstparagraph?A．Toillustratethebenefitsoftoo

muchsparetime.B．Todescribeakid’speacefulandhappychildhood.C．Topresenttheimportanceofarichvarietyofplay.D．Tointroducethedistinctivefunctionsofdiffe

renttoys.39．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“underpins”inParagraph2probablymean?A．Weakens.B．Reinforces.C．Investigates.D．Influences.40．Whatha

sWhitebread’srecentresearchfoundout?A．Childrenwithgreaterself-controlsolveproblemsfaster.B．Childrenatplayoft

enshowhintsabouttheirwell-being.C．Studentswritebetterwhentheyintegrateworkwithplay.D．Playpromoteshealt

hysocialandemotionaldevelopment.41．Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutcurrentpeople’sawarenessofplay?A．Curious

.B．Satisfied.C．Cheerful.D．Concerned.Passage17（2022·北京十四中二模）NASAwillcrashaspacecraftintoanasteroid(小行星)totrytoc

hangeitsorbit,attemptingtopreventhumansgoingthesamewayasthedinosaurs.Earthisconstantlybeingdisturbedbysmallpiecesofde

bris(碎片),buttheyusuallyburnuporbreakuplongbeforetheyhittheground.Onceinawhile,however,somethinglargeenoughtodosignificantdamagemakesimpact.About6

6millionyearsago,onesuchcrashisthoughttohavewipedoutthedinosaurs.Someday,somethingsimilarcouldendhumanbeings—unlesswecanfindawaytotackleit.N

ASA’sDoubleAsteroidRedirectionTest(Dart)missionisthefirstattempttotestifsuchasteroidredirectionisarealisticstrategy:inves

tigatingwhetheraspacecraftcanautonomouslyreachatargetasteroidandintentionallycrashintoit,aswellasmeasuringtheamountofredirection.“Ifitworks,itwou

ldbeabigdeal,becauseitwouldprovethatwehavethetechnicalcapabilityofprotectingourselves,”saidJayTate,thedirectoroftheNationa

lNearEarthObjectInformationCenter.The610kgDartspacecraftisscheduledtobelaunchedatthetarget—theDidymossystem—aharmlesspairofaster

oidsconsistingofa163-metre“moonlet”asteroidcalledDimorphosthatorbitsalarger780-metreasteroidcalledDidymos(Gr

eekfor“twin”).TheplanistocrashthespacecraftintoDimorphoswhentheasteroidsystemisatitsclosesttoEarth—about6.8millionmi

lesaway.About10daysbeforeimpact,aminiaturizedsatellitecalledLiciaCubewillseparatefromthemainspacecraft,enablingimagesoftheimpacttobere

layedbacktoEarth.Combinedwithobservationsfromground-basedtelescopes,andanonboardcamerathatwillrecordthef

inalmomentsbeforethecrash,theserecordingswillenablescientiststocalculatethedegreetowhichtheimpacthaschangedDim

orphos’sorbit.Theexpectationisthatitwillchangethespeedofthesmallerasteroidbyapproximately1%andreduceitsorbitaroundthelargerasteroid.Then,inNove

mber2024,theEuropeanSpaceAgency’sHeraspacecraftwillvisittheDidymossystemandconductafurtherclose-upanalysisoftheconsequencesofthissnooker(斯诺克)game,rec

ordingdetailssuchastheprecisemakeupandinternalstructureofDimorphos,andthesizeandshapeoftheholeleftbyDart.Suchdetailsarevital

fortransformingasteroidredirectionintoarepeatabletechnique.Eventhen,itisimpossiblethatanysingleredirec

tionstrategywouldbeenough.“Theproblemisthatnotwoasteroidsorcometsarealike,andhowyouredirectonedependsonahugenumberofvariables.Thereisnosilverbull

etinthisgame.Whatyouneedisawholefolderofdifferentredirectionmethodsfordifferenttypesoftargets,”saidTate.So,whilethismaybeon

esmallsteptowardsplanetaryprotection,manymorearelikelytobenecessarytoavoiddestruction.42．WhatisthepurposeofParagraph2?A．To

examinetheimpactofdinosaurs’extinction.B．Toexplainthenecessityoflaunchingaspacecraft.C．Toshowthedamagecausedbysmallpiecesofdebris.D．Tohighli

ghtthecrisisthreateninghumanbeingsatpresent.43．Whichofthefollowingpicturesillustratesthemission?A．B．C．D．44．Whatisthefuncti

onofLiciaCube?A．SendingimpactdatabacktoEarth.B．CalculatingthelengthofDimorphos’sorbit.C．Helpingthesatelliteseparatefromth

espacecraft.D．Recordingthescientists’ground-basedobservations.45．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentence“Thereisnosilverbulletinthisgame”mean?A．There

isnochallengetoobigtoovercome.B．ThereisnopossibilitytosatisfyNASA’sneeds.C．Thereisnosinglesolutiontothecomple

xproblem.D．Thereisnostrategytohelpmakeanobviousdecision.Passage18（2022·北京十四中二模）Musicisapowerfulthing

.Itawakensfeelingsandhasthepowertobringpeopletogether.Buttoday,artistsarenotknownfortheirmusic,butforhowflashytheirclothingisandhowmany

timestheirwealthyrelativescangetthemoutofjail(监狱).Andthus,theirmusicislost.Popandrapmusichasdevelopedintoashallow,image-addictedindustrythatl

inesupwithwhatthepublicwantstohearandsee,removingthefocusontheactualmusic.Mainstreammusicisnolongercomposedof

emotion,butinstead,themesofmoneyandfame.Photosandrumorsflywhilethemusicisignored.Notallmusicalgroupsorindividualartistsbeginlikethi

s.Manyoftheseartistsareoriginalandtalented,butturntothemoneyside.Oftentheirsongsarewrittenbyexpertswhoknowwhatisappealingtoacertainagegrou

p,andthemusicians’facescanbeseenoncountlessmagazinecovers.Soontheirsupposedlynewandimprovedsongscanbeheardblastingoutofcarwin

dows.Butthesesongsaretotallyempty,lackingcreativityandtheoriginalthirstoftheartisttomakeanimpactorconvey(传递)amessage.MTVisnothelping.

Itplaysonlywhatthepublicwantstohear.Andunfortunately,themajorityseemsinterestedineithersicklysweet,genericp

oporstereotypical(刻板的),bleeped-outrap.Kidsandteenseverywhereareswimminginthesesongs,whichareoftendegradingtowomenandminorities,andinappr

opriate.Almostallthegirlsinmydormareaddictedtothesamesongs.Thiswasthecasethepreviousyear,andtheyearbeforethat

.WheneverItrytoplaymusicIenjoy,orintroducethemtosomedecentsongs,theysaythateveryoneexceptmelikestheirmusic.Whydomostteenagersonlylistentopopand

rapmusicwhensomanyothertypesexist?Maybeit’sbecauseeverywherewelook,wearebombardedwiththesamemusic:onthera

dio,onTV,onthecomputer.Atschool,popandraparediscussedallthetime.Perhapstheyhaveneverlistenedtoanythingelse.Ormaybepee

rpressureispartofit.Thereisnosolutiontothe“popproblem”.It’scalledpopularforareason—manypeopleenjoyit.There’snoeasywaytochan

getheirviews.Mysuggestionisnottobuymusiclikethiswhenyoucanexploresomethingnew.Expandyourhorizons.Digupyourparents’oldrecor

dsandCDs.Youneverknowwhatyoumightfind.46．Theauthorprobablyprefers______.A．newpopsongsmeantforgirlsB．originalsongswithdeepmeaningC．catchyson

gsproducedbypopularsingersD．never-heard-beforesongsjustrecentlydiscovered47．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A．Manyartiststradecreativityforwealthandfame.B．Thepublicisresponsiblefortheexistenceofmusic.C．MTVpromotesthesongsfavoredbywomenandminorities.D．Music

ianssingingaboutmoneyisanineffectivewaytoattractfans.48．Whatismostprobablytheauthor’ssuggestionforyoungpeople?A．Trytorespectyourpeers’musi

ctastes.B．Dealwiththe“popproblem”patiently.C．Exposeyourselftovariousmusicstyles.D．Treasurethemusicfrompreviousgenerations.Passage

19（2022·北京房山·二模）Consumerismisaphenomenonwhichliesinthetendencyofproductionandbuyingever-greateramountsofdifferentgoodsandser

vices.Itnotonlyhasanimpactonthelifestyleofindividuals,butalsodeterminestechnologicalandfinancialprogressofthewholestates.First

ly,consumerismenablespeopletoimprovethequalityoftheirlives.AsLlewellynHarrisonRockwellstatesinhisart

icle“InDefenseofConsumerism”,in1900theaveragelifelengthofwomenwasabout48years,andofmen—46,buttodaythese

indexesare80and77respectively.Thishashappenedduetotheinfluenceofmanyfactors,amongwhicharepossibilitiestogettwenty-four-hourhos

pital-andhome-basedmedicalcare,buyhigh-qualitygoods,medicines,andtousemoresafedevisesintheworkingprocesses.Wit

houttheconsumerismallthiswouldbeimpossibleaseconomicallyunprofitable.Secondly,consumerismisaneffectivewayofmotivation.Thetemptationt

obuyanewdevice,betterclothesandtastierfoodencouragespeopletoearnmoremoney.Butforthistheyshouldworkharder,developtheirpro

fessionalskillsandwidentheiroutlook.Moreover,anewpurchaseitselfcanbecomeareasonforapersontogetsomenewexperience.Third

ly,theeconomiesofalmostalldevelopedcountriesarebasedonproductionofnewgoodsandservices.Youmaynotrealizeit,butthemorepeoplebuy,themorein

comethestategets,andthemoremoneycanbedonatedtothesocialspheres,suchashealthcare,educationandculture.Sothecountriesposses

singmorefinancialresourcesprovidetheircitizenswithbetterlifeconditions.Ontheotherhand,thereisanopinionthatconsumerismisakindofaharmfulcircle,whi

chwillnotmakepeople’slivesbetter,butwillonlycontributetoanendlesscompetitionbetweenallofthem.JulietBschor,forexample,thi

nksthattherisingnumberofdifferentgoodsandservicesavailablenowadaysmakespeopleneitherhappiernorwealthier.Itonlymakesthemwo

rkharderinordertoearnmoneyforjustanothernicething,spendinglesstimewiththeirfamiliesandfriends,andtryingtocompensateitwithbuyingnewgoods.Thes

atisfactionusuallydoesnotlastlong,onlytillthemomentoneseessomeoneelsepossessingabetterormorefashionablething.Butinfact,theissueofsocialh

appinessdoesnotdependonservicesofproductsthatcanbebought.Itisjustamatterofaperson’scharacter.Soconsumerismcaninfluen

cesocietybothpositivelyandnegativelydependingonmanyfactors.But,ingeneral,ithasmoreadvantages,becauseitservesasabasisfordevelopmentonindivid

ual,socialandstatelevels.49．Accordingtothepassage,thetemptationtobuythingscan________.A．forcepeopletoworkharderB．leadpeopletoearnmoremone

yC．providepeoplewithmoreholidaysD．forbidpeopletobemoreprofessional50．What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsconsumerism?A．Favorable.B．Objective.C．

Negative.D．Doubtful.51．What’sthepurposeofthe5thparagraph?A．Topresentoneopinion.B．Toshowchangesofpeople’slives.C

．Totellwhatsocialhappinessdependson.D．Toconveyastudyresultaboutlifesatisfaction.52．What’sthepassagemainlyabout?A．Thequalitiesofpe

ople’slives.B．Theevaluationoflifesatisfaction.C．Theinfluencesofconsumerism.D．Thetendencyofeconomicdevelopment.Passage2

0（2022·北京房山·二模）CreativityImprovesYourHealthCreativityhelpsuscreateworksofbeauty,solveproblems,andrefreshourbodiesandourmi

nds.It’sfun.Whenyouarehavingfun,youarepositivelyimpactingyourhealth.Studiesshowthatengagingincreativebehaviorsimprovesbrainfunction,me

ntalhealthandphysicalhealth.You’veprobablyheardofflow—it’sthestateyougetinwhenyou’recompletelyabsorbedinsomething.Haveyoueverbeenwor

kingonaprojectandcompletelylostallsenseofselfandtime?That’sflow.Itreducesanxiety,boostsyourmood,andevenslowsyourheartra

te.It’snotjustbeinginflowthatmakesyouhappy.Repetitivecreativemotionslikeknitting,drawing,orwritinghelpa

ctivateflow,andarealltasksthatcreatearesult.Whenyousucceedincreatingaresult,yourbrainisfloodedwithdopamine,anaturalanti-depressantthatactuallyhelpsm

otivateyou,whetherornotyou’reawareofyourincreasedhappiness.Creativityisalsoaneffectivetreatmentforpatientswithdementia—aseriousillnes

softhemind.Studiesshowthatcreativeengagementnotonlyreducesdepressionandisolation,butcanalsohelppeoplewithdementiabysharpeningtheirsenses.Theavera

gepersonhasabout60,000thoughtsinaday.Acreativeactsuchascraftingcanhelpfocusthemind,andhasevenbeencomparedtomeditationduetoitscalmingeffectsonthebr

ainandbody.Evenjustgardeningorsewingreleasesdopamine.Creativityreducesanxiety,depressionandstress.Studieshavefoundthatwritinghelp

speoplemanagetheirnegativeemotionsinaproductiveway,andpaintingordrawinghelpspeopleexpresstheirmentalinjuryorhurtfulexperiencesthatt

heyfindtoodifficulttoputintowords.Studiesshowpeoplewhowriteabouttheirexperiencesdailyactuallyhavestrongerimm

unesystemfunction.Writing,acreativework,increasesyourCD4+lymphocytecount,thekeytoyourimmunesystem.Playingmusiccanalsofunction

wellinyourimmunesystem.Studiesshowthatourleftbrainisresponsibleforthemotorfunctions,whileourrightbrainfocusesonmelody.Wh

enthetwopartsworktogether,ourcognitivefunctionimproves.It’sprettyamazingthatdoingtheactivitiesisgoodfor

us.Getapenandstartwritingorcoloring.Getyourhandsdirtywithpotteryorgardeningorpickupaninstrument.Whateveryoudecidetodo,it’

stimetostartgettingcreative!53．Whichsituationshowsthatyouareinflow?A．Youareworkingwithadifficulttask.B．Youarehavingaboringrepet

itiveaction.C．Yougetlostanddon’tknowwheretogo.D．Youareabsorbedinaworkthatinterestsyou.54．Theunderlinedword“dopa

mine”inParagraph3isprobably________.A．anawarenessofhowtobesuccessfulB．athoughthavingcalmingeffectsonthebrain

C．anactivitytofightagainstyournegativeemotionsD．amaterialforthefunctioningofthenervoussystem55．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Repetitivea

ctionscancurepatientswithmentaldiseases.B．Creativeactivitieshelpyoubuildastrongerimmunesystem.C．Meditationmakesyouranxiety,

depressionandstressdisappear.D．Tellingothersyourhurtfulexperienceshelpsimproveyourhealth.Passage21（2022·北京海淀·二模）Am

ericansclearlylovetheirmuseums.Oneofthemostfamous,NewYork’sMetropolitanMuseumofArt(theMet),sawarecord6.5millionvis

itorsin2015.Butrecordattendancedoesn’tnecessarilytranslateintorecordrevenue.Lastmonth，theMetsaiditwastryingtoeraseaUSS10mil

lionbudgetdeficit.Meanwhile,oneofitsrivals，theMuseumofModernArt(MoMA),wasabundantincash,butonlyaboutth

reemillionpeoplestoppedbyin2015.Whydosomemuseumsflourishwhileothersflounder?Myresearchleadsmetobelievetherearethreereasons:fashion,billion

airesanddemographics.First,underlyingtheMet’sfinancialchallengesistheproblemwiththeacquisitionspolicy.RecentdirectorsoftheMetdidnotaddmu

chtothemuseum’smoderncollection.TheargumentwasthatmuseumssuchastheMoMAwerealreadyprovidingsuchworksintheircollectionsandthattheacquisitionof

contemporaryartbylivingartistswasproblematicandrisky.However,giventhefactthatmuseum-goersincreasingly

favorcontemporaryart,therevenueoftheMetwilllikelyfallifitisn’tabletokeepupwiththetastesofthecustomers.Andbythetimeitmightrecogni

zethis,it’salreadytoolatetodomuchaboutitbecausethecoststoacquirethein-demandartissky-high.Thisleadstoasecondcriticalissue-thecha

ngingdistributionofincomeanditseffectsonmuseumfinanceandoperation.Wearelivinginaboomperiodforcontemporaryart.Thenumberofauctionsandartf

airshasgrownenormouslytoaccommodatethisgrowingmarket.Inaworldwithabout1,800billionaires,itonlytakesarelativefewtodrivehigh-endartpricestoastron

omicallevels.WorksbytheGermanartistGerhardRichterhavegenerated$1.2billioninsalesinrecentyears.Thesoarin

gpricesmeanmuseumssimplycan’tkeepupandmustusuallydependondonationstoassemblethebestworks,orthey’repricedout.Moreover,bi

llionairesthemselvesareincreasinglysettinguptheirownprivatemuseums,furtherdistancingtheabilityofpublicmuseumstogetthegoodstuff.Athirdinterrelate

dproblemisthatdemographicissueshaveputpressureontherevenueside.Unemployment,earlyretirementsandtheagingofthepopulationintheUShavec

ontributedtoincreasedattendanceatmuseums.Youmightthinkit’sagoodthing,butmoretrafficmeanshighercosts,andwhenthoseadditionalvisitorsdon’tresultinm

orerevenue,profitabilitygoesdown.Thisisbecauseofthelongstandingmovementtowardmakingmuseums“free”byhavingindividuals,g

overnmentorbusinesses“sponsor”thecost.Butwhenthatsupportgetsreducedbybudgetcostsoranotherreason,museumsmusteithercoverthecost

themselvesorlosepatronsbysuddenlychargingfees.Thereisevidencethatattendanceriseswheneconomicgrowthslows,butthat’salsowhentho

se“sponsors”aremorelikelytobegintodisappear.Museumswillcertainlycontinuetoexistandprovideuswithinvaluable

insightsintoourculture.Buttheymustexistundereconomicprinciples,andit’dbewisefortheiradministratorstoconsidertheeconomiesintheircalc

ulations.56．Accordingtotheauthor,________.A．MoMAsawariseindonationduetoitsincreasedattendanceB．theMetfailedtorespond

totheartistictastesofmodernvisitorsC．theMetconsideredworksofthelivingartistsasquestionableD．MoMAaddedtoitsmoderncollectio

ndespitethebudgetdeficit57．Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A．Billionairescontrolartauctionstopriceoutpub

licmuseums.B．Theboomofmodernartwillleadvisitorstoprivatemuseums.C．Theincreaseinvisitorscanhurttheprofitabilityof

museums.D．Economicslowdownsresultinaweakenedinterestinmuseums.58．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthefut

ureofmuseumsintheUS?A．Pessimistic.B．Doubtful.C．Cautious.D．Uncertain.59．Whichisthebesttitleofthepassage?A．HowcanMuseumsBoostRevenues?B．ShouldMuseum

sChargeEntranceFees?C．WillMuseumsSurviveinaFast-changingWorld?D．WhatCausestheFinancialChallengesofMuseums?Passage22（2022·

北京海淀·二模）Microplastics—tinypiecesofplasticwastelessthanfivemillimetreslongthathavebeendegradedbywaves,windandultravioletrays—havebe

endiscoveredinthedeepestoceanictrenchesandwithinthestomachsoftheorganismsthatlivethere,butwehavelittleide

aaboutwherethegreatmajorityofthemendup.Morethaneightmilliontonnesofplasticentersouroceanseveryyear,comp

risingbetween80and85percentofallmarinetrash,butwithinadequatedata,thereareconcernsthatthesefigurescouldbeunderestimates.Currently,mostoft

hedatawehaveonmicroplasticsareaccidentallycapturedbyresearchships,whichuseplanktonnetstocollectmarine-micr

oorganismsamples.However,researchersChristopherRufandMadelineEvansfromtheUniversityofMichiganhavediscoveredaninnovativewaytoidentifyandtrackconcentra

tionsofmicroplasticsintheocean.ThetechniquereliesonNASA’sCycloneGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem(CYGNSS),aconstellationofeightmicro-satellitesusedtopr

edicthurricanesthatcalculatewindspeedsabovetheoceanbymeasuringtheroughnessofsurfacewaters.Asthesatellitesarecontin

uouslyrecording,RufandEvansrealisedthattheycollectagreatdealofadditionaldata.Itwaswhileanalysingthesedatathattheynoticedsomediffe

rences-timeswherethesurfaceoftheoceanappearedtobemuchsmootherthanitshould,giventheprevailingwind(盛行风)conditions.Knowingthatw

aterisn’troughenedasmuchwhenitcontainsalotoffloatingmaterial,RufandEvansidentifiedapatternthatlinkedareasofunusualsmoothnessandpredictedm

icroplasticdistributions.Theyfoundthatthedifferencebetweentheirmeasurements,andhowmuchrougherthesurfacewouldbeifwindsofthesamespe

edwereblowingacrossclearwater,was“highlycorrelatedwiththepresenceofmicroplastics,andthedegreeofthedifferencealsocorrelatedwiththeconcentra

tionoftheplastics.”Theresearchrevealsthatthereareseasonalvariations,wheretheconcentrationsofmicroplasti

cstendtobehigherinthesummerandlowerinthewinterinaveryclean,periodicway,whichRufexplainsmirrorsthewayinwhichtheoceancirculationchangesthrou

ghouttheyear.Italsoconfirms,aswaspreviouslythought,thatriversarethemainsourceofoceanmicroplastics.Raisingawarenessoftheissueofoceanmicroplastics

amongthepublicandpoliticiansisjustoneoftheresearchers’futureaims;theyarealsoinconversationwithDutehnon-profitTheOceanCleanupandFinnishclean-

technologyspecialistClewat,whichareinterestedinusingtheinformationtomoreefficientlytargettheirtrash-collectioncampaigns.Sofar

,onlyoneyear’sworthofdatahavebeenprocessedsinceCYGNSSwaslaunchedin2016.Bylookingatalongertimeperiod,RufandEvansaimtodeterminewhetherthese

asonalpatternisrepeatable,andwhethertheconcentrationofmicmplasticsintheoceanisgettingworse.60．WhatisParagraph1mainlyabout?A．Thelimitedknowle

dgeaboutoceanmicroplastics.B．Theharmofoceanmicroplasticstoseacreatures.C．Themethodsofdegradingoceanmicroplasties.

D．Thepreviousresearchonoceanmicroplasties.61．Accordingtothepassage,CYGNSS________.A．hasoffereddataab

outtherepeatableseasonalpatternB．guidesresearchshipstogatherdataaboutseaanimalsC．providesunexpecteddataaboutthechangesofseasurfaceD．wasde

signedtomeasurethedistributionofoceanmicroplastics62．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Microplasticswillendupinthestomachsoftheoceanorganisms.B．Mlicrop

lasticsplayavitalroleintheyearlyoceancirculationchanges.C．Thesurfaceoftheoceancangetsmootherwithmoremicroplasticsinit.D．Thenewwayo

ftrackingmicroplasticshashelpedpreventoceanpollution.63．Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A．TointroducethetechnologyofCYGNSS.B．Topresentaway

tostudyoceanmicroplastics.C．Totestanassumptiononoceanmicroplastics.D．Toproposeanewmeansofprotectingtheocean.Passage23（2022·北京昌平·二模）Fewdishestastebett

erthanajuicycutofbeef.Onesurveyin2014foundthatsteakwasAmericans’favoritefood.Unfortunately,bycookingsomanycows,humansarecookingthemselves,t

oo.Theinfluenceoffoodongreenhouse-gas(GHG)emissions(排放)canslipundertheradar.InasurveyinBritainlastyear,theshareofanswererssaying

that“producingplantsandmeatonfarms”wasa“significantcontributor”toclimatechangewasthelowestamongtenlistedactivities.Yettwopaperspub

lishedthisyearinNatureFoodfindthatfood,especiallybeef,createsmoreGHGSthanpreviouslythought.ThisMarchresearchersfromtheEurope

anCommissionandtheUN’sFoodandAgricultureOfficereleasedastudyestimatingthattheglobalfoodsystemwasresponsiblefor34

%ofGHGin2015.Thepaperassignsthefullimpactofdeforestationtotheagriculturethatresultsfromit;includesemissions

afterfoodissold(suchasfromwasteandcooking);andcountsnon-foodcropslikecotton.Butevenwhentheauthorstookawayemissionsf

romsourcesliketransportandpackaging,theystillfoundthatagriculturegenerated24%ofGHGS.Anotherrecentpaper,byXiaomingXuoftheUniversityofIllinoisandeig

htco-authors,allocates(分配)thisimpactamong171cropsand16animalproducts.Itfindsthatanimal-basedfoodsaccountfor57%ofagriculturalGHGS,ver

sus29%forfoodfromplants.Beefandcow’smilkalonemadeup34%.Combinedwiththeearlierstudy’sresults,thisimpl

iesthatcattleproduce12%ofGHGemissions.Relativetootherfoodsources,beefisuniquelycarbon-intensive.Becausecattleemitmethane(甲

烷)andneedlargegrasslandsthatareoftencreatedbycuttingmoreforests,theyproduceseventimesasmanyGHGSpercalorieo

fmeataspigsdo.Thismakesbeefabiggershareamongfoodsthancoalisamongsourcesofelectricity.Thesimplestwaytocutbeefoutputisforpeopletoeatotheranimalsinste

ad,orbecomevegetarians.Butconvincingpeopletogiveuptheirburgersisatallorder.Fortunately,lab-grownmeatsa

removingfromPetridishes(培养皿)tohigh-endrestaurants.Doingwithoutbeeffromlivecattleishardtoimagine,butthesamewastrueofco

al100yearsago.Lab-grownmeatcouldplayanessentialroleinslowingaclimatedisaster.64．Theunderlinedphraseinparagraph2canprobablybereplacedby__________

__.A．bedetectedbyradarB．beignoredbypeopleC．beexplainedbyexpertsD．becontrolledbygovernment65．Whatcanw

elearnfromthepassage?A．Lab-grownmeatswillreplaceothermeatsinthefuture.B．QuittingsteakmaybeanefficientwaytoreduceGHG.C．

ProducingbeefgeneratesmoreGHGthanburningcoal.D．BeeftransportisthemajorcontributorofGHGemissions.66．Thea

uthormentionsthecoalinthelastparagraphjusttoshow____________.A．theimportanceofbothlab-grownbeefandcoalB．thedifficultytoproducethelab-grownmeatC

．thenecessityofbeeffromlivecattleD．thefutureoflab-grownbeefPassage24（2022·北京昌平·二模）Theword“robot”wascoinedin1920b

ytheCzechplaywrightKarelCapekmeaningfullyfunctionalservants.Formostoftheirhistory,robotshavebeeninelegantmechanicaldevicessittingoutofsightin

factories.Thingsarestartingtochange,however.Robotsareleavingcarefullymanagedindustrialsettingsforeverydaylifeand,inthecomingyears,

willincreasinglyworkinsupermarkets,clinics,socialcareandmuchmore.Theycouldnotbecomingatabettertime.Manyindustriesarefacingashortageofl

abor—thedemandforworkershasrecoveredmuchfasterthanexpectedandsomepeoplehavelefttheworkforce,particularlyinAmerica.Warehousing(仓库)hasgrownrapidly

thankstothee-commerceboom.Robotsarepickingitemsoffshelvesandhelpingpeoplepackarisingnumbersofboxes.Theyareevenbeginningtomoveslowlyalon

gsomepavements,deliveringgoodsorfoodrighttopeople’sdoors.Nowadays,shortofworkersbutwithlotsofelderlyfolktolookafter,havingmorerobotstoboo

stproductivitywouldbeagoodthing.Andyetmanypeoplefearthatrobotswilldestroyjobs.Apaperin2013byeconomistsatOxfordUniversity

waswidelymisinterpretedasmeaningthat47%ofAmericanjobswereatriskofbeingautomated.Infact,concernsabout

massunemploymentareoverblown.Theevidencesuggestsrobotswillbeultimatelybeneficialforlabormarkets.JapanandSouthKoreahavethehighestrobotu

sageratebutverystrongworkforces.AYaleUniversitystudythatlookedatJapanesemanufacturingbetween1978and2017foundthatanincreaseofonerobotunitper1,000worke

rsboostedacompany’semploymentby2.2%.ResearchfromtheBankofKoreafoundthatrobotizationmovedjobsawayfrommanufacturingintoothers

ectors,butthattherewasnodecreaseinoverallvacancies.Forallthat,themarchoftherobotswillbringbigchangestoworkplaces,too.Ones

upposedexampleof“badautomation”isself-servicecheckoutsinsupermarkets,becausetheydisplacehumanworkers.Butrobotscouldperformunpl

easantwork.Checkoutstaffwhoretraintohelpcustomerspickitemsfromaisles(传送带)mayfindthatdealingwithpeopleinneedismorerewardin

gthanspendingalldayswipingbarcodesinfrontoflasers.Inaddition,asjobschange,workersshouldbehelpedtoacquirenewskills,includi

nghowtoworkwithandmanagetherobotsthatwillincreasinglybetheircolleagues.Thepotentialgainsfromtherobotrev

olutionarehuge.InCapek’splay,therobotsrevolt(反抗)againsttheirhumanmastersandcausemassunemploymentandworse.However,thebeginnings

oftheworld’srealrobotshavenotmatchedCapek’sassumption.Sothereisnoneedtoconcernabouttheirfuture.67．Theauth

ormentionsthetworesearchesinparagraph4to____________.A．proveanargumentB．introduceanapproachC．presentanassumptionD．highlightanexperiment68．W

hatcanweinferfromthepassage?A．Newskillswillbeacquiredbyworkerswiththehelpofrobots.B．Themorerobotsare

used,thegreateremploymentitcanbring.C．Robotswillbetraytheirhumanmastersandcauseworseproblems.D．Checkoutstaffins

upermarketsmaybehappiertodowithpeopleinneed.69．Towardswidespreadofrobots,theauthoris____________.A．approvedB．neutralC．opposedD．doubtfu

l70．What’sthebesttitleofthepassage?A．FutureRisk:JobsBeingAutomatedB．RobotRevolution:CausesofChangesC．WorkplaceAutomation:RiseofRobotsD．

Robotization:SolutiontoUnemploymentPassage25（2022·北京朝阳·模拟预测）Thecarhasreshapedourcities.Itseemstoofferautonomyforeveryone.T

hereissomethingalmostdelightfulintheseparationfromrealityofadvertisementsshowingmass-producedcarsmarketedassymbolsofindivid

ualityandoffreedomwhenmostoftheirliveswillbespentmakingshortjourneysonchokedroads.Despitetopspeedsandc

orneringabilityadvertised,themostusefulgadgetsonamoderncararethosewhichworkwhenyou’regoingveryslowly:parkingsensors,soundsystems,andnaviga

tionappswhichwillshowawayaroundupcomingtrafficjams.Theseappsknowwherealmostalltheusersare,andhowfasttheyaremovingalmostallthe

time,theycanspottrafficcongestion(堵塞)veryquicklyandsuggestwaysroundit.Theproblemcomeswheneveryoneisusinganavigationappwhichtellsthemtoavoideveryo

neelseusingthesamegadget.Trafficjamsoftenappearwherenoonehasenoughinformationtoavoidthem.Whenaluckyfewhaveaccesstotheknowledge,theywillbenefit

greatly.Butwheneveryonehasperfectinformation,trafficjamssimplyspreadontothesideroadsthatseemtoofferawayroundthem.Thisnewcongestionteachesustwothing

s.Thefirstisthatthepromisesoftechnologywillneverberealisedasfullyaswehope.Theywillbelimitedbytheirunforeseenandunintendedconsequences.Sittinginamore

comfortablecarinadifferenttrafficjamispleasantbuthardlytheliberationthatonceseemedtobepromised.Thesecondisthatself-organisationwillnotgetuswhere

wewanttogo.Theeffortsofmillionsofdriverstogetaheaddonotmiraculouslyproduceasituationinwhicheveryonedoesbetterthanbefore,butoneinwhich

almosteveryonedoesratherworse.Centralcontrolandcollectiveorganizationcanproducesmootherandfaireroutcomes,thougheventhatmuchisneverguaranteed.Similarl

imitscanbeforeseenforthemuchgreateradvancespromisedbyself-drivingcars.OneautonomouslyoperatedcarbythetaxicompanyUberstruckandkilled

awomanpushingherbicycleacrossawideroadinArizona.Expertshavesaidthatitsuggestsa“catastrophicfailure”oftechnology

.Increasingly,eventhetoptech-companyhastoacknowledgethecostsofintoxicating(令人陶醉的)hurrythatcharacterizesitsculture.

Whattrafficteachesusisthatrecklessanduncontrolledchangeisaslikelytoharmusasitistobenefitus,andthatthoughtfulregulationisneces

saryforabetterfuture.71．Whatcanweinferaboutthecaradvertisements?A．Theypresentafalsepictureofthecars.B．Theyemphasizethemasspro

ductionofcars.C．Theyportraydriversenjoyingspeedontheroad.D．Theypursueindividualityandfreedomindesign.72．Whatcanweknowaboutthevariousgadgetsoncars?A

．Theyareconstantlyupgraded.B．Allofthemareusedeffectively.C．Onlysomecanbeusedfrequently.D．Theycanhelptorelievetrafficjams.73

．Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheuseofthenavigationapp?A．Itbenefitsthosewhoarelearningtodrive.B．Itislikelytocreatetrafficjamsinotherplaces.C

．Ithelpsagreatdealineasingtrafficcongestion.D．Itsharplyreducestheoccurrenceoftrafficaccidents.74．Whatdowelearnabouttechnologyfromt

hepassage?A．Itseldomdeliversallthebenefitsaspromised.B．Itsconsequencesareusuallydifficulttoassess.C．Itsbenefitsareguarantee

dbycollectivewisdom.D．Itdependsontherequiredknowledgeforapplication.Passage26（2022·北京丰台·二模）Itshouldn’tcomeasnewstoanyonethattheplanetis

movingquicklytowardsaclimateemergency.Andfastfashioncertainlyplaysitspartinthis.Fastfashionbrands,whichreleas

ehundredsofnewstyleseveryweek,havecausedtrendscyclestospeeduprapidly,leadingtooverproductionandoverconsumption.Britishshopp

ersarebuyingtwiceasmuchaswedidadecadeagoandbothbrandsandconsumersarethrowingaway“unfashionable”clothingmoreoften—over£300,000ofitendsupinlandfilleve

ryyear.Howdowesolvethisissue?Oneanswerliesinthenewgenerationofmade-to-orderbrandsmakingtheirwayintothemainstream.Thes

ebrandsmakeclothesonlyasandwhenthey’reordered,andbecausethere’snooverproduction,lessunwantedstockendsupinlandfills.Theyals

opromoteaslowerfashionmodel,withpiecestakingbetweenthreeweeksandthreemonthstoarriveoncepurchased.Thefocusisoncreatingspecial,well-madep

iecesforconsumerstotreasureforyearstocome.Made-to-orderfashionisnothingnew.Untilthemid-20thcentury,itwasthenorm.However,the1960sbrought

aboutthedawnoffastfashionandashiftinourrelationshipwithourclothes.Thevalueonceplacedoncraftsmanshipand

qualitywasreplacedbythedesireforlowcostandvolume,resultingincut-costproductionandtheattitudethatclothingshouldbecheapanddisposable.Ofcourse

,made-to-orderfashionhascontinuedtoexistalongsidethis,thoughresearchclearlyshowsthatfastfashionprevails(盛行).Cueamade-to-orderbrand

bringingbespoke(定制)backtothemainstream.SpanishbrandAlasfeaturesaslowbusinessmodel.Ittakesorderseachweekwhichareth

enhandmadeanddeliveredinaboutthreeweeks.Italsorevolvesaroundanon-demandproductionprocessthatrewardsconsumersfor“pre-planne

dresponsibleshopping.”Everyweek,theylaunchanewdrop,availabletopre-orderforadiscountedrateforalimitedtim

e.Frompre-order,Alasdetermineshowpopulareachnewitemisandcalculateshowmanyunitsshouldbeproducedtofulfillbothpre-ordersandfutur

efull-priceorders,thereforereducingtheoverproductionofstock.Withmade-to-orderbrandsgrowinginpopularity,itbegsthequestio

n—couldthisbethedawnofanew,environmentallyresponsibleera?Theanswerisself-evident.75．Whatdothefirsttwoparagra

phsmainlyshow?A．Ourstrongdesireforfashion.B．Thefastdevelopmentoffashionindustry.C．Theurgentneedforadiff

erentfashionmodel.D．Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesoffastfashion.76．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this”inParagraph5referto?A．Theshadowoffast

fashion.B．Thevalueplacedonquality.C．Theshifttowardsagreenlifestyle.D．Thecriticismforcheapnessandquantity.77．Whatdoes

theexampleofSpanishbrandAlastellus?A．Therewardmechanismisamustinslowfashion.B．Ittakespatienceandthoughttobuymade-to

-orderitems.C．Thepre-ordermodelreducesthecostofpurchasingbrands.D．Consumershaveasayabouthowtheirordersareproduced.78．Asforthefutureofmade

-to-orderfashion,theauthoris________.A．anxiousB．confidentC．puzzledD．curiousPassage27（2022·北京通州·一模）Neuroscientistshaveexplain

edtheriskyoraggressivebehaviorofteenagersastheproductofabrainthatissomehowdamaged.Agroundbreakingrese

archinthepast10years,however,showsthatthisviewiswrong.Theteenbrainisnotdefective(有缺陷的).Itisnotahalf-bakedadultbrain,e

ither.Ithasdevelopedtofunctiondifferentlyfromthatofachildoranadult.Foremostamongtheteenbrain’sfeaturesisitsa

bilitytochangeinresponsetotheenvironmentbyadjustingthecommunicationnetworksthatconnectbrainregions.Thisspecialplasticity,isadouble-e

dgedsword.Itallowsteenagerstomakeenormousprogressinthinkingandsocialization.Butitalsomakesthemsusceptibletodangerousbehaviorsandseriousmentaldisorde

rs.Themostrecentstudyindicatesthattheriskiestbehaviorsarisefromamismatchbetweenthematuration(成熟)ofnetworksinthelimbicsystem(大

脑边缘系统),whichdrivesemotionsandstrengthensatadolescence,andthematurationofnetworksintheprefrontalcortex(前额皮质),whichoccurslaterandpromotessoun

djudgmentandthecontrolofimpulses(冲动).Indeed,wenowknowthattheprefrontalcortexcontinuestochangeuntilwellintoaperson’s

20s.Andyetadolescenceseemstobestartingearlier,extendingthe“mismatchyears.”Thechangeabilityofnetworkslinkingbrainre

gionsandnotthegrowthofthoseregions—iskeytoeventuallybehavinglikeanadult.Understandingthat,andknowingthatawideninggapbetweenthedevelopmentofemot

ionalandjudgmentnetworksishappeninginyoungpeopletoday,canhelpparents,teachers,andteenagersthemselves.Peopl

ewillbetterseethatbehaviorssuchasrisktaking,andturningawayfromparentsandtowardpeersarenotsignsofcognitive(认知的)oremotionalproblems.Theyareana

turalresultofbraindevelopment,anormalpartofadolescentslearninghowtonegotiateacomplexworld.Thesameunderstandingcanalsohelpadul

tsdecidewhentointerveneandhelp.A15-year-oldgirl’sdeparturefromherparents’tastesinclothingormusicmaybeasourceofsadnessforMomandDad,butdoesnotindic

atementalillness.A16-year-oldboy’sinteresttoskateboardwithoutahelmetismorelikelyaresultofshort-rangethinkingandpeerpress

urethanadesiretohurthimself.Otherexploratoryandaggressiveactionsmightbewarningshowever.Knowingmoreab

outtheuniqueteenbrainwillhelpallofuslearnhowtoseparateunusualbehaviorthatisage-appropriatefromthatwhichmightindicateillness.Suchawarenessc

ouldhelpsocietyreduceteenproblems.79．Thedifferencebetweentheteen’sbrainandthatofanadultisits______.A．disorderB．weaknessC．maturationD．c

hangeability80．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“susceptible”inParagraph2probablymean?A．Safe.B．Sensitive.C．Hesitant.D．Resistant.81．Ac

cordingtothemostrecentstudy,teens’riskiestbehaviorsarisebecause______.A．theirbrainsaresomehowdamagedB．theiremotionsstrengthena

tadolescenceC．theprefrontalcortexfailstocontrolimpulsesD．twobrainregionsdon’tdevelopatthesamepace82．Whatisthesignificanceof

theresearch?A．Itprovideseffectivesolutionstoteens’mentalproblems.B．Ithighlightsthefunctionsofdifferentbrainre

gionsofteens.C．Ithelpsadultstoanalyzeteens’behaviorsandofferhelp.D．Itintendstopreventteenagersfromriskyandaggressivebehaviors.

Passage28（2022·北京通州·一模）DeepSea:ToMineOrNotToMineArobotaslargeasatruckmovesalongthebottomofthedeepsea.Iteatsmetal

lic(含金属的)rockandsoftmud.Theytravelupalongpipetoaship,whereworkersandmachineryseparateouttherockandthrowthemudbackintotheocean.Thisisaminingoperati

on.Therockcontainsamixtureofmetals,includingonescalledrareearthmetals.Peopleusethesematerialstomakebatteriesandelectronicslikecomp

utersandphones.Deep-seamininghasn’thappenedyet.Butitprobablywilloccurwithinthenextdecade.Nocountryownsanypartofthedeepsea,soaUNorganizationca

lledtheInternationalSeabedAuthority(ISA)decideswhoisallowedtominethere.Ithasallowed29organizationstoexplorethedeepseaandmakeplansformining,oneo

fwhichplanstobeginminingintheyear2027.Scientistsandenvironmentalists,though,warnthatminingcoulddestroydeep-seaecosystem.In1989,ecologistHja

lmarThielcarriedoutatest.HisteamsearchedtheseafloorofthePacificOcean,inaspotwithlotsofthemetallicrocksthatminerswanted.Theydidn’t

actuallycollectanyoftherocks.Buttheydisturbedthemud,justasaminingoperationwould.Thecloudofmudfellbackdownovertheoceanfloorburying

creatureslivingthere.Uptonow,theareatheydisturbedhasnotrecovered.Signsofthesearcharestillthere.Deepseacreatureslike

spongesandcoralshavenotmovedbackin.Thatmeansminingcouldhaveharmful,long-lastingconsequencesfordeepoceanlife.Scientistswanttounderstandthe

deepseabetterbeforedisturbingit.Leavingthedeepseaalonesoundsgreat,butpeopleneedthosemetals.“Minesonlandaresoongoingtorunout,”geolog

istStevenScoltoftheUniversityofTorontotoldSmithsonianMagazine.“Everyelectronicdeviceintheworldhasrar

eearthmetalsinit...weneedrawresources.”Newenergytechnologiesincludingsolarandwindpowerandelectriccarsrelyonthesemetalsaswell.W

emayneedtominethemfromtheseainordertoswitchtogreenerenergysources.83．Accordingtothepassage,whydopeoplewanttocarryoutdeepseamining?A．Totestthemin

ingrobot.B．Tocollectrareearthmetals.C．Toseparatetherockfrommud.D．Tounderstandthedeepseabetter.84．WhatcanweinferfromthetestofHjalmarThiel

in1989?A．Theygatheredsomemetallicrockstheminerswanted.B．Theyhelpedtherecoveryofthedisturbedminingareas.C．Theydiscoveredthedeep-seaminingaffect

edtheoceanecology.D．Theyfoundtheraremetallicrockswereharmfultoseacreatures.85．WhatisStevenScolt’sattitudetowardsdeep-seami

ning?A．Doubtful.B．Neutral.C．Supportive.D．Disapproving.Passage29（2022·北京西城·一模）TheUSscientistswhocreatedthefirstlivingrobotssaythelifeforms,k

nownasxenobots,cannowreproduce—andinawaynotseeninplantsandanimals.XenobotsareformedfromthestemcellsoftheAfricanclawedfrog(Xeno

puslaevis),fromwhichittakesitsname.“Frogshaveawayofreproducingthattheynormallyuse,butwhenyouliberatethestemcellsfromtheembryo(胚胎)andy

ougivethemachancetofigureouthowtobeinanewenvironment,notonlydotheyfigureoutanewwaytomove,buttheyalsofigureoutapparentlyanewwa

ytoreproduce,”saidMichaelLevin,aprofessorofbiologyatTuftsUniversity,whowasco-leadauthorofthenewresearch.Stemcellsareunspecializedcellsthathavethea

bilitytodevelopintodifferentcelltypes.Tomakethexenobots,theresearchersremovedlivingstemcellsfromfrogemb

ryosandleftthemtodevelop.“Mostpeoplethinkofrobotsasbeingmadeofmetal,butit’snotsomuchwhatarobotismadefrombutwhatitdoes,whichisactonitsownonbehalfofp

eople,”saidJoshBongard,acomputerscienceprofessorandroboticsexpertattheUniversityofVermontandleadauthorofthestudy.“Inthatway,it’sarobot,butit’sal

soclearlyanorganismmadefromfrogcells.”Theresearchersfoundthatthexenobotscouldreplicate(自我复制).Butithappenedrarelyandonlyinspecificcircumst

ances.Thexenobotsused“kineticreplication”—aprocessthatisknowntooccuratthemolecular(分子)level.Withthehelpofartificialintelligence,the

researchersthentestedbillionsofbodyshapestomakethexenobotsmoreeffectiveatthistypeofreplication.ThesupercomputercameupwithaC-s

hapethatlookedlikePac-Man,the1980svideogame.Theyfounditwasabletofindtinystemcells,gatherhundredsoftheminside

itsmouth,andafewdayslaterthepackofcellsbecamenewxenobots.“TheAIdidn’tprogramthesemachinesinthewayweu

suallythinkaboutwritingcode.ItshapedandsculptedandcameupwiththisPac-Manshape,”Bongardsaid.“Theshapeis,inessence,theprogram.The

shapeinfluenceshowthexenobotsbehavetospeedupthisincrediblysurprisingprocess.”Thexenobotsareveryearlytechnologythinkofa1940scomputer—anddon’tye

thaveanypracticalapplications.However,thiscombinationofmolecularbiologyandartificialintelligencecouldpotentiallybeused

inmanytasksinthebodyandtheenvironment.Thismayincludethingslikecollectingmicroplasticsintheoceans,inspectingrootsystemsandregenerativemedicine

.“Therearemanythingsthatarepossibleifwetakeadvantageofthiskindofplasticityandabilityofcellstosolveproblems,”Bongardsaid.86．AccordingtoJ

oshBongard,arobotshouldbedefinedintermsof______.A．itsfunctionB．itsreliabilityC．itsappearanceD．itsmaterial87．Whatcanwelearnaboutxenobotsfromth

epassage?A．Xenobotshavecopiedstemcellsusingcomputerprograms.B．Specializedcellsplayakeyroleinthereplicationofxenobots.C．

AImakesitpossibleforxenobotstoreplicatemoreeffectively.D．Theshapeofxenobotswasinspiredfromavideogameinthe1980s.88．Whatistheaut

hor’sattitudetowardsfutureapplicationsofxenobots?A．Disapproving.B．Optimistic.C．Unconcerned.D．Objective.89．Whichofthefol

lowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．Wheredoestheunnaturalreplicationprocesslead?B．Arcxenobotsthefutureofartificialintelligenc

e?C．TheuncertainroleofrobotreproductionD．Factorfantasy?RobotscanreproducePassage30（2022·北京丰台·一模）Thepeoplewhohappentobeinacitycenteratanygivenm

omentmayseemlikearandomcollectionofindividuals.Butnewresearchfeaturingasimplemathematicallawshowstha

turbantravelpatternsworldwideare,infact,predictabledespitelocation.Researchersdiscoveredwhatisknownasaninversesquarerelation(平方反比关

系)betweenthenumberofpeopleinagivenurbanlocationandthedistancetheytraveledtogetthere,aswellashowfrequentlytheymadethetrip.Itmayseemintuitive(直觉的)tha

tpeoplevisitnearbylocationsfrequentlyanddistantoneslessso,butthenewlydiscoveredrelationaccuratelypredicts,forinstanc

e,thatthenumberofpeoplecomingfromtwokilometersawayfivetimesperweekwillbethesameasthenumbercomingfromfivekilometerstwiceaweek.Ther

esearchersanalyzeddatafromabouteightmillionpeoplebetween2006and2013insixurbanlocations.Thisstudyfocused

onlocationsandexaminedhowmanypeoplewerevisiting,fromhowfarandhowfrequently.Theresearchersfoundthatalltheun

iquechoicespeoplemake—fromdroppingkidsatschooltoshopping-obeythisinversesquarelaw.Oneexplanationforthisstro

ngstatisticalpatteristhattravelingrequirestimeandenergy,andpeoplehavelimitedresourcesforit.Atthecoreistheeffortthatpeoplearewillingtoinvestcollec

tivelytotraveltocertainlocations,tryingtooptimizetheirdays.Understandingthesepatternsisimportantnotonlyforplanningtheplacemen

tofnewshoppingcentersorpublictransportationbutalsoformodelingdiseasetransmissionwithincities,saysKathleenStewart,ageographerandmobilityresearcher

.Manyresearchersestimatetravelwith“gravitymodels”,whichassumethatmovementbetweencitiesisproportional(成比例的)totheirpopul

ationsizes.Butthesemodelsdonotaccountfortravelpatterswithincites—informationthatisparticularlycritical

indealingwithdiseasetransmissionEpidemiologist(流行病学家)SamScarpinosaysmodelsbasedonthisnewfindingmightbettertrackthatflow.“Thoseorganizationalpa

tternshavereallyprofound(深远的)implicationsonhowCOVIDwillspread,”Scarpinosays.Inasmallerrurallocation,wheremanypeopleregularlygotothesame

grocerystore,theentiretownwillexperiencesharppeaksofinfectionsasthevirussweepsthroughthecommunity.Butinabiggercity,thesprea

dtakeslongerheexplains,becauseminiepidemicscanoccurineachneighborhoodsomewhatseparately.90．Whatdoestheunderline

dword“optimize”inParagraph4probablymean?A．Slowdown.B．Keeparecordof.C．Thinkbackon.D．Makethemostof.91．Whydoestheauthormention“gravitymodels”inPara

graph6?A．Tointroducethetravelpatternswithincities.B．Tostresstheimportanceoftrackingdiseases.C．Tocomparetheurbanandruralinfe

ctionrates.D．Toshowtheadvantageoftheinversesquarelaw.92．Whichofthefollowingcanbesupportedbythenewlydisc

overedlaw?A．Diseasesspreadfasterinruralareasthanbigcities.B．Tripdistanceseldominfluencespeople’stravelchoices.C．Epidemicsarehardertodiscoverinbigciti

esthaninruralareas,D．Cityresidentsarelikelytomakefrequenttripstoadistantplace.Passage31（2022·北京顺义·二模）Anageingpopulationisaglobalph

enomenon.Countriesarelookingforthebalmtoaddressthedemandsofaswellingelderlycommunity.Manynationsarethreatenedbya

shortageofhealthcareworkersbecauseofunenviabletaskssuchasbathing,feedingandchangingthediapers.Advancementsintechnologynowpr

esentaninnovativesolutiontothis.Japanhasnowdevelopedcarebots,specially-designedrobots,toreplacehumancaregivers.Ja

panisalsoworkingatmorecoordinatedcarefortheelderlywithinthecommunitywhichincludestheintegrationofhospitals,homecare,elderlycarecentresandnursinghome

s.Puttinginplaceasystemthatcaneffectivelytrackandretrievethemedicalhistoryofeveryelderlyperson,Japanleve

ragestechnologytoprovidequalityhealthcarefortheseniors.TheuniquefeatureaboutSwedenisthatmostoftheelderlyliveintheirownh

omeswheretheycontinuetoenjoylivingindependently.Localgovernmentsallocatefundsandmanageserviceswhilecitizenshavethefreedomtochoosethetypeofhomeservice

sandtheirserviceprovider.Theycanapplyforhomecareservicesincludingdeliveringmealstohomes,hangingcurtains,changing

lightbulbsetc.InSweden,thefocusisalsoonpreventivecare—keepingtheelderlyhealthy.Theelderlywhoareillarenotjustgivenmedicinesbutalsoaspecifictypeofphysi

calactivity,wheretheirdoctorsalsomonitortheoutcome.Singaporealsoprovidesmorehomecareservicesandday-carecentreswheretheolderpeo

plecangoforrehabilitativeandsocialactivities.Besides,thegovernmentiscreatingmoredementia-friendlycommunities,wheresupportcomesfrom

thecommunity.Variouspeoplewithinacommunitylikepolicemen,shopkeepersandothervolunteersaretrainedtoassisttheelderlywith

dementia(痴呆).Withgreatercommunityawarenessandsupport,itismoreplausibleforadementiasufferertostayathomeinstead

ofanursinghome.Inoursearchforthebestmodeltomeetthedemandsofaburgeoningageingpopulation,letuskeepinmindt

hatthereisnoone-size-fits-allsolution.Whatisimportantisshoulderingtheresponsibilitiesofcaringforthemandens

uringthemtoagewellandcomfortably.93．HowdoesJapandealwiththeproblemoftheshortageofhealthcareworkers?A．Byofferingqualityhealthc

arefortheseniors.B．Bytrackingthemedicalhistoryofeveryelderlyperson.C．Bydevelopingrobotsprogrammedwithca

regivingfunctions.D．Byintegratingplaceslikehospitals,homecare,andnursinghomes.94．Accordingtothepassage,whatdoSwed

enandSingaporehaveincommon?A．Optionalcareservicesarebothprovidedfree.B．Independentlivingisrespectedan

dsupported.C．Preventivecarefortheelderlyishighlyvalued.D．Socialactivitiesandvoluntaryhelpareenjoyed.9

5．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Modelsforgivingtheelderlycare.B．Countrieswithanageingpopulation.C．Resp

onsibilitiesofcaringfortheelderly.D．Demandsofagrowingelderlycommunity.瑞典和新加坡应对人口老龄化问题可知，本文主要介绍了在人口老龄化背景下的养老模式。故选A。Passage32（2022·北京丰台·一模）Ear

lierthisweektheonlineUKsupermarketOcadotolditscustomersthatithad“limitedability”todelivericeream.Why?Becausethepriceofnaturalgashasincr

easedgreatly,whichhashitthesupplyofCO2intheUK.Andthathasledtoacutinthesupplyofdryicethatsupermarketsusetokeepfoodcoolintheirdelive

ryvans(小型货车).Sonoicecream.Thisminicrisishasbeenfairlyquicklyresolve,fornowatleast.However,thatdoesn’tmeanyoushouldn’tworr

y.Thisincidentservesasatimelyreminderofjusthowreliantweareonfossilfuels.Despiteouroptimisticenthusiasmforwindandsolarpower

,onewayoranotheroilandgasuseisshotthrougheverypartofoureconomicandsociallives.Thatwillbethecaseformanydecade

stocome.InhisrecentlyupdatedbookThereisNoPlanetB,MikeBerners-Leelaysoutthechallenge.Whenwetalkaboutshiftingfromfossilfu

elstocleanenergyofonekindoranother,wearen’tdiscussingtakingtheamountofenergyweusenowandproducingthatamountinadiffe

rentway.Instead,ourtargetisalwaysonthemove.Themoreenergywecangetourhandson,themoreweuse—evenifouruseofitbecomesm

oreefficient.Energyusageisgoingtokeeprising,whileenergytransitions(转变)tendtobothtakeaverylongtimeandneveractuallyend.Wejust

pilenewsourcesontopofold.Theworldstillusesmuchthesameamountoftraditionalbiomass(woodetc)asitdid100yearsago.Wearerunni

ngtostandstill.Thiswillchange.Butnotasfastasyoumightliketothink.In2019,33percentofournewpowergenerationneedsweremetbyrenewableenergy.That

’sastart.But40percentweremetbynaturalgas.There’surgencyhereofcourse—whichmightspeedthingsup.Butthereissometh

ingelsethatmightslowusdown.Itdidn’ttakemuchtomovepeopletofossilfuels—theyarerelativelyeasytoextract,relativelyeasytotransport,hugelyener

gydenseandefficientand,ofcourse,cheap.Untiltheirexternalitieswereunderstood,whocouldpossiblyhaveobjected?Ourcurrenttransitionisdiffer

ent:peopleandcompanieswillswitchnotbecausethenewsourcesareeasiertoaccess,cheaperormoreenergydensebutbecauseregulationmanda

testhattheymust.Eitherway,thetruthisthatwhetherwelikeitornotourenergytransitioninvolveslongtermrelianceonfossilfuels.Thatmeansweshouldsto

pdemolishingthem.Instead,weshouldfocusonmakingtheirextractioncleanerandmoreefficientwhilewewaitfortheengineeringchallengesarounda

renewables-ledfuturetobesolved.Ifwedon’tdothis—ifweallowourselvestobebeguiledbytheideathatsolarissoadvancedthatwenolongern

eedfilthyfuelstohaveicecream,we,willfindthefutureheldbackbyneedlesslyexpensiveenergy—andalmostcertainlyice-creamfree.96．Whatdothefirsttwopara

graphsmainlyshow?A．Thenecessityfortraditionalfuels.B．Ourenthusiasmforcleanenergy.C．Theseriousnessofenergycrisis.D．UK’sdependenceo

ndryice.97．AccordingtoMikeBerners-Lee,______.A．wehavemoretypesofenergyonhandB．theuseofenergybecomesmoreefficie

ntC．energytransitionisfarfrombeingrealizedD．weareclosertotheaimofreplacingfossilfuels98．Theunderlinedword“demolising”inParagr

aph6canbereplacedby______.A．wastingB．devaluingC．distributingD．justifying99．Whatisthewriter’sattitudetowardthetransitiontotherene

wableenergy?A．Indifferent.B．Defensive.C．Disapproving.D．Cautious.Passage33（2022·北京东城·一模）Journal-basedpeerreview

—theprocessofsubjectingascientificresearchpapertotheinspectionofotherswhoareexpertsinthesamefield—isgenerallyheldupasthequalityassur

ancemechanismforresearch.Itclaimstobeanessentialmeasurewhichpreventspublishingfaultypapers.Reviewingapapercandelayitspublicationbyuptoayear;isthatapr

iceworthpayingtoensurethetrustworthinessofthepublishedliterature?Well,yesandno.I’mnotyetreadytoabandonjournal-basedpeerreview.I’d

stillliketoseeallpaperspasssomesortofcheckingstagebeforeformalpublication,butIfeelthegroundmoving.Thegrowinguseofpreprints,draftso

fpaperswhicharepostedonlinewithouthavingbeenpeerreviewed,isacrucialpartofthatshiftbecausetheybringacade

micsbacktowhatresearchpublicationisallabout:therapidcirculationofnewresultssotheycanberead,analyzedandbuiltupon.Publicationinjournalshasb

ecomemoreaboutfameandthishasaffectedboththemotivationsofauthorsandthejobofreviewers.Competitionforprizedspotsinjournalsdrivesscientiststodoso

meoftheirbestwork.Buttheexcessive(过多的)rewardsforpublishingintopjournalsareencouragementstocorner-cutting

,asstoriespolishedbyleavingoutinconvenientdataaremorelikelytobetakenup.Andthejoboftherevieweralsobecomesdistorted:itismoreoftennowtodecidenotwhethe

rapaperisanygood,butwhetheritisgoodenoughforthejournalconsideringpublication.Fortopjournals,thatcandependasmuchonnewsworthinessasscientifi

cquality.Theseproblemsarewellknown,butthetragedyforscienceisthatfewpeoplearewillingtobreakawayfromthepresentsystem.However,asbiologistRonValeargu

edrecently—fittingly,inapreprint—preprintsmaybeawayoutbecausetheydon’tinvolveamajorshiftawayfromthenorm.Thatmayseemanoddclaimgiventhatpreprints

havebeeninexistencefortwentyyears,yethavenotbeenadopteduniversally.Thisslowuptakeisnotonlyareflectionofthebuilt-inconservatismofs

cientists,butalsoaresultofthewidespreadmisunderstandingthatjournalswon’tacceptmanuscriptswhichhavebeenposte

donlineaspreprints.Thereisalsoafearthatpublicationofpaperswithoutpeerreviewrisksopeningthefloodgatesto“junkscience”—somethi

ngwhich,sofaratleast,hasyettooccur.Preprintsenabletheinformalscientificdiscussionsoncerestrictedtocorrespondencebetweenindividuals.Theycouldalsob

ecomeaneffectiveoutletfornegativeresults—avitalaspectofthescientificprocessoftenignoredbythejournals’excessi

vepreoccupation(关注)withnewdiscoveries.Furthermore,preprintssignificantlyincreasethenumberoftimespapersarereadandcitedbyothers.Byta

kingadvantageoftheweb’scultureofopennessandaccessibility,preprintsshouldhelptorefocusattentionwhereitmatters—ontheworkitself,notwhere

itispublished.100．AccordingtoParagraph1,whatisthepopularopiniononpeerreview?A．Itlimitsthenumberofresearchworks.B．I

tensuresthequalityofscientificpapers.C．Itremovespublicdoubtsaboutpublication.D．Itchangestheprocessofscientificpublishing.101．Theauthormaya

greethatscientificjournals______.A．urgescientiststopursueintegrityintheirworkB．relyonreviewerstorevisefaultyresearc

hpapersC．choosearticlesfortheirappealoverscientificvalueD．trytocutcoststomaintaintheirpositioninthefield102．What’stheauthor’sopiniononthegrowingus

eofpreprints?A．Itwillcontributetojunkscience.B．Itmayendthepracticeofpeerreview.C．Itpromotesthespreadofresearchfindings.D．Itimprovesthequalityofscient

ificpublication.103．Thisisbasicallyapassageto______.A．makecomparisonB．confirmaconceptC．encourageinnovationD．proposeapracticePassage34（2022·北京

东城·一模）Lastyearscientistsreportedusinganeuralimplant(神经植入物)inaman’sbraintorestorehisabilitytocommunica

te.Themanhasbeenpartiallyparalyzedandunabletoproducecomprehensiblespeechsincesufferingaseverestroke.Itisth

elatestadvanceintheexplodingfieldofbrain-computerinterfaces(接口),orBCIs,whichallowcomputerstoreadinformationoutofalivingbrain.Brain-comput

erinterfacesarepossiblebecauseoftwofacts.Thefirstisthatyourbraincontainshundredsoftinymaps.Eachrepresentsspecificfeaturesofyourphysicalfeeli

ngsandintendedactions.Andcrucially,thebasicsetofbrainmapsandtheirlocationswithinthebrainareverysimilaracrossindividuals.Thankstothe

irspecializedfunctionsanduniversallocations,brainmapsareidealentrypointsforBCItechnologies.Pickingupsi

gnalsfromabrainmapisonlythefirststepinmakingausefulBCI.Althoughthelocationofabrainmapisthesameacrossi

ndividuals,thedetails—whatpatternsofactivitywithinthemapmean—differfrompersontoperson.Inasense,theuniquefeaturesofy

ourspecificbrainmapsserveasakindofencryption(加密),safeguardingyourspecificthoughtsandfeelingsfromwould-bespies.Thatbri

ngsustothesecondfactthatmakesBCIspossible.Thankstoadvancesinmachinelearning,scientistshavedevelopedp

rogramsthatcanlearntorecognizekeypatternsinavastseaofnumbers.Theytraintheseprogramstodecode(解码)brainsignalsbyfeedingthemtonsofe

xamples.ResearchersdevelopingBCIsoftencreatesuchexamplesbyinstructinganindividualtothinkspecificthoughts

atspecifictimes,creatinganeuralcurriculumfortheprogramtolearnfrom.Whiletheuniversalfeaturesandlocatio

nsofbrainmapsmakethemobviousentrancesforBCIs,theuniquefeaturesofyourbrainmapstendtoprotectthemfromspyingeyes.Incaseswh

ereBCIshavesuccessfullyreadspecificthoughtsorintentionsfromabrain,ithasbeenwiththepermissionoftheindividualwho

sebrainwasbeingread.Buttherearesurreptitiouswaystotraindecodersonyourbrainwithoutyourknowledge.Thiscanhappenifyourneuraldatafallsintothehandsof

companieswithdetailedinformationaboutyouractivities.Likealltechnologies,brain-computerinterfacesarenotnecessarilygoodorbad.Yetwhileharvestingthebene

fitsofBCIs,weneedtoensurethatwehavethemeanstoprotectourselvesfromcorporationswitheverymotivetotakeadvantageofthistechnologyfortheirfina

ncialgain.104．Whatcanwelearnaboutbrainmaps?A．Theycarryuniquemessages.B．Theycanprocessencryptedsignals.C．Theirfunction

svaryfrompersontoperson.D．Theirlocationsrevealhumanthinkingpatterns.105．Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A．BCIscan

boostbrainsignalsdramatically.B．BCIscouldhelprecoverfrombraininjuries.C．MachinelearningenablesBCIstoreadmind.

D．ThedecodingofbrainmaybeaffectedbyBCIs.106．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“surreptitious”inParagraph5probablymea

n?A．Secure.B．Stable.C．Standard.D．Secret.107．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A．ThefuturetrendofBCIs.B．ThepotentialrisksofBCIs.C．Theworki

ngprincipleofBCIs.D．ThegeneralapplicationsofBCIs.Passage35（2022·北京门头沟·一模）“After30yearsofreadingcardiograms(心电图),Ica

nnevertellwhetherit’sfromamanorwoman,ortheageoftheperson,”saidEricTopol,acardiologistfromScrippsResearchinLaJolla,California.

“Amachinecandetectifapersonhasanaemia(贫血)orotherdifficultdiagnoses(诊断).”Topolisexcitednotonlyabouthowmachinesarealreadybetterthanexpertsatspottingp

roblems,buthowtheycandiscoverpatternsthatexpertswouldn’tevennotice.“InJapan,doctorsareusingmachinevisiontopickuppol

yps(息肉)inrealtime,anddetectingwhetherornottheycouldbecancerousandwhethertheyshouldhaveabiopsy,”hesaid.“Machineswil

lnotreplacephysicians—butphysiciansmakinguseofAIwillsoonreplacethosenotusingit.”Still,theseareearlydaysfortheapplicationofAIinhealthcare.PearseKe

ane,aconsultantdoctoratMoorreldsEyeHospital,hasbeenleadingacollaborationbetweenMoorfieldsandGoogle’sDeepMindHealth.In2018

,hefamouslypublishedaproof-of-conceptpaperinNatureshowingtheerstsuccessfulAIdiagnosisforeyedisease.“Thealgorithmthatwe’vedevelopedisn’tinclinical

useattheminute,sowe’retryingtoimplementthisnow,”Keanesaid.KeanementionedtheINSIGHTstudy,whichislookingintoeyediseaseanditsli

nktootherconditionssuchasdiabetes(糖尿病).“Weareusingtheeyeasawindowtotherestofthebody.Withdeeplearning,wecannowlookataretinal(视网膜）photographands

ay:‘Thisisawoman,she’s58yearsold,she’snotasmokeroradiabetic,herBMIisaround25,andherbloodpressureisaround150over85’.Now,tome,th

at’sstaggering.”Keanesaid.TheINSIGHTstudyisanalysingmorethanthreemillionOCTscansfromaround300,000patients.“Wenowknow,foreverypersonhavinghad

aretinalscanhere,who’sgoneontodevelopaheartattackordiabetes,”hesaid.“Thereasonwhywe’reexcitedisthatw

ethinkthatifwecangettheappropriatedatasetsandlearnthemdeeply,wecanfindmuchmoreinthebackoftheeyeaboutthehealthoftherestof

thebody.”“TheapplicationofAIforhealthcareandmedicineisaboutprecisionandaccuracy,butthat’snotall,”saidTopol.Themostimp

ortantaspectishowAIcanpromoteastrongerhumanconnectionbetweendoctorandpatient.“Weseepatientsinsingledigitnumbersofminutes.Andthat’

snotenough,youneedthegiftoftime,whichAIcangiveback,”hesaid.“Nextyearthiswillbethestandard,”hebelieves.“Ratherthandoctorsb

eingdataclerks,theywillbemakingeyecontactwithpatients.There’snoalgorithmforempathy.That’sahumancharacte

risticthatwehavetodevelopandgetbackinthewayitusedtobe.”108．AccordingtoTopol,machinesinhealthcare______.A．canpickuppolypsB．willreplacedoctorsC．a

realreadybetterthanexpertsD．candiscoverifapatienthasdiseases109．Inparagraph4,Keanementionedaretinalphotographofapatientmainlyto______.A．evaluat

etheeffectsofAIinhealthcareB．introduceapatient’spersonalinformationC．explainhowdeeplearningdetectsdiseasesD．showthepre

sentoutcomeofAI’sapplication110．Whatcanwelearnfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A．AIhasbeenthestandardofsomeadvancedhospi

tals.B．AIcanimprovetherelationshipbetweendoctorsandpatients.C．Withdeeplearning,theresearcherscanfindthesecretsoftheeye.D．Doctors

willspendmoretimeonface-to-facecommunicationwithpatients.111．Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?A．TheAI’sapplicationondiagnosis.B．Suc

cessfulAIdiagnosisforeyedisease.C．Thegreatclinicalprogressindeeplearning.D．TheimpactofAIonpromotingh

umanconnection.Passage36（2022·北京·一模）ColinChapman,thefounderofLotusCars,wasoneofmotorracing’smostinfluentialengi

neers.Between1962and1978LotuswonsevenFormulaOneconstructorschampionships.Hesummeduphisphilosophyas“simplify,thena

ddlightness”.Itappearstobeanuncommoninsight.ApaperpublishedinNaturesuggeststhathumansstrugglewithsubtractive(减法的)thinking.Whenaskedtoim

provesomething,theytendtosuggestaddingnewthingsratherthanremovingwhatisalreadythere,evenwhenadditionsleadtosub-par(低

于标准的)results.Theresearchwasmotivatedbyeverydayobservationratherthanpsychologicaltheory,saysGabrielleAdams,thepaper’sfirstauthor,whocitesfol

kwisdomsuchas‘lessismore’and‘keepitsimple’.Perhapstheneedforsuchreminderswasevidenceofablindspotinpeople’sthinkin

g?AlongwithcolleaguesattheUniversityofVirginia,Dr.Adamsconductedaseriesofobservationalstudies.Inone,whenparticipantswereaskedtoalteraness

aytheyhadwritten,16%cutwordswhile80%addedthem.Othersgavesimilarresults.Of827suggestionsreceivedbythenewbossofanA

mericanuniversityforhowtheinstitutioncouldbeimproved,581involvedaddingnewthingsandjust70suggestedremovingsomethin

g.Havingestablishedthatadditiondoesindeedseemtobemorepopularthansubtraction,thenextstepwastoworkoutwhy.Onep

ossibilitywasthatpeoplewereconsideringsubtractiveoptions,butdeliberatelychoosingnottopursuethem.Anotherwasthattheywerenoteventhinkingofthemi

nthefirstplace.Let’senteranewsetofexperiments.Oneexperimentaskedparticipantstoredesignalopsided(不平衡的)Legostructure

sothatitcouldsupportahouse-brick.Participantscouldearnadollarforfixingtheproblem,buteachpieceofLegotheyaddedcuthatrewardbytencent

s.Eventhen,only41%workedoutthatsimplifyingthestructurebyremovingasingleblock,ratherthanstrengtheningitbyaddingmore,whichwasthewaytomaxi

misethepayout.Anotherexample,askingpeopletomakeagolfcourseworseratherthanbetterdidnotchangetheirpreferenceforadditi

ons,whichsuggestedthatmanyweresimplynotthinkingofthepossibility,atleastatfirst.Whatallthisamountsto,saysBenjam

inConverse,anotherofthestudy’sauthors,isevidenceforanewentryinthelistof“cognitivebiases”thatskew(歪曲)howhuma

nsthink.Insteadofthinkingaproblemthroughandcomingupwithanidealsolution,theytendtousecognitiveshortcutsthatarefastandmostly“

goodenough”.Suchresearchhasinspiredanentirefielddedicatedtoworkingoutwhensuchshortcutsleadpeopleastray.Dr.Adamsandherc

olleagues,meanwhile,arekeentoinvestigatetheirresultinmoredetail.Onequestioniswhetherthepreferenceforadditionisinbornorlearned.112．Thepurposeof

mentioningthestoryofColinChapmanis________.A．toattractreaders’interestB．tohighlighttheexperienceC．topresentbackgroundi

nformationD．tointroducethetopicofthepassage113．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Peoplepreferadditionstosubtractionsinmostsituations.B

．Peopletendtouseshortcutsandcomeupwithidealsolutions.C．Strengtheningthestructureisthewaytomaximizethepayout.D．Thephilosoph

y—“lessismore”iswell-received.114．WhatareDr.Adamsandhiscolleagueslikelytostudynext?A．Thebenefitsofsubtra

ctions.B．Thewaysofchanginghowpeoplethink.C．Thedetailsofthepreferenceforaddition.D．Theinfluenceofcognitivebiasesonpe

ople’sthinking.115．Whatdoestheauthorpropose?A．Awaythatpeopleautomaticallythink.B．Afactthatpeopleroutinelyforget.C．Aviewthatshortcutsaregood

enough.D．Apointthatadditionisbetter.Passage37（2022·北京朝阳·一模）Howmuchtimedoyouspenddoingresearchbeforeyoumakeabigdecision?Therearepeoplewh

ogoovereverydetailexhaustivelybeforemakingachoice,anditiscertainlypossibletooverthinkthings.Butafairnumberofindividualsarequicktojumptoconclusions.

Psychologistscallthelatteramentalbias(偏见).Inthiscase,theerrorismakingacallbasedontheleastofevidence.AresearchbyCarmenSanc

hez,aprofessorattheUniversityofIllinois,andDavidDunning,aprofessorattheUniversityofMichigan,hasfoundthathastyjudgmentsareoftenjustone

partoflargererror-pronepatternsinbehaviorandthinking.Thesepatternshavecosts.Peoplewhotendtomakesuchjumpsintheirr

easoningoftenchooseabetinwhichtheyhavelowchancesofwinninginsteadofonewheretheirchancesaremuchbetter.Tostudyjumping,researchersd

idanexperimenttoexaminedecision-makingpatternsamong600peoplefromthegeneralpopulation.Theyappliedathinkinggame,inwhic

hplayersencounteredsomeonewhowasfishingfromoneoftwolakes:inonelake,mostofthefishwerered;intheother,mostweregray.

Thefisherwouldcatchonefishatatimeandstoponlywhenplayersthoughttheycouldsaywhichlakewasbeingfished.Someplayershadtoseemanyfishbeforemakingadecisi

on.Others—thejumpers—stoppedafteronlyoneortwo.Participantswerealsoaskedquestionstolearnmoreabouttheirthoug

htpatterns.Itwasfoundthatthefewerfishaplayerwaitedtosee,themoreerrorsthatindividualmadeinothertypesofbeliefs,reasoningandd

ecisions.Sowhatisbehindjumping?Researcherscommonlydistinguishbetweentwopathwaysofthought:automatic,knownassysteml

,whichreflectsideasthatcometothemindeasily,spontaneouslyandwithouteffort;andcontrolled,orsystem2,consistingofeffortfulreasoningthatisa

nalytic,mindfulandintentional.Itwasfoundthatjumpersandnon-jumperswereequallyinfluencedbyautomaticthoughts.Thejumpers,however,didnotengageincontroll

edreasoningtothesamedegreeasnon-jumpers.Itissystem2thinkingthathelpspeoplecounterbalancementalbiasesintroducedbysystem1.Al

ackofsystem2thinkingisalsomorebroadlyconnectedtotheirproblematicbeliefsandfaultyreasoning.Ineverydaylife,thequestionofw

hetherweshouldthinkthingsthroughorinsteadgowithourheartisafrequentandimportantone.Recentstudiesshowthateve

ngatheringjustalittlebitmoreevidencemayhelpusavoidamajormistake.Sometimesthemostimportantdecisionwemakecanbetotakesomemor

etimebeforemakingachoice.116．Whatisthemainideaofthefirsttwoparagraphs?A．Overthinkingthingsisamentalbias.B．Evidencei

sanecessityforjudgments.C．Jumpingresultsfromawishtowinabet.D．Jumpershaveatendencytoamentalmistake.117．W

hatcanwelearnfromtheexperiment?A．Jumperscaughtmorefishthannon-jumpers.B．Non-jumpersgavequickeranswersthanjumpers.C．Non-jumper

stendedtoseemorefishbeforenamingthelake.D．Peoplewhosawfewerfishmadefewermistakesinreasoning.118．Accordingtothepassage,inwhichsituationissystem

2engagedmore?A．Aftercomparingdifferentbrandsandmodels,Davidpurchasedacar.B．OnhearingthattheApollomoonlandingswerefake

d,Miabelievedit.C．Seeingthedirtywindowsofarestaurant,Marydecideditsfoodwasbad.D．Whenpickingadoctor,Jimmerelyacceptedtherecommendationfromafriend

.119．Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?A．Toreflectonourthoughtpatternsregularly.B．Tothinktwicebeforewemakeourdecisions.C．Torealizetheconseque

ncesoffaultyreasoning.D．Toadopttwopathwaysofthoughtbeforeacting.Passage38（2022·北京朝阳·一模）NowyoucancreateyourownstreamingvideoswithATEMdevices!Simplyco

nnectyourcameras,computersormicrophones.Thenpushthebuttonsonthepaneltoswitchvideosourcesjustlikeaprofessionalbroadcaster!Youcanevenad

dtitles,picture-in-pictureoverlaysandmixaudio!ThenlivestreamtoZoom,SkypeorYouTube!➢ATEMMiniATEMMiniisanewandlow-costli

veproductionswitcher.Allthebuttonsarepositionedonthefrontpanelsoit’sveryeasytolearn.WithATEMMini,youcancreateyourownvideos.Thereare4HDMI(高清多媒体接口

)videoinputsforconnectingcamerasandcomputers,plusaUSBoutputthatlookslikeawebcamerasoyoucanconnecttoZoom

orSkype.Besides,ATEMMiniisareallyprofessionalbroadcastswitcher,whichmeansithasprofessionaleffectssuchasaDVE(DigitalVideoEffect

)forpicture-in-pictureeffectscommonlyusedforexplainingcomputerslides.Therearetitlesforpresenternames,wipeeffectsswitchingbetwe

ensourcesandagreenscreenkeyer(键控器)forreplacingbackgroundwithpictures.ATEMSoftwareControlforMacandPCisalsoincluded,whichallowsaccesstomoreadvanced

broadcastfeatures!➢ATEMMiniProTheATEMMiniPromodelincludesallthefeaturesfoundinATEMMini,plusmore!Ithasabuilt-inhardwarestreami

ngengineforlivestreamingviaitsEthernet(以太网)connection.ThismeansyoucanlivestreamtoYouTube,FacebookandTwitterinmuchbetterquality

andwithperfectlysmoothmotion.YoucanevenconnectaharddiskorflashstoragetotheUSBconnectionandrecordyourstreamforuploadlater!Moreover,withs

omanycameras,computersandeffects,thingscangetbusyfast!TheATEMMiniPromodelfeaturesamultiviewthatletsyous

eeallcameras,titlesandprograms,plusstreamingandrecordingstatusallonasingleTVormonitor.Ifyouwanttolearnmore,visitwww.bl

ackmagicdesign.com.120．WithATEMdevices,youcan________.A．exchangevideosourceswithothersB．takepicturesandturnthemintovideosC．livestreamonsocial

mediaplatformsD．competewithaprofessionalbroadcaster121．Accordingtothepassage,ATEMMiniPro________.A．hasmoreus

er-friendlybuttonsB．featuresmoreHDMIvideoinputsC．canchangethebackgroundofapictureD．candisplayseveralviewsonasinglescree

n122．Wheredoesthepassagemostprobablycomefrom?A．Abookreview.B．Atraveljournal.C．Asciencemagazine.D．Aresearchre

port.Passage39（2022·北京朝阳·一模）Bothmisinformation,whichincludeshonestmistakes,anddisinformation,whichinvolvesanintentiontomi

slead,havehadagrowingimpactonteenagestudentsoverthepast20years.Onetoolthatschoolscanusetodealwiththisproblemiscalle

dmedialiteracyeducation.Theideaistoteachteenagestudentshowtoevaluateandthinkcriticallyaboutthemessagestheyreceive.Yett

hereisprofounddisagreementaboutwhattoteach.Someapproachesteachstudentstodistinguishthequalityoftheinformationinpartbylearninghowresponsiblej

ournalismworks.Yetsomescholarsarguethatthesemethodsoverstatejournalismanddolittletocultivatecriticalthinkingskills.Otherapproachesteachstude

ntsmethodsforevaluatingthecredibilityofnewsandinformationsources,inpartbydeterminingtheincentiveofthose

sources.Theyteachstudentstoask:Whatencouragedthemtocreateitandwhy?Buteveniftheseapproachesteachstudentsspecificskillswell,someexpert

sarguethatdeterminingcredibilityofthenewsisjustthefirststep.Oncestudentsfigureoutifit’strueorfalse,whati

stheotherassessmentandtheotheranalysistheyneedtodo?Worsestill,someapproachestomedialiteracyeducationnotonlydon’tworkbutmightactuall

ybackfirebyincreasingstudents’skepticismaboutthewaythemediawork.Studentsmaybegintoreadallkindsofimmoralmotivesintoeverything.Itisgoodtoed

ucatestudentstochallengetheirassumptions,butit’sveryeasyforstudentstogofromhealthycriticalthinkingtounhealthyskepticismandthe

ideathateveryoneislyingallthetime.Toavoidthesepotentialproblems,broadapproachesthathelpstudentsdevelopmindsetsinwhichtheybe

comecomfortablewithuncertaintyareinneed.AccordingtoeducationalpsychologistWilliamPerryofHarvardUniversity,studentsgothr

oughvariousstagesoflearning.First,childrenareblack-and-whitethinkers—theythinktherearerightanswersandwronganswers.Thentheydevelopintorelativists

,realizingthatknowledgecanbecontextual.Thisstageistheonewherepeoplecancometobelievethereisnotruth.Withmedialiteracyeduca

tion,theaimistogetstudentstothenextlevel—thatplacewheretheycanstarttoseeandappreciatethefactthattheworldismessy,andthat’sokay.Theyhavethesefun

damentalapproachestogatheringknowledgethattheycanaccept,buttheystillvalueuncertainty.Schoolsstillhave

alongwaytogobeforetheygetthere,though.Manymorestudieswillbeneededforresearcherstoreachacomprehensiveunderstandingofwh

atworksandwhatdoesn’toverthelongterm.“Educationscholarsneedtotakeanambitiousstepforward,”saysHowardSchneid

er,directoroftheCenterforNewsLiteracyatStonyBrookUniversity.123．Asformedialiteracyeducation,whatistheauthor’smajorconcern?A．Howtoachieveitsgoal.B．

Howtomeasureitsprogress.C．Howtoavoiditssideeffects.D．Howtopromoteitsimportance.124．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“incentiv

e”inParagraph2probablymean?A．Importance.B．Variety.C．Motivation.D．Benefit.125．TheauthormentionsstagesoflearninginPara

graph4mainlyto________.A．comparedifferenttypesofthinkingB．evaluatestudents’minddevelopmentC．explainatheoryofeducationalpsychologyD．

stresstheneedtoraisestudents’thinkinglevels126．Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A．MediaLiteracyEducation:MuchStillRemainsB．

MediaLiteracyEducation:SchoolsAretoBlameC．MediaLiteracyEducation:AWaytoIdentifyFalseInformationD．MediaLiteracyEducation:A

ToolforTestingCriticalThinkingPassage40（2022·北京石景山·一模）Whenitcomestoloweringourcarbonemissions(排放),itseemsthatnothing

issimple.Electricvehicles(EVs)actasanexampleofpotentialgreenwash.“Theyseemveryattractiveatfirstsight,”writesTheNextW

ebinareport.“Whenwelookmoreclosely,itbecomesclearthattheyhaveasubstantialcarbonfootprint.”Therareear

thmetalsandcostlymineralsincludedasessentialingredientsinEVbatteriesarenotrenewable.What’smore,theirextraction(提炼)isoftenanythingbutgreen.Sothequ

estionis:isitworthit?JusthowmuchemissionreductioncanEVsjustify?Luckily,alifecycleassessmenthasbeendonetogiveussomeanswers.“Alifecycleanalysisof

emissionsconsidersthreephases,”writesTheNextWeb.“themanufacturingphase,theusephase,andtherecyclingphase.”Inthemanufa

cturingphase,thebatteryistoblame.“EmissionsfrommanufacturingEVbatterieswereestimatedtobe3.2tonsofcarbondioxide(CO2),1/4ofthosefromanelect

riccar,13tonsofCO2.Thosewerebiggerthanemissionsfromgascars,10.5tonsofCO2.”Ifthevehiclelifeisassumedtobe150,000kilometers,emissionsfromthemanufact

uringphaseofanelectriccararehigherthangascars.”Intheusephase,thesourceofelectricitytheconsumerisusingtopowertheircarcomesi

ntoplayinamajorway.“Tounderstandhowtheemissionsofelectriccarvarywithacountry’srenewableelectricityshare,considerAustraliaandNe

wZealand,”continuesthereport.“In2018,Australia’sshareofrenewablesinelectricitywasabout21%.Incontrast,thenumberinNe

wZealand’swasabout84%.ElectriccaremissionsinAustraliaandNewZealandareestimatedatabout170gand25gofCO2perkmrespective

ly.Asaconsumer,ourcarisonlyasgreenasourcountry’senergymix.”Finally,intherecyclingphase,welookatvehicledismantling(拆除),vehiclerecycli

ng,batteryrecycling,andmaterialrecovery.“Theestimatedemissionsinthisphase,basedonastudy,areabout1.8tonsforagascarand2.4tonsforanelectriccar.T

hisdifferenceismostlyduetotheemissionsfrombatteryrecycling,whichis0.7tons,”showsinthereport.“Whileelectriccarscausemoregreenhousegasemissi

onsthangascarsdo,it'simportanttonotetherecycledbatteriescanbeusedinsubsequentbatteries.Thiscouldhavesignificantemi

ssionsreductionbenefitsinthefuture.Forcompletelifecycleemissions,thestudyshowsthatEVemissionsare18%lowerthangascars.”Sohere’sthetakeaway:EVsaregreene

r.Maybethey’renotasgreenaswethought.There’scertainlyroomforimprovement.Buttherealchallengeliesinspeedingtheglo

balenergytransitiontowardgreenerenergy-production.127．Whyisalifecycleanalysisofemissionsmade?A．ToillustratetheadvantagesofEVs.B．Tos

howhowgascarsoutperformEVs.C．ToweightheenvironmentalimpactofEVs.D．ToexaminetheenergysourcesofgascarsandEVs.128．Howdoestheauthorsupport

theunderlinedstatementinParagraph5?A．Bygivinginstructions.B．Byhighlightingfeatures.C．Bymakingcomparisons.D．Byanalyzingcaus

eandeffect.129．Accordingtothepassage,whatcontributestoEVs’beatinggascars?A．Recyclingofbatteries.B．Overalldrivingdi

stance.C．Manufacturingtechnology.D．Government’senergypolicy.130．Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthorsu

pport?A．EVsareworthyofthepraisetheyhavereceived.B．EVsarenotsuccessfulfortheirenvironmentaldownsides.C．EVswillnolo

ngerbewidelyacceptedfortheiremissions.D．EVsarenottrulygreenuntiltheirenergysourcesbecomegreen.